Note : Les descriptions sont présentées dans la langue officielle dans laquelle elles ont été soumises.
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Shear-Sensitive Plugging Fluid For Plugging And A Method For
Plugging A Subterranean Formation Zone
Technical Field of the Invention
[0001] The present invention relates to a reactive plugging fluid designed to
gel rapidly when
subjected to high shear stress. The invention also relates to a method for
plugging a subterranean
formation zone, especially for curing massive mud losses when drilling a well.
Background of tlie Invention
[0002] Lost circulation while drilling is a major problem. The well cost
dramaticaIIy increases due
to the lost time from delayed well production and also due to associated
drilled problems such as
pipe sticking and safety issues. The most common technique to combat lost
circulation is to add into
the drilling fluid a lost circulation material (LCM). Granular flakes and
fibrous particles, essentially
based on cellulosic materials, are used for sealing off fractures, vugs and
porous zones. Minerals
such as mica are also commonly used. If even high concentrations of lost
circulation materials fail to
restore the drilling fluid circulation, a cement plug is placed. The cement
plug consolidates the voids
but also fills the open wellboce and needs to be drilled before continuing the
well drilling. Quite
often, the procedure must be repeated several times before achieving a correct
seal.
[0003] Other techniques involve the use of reactive fluids. Two reactive
fluids are either mixed near
the formation where lost occurs with a first fluid pumped through the drill-
string and a second fluid
displaced down the annulus. At the interface of the two fluids, the turbulent
flow aliows the rapid
formation of a rubbery solid mass commonly known as a gunk. Another practice
uses crosslinked
polymer gels whose reaction is initiated on surface. In both case, the
technology is highly risky since
slight changes in the composition, temperature or fluid contamination may lead
to premature
gellation in and around the bottom hole assembly, leading to major operation
failure.
[0004] It is also known to use as plugging fluids so-called rheotropic liquids
that thicken when
subjected to high stress. US Patent No. 4,663,366 discloses such a
polycarboxylic acid containing
water-in-oil emulsion where the oil phase contains hydratable water-swelIing
hydrophilic clay such
as bentonite and the aqueous phase contains a dissolved polyacrylamide and a
polycarboxylic acid.
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The setting of this plugging fluid takes place as a result of a swelling of
the bentonite when
bentonite contacts water. Each dispersed droplet of the aqueous phase is
coated with a polymeric
material so that the contact only occurs when the emulsion is subjected to
high shear forces that
break this coating.
[0005] Another rheotropic plugging fluid is known from US Patent No. 5,919,739
(Sunde et al.).
Like the emulsion of the US Patent No. 4,663,366, the fluid is based upon a
'loose' invert emulsion.
The continuous phase provides an encapsulation medium for a crosslinker and
the internal phase
consists of a high concentration of a polymer while the interfacial tension
between the two phases is
maintained by a concentration of a lipophilic surfactant.
[0006] A preferred plugging fluid of the Sunde et al. patent application
consists of about 25% by
volume of a continuous phase containing an hydrophobic liquid selected from
mineral oils,
vegetable oils, esters and ethers, an emulsifier on a triglyceride basis,
bentonite and calcium
hydroxide and of about 75% by volume of a dispersed aqueous phase containing
water, xanthane
and optionally, a weighting material such as barite. When this type of fluid
experiences a significant
pressure drop, an inversion of the emulsion occurs and the crosslinker is
released into the aqueous
phase resulting in the formation of a gel.
[0007] This latter type of plugging fluid can be stored for several weeks
without reacting and
pumped with a centrifugal pump for several hours. Gellation is fast and
triggered only by subjecting
the plugging fluid to high shear forces, for instance when forced through the
drill bit. However, the
use of this type of plugging fluid is limited by lack of robustness and
shrinkage over time. Moreover,
above a temperature threshold of about 90 C, the gel becomes less rigid and
turns into a viscous
fluid due to the breaking of the crosslinked bonds.
