Note : Les descriptions sont présentées dans la langue officielle dans laquelle elles ont été soumises.
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PECTIN FIBERS
The present invention relates to pectin fibers and a process for spinning them.
Prior to the present invention, there were no known com~,lercial processes for
making pectin flbers or a commercially available pectin fiber on the market. Theonly commercially known uronic acid based polysaccharide fiber is alginate fiber.
Prior to the present invention, it was initially observed that pectin fibers were
difficult to form and the fibers which were produced were hard and brittle, with low
tensile strength. Notwithstanding the above, pectins as a component are known tobe incor,uor~3led into hydrocolloid type dressings for their beneficial side effects, but
pectins used for fibers for wound management have not been previously described
as far as can be found in the literature. Consequently, a process for spinning of
pectin fibers has not been described.
However, Japanese Kokai PatentApplications No. Hei 4[1g921-82918
(3/16192), No. Hei 4[1994]-82919 (3/16192) and No. Hei 411992]-119121 (412192)
describe extrusion of pot~ssi~ ~m carrageenan solution into an alcoholic bath orpotassium chloride solution. Pectin is listed as a natural water-soiuble
polysaccharide that can also be used with calcium chloride In this invention.
References to pectin as a modifier have been described in several patents
involving fibers. Patent No. 4,336,299 (6122182) describes bonded non-woven
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fabric. Pectins are mentioned as a modifying agent but fibers are composed of
cellulose hydrate and not pectin.
European Patent Application Serial No. 0 454 358 A2 (10130/91 ) descl i~es
melt spinning of a gelling polysaccharide such as gellan or carrageenan. Pectin is
s mentioned as a non-gelling gum and as an additive but fiber fo~ Lion is not
dependent on the use of pectin. Fiber ror.,lalion is achieved through thermosetting
of a gelling polysaccharide, such as carrageenan; and pectin fiber synthesis is not
.Jeso, ibed or noted.
Hence, a need still exists in the industry for a simple and reproducible processfor making pectin fibers that have properties suitable for use in wound dressingapplications; those properties include high tensile ~ lyll l, softness, stability in a
wound environment, non-brittleness, sterili~ability, fine denier, high level of wet
strength, and resilience.
The present invention relates to a polyvatent cation crosslinked pectin fiber
composition comprising an ~",il~led calcium sensitive pectin having a degree of
esterification (C)E) of less than 50%, or a polyvalent cation crosslinkable low
methoxyl pectin having a degree of esleriricalion (DE) of less than 15%. These
pectins are further defined by average molecular weight (MW) having an upper limit
of 200,000 and a lower limit of 5000. The pectin fibers of the present inventionexhibit the measured properties of dry tensile strength of greater than 5 kg/mm2, a
wet tensile strength of yl edler than 0.1 kg/mm2, a preferred dry average diameter of
less than 100 "~icrot"eler:j and fiber stability in a solution of 1 percent sodium
citrate.
The present invention also is directed to a process for making a polyvalent
cation crosslinked pectin fiber composilion compri~ing:
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a) dissolving in water either a low methoxyl calcium sensitive pectin having a
DE of less than 15% or an amidated calcium sensitive pectin having a DE of less
,. than 50%, where each pectin has a molec~ r weight with an upper limit of 200tO00
and a lower limit of 5,000; b) passing the dissolved pectin through a spinneret into
a polyvalent cation coagulation bath co-~l,urisii~g water and a polyvalent cation,
where the polyvalent cation conce, ~ liol ~ in the bath is set either at a sufficiently
high level such that the density of the polyvalent cation solution bath is significantly
yl ealer than the density of the pectin solution so that the pectin fibers formed float
to top of the bath, or at a sufficiently low level such that the density of the polyvalent
cation solution bath is significantly lesser than the density of the pectin solution so
that the pectin fibers formed sink to the bottom of the bath; and c~ removing the
wet pectin fibers, either from the top or bottom of the coagulation bath depending on
the density of the bath and drying the pectin fibers. Optionally, the wet pectin fibers
are dipped in an alcoholic bath before drying to assist in removal of water. Also, the
fiber can be drawn prior to dipping in the alcoholic bath in order to improve tensile
slr~r)~tl ,.
