Note : Les descriptions sont présentées dans la langue officielle dans laquelle elles ont été soumises.
TITLE OF THE INVENTION
COMBUSTION METHOD OF HYDROCARBON FUELS, FUEL MODIFYING
APPARATUS, MAGNETIC FIELD SWEEPING APPARATUS, MAGNETIC
RESONANCE APPARATUS, MAGNETIZER, MAGNETIZATION-PROCESSING
METHOD, AND CHEMICAL-REACTION-CONTROLLING METHOD
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a combustion method
of hydrocarbon fuels, fuel modifying apparatus, a magne-tic
resonance apparatus to generate magnetic resonance such as
nucle~r magnetic resonance and electron spin resonance, a
magnetic field sweeping apparatus capable of dealing with
chemical shift which takes place during the magnetic reso-
nance, a magnetizer for magnetizing a magnetic fluid, a
method for magnetization process, and a method for control-
ling chemical reaction by regulating the amount of generat-
ing free radical molecules.
Description of Related Art
Consumption of hydrocarbon fuels as energy source has
been increasing 3 to 5% annually. This has been causing
grave public concern in view of the limited reserve of the
hydrocarbon fuels and impact of the exhaust gas on the
environment. Increasing concentration of CO2 in the atmos-
21~3~83
.
phere1 in particular, poses a serious threat to -the
environment. While the limi-t of C02 concentration in the
atmosphere which can be absorbed by the earth is said to be
0.2%, current level thereof is 0.3% which far exceeds the
limit. The increased concentration of C02 in the atmosphere
has been also related to various unusual climatic phenomena
including El Nino.
It is also said that depletion of the ozone layer is
largely caused by the exhaust gas from jet airplanes flying
. in the stratosphere, especially NOx and Sx turning to
', nitric acid mist, and sulfuric acid mist through photochemi-
cal reactions. Acid rain also originates in the photochemi-
cal reactions of NOx and SOx. The acid rain causes pine
trees to wither. This is because the acid rain retards the
generation of resin in the pine trees resulting in decreased
insect repelling capability of the pine tree, thereby allow-
ing pine bark beetle~ to reproduce.
Conventional burning method which causes the exhaust
emission will be described below. Conventional burning
methods, including the highly compressed combustion, are
based on natural combustion. It has been said that the
combustion energy obtained on the natural combustion is the
total energy of the fuel minus the dissociation energy
(equivalent to binding energy).
Combustion of hydrocarbon fuels is a process of ex-
2 ;' , ", ,", ~r~ . ~.r,~
~1~3~3
tracting thermal energy by dissociating by fission thecovalently bonded molecules of CnH2n+X (x=-2, 0, 1, 2) into
C (carbon) and H (hydrogen) atoms and t en making -them to
contact with 0 (oxygen) thereby to combine ~oxidation) at a
high temperature. In the natural combustion, molecules
dissociate in such processes as likened to chain reaction
while decomposing into various free radicals and the like by
its own combustion energy, eventually dissociating into the
atomic level thereby to be oxidized. When hydrocarbon mole-
cules are burned comple-tely, carbon dioxide gas and water
vapor molecules are generated. In the conventional combus-
tion method (natural combustion), about 2/3 of the total
energy is inevitably lost as the dissociation energy during
combustion, and cannot be extracted as the combustion ener-
gY-
The process of combustion will be described below,taking the case of burning gasoline which has clear struc-
tural formula among hydrocarbon fuels, particularly 100%
solution of isooctane (straight chain octane having side
chains of saturated hydrocarbon, namely 2,2,4 trimethyl
pentane) which determines the octane number.
Isooctane has a constitution of C8H18 and molecular
weight of 114 g/mol. Dissociation (or binding) energy is
170.9 kcal/mol for C and 52.1 kcal/mol for H. Multiplying
these values by the numbers of respective atoms and summing
3 -
2~31~3
them yield 2305 kcal/mol for the dissociation energy of
isooctane. By dividing this by the molecular weight, 20.22
kcal/g is obtained.
Chemical equation of the reaction of burning isooctane
(gasoline) in the conventional method (natural combustion)
is as follows. ~,
C8H18 + 25/2- 2 = 8CO2 + 9H20 + 1276.2kcal/mol
Dividing 1276.2 kcal/mol by the molecular weight 114
yields 11.2 kcal/g, which represents the energy obtained
resulting from the absorption of the dissociation energy
(94.5 kcal/mol) of CO2 and the dissociation energy (57.1
kcal/mol) of H2O. Therefore total energy of C8H18 is given
as follows.
20.22 + 11.2 = 31.42 kcal/g
This means that the combustion energy (11.2 kcal/g) which
can be extracted from complete combustion is only about 35%
of the total energy (31.42 kcal/g). In fact, energy effi-
ciency is 30% at the most even in the jet engine which is
characterized by a very high efficiency, with 70% of the
energy being lost as the dissociation energy and heat loss.
Then study to substitue the latent energy which is lost
as heat of dissociation by energy given from outside by
resonance absorption so as to act on hydrogen bond or cova-
lent bond has been performed in many field.
In magnetic resonance such as nuclear magnetic reso-
:::
~æ ~
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nance or electron spin resonance wherein a specimen materialundergoes resonance and absorbs electromagnetic radiation
energy upon application of a high frequency electromagnetic
field which corresponds to the energy difference between two
energy levels of atoms constituting the specimen placed in a
static magnetic field, measurement of the fr-equency where
the atom absorbs the radiation or the spectrum of absorbed
radiation provides information on the electron density of
the atom and the bond between atoms. This phenomenon of
magnetic resonance has been utilized in the researches on
the properties of inorganic materials and researches on
radicals of organic compounds, making great contributions to
the recent advancements in such fields as solid state phys-
ics, complex chemistry, organic electron research, radiation
chemistry, photochemistry and electrochemistry.
A mechanism to increase a function of separating impu-
rities included in water and thereby to improve the purify-
ing function by causing magnetic resonance in hydrogen atoms
of water which is a compound of hydrogen, thereby to in-
crease the energy level and acting on hydrogen bond or
covalent bond, and an attempt to improve combustion effi-
ciency by causing magnetic resonance in hydrogen atoms of
hydrocarbon which is a covalently bonded molecule thereby to
increase the energy level and accelerate the dissociation of
hydrocarbon molecules has been proposed by the present
'~1 33~ ~3
applicant.
~ s for the nuclear magnetic resonance, for example, it
has been known that a hydrogen nucleus placed in a static
magnetic field of 14,092 gauss [G] shows nuclear magnetic
resonance in response to the application of a high frequency
electromagnetic field of 60 mega hertz [MHz], since American
physicist Dr. Rabi published his discovery in 1932. Intensi-
ty G of the static magnetic field and frequency N of the
high frequency electromagnetic radiation which cause the
nuclear magnetic resonance in hydrogen nuclei are associated
by the following relationship.
G/g=N
where G: Intensity of static magnetic field [G]
g: Resonance constant (234.87 for hydrogen) [GJMHz]
N: Frequency of high frequency electromagnetic radiation
[MHz]
Because of chemical shift in the nuclear magnetic
resonance, the frequency N of the high frequency electromag-
netic radiation is shifted to N+ ~ (~ : sweep frequency for
chemical shift [MHz]) when the static magnetic field inten-
sity G is kept constant, or intensity G of the static mag-
netic field is shifted to G+ ~ ( G: sweep magnetic field
for chemical shift [G]) when the frequency N of the high
frequency electromagnetic radiation is kept constant.
Chemical shift in the nuclear magnetic resonance has
21 33~
been dealt with in the prior art by sweeping the frequency
of the high frequency electromagnetic radiation by means of
a frequency conversion amplifier to sweep the frequency of
high frequency electromagnetic radiation while keeping the
static magnetic field intensity constant.
This sweeping method for the,chemical shift of the
prior art has drawbacks of the complex constitution of the
frequency conversion amplifier and being expensive. Also
there is a problem that automatic sweeping cannot be done
continuously unless the radiation frequency is swept manual-
ly with the chemical shift being estimated beforehand.
As described above, the efficient method based on
chemical theory has not yet disclosed.
SUMMARY OF T~E INVENTION
The present invention has been made to solve the prob-
lems described above. Object of the invention is to provide
a combustion method for hydrocarbon fuels wherein the fuel
molecules are dissociated by resonance absorption of optical
energy and magnetic energy in the primary, secondary or
tertiary dissociation processes, thereby to dissociate the
molecules efficiently by using these alternative energy
sources, so that the dissociation energy which has been lost
in the conventional combustion methods can be extracted as
the combustion energy, to improve the fuel efficiency,
2133~ ~3
decrease the consumption of hydrocarbon fuels and also
decrease the exhaust emission.
