Note : Les descriptions sont présentées dans la langue officielle dans laquelle elles ont été soumises.
2~705g6
Docket 1212
PROSTHETIC IMPLANT
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to prosthetic implants and more particularly
to flexible prosthetic implants for repair or replacement of hard tissue or
bone which can be readily shaped to accommodate the body structure of the
particular patient.
2. Desçription of the Related Art
Prosthetic implants are commonly used by physicians and other
health care practitioners to replace, repair or augment hard tissue or bone
in the body of a patient. These implants are utilized when a body part is
mutilated or damaged through trauma or disease and as replacements or
augmenters in cosmetic or plastic surgery.
Various materials are known in the art which can be used for m~king .
prosthetic implants. Examples of such materials are chromium-cobalt-
molybdenum alloys, stainless steel, titanium alloys, ceramics and various
polymers and polymer/ceramic composites. Any materials used for prosthetics
must be biologically compatible, i.e., they must not adversely affect living
tissue and the environment created by living tissue must not adversely a~fect
the prosthetic.
In many cases, prosthetic implants must replace or augment body
parts such as bone which are rigid. Consequently, the implants need to be
composed of a rigid material. Additionally, the implants need to approximate
- . 2070~86
the size and shape of the body part being replaced or augmented. Because
every patient is unique, a problem which often confronts practitioners is
fashioning the implant to the requisite shape and proper fit, especially in
the instances where rigid implants are required.
In some prior art methods, an implant is formed by m~king a mold of
the body part of the individual patient and then deriving a custom prosthetic
implant from the mold. The problem associated with this method is that it is
time consuming due to the additional step required of m~king the mold. This
also tr~n~l~tes into higher costs for the patient. In other prior art
methods, a prosthetic implant is formed to the approximate size and shape of
the body part and is subsequently carved or sculpted to the exact dimensions
of the particular patient. The problem associated with achieving the precise
size and shape is compounded when the prosthetic implant is composed of rigid
material because once the implant is formed it is time consuming and
difficult to make adjustments to its size and shape. Any mistakes made in
adjusting the configuration are difficult to correct and may require the
fabrication of an entirely new implant.
Standardized preformed rigid implants have also been utilized.
However, these standardized implants cannot account for differences in the
bone or tissue structure among patients and therefore they also have to be
individually carved to the necessary shape.
Additionally, in some surgical situations, the implants may be
required to be inserted to the implant site via a tortuous or curved
pathway. Rigid implants may fracture when being inserted along such pathway.
- Therefore, the need exists for a prosthetic implant, formed of a
rigid material, which can accommodate the needs of individual patients
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- 3
without requiring each implant to be separately molded or
individually sculpted to the required configuration. Such
implants would avoid the time consuming and expensive surgical
procedures of the prior art.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The prosthetic implant of one embodiment of the present
invention provides an adaptable standardized implant that can
accommodate the needs of the particular patient while avoiding
the time consuming individualized molding or sculpting required
in the aforementioned prior art procedures. This is achieved by
providing an implant comprised of a plurality of spaced apart
segments attached by flexible connecting members which can be
bent to re-orient the segments so that the implant approximates
the size and shape of the body part being treated. The flexible
connecting members may be sufficiently rigid so that when they
are bent they maintain the contour of the bend after the bending
force is no longer applied. Alternately, the flexible connecting
members may be resilient such that after they are bent, they will
return to their original shape.
The flexibility of the implant allows a practitioner to
quickly customize it so it can conform to the contour of the
patient's body and not detrimentally affect the patient's
cosmetic appearance. Additionally, the flexibility
advantageously allows the implants to be introduced into the
~ 4 20705~
implant site via a curved or tortuous pathway without fracturing.
The implants of the present invention are well-suited for
applications involving replacement, repair or augmentation of
maxillofacial components.
According to another embodiment of the present
invention, there is provided a maxillofacial implant for
replacing or augmenting hard tissue or bone comprising first and
second segments composed of polymethylmethacrylate polyhydroxy-
enthylmethacrylate composite, the segments linked by a flexible
member having a first end connected to the first segment and a
second end connected to the second segment.
According to a still further embodiment of the present
invention, there is provided an implant for body tissue or bone
comprising a first rigid segment, a second rigid segment adjacent
the first segment and means for joining the first and second
segments to allow re-orientation of the second segment in
relation to the first segment.
