Note : Les descriptions sont présentées dans la langue officielle dans laquelle elles ont été soumises.
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Teat, in particular of the comforter type
The present invention relates to a pacifier, in particular of
the comforter type, intended to satisfy small children's un-
covered need to suck.
The use of pacifiers and dummies has increased very much during
the last years at the expense of finger sucking. Approximately
900 of small children develop a sucking habit and, of these,
about 60~ use a pacifier/dummy. Research shows that the
pacifier/dummy habit rests longer than previously, and the
pacifier/dummies are used more intensely than before.
A serious effect of dummy use associated with well known and
conventional pacifiers of the dummy type is socalled poster-
ior crossbites with a forced bite. This is due to the fact
that the dummy's teat-like bubble body presses the tongue
down in the floor of the oral cavity. Thus, the tooth bow of
the upper jaw looses support and is pressed inwardly of the
cheek pressure. Simultaneously, the tongue presses the tooth
bow of the lower jaw outwards. Recent studies show that 26°
of Swedish girls using pacifiers had developed posterior
crossbites with a forced bite (Confer ~gaard B, Larsson E,
Lindsten R. "The effect of sucking habits, cohort, sex,
intercanine arch widths and breast and bottle feeding on
posterior crossbite in 3-year-olds in Norway and Sweden.
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Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthoped 1994; 106: 161-6).
Crossbite having force-guidance is a serious bite error which
may result in large deviations in the growth and development
of the jaws. Therefore, National Health offers maximum repay-
ment for the treatment, but tooth adjustment for small chil-
dren is often complex and subjects the child to an unneces-
sary strain.
Another serious result of the use of pacifiers is the so-
called "open bite" which is a consequence of the thick and
straight passage required by known pacifiers between the
teeth.
In a pacifier of the dummy type, the teat-like bubble body's
free bubble on which the child sucks, assigned a disc-like
stop body forming an outer counter member adapted to rest
against the lips of the child, preventing the entire pacifier
from landing within the mouth from where the child may try to
swallow it. The outer stop disc usually carries a handle or
the like.
DE 38 40 178 and US 5 133 740 disclose pacifiers of the dummy
type exhibiting common features and modes of operation. The
pacifier means proper - the teat-imitating bubble body - is,
in connection with each of these pacifiers, designed and
shaped as two partially coalesced bubbles which, in the non-
coalesced area, exhibit a U-/V-shaped cavity tapering from
two freely projecting bubble portions in a direction towards
the stop disc. The tongue tip will seek into said cavity. The
double-arched bubble body passes into a rectilinear pipe por-
tion or massive portion extending right-angled to the outer
stop disc.
The design and shape of these known pacifiers will force the
naturally curved tongue away from its natural motion paths/
areas. Both these known solutions require large space within
the oral cavity where the tongue ideally should be capable of
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staying in the upper part along the entire tooth bow. Both
these known pacifiers involve a thick and straight passage
between the teeth, and this is also unfortunate, as one
rather should aim at achieving a broad, thin and slopingly
extending passage between the teeth. Also, both these paci-
fiers will result in that the tongue is pressed down towards
the lower jaw tooth bow, and "open bite" can develop there-
from.
The pacifiers according to DE 38 40 178 distinguishes itself
specifically in that the bubble body of the pacifier will
force the tongue down and away from the natural position at
the inside of the upper jaw tooth bow. This may result in the
development of crossbite force-guiding the lower jaw as
described introductorily.
US 5 133 740 discloses a dummy having many features common
with conventional dummies. If the tongue becomes situated
within said cavity, it will get an unnatural shape and can
not maintain its place in the roof of the mouth. After a long
time, this may result in an unfortunate bite development.
It has been a main object of the present invention to provide
a pacifier allowing and favouring a correct positioning of
the tongue during sucking. Thus, the tongue shall lie along
the upper jaw tooth bow, maintaining its support from the
side of the roof of the mouth in order to balance the cheek
pressure. During the child's sucking on the bubble body of
the pacifier, the tongue should get the opportunity of reach-
ing as far as possible forth in the mouth.