The present inventor disclosed in the Japanese Paten-t
Application Laid-Open No.61-95092 (1986) a combustion method
wherein a hydrocarbon fuel is raised to an excited state by
means of magnetic field or electromagnetic wave immediately
before combustion, thereby controlling the chain reaction
during combustion. The present invention is an advanced
version of the former invention making the principle clear,
and has an excellent applicability to practical use wi-th a
good fuel efficiency.
The combustion method of hydrocarbon fuels according to
the invention is characterized in that fuel molecules are
dissociated by fission into atoms through resonance absorp-
tion of optical energy and magnetic energy and the atoms are
brought into contact with oxygen and combine therewith. By
imparting both the optical energy which can be absorbed in
an amount several times to several hundreds times that
absorbed by magnetic resonance and the magnetic energy which
is capable of dissociating molecules into atoms, it is made
possible to carry out combustion with an efficiency higher
than in the case of using either one.
In the combustion method of the invention, the process
of resonance absorption of the optical energy to dissociate
by fission the molecules into radicals is referred to as a
213~3
primary dissociation, and the process of resonance
absorption of the nuclear magnetic energy to dissociate by
fission the free radicals into atoms is referred to as a
secondary dissociation. Thus the method of the invention is
capable of dissociating by fission a hydrocarbon molecule
into a plurality of radicals withJunpaired electrons through
the resonance absorption of optical energy, and dissociating -
by fission the free radicals into atoms through the
resonance absorption of nuclear magnetic energy, thereby
burning the fuel with a high efficiency.
Further according to the invention, the process of
resonance absorption of the optical energy is applied again
to the hydrocarbon fuel in the state of secondary dissocia-
tion. The hydrocarbon fuel under the state of secondary
dissociation is referred to as a tertiary dissociation,
namely being dissociated into atoms, must either return to
the ground state after emitting phosphorescence, return to
the ground state by combining with other atoms and consuming
the binding energy, or return to the ground state by diffus-
ing the thermal energy into the solution. The probability of
combining with other atoms is negligibly low. Because the
solution is homologous, it is highly probable that the
diffused atoms return to the ground state by emitting ther-
mal energy into the solution, which reduces the benefit of
fission. Consequently, the excited state can be maintained
2 1 f~
by minimizing the ratio of atoms which emit phosphorescence
and return to the ground state. In the tertiary dissociation
process, an action comparable to the optical pumping is
obtained by causing resonance absorption oE the optical
energy once again. This effect elongates the period during
which the fuel is in the secondar~ dissociation state.
The primary dissociation in the method of the inven-
tion, in concrete terms, can be achieved by using infrared
rays of a wavelength from 3 to 4 ~ m. The nuclear magnetic
resonance for the secondary dissociation can be achieved by
applying a magnetic field of at least 3500 Gauss at 15 mega
hertz or higher frequency, in a functional relationship of
234.87 Gauss/MHz. Tertiary dissociation can be achieved by
applying infrared light of a wavelength from 6 to 8 ~ m. The
fuel molecules can be excited more efficiently by employing
visible light or ultraviolet rays in the primary or the
tertiary dissociation process. This is due to the fact that
optical dissociation by fission of the molecules is more
violent when the wavelength of visible rays is shorter and
further makes remarkable effect when the wavelength of
ultraviolet rays is shorter.
Further according to the invention, optical energy is
caused to be absorbed through resonance in the primary
dissociation to dissociate a hydrocarbon molecule into
radicals, then the secondary dissociation is carried out
21r~31 83
through resonance absorption of electron paramagnetic energy
to dissociate by fission the radicals into atoms. Use of the
electron paramagnetic resonance which enables it to obtain
an amount of energy about a hundred thousand times to a
million times that of the nuclear magnetic resonance de-
scribed previously makes possible~an efficient transition
from the state of primary dissociation to the state of
secondary dissociation.
Also according to the invention, the hydrocarbon fuel
which has undergone the state of secondary dissociation
through the electron paramagnetic resonance is put again to
resonance absorption of optical energy. Period of time when
the fuel is in the state of secondary dissociation can be
elongated in this case too, by an effect comparable to the
optical pumping described previously.
Also according to the invention, visible rays are used
in the primary dissociation and the electron paramagnetic
resonance is used in the secondary dissociation. Thus the
use of visible rays which enable it to obtain a greater
amount of energy than infrared rays make more efficient
transition to the primary dissociation possible.
Also according to the invention, ultraviolet rays are
used in the primary dissociation and electron paramagnetic
resonance is used in the secondary dissociation. Thus the
use of ultraviolet rays which enable it to obtain a greater
.~ ; O; .~ S ~ A ~ ~ j}
3 ~ ~ 3
energy than visible rays and infrared rays makes more
efficient transition to the primary dissociation possible.
Also according to the invention, visible rays or ul-
traviolet rays are used in the primary dissociation, elec-
tron paramagnetic resonance is used in the secondary disso-
ciation and infrared rays of 6 to~8~ m wavelength are used
in the tertiary dissociation. This enables it to achieve the
above-mentioned operation.
Another object of the invention is to provide a fuel
modifying apparatus, used in the implementation of the
method described above, of burning hydrocarbon fuels capable
of improving the mileage, reducing the consumption of hydro-
carbon fuels and reducing the emission of exhaust gasO
The fuel ~odifying apparatus of the invention comprises
primary dissociation means to dissociate hydrocarbon fuel
into radicals through resonance absorption of optical energy
in the primary dissociation, and secondary dissociation
means to dissociate the hydrocarbon fuel which has undergone
the primary dissociation into atoms through resonance ab-
sorption of magnetic energy in the secondary dissociation.
Further tertiary dissociation means is provided to make the
hydrocarbon fuel which has undergone the secondary dissocia-
tion absorb optical energy through resonance once again in
the tertiary dissociation.
The primary dissociation means has infrared rays irra-
f~l33~3
diating means to expose the hydrocarbon fuel to infraredrays, visible rays irradiating means to expose the hydrocar~
bon fuel to visible rays, and ultraviolet rays irradiating
means to expose the hydrocarbon fuel to ultraviolet rays.
This constitution makes it possible to carry out the primary
dissociation described above.
The secondary dissociation means has means to form a
magnetic field of 3500 Gauss or higher intensity and means
to generate high frequency of 15 MHz or higher. This consti-
tution makes it possible to carry out the secondary dissoci-
ation by means of nuclear magnetic resonance. Also in case
the secondary dissociation means is made in such a constitu-
tion that has means to form magnetic field of 3000 Gauss or
higher intensity and means to generate microwave of 8 GHz or
higher, it is made possible to carry out the secondary
dissociation through electron paramagnetic resonance.
The tertiary dissociation means has circulatin~ means
to circulate the hydrocarbon fuel and a heater installed on
the periphery of the circulating means. Specifically, the
circulating means comprises a pipe made of ceramics or
carbon. Heating the pipe made of ceramics or carbon cause it
to emit infrared rays. The hydrocarbon fuel flowing through
th0 pipe is then made to absorb infrared rays thereby to
undergo the tertiary dissociation. Further control means is
provided to control the temperature of the heater so that
~ e~
the temperature of the circulating means is maintained
within a range from 93 to 206C. This constitution makes it
possible to cause more efficient resonance absorp-tion of
infrared rays ~y the hydrocarbon fuel.
Another object of the invention is to provide a magnet-
ic field sweeping apparatus capable of automatically dealing
with the chemical shift during magnetic resonance in a
simple constitution, thereby automatically carrying out
stable magnetic resonance continuously, and a magnetic
resonance apparatus using the magnetic field sweeping appa-
ratus.
Another object of the invention is to provide a magnet-
ic field sweeping apparatus capable of automatically dealing
with the chemical shift in the magnetic resonance without
using an expensive frequency conversion amplifier, and a
magnetic resonance apparatus using the magnetic field sweep-
ing apparatus.
The magnetic field sweeping apparatus of the invention
is a magnetic field sweeping apparatus to deal with the
chemical shift which occurs when a moving object material is
put in magnetic resonance, and forms a magnetic field having
gradient distribution of magnetic force in an opening of a
magnetic path wherein the object material moves. By changing
the configuration of the portion where a strong magnetic
field is generated to put the object material in magnetic
14
21 ~, 3 1 ~ 3
resonance, namely the open section of the magnetic path of
the magnetic circuit along -the direction of the movement of
the object material, the magnetic field is made to have
gradient intensity distribution in the direction of the
movement of the object material in the open section of the
magnetic path of the magnetic circuit. This arrangement
causes a portion, where the magnetic field intensity matches
the chemical shift according to the equation described
previously, to exist in at least one place in the open
section of the magnetic path of the magnetic circuit, even
when the frequency of the high frequency electromagnetic
radiation is kept constant, thereby stable magnetic reso-
nance can be obtained in the object material.
Gradience of the magnetic force of the static magnetic
field may be obtained by opening the magnetic field gradual-
ly from the upstream to the downstream of the object materi- :
al movement, by closing the magnetic field gradually from
the upstream to the downstream of the object material move-
ment, or by opening the magnetic field graduallY from the
upstream position toward the center and closing it gradually
from the center to the downstream of the object material
movement.