The spun pectin fibers are soft and resilient fibers and can be used in medical
applicalions such as wound care.
It has been discovered that it is possihle to control the extent of brittleness and
to increase the softness and tenacity of a pectin fiber by controlling the amount and
the type of side groups present on the pectin molecules and thereby modify the
extent of reaction with calcium. This invention makes use of well known facts that
pectins can be produced with different degrees of esterification and with randomand block de-esterification during processing. In addilio" amidated groups can be
introduced during processing as well. Both the introduction of ester groups and/or
amide groups can control the extent of crosslinking in the pectin by a polyvalent
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cation such as calcium and will result in modification of fiber properties to produce
softer fibers with high levels of tensile strength.
In accord;ance with the invention, only particular types of pectins are useful for ~~
the synthesis of pectin fibers which have a high level of tensile ~ t~LI I combined
with a soft hand feel. In particular, calcium sensitive amidated pectins or calcium
sensitive low methoxyl pectins having a DE of less than 15% are useful for fiberspinning to produce fibers with these dlesirable properties. The pectins used in this
invention are normally derived from citrus fruits such as lime, lemon, grapefruit, and
orange, with lemon and lime peel pectln being the prererl ed.
As used herein, "calcium sensitivity" is intended to mean that property of a
pectin product related to an increase in the viscosity of a solution of the pectin
product under a,up, ~"o~iate conditions using the procedure as described herein
below. Since calcium sensitivity is a strong indicator of sensitivity to other cations,
the present invention covers sensitivity to such other cations also.
Calcium sensitive pectins can be detected using a calcium sensitivity test
whereby calcium ions are added to a pectin solution at low pH preventing reaction
between calcium and pectin. The reaction is induced by addition of a buffer solution
increasing the pH. The increase in viscosity in the presence of calcium ions
con~,oared to the viscosity without calcium is a measure of Calcium Sensitivity (CS).
As used herein, "degree of esterification" is intended to mean the extent to
which free carboxylic acid groups conL~ ed in the poly~ ctl Ironic acid chain have
esterified (e.g., by methylation); and "degree of amidation" (DA) is intended to mean
the extent to which ester groups conlained in the polyg~r,tl~ronic acid chain have
been converted to amide groups when reacted with ammonium hydroxide in
solution.
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In accordcl, ,ce with the present invention, for calcium sensitive amidated
pectins, the DE has an upper limit of 50%, preferably 30%. The lower limit of the
;, DE for the CS amidated pectins are zero (0), preferably 5%, and more pre~erably
10%. The CS amidated pectins should have an upper limit of the DA of 40%,
s pl-efel aL ly 25%, and more ,oreferably 20%. The lower limit of the DA is zero (0),
pr~reld~ly 5%, and more preferably 10%.
As noted, it is essential for fiber s,~;. u ~ 9 that the amidated pectins have ahigh degree of calcium sensitivity and be reactive in the presence of calcium ion to
form stable gels. The purity of pectin is measured as anhydrogalacturonic acid
(AGA) value. A pure unstand~l di~ad pectin normally has an AGA value of greater
than 50%.
In accordance with this invention, particular types of low methoxyl pectins thatare calcium sensitive can also be used in this invention. Typically in the art, low
methoxyl (LM) pectins are defined as pectins with a DE of less than 50%. What islS meant by low methoxyl (LM) pectins in the present invention are pectins with DE
having an upper limit of less than 15%", ~reraL,ly less than 10%, more ~rererably
less than 5%. The lower limit of these LM pectins are zero. It has been found that
with low methoxyl pectins that cGr""osiliol ,s containing less than 5% methoxyl
conle"L provide the highest levels of tenacity while still providing a soft hand feel.
As with amidated ,uecli"s it is impol lanL than these low methoxyl pectins can react
with calcium to form a stable gel.
In accordance with the pl ese~ ~l invention, the average molecular weight (as
dele" "ined by viscosity method~ of both the amidated pectins and LM pectins hasan upper limit of 200,000 daltons, preferably 140,000 daltons, and more preferably
85,000 daltons. The lower limit of the average molecular weight of these pectins is
~,000 daltons, more p~ererably 20,000 daltons, and most preferably 30,000 daltons.