According to the invention, the object is realized by means
of a pacifier the characteristic features of which appear
from the following claim 1.
Subordinate, advantageous features of the invention according
to claim 1 are defined in the following dependent sub claims.
Thus, a subordinate, but important object is to secure that
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the pacifier gets into a correct position within the mouth;
principally due to the asymmetrical shape of the bubble body.
Thus, the bubble body of the pacifier which is carried by an
intermediate transition and connecting portion, is asym-
metrical in side elevation view (position of use) and shaped
as a curved, possible double-curved, plate-like member com-
prising two bubble portions of different lengths, one rela-
tively long, lower bubble part passing relatively smooth into
a substantially shorter, upper bubble part forming an angle
with the longer bubble part, as seen in side elevational
view.
This design and shape, especially in combination with new
features of particularly the outer stop disc, prevent the
tongue from being pressed down and forwardly against the
lower jaw.
The outer end tip of the long, in correct position of use
lowermost bubble part of the bubble body is, preferably,
situated at a larger distance from the centre of the tran-
sition and connecting portion of the bubble body at the con-
necting piece than the outer tip end of the short bubble
part.
The stop disc is formed with two substantially laterally
displaced halves, more specifically: In a central, longi-
tudinal section of the stop disc, the two longitudinal
parts/halves are asymmetrical in relation to said centre,
where the surface of the upper stop disc part facing the
bubble body extends mainly concavely, at least across a part
of the length thereof, the corresponding surface of the lower
stop disc extending mainly convexely, at least across a part
of the length thereof. The purpose of such a design and shape
has i.a. been to keep the jaws in upper and lower position in
relation to each other. The lower front teeth will be resting
against the inner side of the upper front teeth. Moreover,
the position is favourable for optimal positioning of the
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tongue and the resting position of the same. An intentional,
inclined passage of the pacifier between the teeth is
achieved, contributing to prevent erroneous positions of the
front teeth. This shape of the stop disc which, wholly or
across most of its length (height) may exhibit a concave
lateral curvature, referred to position of use, facing the
outer mouth portion of the child, likewise contributes to the
correct orientation of the pacifier in the mouth. If the
bubble body of the pacifier lands in an erroneous, 180°
turned upside-down-position, the lowermost outer plate part
in this erroneous position of use which corresponds to upper
outer plate part in the structure proper, will hit the nose,
while the uppermost part of the stop disc which is the lower
part of the stucture proper, will hit the chin in an unpleas-
ant manner. The child will immediately feel distaste and give
his/her expression thereof, e.g. by spitting the pacifier out
or by turning it into the correct position while still in the
mouth.
In the position of use, the short bubble part, which may con-
stitute a short continuation of the suction portion of the
bubble body, will rest against the front part of the palate,
behind the front teeth and, in combination with the specially
shaped remaining part of the bubble, enables that the tongue
is not forced away from the upper part of the oral cavity.
The free end of the long bubble part may be relatively poin-
ted in order to prevent reliably that the tongue comes be-
neath the bubble. The short bubble part is defined by rela-
tively plane faces.
The intermediate transition and connection portion should,
particularly at an approximately central portion, be formed
with a relatively small thickness combined with a relatively
large width, in order to compensate strength-wise for said
relatively small thickness. In this thin, broad portion
approximately centrally of the length of the transition and
connection portion (about in the middle between the bubble
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body and the stop disc) it is very advantageous to form
oppositely facing grooves having notch-like cross-sectional
shapes, displaced in the longitudinal direction of the
transition portion. The downwardly facing groove constitut-
ing the upper groove in the position of use, accommodates the
front teeth in the upper part of the mouth, while the lower,
upwardly facing groove accommodates the front teeth in the
lower part of the mouth.
Such a design of said intermediate transition portion, and
especially the insignificant thickness, will contribute
positively to allow the tongue to reach furthest forth in the
mouth during sucking.
The stop disc may, particularly outside the restricting walls,
advantageously be formed with bead-like circumferential edges
causing the child's distaste if the stop disc or parts there-
of should reach within the lips.