In order to achieve such a gradient magnetic force
distribution of the static magnetic field, width of the open
section of the magnetic path of the magnetic circuit is
~ ~ . r
'2~ ~3~
changed along the moving direction of the object material,
or thickness of the magnetic circuit which forms the magnet-
ic path is changed along the moving direction of the object
material.
The magnetic resonance apparatus of the invention
employs the magnetic field sweeping apparatus as described
above to put a moving object material in magnetic resonance,
and is provided with a yoke to form a static magnetic field
with the intensity thereof changing in the direction of the
moving direction of the object material, and a low cost high
frequency oscillating amplifier to apply high frequency
electromagnetic field of a specified frequency to the object
material.
Further another object of the invention is to provide a
magnetizer, a method for magnetization process and a method
of controlling chemical reactions which are capable of
efficiently controlling the chemical reactions of molecules
having covalent bonds such as compounds of hydrogen, and
have very high industrial utility value such as improving
the combustion efficiency of hydrocarbon fuels and separa-
tion of hydrogen from water.
The magnetizer of the invention comprises a first
magnetic member, a magnet holding the first magnetic member,
a second magnetic member surrounding the first magnetic
member and the magnet, and a fluid passage disposed in a
16
2133183
magnetic field formed by the first magnetic member, the
magnet and the second magnetic member through which the
magnetic fluid to be magnetized flows.
The magnetizer of -the invention comprises two magnetic
blocks which include first magnetic member having a plurali-
ty of sharp-pointed portions with,such a hysteresis charac-
teristic that has low residual magnetization and magnets
holding the first magnetic members, and keep the pointed
portions of the first magnetic members in heteropolar of
homopolar phase, a second magnetic member surrounding the
magnetic blocks and having such a hysteresis characteristic
that has low residual magnetization, and a fluid passage for
flowing a magnetic fluid to be magnetized, disposed in a
magnetic field formed by the magnetic blocks and the second
magnetic member.
Further, the magnetizer of the invention has such a
configuration that the fluid passage is installed while
meandering with several turns in the magnetic field.
The method for magnetization process of the invention
is a process of magnetizing a magnetic fluid including free
radical molecules which have unpaired electrons, wherein the
magnetic fluid to be magnetized is caused to flow through
the magnetic field, thereby to control the direction of spin
of the unpaired electrons of the free radical molecules.
Also the method for magnetization process of the inven-
'~133183
tion is the methods for magnetization process describedabove, wherein the magnetic fluid is a compound of hydrogen
turned into free radicals through resonance absorption of
optical energy.
Further, the method of controlling chemical reactions
of the invention is a method of adjusting the rate of gener-
ating of the free radical molecules of a chemical substance
which has been raised to an excited state by the resonance
absorption of optical energy to control such chemical reac-
tion as the chemical substance takes part in, wherein the
chemical substance which has been raised to an excited state
is passed through a strong magnetic field thereby to control
the direction of spin of the unpaired electrons of the free
radical molecules, so as to control the rate of generating
free radical molecules.
Concept of the invention will now be described in
detail below together with the chemical background which led
to the devise of the invention.
When a molecule is irradiated with ultraviolet light or
visible light of a wavelength susceptible to resonance
absorption by the molecule, bonds of atoms constituting the
molecule are loosened to the extreme so that the molecule
dissociates rapidly along the potential curve. This dissoci-
ation process starts with decomposition of the molecule into
free radicals. Representative dissociation processes taking
18
~331~3
place in hydrocarbons are those of dissociation into methyl
radical, methylene radical, methine radical, and so on.
While a chemical reaction is a changi~g process of
chemical bonds wherein electrons form pairs, dissociation of
molecules under excited state due to resonance absorption of
optical energy produces free radical molecules, or radical
molecules having single electron not engaged in pair (un-
paired electron) as intermediates of the reaction. The
radical molecule has a nature of tiny magne-t and shows a
peculiar characteristic in a magnetic field, thereby exert-
ing a great influence in the chemical reaction.
A normal covalent bonded organic molecule which is
stable has an even number of electrons, and does not show
the nature of magnet. In a covalent bonded molecule, all
electrons exist in pairs including both the electrons which
contribute to the covalent bond and the electrons which do
not contribute to the covalent bond, which are called the
shared electron pairs and unshared electron pairs, respec-
tively. In such electron pairs, when one electron of the
pair has right-handed spin, another electron of the pair
invariably has left-handed spin, thereby to cancel the
intrinsic magnetic field of each other. Consequently, a
normal and stable covalent bonded organic molecule does not
show the nature of a magnet.
In a free radical molecule, on the other hand, single
19
2~33~
electron (unpaired electron) exists independently thus
rendering the free radical the property of a magne-t. When a
pair of free radicals is generated as an intermediate of a
reaction in the presence of a magnetic field, the chemical
reaction is influenced by the magnetic field. In case a pair
of electrons is broken by thermal~or optical energy, two
free radicals are always produced. The unpaired electrons in
the free radicals sometimes spin in an opposite direction
irregularly, giving right-handed or left-handed spin to both
of the two free radicals produced by the decomposition.
In the substance as a whole, there exist free radicals
with unpaired electrons having opposite spins and those with
unpaired electrons having the same spin. In a magnetic
field, however, because the electron spin is restricted by
the magnetic field, free radicals with electrons of the same
spin become dominant. Free radicals with electrons spinning
in the same direction repulse each other and therefore never
recombine. Thus because the spin direction of each electron
in a pair of free radicals can be restricted in the presence
of magnetic fielcl, proportion of groups easily combined and
groups not easily combined can be changed thereby making it
possible to control the chemical reaction.
The present invention has been devised with the back-
ground described above, and is based on the idea of passing
a magnetic fluid which includes free radicals having un-
2133~3
paired electron, through a strong magnetic field and therebycontrolling the direction of spins of the unpaired electron.
The invention will be described in detail below taking
a hydrocarbon fuel as an example of substance to be proc-
essed. Chain reactions in combustion of the hydrocarbon fuel
described above invariably requires dissociation energy. In
the invention, the dissociation energy is supplied artifi-
cially from the outside, thereby to control the state of
dissociation. To cause resonance absorption of optical
energy, for example, in order to raise the molecules of the
hydrocarbon fuel to an excited state and dissociate them
into radicals and make all free radicals have electrons of
the same spin and repulse each other by means of the magnet-
ic field thereby preventing the free radicals from recombin-
ing into the original molecules, is to supply from the
outside the self-combustion energy which is consumed in the
dissociation of the fuel during chain reactions, and the
extent of its effect gives an index of the degree of improv-
ing the combustion efficiency.
In the case where water is subjected to the process,
water molecules are excited and turned into radicals by
resonance absorption of optical energy to dissociate the
hydrogen bond with the covalent bond between hydrogen and
oxygen being weakened, then it is made very easy to extract
hydrogen, thereby enabling it to extract hydrogen with low
~'
21
2~l~3~
energy.
The above and further objects and features of the
invention will more fully be apparent from the following
detailed description with accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF~THE DRAWINGS
FIG.1 is a schematic cross sectional drawing illustra-
tive of a hydrocarbon fuel combustion apparatus used in an
embodiment of the invention.
FIG.2 is a schematic longitudinal sectional dr~wing
viewed in II-II direction of FIG.1.
FIG.3 is an oblique view drawing partially broken away
illustrative of the detailed constitution of a primary and
secondary dissociation device shown in FIG.1.
FIG.4 is a drawing illustrative of the spectrum of
infrared ray absorbed by the resonance of isooctane.
FIG.5 is a drawing illustrative of the spectrum of
infrared ray absorbed by the resonance of normal heptane.
FIG.6 is a drawing illustrative of the spectrum of
infrared ray absorbed by the resonance of normal dodecane.
, FIG.7 is a schematic sectional diagram illustrative of
the fuel modifying apparatus according to the invention.
FIG.8 is an oblique view drawing illustrative of the
overall construction of a magnetic resonance apparatus of
the invention which causes magnetic resonance.
22
~3~ ~
FIG.9 is a front view drawing illustrative of the
overall construction of the magnetic resonance apparatus of
the invention which causes magnetic resonance.
FIG.10 is an oblique view drawing illustrative of a key
portion of a magnetic field sweeping apparatus of the third
embodiment of the invention.
FIG.11 is a side view drawing in the direction of A-A
line in FIG.9 illustrative of a key portion of the magnetic
field sweeping apparatus of the third embodiment of the
invention.
FIG.12 is an oblique view drawing illustrative of a key
portion of a magnetic field sweeping apparatus of the fourth
embodiment of the invention.
FIG.13 is a plan view drawing in the direction of B-B
line in FIG.9 illustrative of a key portion of the magnetic
field sweeping apparatus of the fourth embodiment of the
invention.