The present invention also includes a method for making
flexible prosthetic implants, which according to one embodiment,
involves partially filling a mold having two spaced apart
cavities, placing a flexible retainer (connecting member) between
the two partially filled cavities so the retainer extends
partially into each cavity, filling the mold to cover the
retainer, curing the material and removing the material from the
mold.
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- 4A -
According to yet another embodiment of the present
invention, there is provided a method of making a prosthetic
implant comprising placing two segments in an adjacently spaced
apart relation, forming a mold around the segments so as to
create two cavities which are separated from one another by a
wall of mold material, removing a portion of mold material from
the wall, the portion corresponding to the size and shape of a
retaining member to permit the retaining member to be situated to
traverse adjacent cavities, partially filling the mold with a
material suitable for forming prosthetic implants, placing a
retainer member between the adjacent cavities in the removed
portion of mold material such that the retainer member traverses
the wall between adjacent cavities, filling the mold with the
material suitable for forming prosthetic implants, curing the
material suitable for forming prosthetic implants, and removing
the cured material from the mold.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a front perspective view of a chin implant of
the present invention showing the location of its placement on
the human skull;
FIG. 2A is a front plan view of the implant of Figure
l;
FIG. 2B is a rear view of the implant of Figure 1;
FIG. 2C is a bottom view of the implant of Figure l;
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- 4B -
FIGS. 3 and 4 are bottom plan views of the implant of
Figure 2 with the segments re-oriented by being moved in the
direction of the arrows;
FIG. 5 is a front plan view of one embodiment of a
flexible retainer of the present invention for linking the
segments of the implant;
FIG. 6 is a front plan view of another alternate
embodiment of a flexible retainer;
FIG. 7 is a front plan view of yet another alternate
embodiment of the flexible retainer;
FIG. 8A is a front plan view of a chin implant of the
present invention illustrating the incorporation of a flexible
retainer of the type illustrated in Figure 7;
FIG. 8B is a front plan view of a chin implant of the
present invention illustrating the incorporation of multiple
flexible retainers of the type illustrated in Figure 7;
FIG. 9 is a front plan view of still another alternate
embodiment of the flexible retainer for linking the segments of
the implant;
7 0 5 8 ~
FIG. 10 is a front plan view of a chin implant of the present
invention illustrating the incorporation of a flexible retainer of the type
illustrated in FIG. 9;
FIG. 11 is a front plan view of yet another alternate embodiment of
the flexible retainer;
FIG. 12A is a top view of a right side malar implant of the present
invention showing in phantom the tail segment re-oriented;
FIG. 12B is a rear view of the malar implant of Figure 12A;
FIG. 12C is a front perspective view of a left side malar implant
of the present invention;
FIG. 13A is a top view of a right side paranasal implant of the
present invention showing in phantom the tail segment re-oriented;
FIG. 13B is a rear view of the paranasal implant of Figure 13A;
FIG. 13C is a front perspective view of the left side paranasal
implant of the present invention;
FIG. 14 is a front plan view of a human skull showing the
anatornical positioning of the chin, malar and paranasal implants of the
- present invention;
FIG. 15 is a front plan view of a prem~xill~ry implant of the
present invention;
FIG. 16 is a top view of the prem~xill~ry implant of Figure 15;
FIG. 17 is a rear perspective view of a left side gonial angle
implant of the present invention; and
FIG. 18 is a front perspective view of a h~lm~n skull showing the
anatomical positioning of the prem~xill~ly and left side gonial angle
implants of the present invention.
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r)ETAILl~D DESC~IPrION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention comprises a prosthetic implant designed to
repair, replace or augment the hard tissue or bone of a patient. For each
specific body part to be treated, a standardized implant is provided which
can be expeditiously shaped by the surgeon or practitioner to accommodate the
contour of each individual.
This standardization and adaptability (flexibility) of the implants
is achieved by forming the implant of two or more segments and linking the
segments by a flexible member so that the individual segments can move in
relation to one another. Such movement varies the overall shape and
cunature of the implant to accommodate the body structure of the particular
individual. Thus, rather than the surgeon molding or sculpting an implant to
fit the patient as in the prior art, the surgeon can select the appropriate
standardized implant and bend the segments to account for the structural
variations, e.g. different contour, among patients.