The stop disc or portions of the same may be formed with a
number of lateral venting holes extending through the stop
disc wall.
Further advantages and features of a pacifier shaped and
designed in accordance with the present invention are further
explained in the following in connection with a non-limiting
example of a possible embodiment which is diagrammatically
illustrated on the attached drawings, wherein:
Figure 1 shows a side elevational view of a pacifier
formed in accordance with the present invention;
Figure 2 shows the same pacifier in the same side
elevational view in the position of use thereof,
where upper and lower lip, upper and lower jaw with
some teeth as well as the tongue have been
illustrated;
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Figure 3 shows a perspective view of the pacifier as
seen obliquely from below.
In the examplary embodiment, the pacifier according to the
invention is illustrated in the shape of a dummy generally
comprising the following parts/portions: a non-compulsory
handle ring 10 suspended for free rotation in a bearing piece
12 which is firmly connected to or formed integrally with,
respectively, an attachment portion 14 firmly connected to a
stop disc 16 incorporating two asymmetrical parts 16a and 16b
extending in the continuation of each other, the longitudinal
(vertical) central portion thereof extending irregularly,
non-linearly between upper and lower end, referred to
position of use, figure 2. Between the stop disc 16 and the
bubble body 18, a transition and connection portion 2o is
mounted, carrying the bubble body 18 at the free end thereof.
In said longitudinal central plane (hatched in figure 2), the
two longitudinal parts 16a and 16b constituting extensions of
each other, are approximately staggered in relation to each
other. In the position of use, the lower stop disc part 16b
will, with the arched surface facing towards the bubble body
18, apart from in the central portion at the transition and
connection portion's 20 connection place on the stop disc 16,
be spaced at a somewhat larger distance from an imaginary
plane through the handle ring 10 suspended vertically from
the piece. These mutually displaced stop disc parts 16a and
16b form suitable stop surfaces for the lips of the child,
upper lip 22, figure 2, becoming resting supportingly against
the stop disc part 16a, while lower lip 24 becomes resting
supportingly against the stop disc part 16b.
It appears from figure 3 that the stop disc 16 has lateral,
through-going vent holes 26. Thus, in case the child should
get the stop disc 16 into its mouth, the child will still be
able to breath.
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From figures 1 - 3 it appears that the stop disc 16 has a
concave curvature laterally.
The intermediate transition and connection portion 20 is formed
and dimensioned such that it exhibits a small thickness and a
relatively large width, especially in the area within which the
portion 20 will be situated in the mouth, between the front
teeth 27 of the upper part of the mouth and the front teeth 28
in the lower part of the mouth, figure 2.
In the last mentioned area, the transition and connection
portion 20 exhibits two oppositely directed, in longitudinal
cross-sections notch-like grooves 30 and 32, respectively, see
particularly figure 3.
From figure 2 appears how the upper front teeth 27 engage
guidingly down into the portion's 20 upper, upwardly open,
downwardly directed groove 30, while the lower front teeth 28
engage guidingly up into the portion's 20 lower, downwardly
open groove 32. The lower groove 32 is situated closer to the
bubble body 18 than the upper groove 30 of the transition and
connection portion 20.
The bubble body 18 carried at the free end of the transition
and connecting portion 20 has an outer face 18' facing away
from the transition and connecting portion 20 as well as a
concave angulation at the connecting place of the bubble body
18 at the free end of the portion 20, so that said outer face
18' which, possibly, has a lateral concave curvature, in
respect of said connecting place, comprises a large, lower
outer face portion 18a' passing into a far smaller, upper outer
face portion 18b', the outer edge of the whole outer face 18'
in side elevational view, figures 1 and 2, extending along an
irregular curve.
The lower part 18a of the bubble body 18 has an approximately
even thickness from its outer, free end to the bubble body's 18
connecting place at the transition and connecting portion
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20. Thus, the lower part 18a has approximately parallel
faces. It has been found that such parallel faces are speci-
ally favourable for the positioning of the tongue within the
mouth during sucking.