FIG.14 is an oblique view drawing illustrative of a key
portion of a magnetic field sweeping apparatus of the fifth
embodiment of the invention.
FIG.15 is a plan view drawing in the direction of B-B
line in FIG.9 illustrative of a key portion of the magnetic
field sweeping apparatus of the fifth embodiment of the
invention.
FIG.16 is an oblique view drawing illustrative of a key
~1~3~ ~3
portion of a magnetic field sweeping appara-tus of the sixth
embodiment of the invention.
FIG.17 is a side view drawing in the direction of A-A
line in FIG.9 illustrative of a key portion of the magnetic
field sweeping apparatus of the sixth embodiment of the
invention.
Fig.18 is a longitudinal sectional view of -the magnet-
izer of the invention.
Fig.19 is a cross sectional view in line X-X in Fig.18.
Fig.20 is a cross sectional view in line Y-Y in Fig.18.
Fig.21 is a cross sectional view in line Z-Z in Fig.18.
Fig.22 is a diagram showing the magnetic field pattern
in the magnetizer of the invention.
Fig.23 is a diagram showing another magnetic field
pattern in the magnetizer of the invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Preferred embodiments of the invention will now be
described in detail below according to the drawings.
Embodiment 1
FIG.1 is a schematic cross sectional drawing illustra-
tive of a hydrocarbon fuel combustion apparatus used in an
embodiment of the invention. FIG.2 is a schematic longitudi-
nal sectional drawing viewed in II-II direction of a primary
and secondary dissociation device shown in FIG.1. FIG.3 is
2~
3~ ~
an oblique view drawing partially broken away illustrative
of the detailed constitution of a primary and secondary
dissociation device shown in FIG.l. Numeral 1 in the drawing
denotes a tank to store the hydrocarbon fuel. The tank 1 is
connected via a communicating pipe la to the primary and
secondary dissociation device 2 m~de of a magnetically
permeable material where the primary and secondary dissocia-
tion processes take place. The primary and secondary disso-
ciation device 2 is provided with permanent magnets 2b, 2b
having a magnetic flux density of 20000 G which constitute a
magnetic field sweeping system installed therein. A hydro-
carbon fuel passage 2e is installed therein while meandering
so that it crosses the magnetic field generated by the
permanent magnets 2b, 2b forward and backward several times.
The communicating pipe la and the passage 2e communicate
with each other, so that the hydrocarbon fuel supplied from
the tank 1 is introduced into the passage 2e. Further an
infrared lamp 2a which emits infrared rays having a wave-
length of 3 to 4 ~ m is installed close to the tank 1 below
the meandering passage 2e. A conductor 2d connected to a
high-frequency oscillator ~85 MHz) 2c is wound around the
meandering passage 2e at the middle section thereof.
The infrared lamp 2a is installed below the primary and
secondary dissociation device 2 with a lens 21 and a light
source 23 being fastened by means of a packing 22, as shown
2 1 '~ 8 3
in FIG.Z.
As shown in FIG.3 which illustrates the primary and
secondary dissociation device 2 as partially broken away on
the side of one permanent magnet 2b, an end of the permanent
magnet 2b is connected to an adjust yoke 25 made of a good
magnetic material. The adjust yoke 25 is screwed into an
outer yoke 26 made of a good magnetic material which houses
the permanent magnet 2b. The outer yoke 26 is made in such a
shape that has a rounded edge 27 as shown in the drawing to
prevent magnetic l akage to the outside, because a sharp
edge of the outer yoke 26 will allow the magnetic flux to
leak through it to the outside. A tapered portion at an end
of the outer yoke 26 is brought in-to close contact with a
tapered portion of a magnetic relay block 31 made of a good
magnetic material installed at the center.
Passage 2e side of the permanent magnet 2b is connected
to inner yokes 28 made of a good magnetic material which are
arranged to oppose each other at a specified distance there-
by interposing the passage 2e in~between. The distance
between the opposing inner yokes 28 makes an opening of a
magnetic path. A spacer 30 made of a nonmagnetic material
such as aluminum or stainless steel clamped by a ring spacer
29 which is a retainer ring is installed in contact with the
inner yokes 28, thereby keeping a space to resist a strong
attracting force of the open magnetic field.
26
~ ;t -~r... ~
2~ ~31~3
The primary and secondary dissociation device 2 is
connected via the communicating pipe la to the tertiary
dissociation device 3 wherein the tertiary dissociation
takes place. The hydrocarbon fuel which has undergone the
primary and secondary dissociation processes in the primary
and secondary dissociation device~2 is fed to the tertiary
dissociation device 3. A ceramic heater 3a made of 2irconia
zircon formed in pipe shape which emits infrared rays having
a wavelength of 6 to 8~ m is installed in the tertiary
dissociation device 3, in such an arrangement as the hydro-
carbon fuel flows through the ceramic heater 3a.
The tertiary dissociation device 3 is further connected
via the communicating pipe la to an injection pump 4 for
combustion and an engine 5. The hydrocarbon fuel which has
undergone the tertiary dissociation process in the tertiary
dissociation device 3 is sent to the injection pump 4 to be
compressed therein with a high pressure before being inject-
ed into the engine 5.
Operation of the apparatus of the invention in such a
constitution as described above will now be described below.
The h~drocarbon fuel supplied from khe tank 1 absorbs the
infrared rays having a wavelength of 3 to 4 ~ m (near infra-
red) emitted by the infrared lamp 2a through resonance
absorption in the primary and secondary dissociation device
2. Then the energy level of the molecules is excited from
~ ~ v ~ 3
the ground state to break the bonding of radicals, thereby
dissociating into free radicals with unpaired electrons.
This process is the primary dissociation.
In the primary and secondary dissociation device 2, a
closed magnetic circuit is formed to run from the N pole of
the permanent magnet 2b through the adjust yoke 25, the
outer yoke 26, the magnetic relay block 31, the outer yoke
26 and the adjust yoke 25 to reach the S pole of the perma-
nent magnet 2b which is the object pole, forming a large
external loop. A small loop is also formed to run from the N
pole of the permanent magnet 2b through the opposing inter-
nal yokes 28, 28 to reach the S pole of the permanent magnet
2b which is the object pole. Thus a complete closed magnetic
circuit is formed at more distance from the permanent mag-
nets 2b, 2b than the open magnetic circuit having an opening
in the magnetic path. Such a static magnetic field and high-
frequency electromagnetic wave perpendicular to the former
cause nuclear magnetic resonance of the hydrocarbon fuel, to
excite hydrogen and cause dissociation at the level of H and
C atoms. Thi~ process is the secondary dissociation,
The hydrocarbon fuel which has undergone the secondary
dissociation absorbs the infrared rays having a wavelength
of 6 to 8 ~ m through resonance absorption in the tertiary
dissociation device 3, to attain a state capable of main-
taining the state of the secondary dissociation for a long
2g
~1331~3
..
period of time. This process is the tertiary dissociation.
The hydrocarbon fuel which has undergone the ter-tiary
dissociation process is injected by the injection pump 4
into the engine 5 where it is burned similarly to the con-
ventional process.
Now the primary, secondary and tertiary dissociation
processes will be described concretely below.
, FIG.4, FIG.5 and FIG.6 show wavelengths (wave number)
of infrared rays absorbed by the hydrocarbon fuel through
resonance. FIG.4 shows the wavelengths (wave number) ab-
sorbed by isooctane which is included in gasoline. FIG.5
shows the wavelengths (wave number) absorbed by normal
heptane which is included in light oil. FIG.6 shows the
wavelengths (wave number) absorbed by normal dodecane in-
cluded in light oil. FIG.4 t FIG.5 and FIG.6 show that any of
the hydrocarbon fuels absorb energy through molecular move-
ment in resonance with the infrared rays having wavelengths
of 3 to 4 ~ m and 6 to 8 ~ m. The bandwidth of the resonance
absorption remains almost constant with different hydrocar-
bon fuels. Upon absorption of light, the hydrocarbon fuel
molecules are excited to a raised energy level to vibrate
and fission.
Isooctane (2-2-4 trimethyl pentane) which is a saturat-
ed hydrocarbon has a molecular structure of CH3-C3H6-CH2-
C2H4-CH3. When the isooctane molecule absorbs infrared rays
2~
having a wavelength of 3 to 4 ~ m through resonance, the
fission energy acts between radicals to cause them to vi
brate. This process is governed by Pascal's additive proper-
ty law so that the absorbed energy is divided with the
divided parts acting separately. This causes the isooctane
molecules fission into active free radicals having unpaired
electrons, namely five methyl radicals (-), one methylene
radical (-)(-) and one methine radical (-), under the condi-
tion of solution. The dissociation process of the hydrocar-
bon fuel into a plurality of free radicals as described
above will be called the primary dissociation hereinafter.
This process can be practically achieved by exposing the
circulating fuel to infrared rays having a wavelength of 3
to 4 ~ m emitted by an infrared lamp.