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These low average molecular weights of the pectins are desirable to minimi~e theviscosity for ease of spinning, to obtain a high level of wet strength in the fiber
during spinning, and to retain high tensile ~l-e, ,~LI, in the dry fiber. Very low
molecular weight calcium se"siLi~e pectins of less than 20,000 daltons can result in
fibers with low wet tensile :,l, .anyLI, during spi""i"g, whereas high moiecular weight
calcium s~rlsiLi~/e pectins of greater than 140,000 daltons can form highly viscous
solutions which can be difficult to spin through spinnerets that have a small orifice
by creating a high back pressure.
In the present invention, other non-pectin polysaccharides can also be
blended into the pectin composition prior to spinning. These polysaccharides canbe incorporated to modify fiber properties or wound healing properties. These
polysaccharides could also have anionic functional groups and can be reactive tocalcium or other divalent or polyvalent cations. Polysaccharides which are useful in
this manner, include for example, carboxymethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl
hydroxyethyl cellulose, sodium alginate, alginic acid, carrageenan, hyaluronic acid,
and gellan gum. Any amounts of the other polysaccharides can be present in the
blend as long as a sufficient amount of the CS pectin is present to crosslink with the
polyvalent cation.
The process of the present invention is simple yet efficient that depends not
only on the pectins but also on relative densities in the coagulation bath for its
efFicient and consistent operation. The pectin solutions are prepared by dissolving
calcium sensitive pectins, which col)Laill less than 100 mg of calcium per gram of
pectin, in water at temperatures ranging from 50 to 80~C and then cooling to room
temperature. The conce~ Lion of the pectin is between 0.5 percent and 10 percenton a weight per unit volume ~WN) basis. The preferred range of concei l,aLion isfrom 2 to 7 percent w/v. The pH of the solution can vary from pH 1 to 9, but for
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some partially esterified pectins which are unstable under alkaline conditions the
prerer,ed range is pH 4 to 6.
This step of the process is followed by filtration through a 5 micron filter in
co",bi"dlion with centrifugation to remove undissolved particles to aid in spinning
and to prevent clogging of the spinneret. Following filtration, the solution of calcium
sensitive pectin is pumped through a spi~neret into a spinning solution of calcium
chloride at a pressure of between 1 and 20 psi. The pump pressure or flow rate will
vary depending on the viscosil~/ of the pectin solution, reactivity to calcium, and hole
size of the spinneret. Preferred pressures used range from 5 to 14 psi. The
preferred temperature of spinning is between 20 and 30~ C but spinning is not
limited to that temperature range. The hole size of the spinneret can range from 20
to 500 microns in diameter but is not limited to this range. The prerer,ed range for
hole size is from 50 to 250 microns in diameter. Spinnerets with single or multiple
holes can be used.
The pH of the coagulation solution can vary from 1 to 9 depending on the type
of pectin used. For amidated pectins the prererl ~d pH range is from 4 to 6. For low
DE pectins the range can be from pH 1 to 9 with the preferred range from pH 4 to 6
to produce fibers with high tensile strength. To produce fibers with a soff silky hand
feel the preferred range is from pH 1 to 4 with the most ,or~rer, ed range being from
pH2to3.
In accordcil ,ce with this invention, the a~ueous spinning solution contains
calcium chloride at a conce~ Lioll of 0.1 to 75 percent calcium chloride at ambient
temperature. The preferred range of concenlralion for the calcium chioride in
aql ~eol ~s solution is from 5 to 40 percent wlv, with the most preferred range being
from 15 to 35 percent w/v calcium chloride.
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In this aqueous spinning embodiment, the calcium chloride concentration is
set at a sufficiently high level such that the density of the calcium chloride solution
is signirica, ILly greater than the density of the pectin solution. By locating the
spinneret at the bottom of the tank with the spinneret holes on the top side of the
Spil "~eret, the fibers are formed at the bottom of the tank and are drawn upward
towards the top of the tank due to lower density of the fibers relative to the calcium
chloride sol~ ~tion. In this manner, the movement of the wet fibers away from the
spi, .ner~t (due to the positive buoyancy of the fiber) facilitates the continuous
formation of newfibers. In this confi~uration it is ,~rert:n~d that the CGI ~ce~lLI~lion of
the calcium chloride be at least 5 percent w/v to maintain a high level of buoyancy
of the fibers. In addition the high concentration of calcium ion accelerates thereaction rate for fiber formation and obviates the need of non-aqueous solvents to
aid in fiber formation by precipitation of the polysaccharide as it exits the spinneret.
