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Sommaire du brevet 2242193 

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Disponibilité de l'Abrégé et des Revendications

L'apparition de différences dans le texte et l'image des Revendications et de l'Abrégé dépend du moment auquel le document est publié. Les textes des Revendications et de l'Abrégé sont affichés :

  • lorsque la demande peut être examinée par le public;
  • lorsque le brevet est émis (délivrance).
(12) Demande de brevet: (11) CA 2242193
(54) Titre français: SYSTEME DE RADIONAVIGATION UTILISANT DES PSEUDOLITES HORS BANDE
(54) Titre anglais: RADIO NAVIGATION SYSTEM USING OUT-OF-BAND PSEUDOLITES
Statut: Réputée abandonnée et au-delà du délai pour le rétablissement - en attente de la réponse à l’avis de communication rejetée
Données bibliographiques
(51) Classification internationale des brevets (CIB):
  • G01S 5/14 (2006.01)
(72) Inventeurs :
  • HOLDEN, THOMAS (Etats-Unis d'Amérique)
  • HANSON, PETER (Etats-Unis d'Amérique)
(73) Titulaires :
  • STANFORD TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INC.
(71) Demandeurs :
  • STANFORD TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INC. (Etats-Unis d'Amérique)
(74) Agent:
(74) Co-agent:
(45) Délivré:
(86) Date de dépôt PCT: 1997-01-31
(87) Mise à la disponibilité du public: 1997-08-07
Requête d'examen: 2002-01-25
Licence disponible: S.O.
Cédé au domaine public: S.O.
(25) Langue des documents déposés: Anglais

Traité de coopération en matière de brevets (PCT): Oui
(86) Numéro de la demande PCT: PCT/US1997/001238
(87) Numéro de publication internationale PCT: WO 1997028455
(85) Entrée nationale: 1998-07-03

(30) Données de priorité de la demande:
Numéro de la demande Pays / territoire Date
08/595,137 (Etats-Unis d'Amérique) 1996-02-01

Abrégés

Abrégé français

La présente invention concerne un système d'émetteurs stationnaires de navigation par pseudolites permettant d'émettre, en environnement de signaux de navigation GPS large spectre utilisant une fréquence radio L1, un signal de type GPS utilisant une fréquence F1 autre qu'une fréquence de porteuse GPS. Une pluralité de stations pseudolites (PL) émet une pluralité de signaux de navigation GPS large spectre utilisant une fréquence radio F1, les fréquences de ces signaux étant différentes de la fréquence L1. L'invention comporte au moins une station de référence (REF) conçue pour recevoir les signaux de navigation GPS ainsi que les signaux de navigation pseudolites, et pour en dériver les signaux des données de correction de navigation (GPS Différentiel, données d'observations cinématiques). L'une au moins des stations pseudolites sert de station maîtresse (PL1) en association avec chacune des stations de référence. Une liaison de télécommunications assure le transfert des signaux du GPS Différentiel et des données d'observation depuis chaque récepteur de référence vers l'une au moins de ses stations pseudolites modulant les données d'observation et d'intégrité de la station de référence pour émettre, à destination d'une pluralité de récepteurs mobiles (NRX), des signaux de navigation pseudolites et GPS, y compris les signaux de correction de navigation en provenance des stations pseudolites maîtresses, et produire, à partir de ces signaux, des informations de navigation précises en présence ou en l'absence de signaux de navigation GPS utiles.


Abrégé anglais


A system of stationary pseudolite navigation transmitters for broadcasting a
GPS-like signal at a frequency F1, a non-GPS carrier frequency, is provided in
the environment of GPS spread spectrum navigation signals at a radio frequency
L1. A plurality of pseudolite stations (PL) broadcast a plurality of spread
spectrum pseudolite navigation signals at a radio frequency F1 which are at a
different frequency than the frequency L1. According to the invention, at
least one reference station (REF) is provided for receiving the GPS navigation
and the pseudolite navigation signals and deriving navigation correction data
(Differential GPS, kinematic observations data) signals. At least one of the
pseudolite stations serves as a master station (PL1) in association with each
reference station. A communication link provides differential GPS and
observation data signals from each reference receiver to its master pseudolite
station(s) which modulate(s) the reference station observations and integrity
data for broadcasting to a plurality of mobile receivers (NRX) which receive
the pseudolite and GPS navigation signals including the navigation correction
signals from the master pseudolite stations and produce accurate navigation
information therefrom in the presence or absence of useful GPS navigation
signals.