Combustion of saturated hydrocarbon is expressed by the
folIowing chemical equation.
CnH2n+2 + (3n+1)/2- 2 ' nC02 + (n+l)H~O
In this process, the fusl molecules break up into C and H
atoms which becomes the state of combustion only when being
combined by contact with 0. In the absorption of energy in
the form of light (infrared rays) described above, the
absorption takes place in a wide range of wavelengths and
almost all of the hydrocarbons can be put into the condition
of primary dissociation even with hydrocarbon fuels wherein
a plurality of hydrocarbons are mixed. However, in the
3 Jl ~ 3
primary dissociation, there is no matching resonance
absorption region wherein enough energy is absorbed to
dissociate the molecules to atoms. Consequently, hydrocarbon
molecules in the state of fission according to the primary
dissociation are in the course of chain reaction still
retaining some of the molecular structure, and are not
dissociated to be ready for combustion. Also because
absorbed wavelength in the visible rays and ultraviolet
region varies greatly depending on the composition of the
hydrocarbon, these portions of the spectrum are not suited
I to apply to a fuel which is a mixture of a plurality of
hydrocarbons, although it has an advantage for the
application to a particular hydrocarbon. Amounts of
electromagnetic energy absorbed through resonanse in the
respective portions of the spec-trum are shown in the table
below.
... ._ _
Kind of Wavelength Energy Frequency
electromagnetic wave (nm) (kJ/mol) (Hz)
,.
Ultraviolet rays 200~ 400 300~ 600 (0.75~ 1.5)X 1015
. . . _ _
Visible rays 400~ 800 150~ 300 (0.4~ 0.75)X 1015
Infrared rays 2000~ 16000 7.5~ 60 ~ (0.2~ 1.5)X 1014
. . _ _
Electron spin <105 <1 1oll~ 1ol2
resonance
... . __
Nuclear magnetic 1olO~ 1oll 1o~6~ 10-5 1o6~ 107
resonance
~331~
(1.1963X 10 1 Jm/mol)
Note that; energy =
Wavelength
Secondary dissociation causes the state of fission of
molecular fragments generated in the primary dissociation
into atoms by means of nuclear magnetic resonance. The
working principle applied to the secondary dissociation is
described in "A comment on organic electron theory" by
Minoru Imoto, published by Tokyo Kagaku Dojin.
Protons and neutrons which constitute a nucleus make
respective intrinsic spin movements, and the entire nuclear
spins about an axis passing through the center of gravity of
the nuclei. Because the nucleus has an electric charge, spin
of the nucleus generates a magnetic field which is equal to
the magnetic field generated by an equivalent bar magnet
placed along the axis of spin. When a nucleus having such a
magnetic field is placed in an external magnetic field, it
is aligned in orientations of different energy levels due to
the interaction with the external magnetic field. ;~
The number of orientations is determined by a value
characteristic of each kind of nuclei which is called nucle-
ar spin I. A nucleus having nuclear spin I which is placed
in an external magnetic field is split to (2I+1) energy
levels. In the case of a proton which make up the nuclei of
hydrogen~ for example, it takes two orientations in an
external magnetic field because its nuclear spin is 1 2: one
32
~ ~ J
~ S~3~83
is with the magne-tic field which is stable, and another is
against the magnetic field which is unstable. The directions
of the magnetic field and the nuclear spin under this condi-
tion do not necessarily coincide. This situation is similar
to a gyroscope making precession while spinning under the
influence of the gravity. The nuclei makes precession about
an axis which is along the external magnetic field. The
stable spin and the unstable spin have energy difference of
2 ~ HoJ where ~ is the magnitude of nuclear magnetic moment
and Ho is the intensity of the external magnetic field.
Frequency of the electromagnetic wave having this value of
energy is exactly the frequency of the precession. Thus the
energy of electromagnetic wave having this frequency makes
resonance with the precession and is absorbed by the spin-
ning proton. As a result, the proton is excited, being
raised from a low energy level to a higher energy level.
Frequency of nuclear magnetic resonance is highest,
about 42 MHz, in the case of hydrogen nuclei under a magnet-
ic field of lOOOOG ~gauss), and gradually decreases as the
atomic weight increases, being in a range from several mega
hertz to 42 MHz.
When all covalent bonds with H (hydrogen) which has
high electron density around the proton, for example C-H
covalent bonds, of the hydrocarbon fuel are put into the
state of resonance absorption of energy, all free radicals
'~ 33~3
produced in the chain reactions of combustion are made
highly reactive and therefore branching chain reaction i3
enhanced.
In a functional relationship of 234.87 gauss/MHz, most
outstanding peak of absorption takes place at 14000
gauss/60MHz, with other peaks occurring at magnetic field
intensities of this value times 2, 3, 1~2, 1/3 and so on.
Minimum value among these peaks, having useful effect is
3500 gauss/15MHz. Thus C-H bond and C-C triple bonds can be
dissociated by fission the molecules into atoms by applying
magnetic fields of 3500 gauss at 15 MH~ or higher.
Tertiary dissociation is carried out in order to main-
tain the condition of secondary dissociation described
above. Because hydrocarbon absorbs infrared rays having a
wavelength of 3 to 4 ~ m and 6 to 8 ~ m as shown in FIG.4,
FIG.5 and FIG.6, while the energy in the band 6 to 8 ~ m is
used in excitation (that is, absorption of the vibration
energy), thereby acting to prevent the atoms in the ~olution
under secondary dissociation from returning to the ground
state. This phenomenon can be likened to the optical pumping
in producing laser light, and has an effect of sustaining
the fission and dissociated state. Although this sustained
period varies depending on the condition, excited state
generated only by the primary and secondary dissociations
which lasts only several minutes can be sustained for about
3~
2~3~ ~
72 hours by the use of the tertiary dissociation. By making
use of the tertiary dissociation, it is made possible to
burn hydrocarbon fuels without consuming the self-dissocia-
tion energy at all.
Use of the primary and secondary dissociation processes
reduces the exhaust emission to I~ss than half that of the
natural combustion (conventional method), and increases the
mileage by 20 to 50%. Further, the tertiary dissociation
improves the mileage from 18 km/liter when only primary and
secondary dissociation processes are used, to 48 km/liter,
reduces the exhaust emission from 38% (primary and secondary
dissociation only) to 8% with the emission from natural
combustion being set to 100%, and improves the output power
from 77HP to 96HP.
Comparison of the method of the invention wherein the
primary, secondary and tertiary dissociation processes are
employed and the case of individual dissociation in running
at 80 km/h is shown in the table below.
Improvemënt Mileage Emission Reprodu-
in output improvement reduction cibility
. . . _ l
Invention >20% 100% >50% High
-10~ 20% 10% Poor
. .. . _ , --
~ 10% 20~ 50% 50% Poor
. .. .. _ _ _. ___ __ __
20% 100% <35% Relatively
high
6.~ 1 ~ 3
The invention can be embodied as described below. In
the primary dissociation wherein resonance absorption of
light is used, infrared lamp emitting infrared rays of a
wavelength from 3.2 to 3.6 ~ m is used to cause resonance
absorption at two points. The secondary dissociation wherein
the nuclear magnetic resonance is carried out by applying a
magnetic field of 2000 Gauss with output of O.lW at 85 MHz
for about 6 seconds. Tertiary dissociation which uses reso-
nance absorption of light is achieved by applying infrared
rays of a wavelength from 6.8 to 7.4 ~ m irradiated by a
ceramic heater for at least 2 seconds.
In the table above, ~ shows a case of using a technol-
ogy of generating a strong magnetic field by means of a
static magnet and passing the magnetic field line several
times (former Soviet Academy of Sciences), ~ shows a case
of forming a magnetic lens by means of a static magnet and
generating extremely strong magnetic field at more than 100
places. ~ shows a case without primary dissociation and
applying static magnetic field (lOOOOG, 104 zones) for 3
seconds, not using nuclear magnetic resonance, in the ter-
tiary dissociation.
While the combustion temperature is 2300 to 2500~C and
the combustion speed is 15 to 25 m/sec in an internal engine
based on the conventional method, the combustion temperature
36
S 3
is above 3000C and the combustion speed exceeds 50 m/sec in
an internal engine based on the method of the invention.
Moreover, because the heat loss decreases and mechanical
energy increases due to rapid expansion of the gas which
make it possible to increase the output power, the invention
enables it to burn even a diluted fuel at a high compression
ratio without causing knocking, thereby improving the mile-
age. Exhaust gas can also be reduced by complete combustion.
An combustjon engine wherein the invention produces the
greatest effect is a jet turbine engine. This is because a
jet turbine engine has such a constitution that has no
limitation on the reaction with air (oxygen). Combustion
engines which benefit from the invention next to the above
are burner combustion units such as boiler and stoves,
followed by low-speed diesel engine, then by high-speed
diesel engine ancd gasoline engine in this order. Even in
high-speed diesel engines and gasoline engines, the inven-
tion has outstancling effects such as 100% increase in the
mileage, and accordingly the exhaust gas emitted can be
decreased to about 1/2.