The transition and connecting portion's 20 outer portion
close to the connecting place of the bubble body 18, i.e. in
the area of said passage for the portion 20 between the teeth,
may advantageously slope, preferably obliquely upwardly in
the position of use, contributing to letting the tongue take
a natural and convenient position in the mouth during suck-
ing. The design and shape are especially advantageous with a
view of avoiding crossbite.
Conventional pacifiers of the dummy type often cause bite
errors such as open bite and crossbite in the side segments.
Open bite represents an aesthetical and functional problem
for the little child, but is often self-correcting after the
child has terminated the pacifier use. On the other hand, the
crossbite is most often transferred to the permanent set of
teeth. As explained previously, crossbite is formed in that
known pacifiers force the tongue down in the floor of the
cavity of the mouth. Thus, the tongue 34 presses the lower
jaw tooth bow 36 outwardly. Simultaneously, the upper jaw
tooth bow 38 looses the support from the tongue 34, and the
cheek pressure presses the upper jaw tooth bow 38 inwardly. A
disproportion arises between the tooth bow widths in the
upper and lower jaw, often resulting in a crossbite. Cross-
bite resulting from the use of conventional pacifiers is
often combined with a force-guidance of the lower jaw. This
is a serious functional bite error requiring that a jaw
orthopedical treatment is started at an early stage, in order
to avoid a negative influence on the growth and development
of the jaws.
According to the present invention, the general design and
shape of the pacifier have been carried out with a view of
avoiding the development of crossbite with a force-guidance
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of the lower jaw of children and, thus, primarily preventing
that the pacifier presses the tongue down in the floor of the
oral cavity, which i.a. may result in that the upper jaw's
tooth bow becomes too narrow and the lower jaw's tooth bow too
broad. Upon clenching the teeth, the lower jaw is pressed out
to one side. The pacifier according to the invention, on the
contrary, is designed and shaped such that crossbite with
forced guiding of the lower jaw is prevented; this is achieved
through the special shape, positioning and orientation of the
bubble body within the mouth in relation to the tongue 34,
figure 2, confer the unrestrained, natural position and
condition of the tongue. Beneath the tongue, underlying
salivary glands, frenum, etc., 34' are taking positions without
restraint, substantially unaffected by the bubble body 18 of
the pacifier. Primarily the pacifier prevents the tongue 34,34'
from being pressed down in the floor of the oral cavity.
The slopingly upwardly directed passage course between the
front teeth 27, 28 as well as the special design of the stop
disc 16 will, when the pacifier according to the invention is
used over a long period of time, results in correct positions
of the teeth, where the free outer end portion of the lower
front tooth/teeth 28 will land on the inner side of the upper
front tooth/teeth 27. Moreover, possibly opposing grinders
42,44 get a correct mutually positioning and orientation in
relation to each other.
The face 18a',18b' of the bubble body 18 which primarily comes
into contact with the upper side of the tongue 34, figure 2,
may according to figure 3 exhibit an approximately oval
circumferential shape, possibly with a weak curvature
laterally, at least across a longitudinal portion thereof.
The bubble body 18, particularly the detailed design and
shape of its outer face 18a',18b' will continuously be the
subject matter of modifications and adaptations based on
experiments and experiences. However, the bubble body 18 will
have an asymmetrical plate-like shape in relation to its
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connection point in relation to the transition and connect-
ing portion 20 at the adjacent axial end thereof. As men-
tioned, such an angled plate piece may have a weak concave
curvature in at least one direction, possibly exhibiting a
double curvature, i.e. a combined, weak concave curvature in
both the longitudinal and lateral direction, at least across
a certain longitudinal extent of the bubble body 18, as re-
ferred to an elongate (oval) bubble body 18. However, nothing
should prevent the use of a resting surface 18a',18b' on the
bubble body 18 for the tongue 34, exhibiting substantially a
square/circular circumferential shape.
The outer face 18b' of the bubble body 18 may, possibly, be
omitted.