The implants of the present invention designed to augment or repair
maxillofacial body parts are shown in Figures 2A - 2C, 12A - 12C, 13A - 13C
and 15-17. A chin implant, designated by reference numeral 10 (Figs. 2A-2C),
is designed to be positioned to treat the lateral (external) anterior (front)
portion of the m~ntlible as shown in Figures 1 and 14 which illustrate the
human skull S. A right and left side malar implant, designated by reference
numerals 40 and 40', respectively, and shown in Figures 12A and 12C, are
positioned to augment or replace the lateral portion of the right and left
zygomatic bones, as illustrated in Figure 14. A right and left side
paranasal implant, deci~n~ted in Figures 13A-13C by reference numerals 46 and
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46', respectively, are positioned to treat the lateral portion of the m~xill
along t~e left and right sides of the inferior nasal concha. A left side
gonial angle implant 60 is illustrated in Figure 17 and a prem~xill~ry
implant 70 is illustrated in Figures 15 and 16.
~ s will become apparent from the discussion below, the present
invention is not limited to chin, malar, paranasal, gonial angle or
prem~xill~ry implants, nor is it limited to maxillofacial implants; the
present invention contemplates implants for any part of the body which
require flexible parts to accommodate the body structure of the particular
individual.
Turning first to the chin implant 10 and more particularly to
Figures 2A- 2C, chin implant 10 is composed of three segments: a first chin
segment 2; a second or middle chin segment 4; and a third chin segment 6.
The first and second segments 2 and 6 are each connected to the middle
segment 4 by a retainer 8. ~s is more fully described below, the retainer 8
is made of a flexible material which allows segments 2 and 6 to be oriented
at various angles in relation to segment 4 so the implant 10 can be adjusted
to conform to a patient's bone structure. For example, to accommodate a chin
having a smaller radius of curvature, segments 2 and 6 can be bent inwardly
in the direction of the arrows to the configuration shown in Figure 3. The
retainers and implant can also be configured so that either or both segments
2 and 6 are not only capable of being moved inwardly (rearwardly), but ~can
move forwardly (see Figure 4 with the arrows depicting the direction of
movement of the end segments), upwardly, downwardly, or in any other
directions in relation to the other segments. The retainers for linking the
20~8~
-~segments which allow for their flexibility (adaptability) are described in
detail below.
A malar implant fashioned for the lateral portion of the right and
left zygomatic bone is illustrated in Figures 12A - 12C. The right-side
malar implant 40 (Figure 12A) is composed of two segments: an upper segment
42 and a lower segment 44. A retainer 16 is shown by way of example to
traverse the gap between segments 42 and 44 to link them together. The
flexibili~ of upper segment 42 is indicated in phantom in Figure 12A as it
is bent inwardly in the direction of the arrow. The left-side flexible malar
implant 40', illustrated in Figure 12B, is essentially a mirror image of the
right-side malar implant 40 and comprises upper segment 42' linked to lower
segment 44' by retainer 16. As in chin implant 10, the malar implants 40,
40' can be configured and fashioned with a flexible member that allows
bending of one or both segments in directions other than that illustrated in
Figure 12A. Screw hole 45 can be provided for attachment of the implants to
the facial bones of the skull.
Figures 13A - 13C illustrate flexible paranasal implants of the
present invention which are designed to augment the lateral portion of the
m~ along the left and right sides of the inferior nasal concha. The
right-side paranasal implant 46 is composed of two segments: an upper
segment 48 and a lower segment 50, linked together by a retainer 16. Implant
46 is shown in Figure 13~ with upper segment 48 bent inwardly in the
direction of the arrow to the position shown in phantom to illustrate the
flexibility of the implant. The left-side paranasal irnplant 46' shown in
Figure 13C is a mirror image of the right-side paranasal implant 46 and
comprises an upper segment 48' linked to a lower segment 50' by a retainer 16
2~5~p
and is bendable in the same manner as right side paranasal implant 46'. A s
is apparent, similar to malar implants 40, 40', the retainer and the upper
and lower segments of the paranasal implants can be configured to move in a
virtually limitless number of directions with respect to one another to allow
re-orientation to fit the needs of the particular patient. The paranasal
implants 46, 46' may also have a screw-hole 52 for securement to the body.