An Otto cycle engine used in the combustion of gasoline
has a constitution completely different from that oE a
Diesel engine. That is, in the Otto cycle engine, fuel mixed
with air is atomized and injected into a cylinder which is
cooled to prevent it from reaching an excessively high
37
3 ~ ~ ~
temperature t and is ignited by an ignition plug, thereby to
explode and burn. Therefore a fuel is required to have
conflicting combustion characteristics of a high cetane
number which indicates the ease of combustion and a high
octane number which indicates difficulty to burn. A combus-
tion method capable of improving the combustion efficiency
to solve such problem as described above will be described
below.
Embodiment 2
FIG.7 is a schematic sectional diagram illustrative of
the fuel modifying apparatus used in the implementation of
the method of the invention. In the apparatus shown in
FIG.7, a primary dissociation chamber 11, a secondary disso-
ciation chamber 12 where the electron paramagnetic resonance
process is carried out and a tertiary dissociation chamber
13 are made in an integral constitution. In FIG.7, the
secondary dissociation chamber 12 is located on the right
below the primary dissociation chamber 11 and the tertiary
dissociation chamber 13 is located on the left of the sec-
ondary dissociation chamber 12.
The primary dissociation chamber 11 has a fluorescent
tube 15 which emits visible rays or ultraviolet rays, a
quartz glass tube 14 to protect the fluorescent tube 15 and
a pipe 16 wound around the periphery of the quartz glass
tube 14. In case the fluorescent tube 15 is a transparent
38
æ~3~3
glass tube without plating on the inner surf`ace, the radia-
tion emitted therefrom is concentrated at a wavelength of
253.7 nm (ultraviolet rays) (nm: nano meter = 10 9m) in a
narrow band which cannot accommodate chemical shift~ An
ordinary white fluorescent lamp which is plated on the inner
surface, on the other hand, emits visible rays of wavelength
from 380 to 760 nm and is capable of easily accommodating
chemical shift although the amount of energy delivered is
small. The fluorescent tube 15 is further provided with a
stabilizer 25 for the protection of a starter which starts
the discharge illumination of the fluorescent tube 15 and
lamp electrodes, to stabilize the discharge and to maintain
stable illumination in such functions as those of a choke
coil.
The secondary dissociation chamber 12 has lX 1 pieces
of neodymium magnet 17 having surface magnetic flux density
of 3500 G to form a static magnetic field of 3000 to 4000 G,
and a gun diode (doppler module) 18 which generates micro-
wave of 8 mmW at 9.53 GHz (giga hertz). The static magnetic
field is generated in a constitution of 1-point magnetic
field sweeping of forward layer system with a maximum mag-
netic field intensity of 3400 G.
The tertiary dissociation chamber 13 has an electric
heater 20 installed around the periphery of a carbon pipe
19. The electric heater 20 comprises a base heater 21 for
39
~i., ~ ., . . . . ::: :. : : : . , , , : .
213~3183
heating to a certain level and a control heater 22 to con-
trol the temperature within a specified range. When tempera-
ture of the carbon pipe 19 detected by a temperature sensor
23 exceeds a specified level, a thermostat 2~ turns off to
switch off the control heater 22, and when the temperature
decreases below the specified level, the thermostat 24 turns
on. Other examples of constitution of the tertiary dissocia-
tion chamber 13 and detailed conditions of the constitution
have been proposed by the present inventors in the Japanese
Patent Application No.6-28598.
The hydrocarbon fuel introduced into the apparatus of
such a constitution as described above first absorbs visible
rays or ultraviolet rays emitted by the fluorescent tube 15
through resonance absorption~ while it flows through the
pipe 16 in the primary dissociation chamber 11. The hydro-
carbon fuel which has undergone the primary dissociation in
the primary dissociation chamber ll is introduced into the
secondary dissociation chamber 12 where it is subject to
electron paramagnetic resonance by the action of the static
magnetic field formed by the neodymium magnet 17 and the
microwave generated by the gun diode 18. The hydrocarbon
fuel which has undergone the secondary dissociation through
electron paramagnetic resonance is further introduced into
the tertiary dissociation chamber 13 where it absorbs .
through resonance the infrared rays (wavelength 6 to 8 ~m)
3l~i3
generated by the carbon pipe 19 which is heated to 93 to
206C by the electrlc heater 20. The hydrocarbon fuel which
has undergone the tertiary dissociation through the reso-
nance absorption of infrared rays is introduced into the
engine.
The principle of resonance excitation of hydrocarbon
fuels with visible rays and ultra-violet rays is described
in the "Organic Chemistry Electron Theory (vol.II )", Minoru
Imoto mentioned previously, in its chapters 20 through 23
dealing with opto chemical reactions (pp.292 - 309). It is
described also in "General Chemistry No.12, 1976" (edited by
the Chemical Society of Japan, published by Gakkai Shuppan
Center) under the title of "Chemical conversion of optical
energy", "Chemistry of Energy Conversion and New Fuels"
(pp.22 - 44), "World of Molecules" (Edited by Molecular
Science Promotion Society, published by Kagaku Dojin), and
so on. In these literature, it is stated that the optical
energy used in the primary dissociation is delivered by
ultraviolet rays in a wavelength range from 200 to 380 nm or
visible rays in a wavelength range from 380 to 760 nm. As
shown in Table 1, the shorter the wavelength, the more the
energy delivered by the radiation.
Principle of the electron paramagnetic resonance in the
secondary dissociation is also described in the "Organic
Chemistry Electron Theory (vol.ll)", by Minoru Imot~ men-
2133~3
tioned previously, in its chapter 25 dealing with e]ectronparamagnetic resonance (pp.328 - 339). Principle of the
electron paramagnetic resonance is entirely the same as that
of electron spin resonance shown in Table 1, and works on
electron spin instead of nuclear spin in the case of nuclear
magnetic resonance. The principle will be briefly described
below.
An electron has quantum number of spin of 1/2, same as
a proton. Thus an electron can be either in +1/2 spin or
I -1/2 spin status. In an organic compound, electrons in
I different states are generally coupled into a shared elec-
tron pair or a non-shared electron pair, and are therefore
the spin quantum numbers cancel each other and not observa-
I ble from the outside. In the case of an independent elec-
¦ tron, however, it naturally shows the spin quantum number of
I 1/2. Magnetic moment of an electron ~ e is given as follows.
e = I ~ (I + 1) g'~
In this formula I is the spin quantum number 1/2 and
g'~ corresponds to r ~gyromagnetic ratio) in nuclear
I magnetic resonance. ~ is Bohr magneton. The energy width
obtained by multiplying the magnetic moment ~ e and the
magnetic field intensity is about a hundred thousand times
to a million times that of the nuclear magnetic resonance.
This means a capability of breaking more atom-atom bonds to
dissociate the substance than the nuclear magnetic reso-
42
~ - ~
2~ 3~183
nance.
An electron paramagne-tic resonance spectrometer common-
ly used employed magnetic field of an intensity around 3400
G. This leads to v of about 9.58 GH~ from the formula of
E=hv . In various experiments conducted by the present
inventors, satisfactory results were obtained when static
magnetic field of 3000 to 4000G and microwave of 8.0 to 20.0
GHz were used.
Suppose that the apparatus described above is installed
on an automobile equipped with a 3000cc. engine, for exam-
ple, and the automobile is driven to run at a speed of
180km/h. Mileage of the automobile not equipped with the
apparatus is usually 8km/liter, but improves to 14km/liter
when equipped with the apparatus.
Fuel consumption per hour when equipped with the appa-
ratus is 180/14=12.9 liters/h, which translates to
12900/3600=3.57 cm3/sec. When it is assumed that a pipe of
8mm in inner diameter is used, the flow velocity is 3.57
cm3/(~ o 42) = 7.1 cm/sec = 0.071 m/sec. This is far
smaller than the critical flow velocity of 2 m/sec. in the
case of a laminar flow in a pipe under atmospheric pressure.
Results of road tests wherein automobiles equipped with
the diesel engines described previously were driven to run
with the apparatus of the invention in different combina-
tions will be described below. Visible rays or infrared rays
43
21~3~3
are used in the primary dissociation. Electron paramagnetic
resonance or nuclear magnetic resonance is used in the
secondary dissociation. Infrared rays are used in the ter-
tiary dissociation.
Nuclear magnetic resonance was accomplished in the test
by forming static magnetic field with 3x 3 pieces of neody-
mium magnets (surface magnetic flux density of 3500 G, 1-
point magnetic field sweeping of repulsion system (flux
pumping system) and maximum magnetic field intensity 12000
G). A high-frequency oscillator used in the test employed a
crystal which oscillated at a frequency of 50 MHz with an
output power of 0.1 W.