Revendications

Note : Les revendications sont présentées dans la langue officielle dans laquelle elles ont été soumises.


11
CLAIMS
1. A navigation system in an environment of GPS
spread spectrum navigation signals at a radio frequency
L1 comprising,
a plurality of pseudolite stations for broadcasting
a plurality of spread spectrum pseudolite navigation
signals at a radio frequency F1 which are at a different
frequency greater than 5% of said frequency L1, at least
one of said pseudolite stations comprising a master
pseudolite station for each reference receiver,
at least one reference station for receiving said
GPS navigation and said pseudolite navigation signals and
deriving correction data (differential GPS, kinematic
observations data) signals,
a communication link forming means for providing
differential GPS and observation data signals from each
of said reference receiver station to at least one of
said master pseudolite stations,
a plurality of mobile receivers for receiving said
pseudolite and GPS navigation signals including said
navigation correction signals from said master pseudolite
station and producing accurate navigation information
therefrom in the presence or absence of useful GPS
navigation signals.
2. A navigation system as defined in claim 1
wherein all pseudolites transmit one of a 1) GPS-like
signal or 2) non-GPS code modulation to further reduce
interference with GPS and improve the quality rate of the
observations at the plurality of user receivers,
respectively.
3. A navigation system as defined in claim 1
wherein said pseudolite stations are not synchronized
with said reference receivers.

12
4. A navigation system as defined in claim 1
wherein said pseudolite transmissions are pulsed so as to
improve the near far problem encountered in continuous RF
transmission code division multiple access systems.
5. A navigation system as defined in claim 1
wherein said mobile receivers combine L1 and F1
observations into a single solution, including code
differential GPS solutions, carrier-phase smoothed
differential GPS solutions, and kinematic differential
GPS solutions.
6. A navigation system as defined in claim 1
wherein the frequency offset of the pseudolite
transmissions at F1 provides interference protection from
signal jammers in the L1 frequency region and in a region
with a plurality of pseudolite transmissions allows the
system to continue to function and provide navigation
solution based upon the number of pseudolite signals that
each of the plurality of mobile receivers can track in
its receiver, respectively.

Description

Note : Les descriptions sont présentées dans la langue officielle dans laquelle elles ont été soumises.


CA 02242193 1998-07-03
W O 97/28455 ~CTrUS97/01238
l~ADIO NAVIGATION SYST~:M USING OUT-OF-BAND PSEUDOLITFS
1~
The present invention relates to a radio navigation system using out-of-
band pseudolites in an environment of the Global Position System (GPS)
navigation system.
In the GPS navigation system a plurality of satellite vehicles orbiting the
earth broadcast direct sequence spread spectrum signals at a ~requency L1 and byreceiving a plurality of GPS satellite vehicles very accurate location or navigation
infolmation can be derived at almost any position on earth that is visible (in aradio sense) to the satellites. Stationary ground reference stations are used toprovide differential correction signals to mobile navigation receivers so that the
position signals are extremely accurate and can be used for land surveys, for
example. However there can be locations and times when there are insufficient
GPS satellite vehicles visible.
The obJective of the present invention is to provide a navigation system
that is available at all times in a given area and to provide a navigation system
wherein if no GPS satellites are visible, or an insufficient number of GPS
satellites are available, a system of pseudolites, including a reference station and a
master pseudolite station, are aYailable for providing pseudolite navigation
signals for extremely accurate navigation signals to the remote mobile receiversn a glven area.
SUMM~RY OF THF INVENTION
The invention overlays a system of stationary pseudolite navigation