In accorcJd"ce with this invention, it should be understood that other types of
spinning processes can be used with solutions of calcium sensitive pectins. The
wet spinning process des~rit,ed above which avoids the use of organic solvents
during spinning is prerer, ~d. Nevertheless, the spinning of pectins which are
se, Isi~i~/e to calcium ion is not limited to an aqueous wet spinning process. Other
types of processes can be used such as solvent spinning in baths of 50% isopr~ yl
alcohol and 50% water cc ,-lai~ ,i"g calcium chloride or dry spinning where the pectin
solution is gelled as it exits the spinl ,erel by coinjection of calcium chloride solution
into the pectin solution at the exiting point of the spinneret. Gelation and fiber
formation takes place in air (as opposed to in solution) in the dry spinning process.
In this solvent spinning process, in baths of 50% iso,~ yl alcohol (IPA) and
50% water, lower concentrations of calcium chloride are used. In the preferred
embodiment the calcium chloride concenl"3lion is set at a sufficiently low level such
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that the density of the calcium chloridellPA/water solution is significantly less than
the density of the pectin solution. By locating the spinneret at the top of the tank
, with the spinneret holes on the bottom side of the spinneret, the fibers that are
formed at the top of the tank are drawn downwardly towards the bottom of the tank
- 5 bec~l Ise of a higher density of the fibers relative to the calcium chloride/lPAlwater
solution. In this manner, the movement of the wet fibers downwardly away from the
spinneret due to negative buoyancy of the fibers facilitates the continuous formation
of new fibers. In this configuration it is pr~fer, ~d that the co"ce, ILI dlion of the
calcium chloride be less than ~ percent wlv and the concentration of IPA be at least
25 percent vlv to maintain a relatively low density in the spinning solution.
In this solvent spinning process the presence of the non-aqueous solvent such
as IPA facilitates the formation of a fiber via solvent precipitation of the
polysaccl Idl ide. Reaction with calcium completes the fiber ror~llalion as it exits the
spi"lleret. In the same manner as described above the fibers can be rinsed to
remove excess salts and unr~ac~ed material. A final rinsing in a water-miscible non-
aqueous solvent such as iso~Jrupyl alcohol facilitates drying. Drying can be
achieved using the same process as described above.
Other readily soluble calcium salts may be used, such as calcium propionate,
calcium nitrate, calcium iodide, calcium L,run,ide, or any calcium salt which issoluble in an a~ueous solution.
In accorda, Ice with the present invention, the polyvalent cations may be
selected from a metal ion derived from salts of alkaiine earth metal salts, alkali
metal saltsS l,dnsilion metal salts, and mixtures thereof. Examples of suc
polyvalent cations that may be used during the spinning process are salts of
aluminum, barium, magnesium, ferric, ferrous, copper, strontium, zinc, or mixtures
thereof, but the preferred salts contain calcium ion.
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ln accordance with this invention, it is possible to use a blend or mixture of
salts including monovalent cations as long as at least one salt in the mixture is a
divalent or polyvalent cation. Two examples of mixtures of salts are calcium
chloride combined with sodium chloridle or aluminum chloride combined with
calcium nitrate. Any amount of the monovalent cation sait can be used in the blend
as long as a sufficient amount of the di- or polyvalent cation is present to crosslink
with the CS pectin.
Following spinning, the fiber is washed with water or waterlalcohol mixtures to
remove excess calcium chloride. The preferred bath is a water bath. Several baths
o in series may be used to remove excess salt and unreacted material. At this stage,
the fiber may be wet drawn to improve tensile strength and to reduce denier.
Following the ~ eo~ ~-s washing, the fibers optionally may be rinsed with a
non-zl~lueo~ Is water-miscible solvent such as isopropyl alcohol or acetone to
facilitate water removal and drying. Drying of the pectin fibers may be performed
using conventional techniques; for example, the fibers may be dried in an oven set
at a temperature near or above the boiling point of the non-~ eo~ ~s solvent or may
be air dried by blowing air across the fibers or may be dried under a vacuum at
elevated ten ,,ueralures. It is important during the drying stage that the temperature
be less than that which could damage the fibers. The drying temperature used will
depend on the type of pectin used and the type of gelling salt. In most instances,
the drying ter",uer~lure should not exceed 120~ C.