Various methods of combustion have different effects
depending on the combination of the dissociation means. The
following results were obtained in the road test with dif
ferent combinations.
(1) Primary dissociation: visible rays, secondary dissocia-
tion: electron paramagnetic resonance, tertiary dissocia-
tion: infrared rays
Mileage: Improved by 70 to 250%
Exhaust gas emission: Reduced by 50% or over
Output power: Improved by 20%
(2) Primary dissociation: infrared rays, secondary dissocia-
tion: electron paramagnetic resonance, tertiary dissocia-
tion: infrared rays
2~.t~31.~3
Mileage: Improved by 50% or over
Exhaust gas emission: Reduced by 30% or over
Output power: Improved by 15%
(3) Primary dissociation: infrared rays, secondary dissocia-
tion: nuclear magnetic resonance, tertiary dissociation:
infrared rays
Mileage: Improved by 30% or over
Exhaust gas emission: Reduced by 20% or over
Output power: Improved by 10%
As shown above, different combinations have different
results, in the order of (1), (2) and (3) in terms of the
degree of improvement. Repetition oE the tests proved the
reproducibility and the effects, and the technology of
modifying the fuels can be said to have been established.
As described above, because the combustion method for
hydrocarbon fuels of the invention is capable of increasin~
the mileage and decreasing the consumption of hydrocarbon
fuels, and further decreasing the exhaust gas emitted, it is
capable of making great contributions to the environment
conservation.
Now the construction of a magnetic resonance apparatus
(and magnetic field sweeping apparatus) capable of using for
the secondary dissociation described above wi]l be described
in detail below.
FIG.8 is an oblique view drawing illustrative of the
construction of a magnetic resonance apparatus of the inven-
tion, and FIG.3 is a plan view thereof. In the drawings,
numeral 1 denotes a magnet composed of an electromagnet or a
permanent magnet, and the magnet 1 is provided with a yoke 2
being connected to both ends thereof to form a ma~netic
path. A part of the yoke 2 is cu-t away to form an open
section 3 of the magnetic path. The yoke 2 has yoke bodies
2a connected to the magnet 1 and end portions 2b of the yoke
(magnetic lensJ being made in various configurations, which
will be described in detail later, having N and S poles
opposing each other being separated by the open section 3 of
the magnetic path. A cylindrical pipe 4 is arranged to pass
through the open section 3 of the magnetic path in the
direction perpendicular to the magnetic field in the open
section 3 of the magnetic path. The pipe 4 is made of a
nonmetallic material which is not sensitive to magnetic
effect, ceramics for example, not of a ferromagnetic materi-
al. The pipe 4 carries a hydrocarbon liquid material flowing
therein in the direction indicated by an arrow in FIG.8, so
that the liquid material flows through the magnetic field
formed at the yoke end sections 2b from the ~agnet 1 via the
yoke bodies 2a. The circumference of the pipe 4 is provided
with a high frequency coil 5 wound around thereof which is
connected to a high frequency oscillating amplifier 6 gener-
ating a constant high frequency electromagnetic wave, there-
46
2 ~ 3 : ~
by to apply high frequency electromagnetic field to theinside of the pipe 4.
With such a constitution as described above, a static
magnetic field and a high frequency electromagnetic field
are formed and a hydrocarbon liquid material is made to flow
in the pipe 4. According to the invention, frequency of the
high frequency electromagnetic field applied by the high
frequency oscillating amplifier 6 is constant, while inten-
sity of the static magnetic field is swept. When the static
magnetic field has a proper intensity satisfying the equa-
tion for the chemical shift described previously, hydrogen
nuclei included in the hydrocarbon liquid material flowing
in the pipe 4 undergo nuclear magnetic resonance, resulting
in increased dissociation of the hydrocarbon. The hydrocar-
bon liquid material with enhanced dissociation, namely
improved combustion efficiency, is supplied to the down-
I stream through the pipe 4.
j The magnetic field sweeping apparatus of the invention
has features in the configuration and arrangement of the
yoke end sections 2b facing the open section 3 of the mag-
netic path to carry out magnetic field sweeping of the
static magnetic field. Examples of patterns of the yoke end
sections 2b to carry out magnetic field sweeping of the
static magnetic field will be described below.
Embodiment 3
47
:~:
:~::
31~
FIG.10 is an enlarged oblique view drawing illustrative
of a pattern (third embodiment) of the invention. FIG.11 is
a side view drawing in A-A line of FIG.9. In FIG.10, the
arrow shows the direction of liquid material flow in the
pipe 4. In the third embodiment, distance between the yoke
end section 2b and the pipe 4 is constant from the upstream
of the liquid material path in the pipe 4 (referred to
simply as upstream hereinafter) to the downstream of the
liquid material path in the pipe 4 (referred to simply as
downstream hereinafter), although height of the yoke end
section 2b is made to gradually increase so that the magnet-
ic field has the maximum intensity at point a at the up-
stream end and decreases therefrom to point b at the down-
stream end.
Embodiment 4
FIG.12 is an enlarged oblique view drawing illustrative
of another pattern (fourth embodiment) of the invention.
FIG.13 is a plan view drawing in B-B line of FIG.9. In
FIG.12, the arrow shows the direction of liquid material
flow in the pipe 4. In the fourth embodiment, because dis-
tance between the yoke end section 2b and the pipe 4 is made
to gradually increase from the upstream to the downstream so
that the length of the yoke end section 2b in the direction
of the magnetic field gradually decreases, the magnetic
field has the maximum intensity at point c at the upstream
4~
2~3~3
end, and decreases therefrom to point d at the downstream
end.
Embodiment S
FIG.14 is an enlarged oblique view drawing illustrative
of further another pattern (fifth embodiment) of the inven-
tion. FIG.8 is a plan view drawing in B-B line of FIG.9. In
FIG.14, the arrow shows the direction of liquid material
flow in the pipe 4. In the fifth embodiment, because dis-
tance between the yoke end section 2b and the pipe 4 is made
to gradually increase from the upstream to the center so
that the length of the yoke end section 2b in the direction
of the magnetic field gradually decreases, and distance
between the yoke end section 2b and the pipe 4 is made to
gradually decrease from the center to the downstream so that
the length of the yoke end section 2b in the direction of
the magnetic field gradually increases, the magnetic field
has the maximum intensity at point e at the upstream end and
point f at the downstream end, and decreases therefrom
toward the center, having a minimum intensity at point g at
the center.
Embodiment 6
FIG.16 is an enlarged oblique view drawing illustrative
of further another pattern (sixth embodiment) of the inven-
tion. FIG.17 is a side view drawing in A-A line of FIG.9. In
FIG.16, the arrow shows the direction of liquid material
49
% 1 ~ ~3 ~
flow in the pipe 4. In the sixth embodiment, although dis-
tance between the yoke end section 2b and the pipe 4 is
constant, height of the yoke end section 2b is made to
gradually decrease from the upstream to the center and
gradually increase from the center to the downstream, so
thàt the magnetic field has the minimum intensity at point h
at the upstream end and point i at the downstream end, and
increases therefrom toward the center, having a maximum
intensity at point j at the center.
Because the intensity of the static magnetic field can
be continuously swept within a certain range in any of the
embodiments described above, static magnetic field having a
proper intensity which satisfies the equation for chemical
shift described previously can be always obtained at one
point in the third and fourth embodiments and at two points
in the fifth and sixth embodiments, so that nuclear magnetic
reYonance occurs certainly in the hydrogen nuclei included
in the hydrocarbon liquid material flowing in the pipe 4.
The hydrocarbon liquid material with enhanced dissociation
through nuclear magnetic resonance is supplied through the
pipe 4 to a downstream combustion system, thereby improving
the combustion efficiency of the fuel and purifying the
exhaust gas.
Although embodiments to improve the combustion effi-
ciency of hydrocarbon liquid materials through nuclear
'~ l 3 ~ 3
magnetic resonance have been described, these are mere
examples and it needs not to say that the apparatus of the
invention can be applied to nuclear magnetic resonance of
other purposes. It also needs not to say that the apparatus
of the invention is not restricted to the nuclear magnetic
resonance but can be applied to other forms of magnetic
resonance such as electron spin resonance,
According to the invention, as described above, because
the configuration of the end sections of the yoke are
changed to form a static magnetic field generated in the
open section of the magnetic path having gradient distribu-
tion of magnetic force, it is capable of automatically deal
with the chemical shift in the magnetic resonance thereby
automatically carrying out stable magnetic resonance contin-
uously in a simple constitution without using an expensive
frequency conversion amplifier.
~ ow the construction of a magnetizer for magnetizing a
magnetic fluid and the method for magnetization process.
Embodiment 7
Fig.18 is a longitudinal sectional view of the magnet-
izer of the invention, and Fig.19, Fig.20, Fig.21 are cross
sectional views in lines X-X, Y-Y and Z-Z, respectively, of
Fig.18. The description that follows will ta~e a hydrocarbon
fuel as an example of the magnetic fluid.