CA 02242193 1998-07-03
W O 97/284S5 PCTrUS97/01238
transmitters for broadcasting a GPS like signal at a frequency Fl, a non-GPS
carrier fi-equency, in tlle environment of GPS spread spectrum navigation signals
at a radio frequency L1. A plurality of pseudolite stations broadcast a plurality of
spread spectrum pseudolite navigation signals at a radio frequency Fl which are
at a different frequency than the frequency Ll. According to the invention, at
least one reference station is provided for receiving the GPS navigation and thepseudolite navigation signals and deriving navigation correction data (differential
GPS, kinematic observations data) signals. At least one of the pseudolite stations
serves as a master station in association with each reference station. A
communication link provides differential GPS and observation data signals from
each reference receiver to its master pseudolite stations which modulate the
reference station observations and integrity data for broadcasting to a plurality of
mobile receivers which receive the pseudolite and GPS navigation signals
including the navigation correction signals from the master pseudolite stations
and produce accurate navigation information therefrom in the presence or absenceof useful GPS navigation signals.
The present invention differs with respect to in-band pseudolites in the
following particulars:
1. Non-GPS Fl frequencies are available to wider range of potential
customers without danger of interfering with existing GPS facilities.
2. Prior art includes use of near GPS frequencies- e.g., within about 1-10

CA 02242193 1998-07-03
W O 97/284~5 PCTrUS97/01238
C/A code nulls (approximately l0 MHZ) of Ll (See B. D. Elrod and A. J. Van
Dierendonck, "Testing and Evaluation of GPS Augrne~nted with Pseudolites for
Precision Landing Applications," Proceedings of DSNS '93, Amsterdam, The
Netherlands, 31 March 1993.), WAAS testing within about 2.5% of nominal GPS
L1 fi~equencies, and the technique up to 3.5~o different from nominal GPS
described in Brown US patent number 5,311,194.
3. In these cases, only trivial modifications are required to receive the
signals- the signals are "in-band" as far as the receiver architectures are
concerned. In addition, tl1e detailed signal paths within the receiver can be made
to be identical, further simplifying the modeling task.
4 The present invention relaxes the range of Fl to be almost a~ ,y.
n~ e frequencies in the USA at this time appear to be 1.9 GHz and 2.4 GHz,
for example.
5. Non-GPS frequencies Fl observations can be combined with GPS
observations to jointly form both carrier-smoothed DGPS and/or kinematic
solutions as shown herein
6~ The present invention does not assume pseudolite broadcasts are
synchronize(l, neither with one another, nor with GPS.
The present invention differs with respect to conventional GPS in the
following particulars:
1. The present invention employs pseudolites to augment GPS range
observations. (Conventional DGPS provides no additional range observations).
2. Pseudolites may employ pulsing to mitigate near/far limitations.
3. At least one pseudolite broadcasts DGPS reference information, in
additiol1 to range observations. (DGPS uses separate commnnication resource).
4. GPS augmentalion may radically collapse time to achieve On-the-Fly
-

CA 02242193 1998-07-03
W O 97/284S5 PCT~US97/01238
(OTF) kinelllatic solutioll.
l)ESCl~II'TION OF TIIE l)R~WINGS
The above and othcl- objects, advantages and features of the invention will
bccome mole appalcllt ~vhell con.sideled with the following specificat;on and
accompanyillg drawillg~s whcreill:
Fig. 1 is a schelnatic illustration of a GPS-pseudolite navigation system
incorporatillg the invelllioll,
Fig. 2 is a block diagram Or a master pseudolite incorporateLI in the
invcntion,
Fig. 3 is a block diagram of a receiver incorporated in the invention, (the
REF anLI MRX receivers being preferably, identical except with respect to the
uses of their outputs), and
Fig. 4 is a block diagr;~ of all auxilialy pseudolite refelence station as
used in the invelltioll.
DE~TAILED DESCRIr'l'lON OF THE INVENTION
Referrillg to Fig. I, a constellatioll Or GPS satellite.s GPS- 1, GPS-
2.. GPS-N proviLIe basic service to most areas including the area to be served by
lhe ~syslem of pseudolilc~ l'L- 1, I'L-2....PL-N. The area to be served may haveany numbel or plurality of mobile receivers MRX-1, MRX-2.. MRX-N. One or
mole of the referellce receivcl-s REF~ are provided and are capable of receivillg the
GPS sigll.lls .-l frcclucl)cy Ll .IIld al.so lhe GPS-like ~signals rroln tlle pseuLlolilc