A prem~xill~ry implant 70, illustrated in Figures 15 and 16, is
positioned at the base of the pyriform aperture behind the upper lip (see
Figure 18) to elevate the nostril base and augment the paranasal-m~ ry
region. The implant provides a forward positioning of the anterior nasal
spine and columella. A notch 73 is provided in the midline to accornmodate
the anterior nasal spine. The prem~ ry implant 70 is composed of two
segments 72 and 74 which are joined by a flexible connecting member
(illustratively flexible connecting member 16 of Figure 7) to allow
re-orientation of the segments as shown in phantom in Figure 16 to fit the
contours of the patient's anteAor m~ Clearly the segments can be
moved in directions other than the direction depicted in Figure 16.
Figure 17 illustrates a left side gonial angle implant 60 fashioned
for the gonial angle region of the m~n~ible as shown in Figure 18. The
implant is composed of segments 62, 64 joined by a flexible connecting member
16 to allow re-orient~tion of the segments (shown in phantom) to fit the
differing angular relationships between the inferior border and posterior
ascending ramus of the m~nclible. The arrows indicate one of the numerous
directions the segments can be moved to conform to the contour of the
patient. The Aght side gonial implant (not shown) is the rnirror image of
the left side gonial angle implant 60.
The implants (i.e. segments) of the present invention are made of
biologically compatible materials which are suitable for withst~n~ling any
2~70~86
- ~reasonable stress to which they may be subjected after implantation. Thesegments should be strong and durable and, in certain cases, can be made to
effectively induce the growth of tissue or bone in or around its location.
In a preferred embodiment, a porous structure of a polymeric composite such
as polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) is coated with a polymeric hydrophilic
material, such as polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate (PHEMA). Various materials
which render the implant opaque to X-rays may also be incorporated, e.g.,
barium sulfate. These materials and processes for m~kin~ these materials are
disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,547,390, 4,547,327, and 4,728,570, herein
incorporated by reference. It is contemplated, however, that any other
suitable prosthetic material which is known to those with skill in the art
such as dense or porous ceramics, polymer/ceramic composites or metals can be
used in accordance with the present invention. The materials can also
include, for example, resorbable polymeric material such as copolymers of
glycolide, lactide and/or polydioxanone.
The method of forming the segmented implants of the present
invention with the retainers embedded therein will be discussed below. Note
that in forming the segmented implants, the distance between adjacent
segments may be varied to suit different applications. A greater distance
between segments allows more of an angle to be achieved between adjacent
segments. The distance between segments preferably ranges from 0.005 inches
to 0.25 inches, however larger or smaller distances are within the scope of
the present invention. In situations where the segments are spaced far
apart, the void between segments may be filled with a bone substitute such as
granular HTR~ polymer, a trademark of United States Surgical Corporation.
Moreover, a different number of segment~ then illustrated herein can be
2070~
utilized (e.g. a larger number of segments for increasing flexibility) and
the shape and configuration of the individual segments (e.g. the location of
the segmentation) can vary depending on its use.
Although the chin implant 10, the paranasal implants 46 and 46',
the malar implants 40 and 40', the gonial angle implant 60 and prem~xill~ry
implant 70 are illustrated as having longitudinal gaps between the segments,
it is contemplated that the gaps can be latitudinal or diagonal as well.
Indeed, latitudinal, longitudinal and diagonal gaps may be incorporated into
the same flexible implant to allow segments to be positioned at all sorts of
appropriate angles and directions. It is also contemplated that more than
one flexible member can be used to traverse the gap at different points
between segments (see e.g. Figure 8B).
One with ordinary skill in the art may use any appropriate method
or means that are known for ~tt~ching the implants of the present invention
to the facial bones of the skull. For example, metal or plastics screws can
be inserted through one or more of the segments of the implant material and
secured to the body.