[0008] It would therefore be desirable to provide a new plugging fluid
suitable to effectively seal off
the problem zone and stable across a wide temperature range. There is also a
need in well control for
better procedures, including placement strategies to help in making jobs
successful.
Summary of the Invention
[0009] Thus, the invention provides a plugging fluid for plugging a
subterranean formation zone
surrounding a drill hole consisting of an emulsion comprising a dispersed
aqueous phase containing
an aqueous base, and a continuous hydrophobic phase containing a
hydroxyethylcellulose derivative
graft polymer, a surfactant and a crosslinking activator of the
hydroxyethylcellulose polymer.
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[0010] The emulsion is believed to be invert (water-in-oil) though it might
actually be direct (oil-in-
water) with further water droplets within the large oil droplet, i.e. an
invert emulsion in a direct
emulsion.
[0011] The grafter polymers useful to carry out the invention are cellulose
ether derivative with
vinyl phosphonic acid grafts.
[0012] The cellulose ether derivative is preferably a hydroxyalkyl cellulose.
where the alkyl is
selected from the group of ethyl and propyl. The preferred hydroxyalkyl
cellulose is 2-
hydroxyethylcellulose. A process for preparing cellulose ethers having at
least one phosphorous
containing substitute is known from US 4,413,121.
[0013] The principle of the setting of the plugging fluid of the present
invention is essentially
the same as for the plugging fluid of US Patent No. 4,663,366 discussed above.
It is the
crosslinking of the grafted hydroxyalkyl cellulose that causes the gel
fornaation. Crosslinkable
cellniose derivatives are known as state-of-the-art polymeric viscosifiers
used in the oil industry
in particular for controlling fluid loss in subterranean formations. Reference
is made for instance
to U.S. Patent 5,439,057 and U.S. Patent 5,680,900. A crosslink bond is
created between a metal
ion and the pendant groups along the polymer chain of the polysaccharides.
Upon exposing the
plugging fluid to a pressure drop greater than 2 Mi'a over a small dimension,
it is believed that
the emulsion inverts or flips from its invert state into a more stable
direct.state. The rupture of
the emulsion droplets releases the crosslinker activator into the water phase
thus providing
metallic divalent ion to crosslink with the cellulose ether derivatives and
forming the gel
structure.
Detailed Description of Preferred Einbodiments
[0014] The preferred polymer utilized in this invention is a derivatized
hydroxyethylcellulose,
more specifically, 2-hydroxyethyl cellulose, vinyl phosphonic acid graft
polymer. The ratio of 2-
bydroxyethyl cellulose to viny[ phosphonic acid monomers in the graft polymer
typically ranges
from about 5% to about 20% and a preferred ratio is from about 10% to about
12%. Range of
concentration is from 0.1 to 5wt%, with 2wt% generally preferred. Increased
polymer
concentrations result in more rigid gels.
[0015] The crosslinker agents or crosslinker activator admixtures are selected
from the groups
consisting of iron III compounds, boron (such as boric acid, borate salts),
titanium IV, zirconium N,
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aluminum III, antimony V, compounds containing divalent calcium and magnesium
ions (for
example magnesium oxide and calcium oxide), amines (mono, di or trialkanol;
cocoamines,
pentamines, alkyldiethanol amines), acetates (such as sodium acetate), sodium
hydroxide, potassium
hydroxide, and buffdrs, such as sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, and
sodium acetate; and / or
other additives which generate hydroxyl ions in aqueous solutions, such as
ammonia, ammonia
compounds and ammonia generating compounds, for example, urea; chelating
agents such as
sodium lactate, salts of hydroxyethylaminocarboxylic acid - such as
hydroxyethylethylene-
diaminetriacetic acid (EDTA), sodium gluconate, sorbitol, and glycerol.