CA 02242l93 l998-07-03
W 097/284S5 PCTrUS97/01238
statiolls PL- 1, PL-2....PL-N at a frequency F1 which can be chosen over a wide
ral)ge "n~l nee~ n~L be llc,ll lllc GPS frequency Ll. A communication link CL,
wllich may be lan(l lhle, Iniclowave, fiber oplic, a short set of wires, etc. from the
rercrence rcceiver REF to one or more of llle pseudolites PL-I, PL-2...PL-N
supplies Differelllial GPS (DGPS), kinelllatic observations and integlity data to
the pseu~lolites. The pseudolites transmil GPS-like spread spectrum signals at
frequency I~l lo refcrencc ~lalioll REF and Ihe mobile receivers MRX-I, MRX-
2.. MRX-N in order to augment the GPS signals. One of the pseudolite stations
in this system (PL-I) has been ~lesignateLI a master pseudolite station. The master
p.seudolite nlod-llatcs thc obsclvation an~l integrity data received fiom the
reference station REF over communication link CL, thereby broadcasting this
inrol nla~ioll lo thc MRX population.
The mobile r eceivers MRX are capable of receiving GPS signals at
fiequency Ll and the GPS-like signals from the pseudolite stations PL-I, PL-
2...PL-N at fi-equency Fl. Receiver elements best realized as exact copy of
elemellt at tlle relel-ellce statioll REF in order for best opportunity for
implementation depelldenl errors lo cancel out. Since these are true receivers,
(i.e., they need not transmit signals), there may be any number of them in the
service area.
If no GPS satellites are vi.sible or in lille-of-sight within the service area
(e.g., al lhc referellce receivel- REE~, the system may operate willlout GPS. In that
case, it replaces GPS, rathel thall augmenting it, and the GPS time is not
available. If one GPS salellite is available within the service area, e.g., at the
refcrence rcceiver REF, tlle syslem can lransrer GPS time to lhe mobile receivers

CA 02242193 1998-07-03
W O 97/28455 PCT~US97/01238
MRX as limited by observation errors and conventional limits of the Navstar GPS
Standard Positioning Service. Carrier-smoothed code (pseudo-range, Pl~)
observations are possible with only one GPS satellite visible. The pseudolites can
auglnent this PR, but must fully replace GPS if true kinematic solutions are to be
derived. If two or more GPS satellites are available, GPS time can be transferred
and GPS observations can participate in the kinematic solution.
The reference receiver is preferably adapted to handle the observations of
the non-master pseudolite stations. The invention contemplates reducing these
PRs modulo a preset value (set at above twice the expected maximum
measurement range). The reference station observations may be coll,prt;ssed to
be suitable for broadcast. For example, the most significant bits (MSB) of rangeand rate may be infrequently broadcast, with frequent updates supplied relative to
these values, thus reducing the number of bits required. Note that the non-master
pseudolites need not be synchronized to GPS or any other pseudolite. This may
present special problems at the receivers, since the resulting PR values are farmore arbitrary than true GPS. The master pseudolite may be synchronized to
GPS (if any) by mcans of observing its own DGPS terms in the commllnic~tton
link CL between the reference station R~F and the master pseudolite station.
This is not required but may be useful if pseudolites PL can replace GPS within
part of tlle service area and when GPS time is useful.

CA 02242l93 l998-07-03
WO 97/Z8455 PCTAUS97/01238
Like the reference receiver REF, the MRX will need to handle
observations of the non-master pseudolites.
In general, there must be at least one reference station, and at least one
master pseudolite per reference station. However, there can be multiple reference
stations, and multiple master pseudolites can be connected to modulate the
observation and integrity data from any reference station. Systems may
incorporate multiple reference stations to provide the benefits of improved system
reliability and to extend the service area. Reliability improves when several
reference signals are available to the typical MRX. A larger area may be served
while m~intzl;nin~ nomhlal accuracy by spreading reference stations to cover it
evenly; i.e., so that there is a fixed upper limit to the distance from an MRX to its
closest available reference station. Accuracy at each MRX is limited by the
distance from that MRX to the reference station it is using.
This incorporation of multiple master pseudolites may be required in the
following situations. In some cases it is seen that a single master pseudolite
source may not illllmin~te the desired coverage area. These areas could include
regions near blockages, such as near bridges, large bllilflings and docks; regions
near moving blockages such as ships; or regions with highly irregular terrain,
such as canyons, mines and factories.
Referring to Fig.2 a reference frequency source such as crystal oscillator
~0 or other stab}e frequency source SFS is selected by selection switch SSw as asource for multi-synthesizer MS which generates and outputs a control signal
fconlrDI7 a carrier cos wfl(t), and fcode from one of the selected input reference