The segments of the implant of the present invention can be linked
by any suitable retaining element which anchors the segments while allowing
movement of the segments with respect to one another, and the retaining
element can be made of a variety of materials. Optimum materials for the
retainer are biocompatible, sufficiently flexible to allow movement of the
segments, and sufficiently strong to be capable of holding the segments
together, i.e., the segments should not be easily pulled apart. The
materials should also be capable of withst~ncling the stress of bending
without bre~king One preferred material is stainless steel (preferably 316
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and 316L), of a thickness of about .005 inches to about .015 inches, which
has sufficient strength to hold the segments together, while being
sufficiently resilient to enable the implant to return to its original shape
after being bent to the desired shape. Another preferred material is
Commercially Pure grade Tit~nillm (preferably Grade 1 to 4), of a thickness of
about .Q05 inches to about .015 inches, which has the advantage of being
strong as well as malleable so the implant can be bent to the desired shape
and remain in that form. Other materials which can be utilized for the
retainers include silicon rubber, polyurethanes, polyesters such as Dacron~
(E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Company), nylons, polyethylene, collagen fibers,
~lllminllm oxides, carbon fibers and/or composites, titanium alloys, Co-Cr
alloy and Co-Cr-Mo alloy. Additionally, in certain applications the retainer
material can be made of a resorbable material, such as polymers or copolymers
of glycolide, lactide, p-dioxanone, and the like. Resorbability is a desired
characteristic if the implant itself, e.g. the segments, are composed of
resorbable material. The surface of the retainer may also be roughened such
as by sanding or providing pirnples or pits to improve its bonding to the
segments as will be described below.
As is apparent, materials other than those listed above can be
utilized provided they allow the retainers to perform the function described
herein. It should be noted that the material utilized will affect the
flexibility of the implant, e.g. a woven mesh allows more flexibility between
segments than metal. Additionally, the type of material might impact the
holding strength of the adjacent segments. Different mateAals will also
have different degrees of bonding to the segments, depending of course on the
material of the segments.
20~058~
~-- Figure S illustrates one embodiment of a retainer for linking the
segments. Retainer 13 is substantially rectangular in configuration and has
opposing ends 15, 17 which are each secured to one of the adjacent segments.
The retainer 13 can be set in the implant mold during formation of the
implant as described below or fastened by other suitable means such as
adhesive.
Another type of retainer which can be utilized to link the segments
is illustrated in Figure 6. The retainer 8 is I-shaped in configuration and
is shown inserted between the chin segments 2 and 4 and between the chin
segments 4 and 6 in FIG. 2~ Flanges 14 are provided to help achieve the
desired snug and stable bond with the segments, to anchor the retainer 8
within the segments, and to restrict lateral movement of the segments. Cross
member 12 is the locus of the bend when the implant is conformed to fit a
patien~'s body structure. An anchor hole 11 can be provided to permit the
pre-cured or molten segment material to flow through the hole 11 and surround
the retainer 8 during formation of the implant. When the material hardens or
cures around the hole 11, it helps stabilize the retainer in the cured or
hardened segment.
Another alternate embodiment of the retainer is shown in Figure
7 wherein the retainer, designated by reference numeral 16, has a
discontinuous edge surface to provide an anchor 18 on both ends of the
bending region 19. That is, notch 22 allows the pre-cured or molten segment
material to flow around it and a flange 20 acts in a similar manner as the
flanges 14 in FIG. 6. Additionally, an anchor hole 21, similar to anchor
hole 11 of retainer 8 in Figure 6, can be provided to permit the segment
13
20~0~86
material to flow through to improve retention. The discontinuous retainer 16
is shown connecting chin segments 4 to segments 2 and 6 in FIG. 8A.
Another embodiment of the retainer which can be utilized to link
the segments is illustrated in Figure 9. Retainer 24 is made of woven
material such as polyester, polyaramid, polyethylene, or polypropylene. A
separate retainer may link middle segment 4 with segment~ 2 and 6, or
alternatively, as shown in FIG. 10, a retainer 24' of sufficient length can
be provided to extend from left end segment 6 through middle segment 4 to
right end segment 2. A multiplicity of anchor holes 28 help to stably and
snugly join the segments to the retainer 24 as they allow for material flow
during formation of the implant. FIG. 11 shows an alternate embodiment in
which the retainer 34 is made from meshwork 36 and anchor holes 35 achieve a
similar result as holes 28 of the woven material. The mesh 36 can be
composed of a woven or non-woven material. The retainer can alternately be
composed of a material woven into a braid.
As is apparent, not only are different materials and configurations
for the retainer contemplated, di~erent sizes (e.g. thickness and length)
can be utilized so long as they achieve the function of securing the adjacent
segments and allow re-orienting the segments. For example, if a more rigid
material such as titanium or steel is utilized, the retainer may be a flat
shim or it can be round, such as a wire. The flat shape permits bending
along the plane of the retainer while a circular or polygonal shape would
permit a 360 range of ben~1ing. The length of the retainer can also vary.