[0016] The preferred crosslinking/pH control agents are magnesium oxide,
sodium carbonate,
EDTA, and sodium tetraborate. The concentration range for magnesium oxide is
from 0.01 to
3wt%, preferably from about 0.5 to about 1.5wt%. The concentration range for
sodium
carbonate is from 0.01 to 3wt%, preferably from about 0.1 to lwt%. The
concentration range for
EDTA is from 0.01 to 3wt%, preferably from about 0.1 to lwt%; and the
concentration range
for the sodium tetraborate is from about 0.01 to 3 wt%, preferably from about
0.1 to 1wt%.
[0017] Any clean liquid hydrocarbon can be used for the oil phase. The oil may
advantageously
be selected from any base oil suitable for drilling fluids such as mineral
oils, vegetable oils,
esters and ether oils, diesel, alpha-olefins, polyolefines, n-alkanes, and
mixtures thereof.
Selected oils must be of compatible with the used drilling fluids and the
environmental
regulations that for instance prohibit use of aromatic containing oils on
offshore rigs. The
concentration range for the oil phase is from about 5 to about 70wt%, and
preferably from about 10
to about 25%.
[0018] The used water is preferably fresh tap water. Non-contaminated drill
water such as
seawater or light brine diluted with about 50% fresh water can also be used.
The concentration
range is from about 30 to about 95wt%, more preferably from about 70 to about
90wt%.
[0019] The crosslink bond created between the metal ion and the hydroxyl
groups concurs if the
pH is ranged between 11 and 13.
[0020] Conventional commercially available emulsifiers can be used, selected
on the basis of
their compatibility with alkali environment and the intended temperature of
use. Lipophilic
surfactants, used to prepare water-in-oil emulsion drilling fluids comprising
a high water content
(greater than 50% by volume) and known to those skilled in the art can provide
the required
emulsion strength. Preferred emulsifiers are based on combination of fatty
acids and polyamides
or on triglyceride. The setting time of the plugging fluid depends on the
amount of emulsifier:
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the addition of a small amount of emulsifier will result in
a very short setting time and a highly unstable emulsion.
Conversely, large concentration of emulsion will result in a
too stable fluid, a very long setting time and higher shear
pressures required for gelling. The preferred surfactants
are polyamide derivatives, with concentrations ranging from
about 0.01 to about 5 wt%, and most preferably from
about 0.1 to about 3 wt%, to control the shear rate required
to invert the emulsion.
[0021] The plugging fluid according to the present
invention may optionally comprise additional additives such
as a setting accelerator, lost circulation material and
extenders.
[0022] The plugging system according to the present
invention may be used to an extended range of temperatures,
ranging from about 40 F to about 325 F (about 4 C to
about 163 C).
[0023] Though it is not preferred, the plugging fluid may
also comprise conventional lost circulation material such as
nut plug, fibers, calcium carbonate, mica etc. If the
plugging fluid is subjected to pass through the drill bit,
then the lost circulation materials must be of fine or
medium grade depending on the size of the jets at the bit.
[0024] Extenders such as clays are commonly used in
wellbore fluid to improve the suspension of solids, to keep
particulate solids, such as bridging agents, from
separating. Bentonite is preferred due to its ability to
absorb large amounts of water, thus preventing dilution of
the gel by water influx. Bentonite further increases the
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gel strength of the slurry and improves the suspension of
solids when lost circulation material is further included.
[0025] The plugging fluid of the invention can also be
used in conjunction with weighting agents. The weighting
agents are selected from the group consisting of barite,
ilmenite, hematite, manganese and calcium carbonate. With
the solid weighting additives added to the oil phase, the
density may be typically adjusted between 0.98 g/cm3
(no weighting agent) and 1.68 g/cm3. Where the solid
weighting additives are added to the aqueous phase, higher
density may be achieved, up to about 2 g/cm3.