The pectin fibers of this invention can be used in wound dressing
compositions for topical medical applications to various types of wounds. This
wound dressing can be one or several layers of a gauze material that are either
loosely woven or non-woven prepared from the pectin fibers of the present
invention. The wound dressing can have a barrier layer with or without adhesives
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for attaching itself to the wound. These pectin fibers can also be used in wounddressings without a barrier layer. Cer,tain wounds need plenty of air to circulate
,~ through a dressing for healing purposes and ll ,e~rore the wound dressing will not
use a ba,Tier layer. Wound dressi"gs are normally sterile and are kept under
- 5 antiseptic conditions. Wound dressing can have me~liC~liol~s impregnated in it that
are well known in the art. More specifically, can be either incorporated directly into
the pectin fiber itself during the manufacture of the pectin fiber or can be merely
added to the wound ~ assing.
The present invention is further illu~ led by the following non-limiting
examples wherein all percentages are by weight unless otherwise specified. All of
the pectins used in the examples were obtained from Copenhagen Pectin A/S, a
division of Hercules Incorporated.
Example 1
A wet spinning method was illustrated in 30% calcium chloride by this
example.
Spinning cclnditions were as follows:
Flow rate 22.1 ml/hour
Diameter of nozle 252 micrometers
Length of nozle 1 ,_m
Co~g~ ion bath 30 ~,er.;e, ll w/v calcium chloride
Pectin conce~ lion 2 percent w/v
Pectin type Amidated 104 ASZ; MW = 133,000, DE = 29 %, DA
=17.8%, AGA=69.6%
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Pectin was dissolved in deionized ~Dl) water at 80~C to form a solution,
centrifuged at 8,000 rpm and filtered through a ~ micron filter. Using a syringepump, this filtered solution was pumped at a flow rate of 22.1 mllhr through a nozle ,-
into a coagulation bath containing 30% of calcium chloride. The nozie was located
at the bottom of the bath with the opening of the nozle pointed toward the top of
the bath. Fibers that were formed were removed from the top of the bath and had a
wet tensile strength of 1.1 kg/mm2. The wet flbers were rinsed first in Dl water and
then isopropyl alcohoi; the flbers were then dried overnight under vacuum.
The soft white pectin fibers produced after drying had an average diameter of
about 44 micrometers and tensile sl~ t nyll ~s of 28.0 kglmm2. Since a relatively high
concentration of calcium chloride was used to induce rapid fiber formation, a solvent
was not needed or used in this example to aid in phase separation of the pectin
from solution.
This example demonstrated that the use of solvents during the spinning
process (not necessarily the drying process) can be avoided.
Example 2
The process and conditions used in this example were the same as the ones
used in Example 1, except that the pectin used in this example was type X4967
which is a low DE amidated pectin; MW = 164,000, DE = 25 %, DA = 7.0%, Free
Acid Content = 68 %, AGA = 57.1 %.
The dry flbers produced in this example had di~melers of 61 micrometers and
average dry tensile strengths of 14.7kg/mm2. Before drying the fibers, the wet
tensile strength was 1.2 kglmm2.
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Example 3
~ wet spinning method was illustrated in 30% calcium chloride in this example.
r Spinning conditions were as follows:
Flow rate 5.0 ml/hour
Diameter of nozle 101 micrometers
Length of nozzle 1 cm
Co~g~ ion bath 30 percent w/v calcium chloride
Pectin CGI ,ce,)lralion 3 percent w/v
Pectin type Low DE LM1912 CSZ; MW = 71,100, DE = c5 %~ DA = 0.0
%,
AGA = 72.3 %
Pectin was dissolved in deionized (Dl) water at 80~C to form a solution,
centrifuged at 8,000 rpm and filtered through a 5 micron f~lter. Using a syringepump, this filtered solution was pumped at a flow rate of 5.0 ml/hr through a nozle
into a co~g~ tion bath containing 30% of calcium chloride (at pH5.8). The nozle
was located at the bottom of the bath with the opening of the nozle pointed toward
the top of the bath. Fibers that were formed had a wet tensile strength of 16
kg/mm2. The wet fibers were rinsed first in Dl water and then isopropyl alcohol; the
fibers were then dried over, li~hl under vacuum.