CA 02242193 1998-07-03
W O 97/28455 PCTrUS97/01238
frequencies. Oscillator CO is a crystal oscillator or better. The control unit CU
receives fcontrol and selectively uses an external interface EXT/lNT for controland/or is interfaced to a reference receiver which provides advantageously both
GPS reference observations and PL broadcast data and outputs a control signal tocode generator CG. Code generator CG generates a spread spectrum code at a
rate selected by use of tlle frequency fcode and has the ability to modulate a data
pattern on the spread spectrum code. The cos wf,(t) signal is binary phase shiftkeyed (E3PSK) in modulator or mixer M. Optionally, a pulser P controlled by an
output of control block CU C~ll be used to provide greater effective dynamic
range at the receiver and the thus forrnul~tefi signal is amplified and broadcast to
all of the mobile receivers MRX.
I~eferring to the receiver block diagram illustrated in Fig. 3, antenna and
front end A receives the L1 and F1 signals and splits the output, supplying dualGPS- like receivers Rl and R2, respectively. Receiver R1 is a traditional GPS
receiver for processing the Ll signal frequencies and receiver R2 has slight
modifications for processing thc - signal frequencies. Both receivers are lockedto frequency and timing signal inputs from frequency and timing synthesizer FTS
which is supplied with a base rrequency from source CO. Frequency and timing
synthesizer FTS generates reference and timing signals to coordinate receivers Rl
ancl ~2 and to drive control microprocessor CMP. Control microprocessor CMP
provides high level control and integrates the observations and data of receivers

CA 02242l93 l998-07-03
W O 97/28455 PCTrUS97/01238
R I and R2. Reference interface RI outputs the reference link data to
communication link CL which is connected to the master pseudolite. The
solution output interface SO provides the navigation in~ormation to the user via a
utilization device, which may be a display, a recorder or perfo~n a control or
guidance function. The following table sets out some of the parameters:
Input code data data format Examples
Freq. rate rate andcontent
1575.42 1.023 50 bps ICD-GPS-200 NovaTel RT-20
Fl fcode = fcOdc variant of GSV 1012
1.023 ~ 21000 WAAS/LAAS (modif. forFl)
(typical, fd;
others
possible)
An exemplary l~lock diagram of an auxiliary pseudolite reference REF
(Fig. l) is illustrated in Fig. 4, which parallels Fig. 2. This example assumes
BPSK modulation of frequency Fl The pulser function block P' again is optional.
It provides a way of pulsing or chopping the output signal for greater effectivedynamic range at tlle receiver. Oscillator OSC-2 is also of the quartz crystal
oscillator family or better. The auxiliary pseudolite does not require an external
time base input. As indicated the pseudolite has provision for external interface
EXT INT and control. The pseudolite optionally broadcasts its location if known.The multi-synthesizer MS' and code generator CG' are the same as described in
connection with Fig.2. The control element or microprocessor CMP' selects the
spread spectrum code and any data to be modulated on it, and generates the

CA 02242193 1998-07-03
W O 97/28455 PCT~US97/01238
pulsing element control signal and provides external interface signals. Its timing
is derived from the multi-synthesizer. The control element or microprocessor
controls the selection of the SS code, the pulsing control and services the external
interface.
While preferred embodiments of the invention have been shown and
described, it will be appreciated that various modifications and adaptations of the
invention will be obvious to those skilled in the art and it is intended that the
claims encompass such modification~ and adaptations.
WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

Dessin représentatif
Une figure unique qui représente un dessin illustrant l'invention.
États administratifs

2024-08-01 : Dans le cadre de la transition vers les Brevets de nouvelle génération (BNG), la base de données sur les brevets canadiens (BDBC) contient désormais un Historique d'événement plus détaillé, qui reproduit le Journal des événements de notre nouvelle solution interne.

Veuillez noter que les événements débutant par « Inactive : » se réfèrent à des événements qui ne sont plus utilisés dans notre nouvelle solution interne.

Pour une meilleure compréhension de l'état de la demande ou brevet qui figure sur cette page, la rubrique Mise en garde , et les descriptions de Brevet , Historique d'événement , Taxes périodiques et Historique des paiements devraient être consultées.