[0026] In one embodiment of the invention, there is
provided a plugging fluid comprising from about 10 to 25 wt%
of diesel oil, 0.1 to 3 w% of a polyamide derivative, 0.1 to
5 w% of a 2-hydroxyethylcellulose grafted with vinyl
phosphonic acid, 70 to 90 wt% of fresh water, 0.5 to 1.5 w%
of magnesium oxide, 0.5 to 1 w% of sodium carbonate, 0.1 to
1 w% of sodium tetraborate pentahydrate and 0.1 to 1 w% of
the hydroxyethylethylene-diaminetriacetic acid. A preferred
plugging fluid according to the present invention comprises
15.65 wt% of diesel oil, 0.18 w% of a polyamide derivative
(emulsifier), 1.96 w% of a derivatized hydroxyethylcellulose
(2-hydroxyethylcellulose 89-90 w%, vinyl phosphonic acid
graft polymer 10-11 wt%, molecular weight 1,300,000),
78.27 w% of fresh water, and as crosslinking
agent/activator, 1.27 w% of magnesium oxide, 0.51 w% of
sodium carbonate, 0.67 w% of sodium tetraborate pentahydrate
and 0.51 wo of the tri-potassium salt of EDTA.
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[0027] According to a preferred variant of the present invention, the method
for preparing the
new plugging fluid comprises the steps of dissolving the emulsifier into the
oil, under gentle
agitation (for instance about 400 RPM), for about 2 minutes, adding all other
liquid or solid
additives, including the polymer, to the base oil, under the same gentle
agitation for about the
same period of time to prepare a pre-mix that comprises all the constituents
of the emulsion but
water and adding water for instance with a static mixer immediately before
pumping it
downhole so that the polymer does not migrate into the aqueous phase and
consequently, is not
hydrated before the breakage of the emulsion. It is worth noting that a
substantial migration and
hydration of the polymer is obtained in a period of several minutes, for
instance between about
15 and 30 minutes. According to this preferred embodiment of the invention,
the emulsion is
pumped less than 1 minute, and preferably about 30 seconds after the mixing so
that no
significant hydration can occur in such a small period of time.
[0028] This pre-mix can be stored and leave on location until needed provided
unplanned
addition of water is prevented to avoid a dramatic increase of the viscosity.
[0029] One aspect of the present invention is a method for placing a plug in a
well bore to treat
lost circulation. The recommended practice after encountering a lost
circulation zone is to treat
the zone as soon as possible. The depth of the lowest lost circulation zone
can be found by
logging (for instance with imaging tools) or by plotting depth versus loss
rate. Accurate location
is a key to make sure that the plugging pill will be placed below the area of
lost circulation. The
pill is preferably pumped through the drill bit nozzles using pills having a
volume of about 5-
15 m3. After the pumping of a first pill, the well is allowed to equilibrate
and attempts should be
made to attempt circulation. If full circulation is not obtained, then two or
three pills may be
needed to effectively seal the zone.
[0030] These and other features of the invention will become appreciated and
understood by
those skilled in the art from the detailed description of the following
examples.
Laboratory evaluation & example
[0031] A fluid pill was mixed according to the preferred formulation, thus
consisting of 80g of
diesel oil, 0.94g of a polyamide derivative (emulsifier), lOg of a derivatized
hydroxyethylcellulose
(2-hydroxyethylcellulose 89-90w%, vinyl phosphonic acid graft polymer 10-11wt
lo, molecular
weight 1,300,000), 400g of fresh water, and as crosslinking agent /activator,
6.5g of magnesium
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oxide, 2.6g of sodium carbonate, 3.4g of sodium tetraborate pentahydrate, 5g
fine silica and 2.6g of
EDTA (tri-potassium salt).
[0032] The oil is placed in a vessel and agitated. To the agitated oil phase
the surfactant is added
slowly until the surfactant is dissolved in the oil, under agitation of at 400
RPM for 2 minutes.
Solid additives (Magnesium oxide, sodium carbonate, polymer, sodium
tetraborate pentahydrate,
fine silica and Ethylenediarnine tetra-acetic acid) are next added (in any
order) to the base oil under
agitation 400 RPM for a further 2 minutes. The emulsion is formed by slowly
adding water to the
agitated oil phase and the while increasing the blender speed to a maximum of
600 rpm in order to
obtain the desired emulsion in less than 30 seconds.