The soft white pectin fibers produced after drying had an average diameter of
about 19 micrometers and tensile strengths of 63.0 kg/mm2. This example
clell lo~ l~ll aled that fine denier soft fibers could be spun while maintaining a high
level of tensile strength.
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Example 4
The process and conditions used in this example were the same as the ones
used in Example 3, except that the pH of the calcium chloride coagulation bath was
2.5. The pectin used was also LM1912 CSZ.
s
The dry fibers produced in this example had diameters of 19 micrometers and
average dry tensile strengths of 52 kg/mm2. These fibers had a silky sheen and
hand feel whiie "~ai"l~i"ing a high level of dry sll~:r,yL~,.
Example 5
The process and conditions used in this example were the same as the ones
used in Example 3, except the spinning solution was a blend of pectin and alginate.
The pectin was LM1912 ASZ at 1.5 percent and the sodium alginate was Plolot,ol
HF 60 at 1.5 percent.
The soft dry fibers produced in this example had diameters and tensile
strengths comparable to those obtained in example 3. This example demo, Isl, ales
that other polysaccharides such as alginates can be incoruoraLed into the pectinfiber.
Example 6
The process and conditions used in this example were the same as the ones
used in Example 3 except the spinning solution was a blend of pectin and
hyaluronic acid. The pectin was LM1912 ASZ at 2.25 percent and the hyaluronic
acid was at 0.25 percent.
The soft dry fibers produced in this example had diameters and tensile
strengths comparable to those obtained in Example 3. This example demonstrates
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that other polysaccharides such as hyaluronic acid can be incorporated into the
pectin fiber.
r
Example 7
A wet spinning method is illusll dle-l using a low MW pectin. Spinning
s conditions are as follows:
Flow rate - 5.0 ml/hour
Diameter of nozle - 250 ~icrc",.eters
Length of nozle - ~ cm
Co~g~ fion bath - 30 percent w/v calcium chloride
Pectin cc, .cer,l, alion - 6 percent w/v
Pectin type - Low DE Type X29~2 marketed under
the trademark Slendid(~) 400; MW -
22500 DE = c1% DA = 0.0 % AGA =
77.5%
Pectin was dissolved in deionized water at 80~C to form a solution centrifuged
at 8 000 rpm and rillerec~ through a 5 micron filter. Using a syringe pump this
filtered solution was pumped at a flow rate of 5.0 ml/hr through a nozle into a
co~gulation bath co"Laini"g 30% of caicium chloride. The nozle was located at the
bottom of the bath with the opening of the nozle pointed toward the top of the bath.
The wet fibers were rinsed first in Dl water and then iso~ro,c~yl alcohol; the fibers
were then dried overnight under vacuum. The soft white pectin fibers produced
after drying had an average diameter of about 90 micrometers and tensile strengths
of 28 3 kg/mm2. This example demonstrated that fibers could be spun at relativeiy
high co- ,ce"If~lions using a low MW pectin while maintaining an acceptable level of
tensile strength.
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Comparative Example A
The process and conditions used in this example were the same as the ones
used in Example 1, except that the pectin used in this example was LM 12CG whichis a low DE pectin without amidation; MW = 75,000, DE = 33.8 %, DA = 0.0%, Free
Acid Content = 66.2 %, AGA = 78.6 %
The weak dry fibers produced in this example had diameters of 125
mi~ melera and a low dry tensile strengths of 4.25 kg/mm2. Before drying the
fibers, the wet tensile sl, .a"yli, was low at 0.65 kglmm2. This shows that low
methoxyl pectins with DE's greater than 1', percent do not produce acceptable
o fibers.
Comparative Example B
The process and conditions used in this exd""vle were the same as the ones
used in Example 1, except that the pectin used in this example was Genu pectin
type X2961 which is a partially de-esterified pectin without amidclion; MW =
116,000, DE = 55.9 %, DA = 0.0%, Free Acid Content = 44.1 %, AGA = 84.3 %.
This pectin is not calcium sensitive. A pectin fiber was not produced in this
example.