In the drawings, numeral 60 denotes a casing made of a
51
3~ ~3
non-magnetic material in a long, hollow rectangular configu-
ration. The casing 60 has lids 61, 62 on either end thereof
to form an entrance and an exit for the flow of the hydro-
carbon fuel to be subjected to the magnetization process.
The lids 61, 62 keep the inner space having round cross
section of the casing 60 liquid-tight to shield against the
outside. The lid 61 is provided with a connecting fixture 63
to connect to a passage pipe to flow the hydrocarbon fuel to
be subjected to the magnetization process from the upstream
side, and lid 62 is provided with a connecting fi~ture 64 to
connect to a passage pipe to flow the hydrocarbon fuel which
has been subjected to the magnetization process to the
downstream side.
Installed at a specified distance from each other in
the longitudinal direction inside the casing 60 are two
magnetic blocks 70, 70 having such a configuration that an
inner yoke 51 of flat cylindrical shape as a first ferromag-
netic member, made of a ferromagnetic material with low
residual magnetism and having a plurality of pointed por-
tions 51a formed to be sharply pointed, is held by a cylin-
drical permanent magnet 52. An outer yoke 53 as a second
ferromagnetic member made of a ferromagnetic material with
low residual magnetism in a ring shape is installed to
surround the magnetic blocks 70, 70 constituted of the inner
yoke 51 and the permanent magnet 52. The inner yoke 51 and
52
6~1 3~83
the outer yoke 53 are made of a ferromagnetic material
having narrow hysteresis characteristic, for example, a
substance specified in JIS C2504 as a preferable magnetic
material. The magnetic material has magnetic flux density B1
or B2 2 10,000 (G), magnetic coercive force HC (Oe) ~ 1.0,
saturation magnetic flux density B10 or B25 2 15,500 (G)
and tolerable residual magnetic flux density Br ~ 50 (G).
A space between the permanent magnet 52 and the outer
yoke 53, and a space between the magnetic blocks 70, 70 are
filled with spacers 54 made of a non-magnetic material.
However, a space between the outer yoke 53 and the sharp
pointed portions 51a of the inner yoke 51 is not filled with
the spacer 54 and therefore a strong magnetic field is
generated therein. Intensity of the strong magnetic field is
set within a range of 1,750 G and over where spins are
aligned and up to 98,900 G where hydrogen can be extracted
from water.
Formed in the inner space of the casing 60 is a fiuid
passage 55 which communicates with the connection fixture 63
at one end and with the connection fixture 64 at another end
thereof, for the flow of the hydrocarbon fuel. The eluid
passage 55 turns around twice near the lid 61 on the en-
trance side (see Fig.21) and turns around twice near the lid
62 on the exit side (see Fig.20) too, making forward and
backward travels two and a half times in the longitudinal
53
2 1 ~
direction of the casing 60. Specifically, the fluid passage
55 comprises passages 55A, 55B, 55C, 55D, 55E (see Fig.19)
disposed from the upstream side. These four fluid passages
55A, 55B, 55C, 55D pass through the space between the outer
yoke 53 and the sharp pointed portions 51a of the inner yoke
51.
Fig.22 is a sectional view showing the magnetic field
pattern in the magnetizer of such a configuration as de-
scribed above. Because there is no non-magnetic material in
the space between the sharp pointed portions 51a of the
inner yoke 51 and the outer yoke 53, a strong magnetic field
is generated in this space. In the case where the permanent
magnets 52 are disposed in the same layout of S pole and N
pole in the magnetic blocks 70, 70 as shown in Fig.22, a
common ~agnetic field zone is formed by the magnetic blocks
70, 70. In this case, magnetic fields are at opposite
directions at the entrance and the exit, while heteropolar
phase is generated at the pointed portions 51a, 51a of the
inner yokes 51, 51 and the strong magnetic field has
opposite d1rections in the magnetic blocks 70, 70.
Embodiment 8
Fig.23 is a sectional view showing another example of
magnetic field pattern in the magnetizer of such a configu-
ration as described above. In case the permanent magnets 52
are disposed in different layout of S pole and N pole in the
54
2133~ 3
magnetic blocks 70, 70 as shown in Fig.23, opposing sides of
the magnetic blocks 70, 70 repulse each other thereby to
form independent magnetic field zones in the magnetic blocks
70, 70. In this case, the magnetic field is in the same
direction at the entrance and the exit, while homopolar
phase is generated at the pointed portions 51a, 51a of the
inner yokes 51, 51 and the strong magnetic field has the
same direction in the magnetic blocks 70, 70.
Now the operation will be described below. Fluid pipes
are connected to the connection fixture 63 on the upstream
side tentrance side) and to the connection fixture 64 on the
downstream side (exit side), and a hydrocarbon fuel to be
subjected to the magnetization process, which has been
raised to excited state by resonance absorption of optical
energy and dissociated into radicals, is flowed into the
connecting pipe on the upstream side. The hydrocarbon fuel
flows into the fluid passage 55 through the connecting
fixture 63.
The hydrocarbon fuel flowed into the fluid passage 55
flows through holes shown in Fig.20 and Fig.21 in the order.
At first, the hydrocarbon fuel passes through a hole k at
the entrance side and the fluid passage 55A, then passes
through the strong magnetic field between the pointed por-
tion 51a of the inner yoke 51 and the outer yoke 53 to reach
a hole m at the exit side. Then the hydrocarbon fuel turns
2~331~3
around, passes through a hole n at the exit side and the
fluid passage 55B, to pass through the strong magnetic field
between the pointed portion 51a of the inner yoke 51 and the
outer yoke 53 to reach a hole p at the entrance side. Then
again the hydrocarbon fuel turns around, passes through a
hole q at the entrance side and the fluid passage 55C, to
pass through the strong magnetic field again to reach a hole
r at the exit side. The hydrocarbon fuel then passes through
a hole s at the exit side and the fluid passage 55D, passes
through the strong magnetic field to reach a hole t at the
entrance side, thereafter passes through a hole u at the
entrance side and the fluid passage 55E to reach a hole v on
the exit side, and flows into the fluid pipe on the down-
stream side via the connection fixture 64, eventually being
fed to a combustion chamber.
By making the hydrocarbon fuel pass through the strong
magnetic field in the course of flowing through the passage
55 as described above, electron spins of numerous radicals
of the hydrocarbon fuel are aligned in the same direction to
reinforce the state of decomposition and increase the proba-
bility of dissociation. Because the hydrocarbon fuel is fed
to the combustion chamber with increased probability of
dissociation, the combustion efficiency thereof can be
improved.
In the magnetizer described above, the probability of
56
'~133~3
aligning the electron spins of free radicals in the same
direction varies depending on the intensity of the manetic
field through which the hydrocarbon fuel flows and the
distance in the magnetic field over which the hydrocarbon
fuel travels. The higher the magnetic field intensity
through which the hydrocarbon fuel passes and the longer the
distance of travel in the magnetic field, the higher the
probability of the electron spins of the free radicals to be
aligned in the same direction, making the repulsive separa-
tion of the free radicals more certain and increasing the
amount of replacement of dissociation energy during combus-
tion, thereby making it possible to improve the combustion
efficiency.
Although a case of using a hydrocarbon fuel as the
magnetic fluid and improving the combustion efficiency
thereof is described in the above embodiment, when water
which is a hydrogen compound is processed in a similar
process, it makes possible to improve the efficiency of
separating hydrogen from water.
Installing an apparatus to carry out resonance absorp-
tion of infrared rays energy on the downstream side of the
magnetizer of the invention in order to sustain highly
dissociated state of the magnetic fluid is very preferable
for the purpose of ensuring that the effects of the inven-
tion are achieved.
57
%133~.83
As described above, because the magnetic fluid is
passed through a plurality of magnetic fields, the magnetic
fluid can be surely decomposed into free radicals and the
efficiency of combustion of hydrocarbon fuels or the effi-
ciency of separating hydrogen from water can be improved.
Also because the probability of the existence of free radi-
cals can be controlled by means of the intensity of strong
magnetic field through which the magnetic fluid passes
and/or the distance in the strong magnetic field over which
the fuel travels, the rate of chemical reaction, state of
equilibrium and other factors wherein the magnetic fluid
takes part can be easily controlled.
The invention provides excellent effects such as being
capable of improving combustion efficiency of the hydrocar-
bon fuel and improving the purifying function of water by
acting on hydrogen bond or covalent bond so as to control
chemical reaction.
As this invention may be embodied in several forms
without departing from the spirit of essential characteris-
tics thereof, the present embodiment is therefore illustra-
tive and not restrictive, since the scope of the invention
is defined by the appended claims rather than by the de-
scription preceding them, and all changes that fall within
the metes and bounds of the claims, or equivalence of such
metes and bounds thereof are therefore intended to be em-
58
2133~3
braced by the cl~ims.
59