Historique d'événement

Description Date
Inactive : Lettre officielle 2008-04-17
Inactive : Lettre officielle 2008-04-17
Exigences relatives à la révocation de la nomination d'un agent - jugée conforme 2008-04-17
Demande visant la révocation de la nomination d'un agent 2008-04-10
Demande visant la révocation de la nomination d'un agent 2008-04-10
Le délai pour l'annulation est expiré 2005-01-31
Demande non rétablie avant l'échéance 2005-01-31
Inactive : Abandon. - Aucune rép dem par.30(2) Règles 2004-04-28
Réputée abandonnée - omission de répondre à un avis sur les taxes pour le maintien en état 2004-02-02
Inactive : Dem. de l'examinateur par.30(2) Règles 2003-10-28
Modification reçue - modification volontaire 2003-09-16
Inactive : Dem. de l'examinateur par.30(2) Règles 2003-03-28
Modification reçue - modification volontaire 2002-10-24
Lettre envoyée 2002-02-27
Requête d'examen reçue 2002-01-25
Exigences pour une requête d'examen - jugée conforme 2002-01-25
Toutes les exigences pour l'examen - jugée conforme 2002-01-25
Inactive : CIB attribuée 1998-09-29
Symbole de classement modifié 1998-09-29
Inactive : CIB en 1re position 1998-09-29
Inactive : Transfert individuel 1998-09-25
Inactive : Lettre de courtoisie - Preuve 1998-09-15
Inactive : Notice - Entrée phase nat. - Pas de RE 1998-09-14
Demande reçue - PCT 1998-09-09
Demande publiée (accessible au public) 1997-08-07

Historique d'abandonnement

Date d'abandonnement Raison Date de rétablissement
2004-02-02

Taxes périodiques

Le dernier paiement a été reçu le 2002-12-23

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Historique des taxes

Type de taxes Anniversaire Échéance Date payée
Taxe nationale de base - générale 1998-07-03
Enregistrement d'un document 1998-07-03
TM (demande, 2e anniv.) - générale 02 1999-02-01 1998-12-31
TM (demande, 3e anniv.) - générale 03 2000-01-31 2000-01-26
TM (demande, 4e anniv.) - générale 04 2001-01-31 2001-01-25
Requête d'examen - générale 2002-01-25
TM (demande, 5e anniv.) - générale 05 2002-01-31 2002-01-25
TM (demande, 6e anniv.) - générale 06 2003-01-31 2002-12-23
Titulaires au dossier

Les titulaires actuels et antérieures au dossier sont affichés en ordre alphabétique.

Titulaires actuels au dossier
STANFORD TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INC.
Titulaires antérieures au dossier
PETER HANSON
THOMAS HOLDEN
Les propriétaires antérieurs qui ne figurent pas dans la liste des « Propriétaires au dossier » apparaîtront dans d'autres documents au dossier.
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Description du
Document 
Date
(aaaa-mm-jj) 
Nombre de pages   Taille de l'image (Ko) 
Dessin représentatif 1998-09-30 1 7
Revendications 2003-09-16 2 71
Description 2003-09-16 11 409
Description 1998-07-03 10 349
Revendications 1998-07-03 2 71
Abrégé 1998-07-03 1 61
Dessins 1998-07-03 2 36
Page couverture 1998-09-30 2 83
Avis d'entree dans la phase nationale 1998-09-14 1 209
Rappel de taxe de maintien due 1998-10-01 1 110
Courtoisie - Certificat d'enregistrement (document(s) connexe(s)) 1998-11-18 1 114
Rappel - requête d'examen 2001-10-02 1 129
Accusé de réception de la requête d'examen 2002-02-27 1 180
Courtoisie - Lettre d'abandon (taxe de maintien en état) 2004-03-29 1 175
Courtoisie - Lettre d'abandon (R30(2)) 2004-07-07 1 166
PCT 1998-07-03 11 388
Correspondance 1998-09-15 1 30
Taxes 2002-12-23 1 37
Taxes 2000-01-26 1 33
Taxes 2002-01-25 1 34
Taxes 2001-01-25 1 36
Taxes 1998-12-31 1 36
Correspondance 2008-04-10 1 37
Correspondance 2008-04-17 1 15
Correspondance 2008-04-17 1 22
Correspondance 2008-04-10 1 36