For example it can be of su~icient length to traverse the distance between
two segments as shown, for example in FIG. 1, or it may be long enough to
extend between all the segments as shown, for example in FIG. 6.
14
~ 2070586
By way of example, in one embodiment, a stainless steel retainer of
the type shown in Figure 6 can be used which has a thickness of about .01
inches, a length L1 of approxim~tely .40 inches, a width W1 of about .12
inches. The flanges 14 have a length I~ of about .070 inches and a ~vidth W2
of about .24 inches. Clearly, these dimensions are set forth by way of
example only and the present invention is not limitetl to retainers of these
dimensions.
Moreover, a multiplicity of either flat or round retaining elements
can be provided, as shown for example in Figure 8B, which would facilitate
re-orientation e.g. rotational deformation, of the various segments.
Additionally, rather than provide a retainer of the types shown, a
flexible material can be inserted to fill all or part of the gaps between
adjacent segments to achieve the desired flexibility.
Turning now to formation of the implant of the present invention,
the implant can be formed by m~king a model implant of a plastic material and
dividing it into segments. A mold is made of the segments using a material
such as silicon rubber and the segments are spaced apart the desired
distance, preferably between about .005 and about .25 inches. The mold is
partially filled with the desired implant material and a retainer is then
placed in the mold so it bridges the gap between the segments and is embedded
at each end in the segments. The mold is then completely filled with the
implant material; the implant material covering the exposed surface of the
retainer. The mold is closed (i.e. the posterior part of the mold is placed
over the anterior part) and placed in a microwave oven to be cured,
preferably for about 1 to 4 minlltes. The method of m~king the implant of the
present invention will be described in more detail with reference to the
following example for forming a chin implant.
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An SLA (stereolithography apparatus) model chin composed of a resin
having an overall length of approxim~tely 1.75 inches (although ranges ~rom
about 1 - 2 1/2 inches are contemplated) and a width of approximately .2
inches (although ranges from about .1 to .3 inches are contemplated) was cut
longitu-lin~lly into three segments in the inferior/superior (transverse)
direction. A mold (anterior and posterior) using Citricon~ silicon rubber,
(Kerr Manufacturing Company), was made of the three cut segments such that
each segment was placed within approximately 1/8 of an inch of the adjacent
segment. After the mold was cured and emptied, it was composed of three
cavities separated from each other by approximately 1/8 inch thick barrier
walls. A longitudinal cut was made in the barrier walls that extended about
halfway through the cross-section of the segment to allow insertion of an
appropriate retainer.
The mold was partially filled with a molding resin comprising a
blended mixture of about 300 grams of polymethymethacrylate (PMMA) beads
introduced into a stirred rnLxture of about 45 grams of liquid
hydroxyethymethacrylate (HEMA) and about 9 grams of barium sulfate. The
average size of the beads was approxim~tely 20/24 mesh (diameter ranging from
about 710 to 851 microns). A retainer of stainless steel of the type shown
in Figure 6 was placed in the slots in the molded resin to bridge the barrier
walls and extend into the segment. The mold was then closed, filled and
cured in a rnicrowave oven for about two minutes. The retainer securely held
the segments together.
The present invention advantageously allows for standardization of
implants since the segments can be oriented to accommodate the individual
patient. For example, the particular implant e.g. chin, malar, or paranasal
16
20~0~6
implant, can be made in a few sizes and then bent to conform to the facial
contour of the patient in the size group. The present invention thereby
provides a substantial time savirlg to the physician and cost saving to the
patient by elimin~tin~ the need for preparing and using a custom mold or
laboriously carving an implant to obtain the required configuration. If a
prior art custom molded implant does not conform to the patient's body part,
the practitioner will need to waste valuable time attempting to carve out the
correct shape and may even need to fabricate an entirely new implant. If an
error is made in bending an implant of the present invention, the
practitioner just needs to either bend the implant to the correct shape or
try a different size standard implant and then conform it to the patient's
needs.
It should be noted that the examples and illustrations supplied
herein are not to be construed as limitations of the inventive concept.
Additionally, modifications and improvements may be made by those with skill
in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