[0033] Procedure for inverting the emulsion with shear:_ The emulsion is
inverted on exposure
to shear. The shear can be simulated in the laboratory in a number of ways. As
an example, three
different methods are provided below: using a shearing unit, using a modified
API fluid loss cell,
and using a blade-type mixer (Waring commercial blender).
[0034] 1) Using a Shearing Unit - similar to that described in US Patent
5,717,131: The emulsion
is poured in the reservoir, the pressure inlet is adjusted to 7 bars (100 psi)
and the shearing nozzle is
set at 35 bars (500 psi) by initially testing with a low viscous fluid. The
flipped emulsion is
collected at the outlet in a plastic beaker or small plastic cubes, or a
rubber hose for subsequent
extrusion tests.
[0035] 2) Using a modified API fluid loss cell: In a high temperature high-
pressure fluid loss cell
used normally to run fluid loss tests for cement slurries. A piston equipped
with two o-rings to have
a good contact is added into the cell. The piston is pushed to the bottom of
the inverted fluid loss
cell. The emulsion is poured into the fluid loss cell and a spacer without the
filter screen is added to
prevent leakage and the cap is fixed. This cap is equipped with a valve with a
1/4 inch end. The fluid
loss cell is reversed and placed on its stand and connection for pressure is
mounted. A pressure of
bars (500 psi) is applied. The top valve is opened allowing pushing the
emulsion via the piston.
The bottom valve is shortly opened and closed to prevent projections and the
flipped emulsion is
collected in a plastic beaker or small plastic cubes.
[0036] 3) Using a blade-type mixer: After the emulsion is prepared, it is
mixed for 20 seconds at
30 7,000 RPM in a blade-type mixer. The flipped emulsion is poured in a
plastic beaker or small
plastic cubes.
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[0037] Extrusion test method: Emulsion is prepared as mentioned above and
flipped with the
shearing unit. At the outlet of the shearing unit a rubber hose is connected.
The inverted ("flipped")
passes through the hose, filling it completely. As soon as the flipped
emulsion escapes the hose, the
hose is disconnected from the shearing unit and connected to a pressure line.
Pressure is adjusted
with a regulator allowing nitrogen gas to push the gel. The pressure needed to
extrude the gel is
read on the digital gauge and recorded. This extrusion test can be performed
on gel in the rubber
hose immediately after flipping or it can be allowed to age for a period of
hours prior to extruding.
[0038] It is also possible to connect the rubber hose to the modified API
fluid loss cell in order to
flip the emulsion in the rubber hose. Extrusion tests can then be performed on
the gel.
Data for preferred formulation performed at ambient temperature
Emulsion Hydration time of the Pressure required to Pressure required to
Pressure required to
sheared with prepared emulsion extrude the gel extrude the gel after extrude
the gel after
the... prior to shearing immediately after aging in the rubber aging in the
rubber
(hour) shearin hose for 1 hour hose for 2 hours
16 psi 84 psi
shearing unit 1 [2304001b/100 ftZ] [12096001b/100 ft2]
12 psi 60 psi 70 psi
fluid loss cell 1 [1728001b/100 ft2] [8640001b/100 ft2] [10080001b/100 ft2]
12 psi 80 psi
fluid loss cell 17 [172800 lb/100 ft2] [11520001b/100 ft2]
[0039] The gels were sheared at room temperature and placed at temperature up
to 325 F. The gel
was then cooled and visually inspected. In another test, the emulsion was
taken to 300 F prior to
shearing and subsequently sheared. In both cases, a strong gel was formed even
if the gel formed at
300 F was actually stronger.
Yard Test
[0040] A yard test was conducted to evaluate the formation of an emulsion
through a static mixer,
as it might be suitable for offshore applications. The static mixer improved
the contact between
the oil phase and mixing water in order to create a homogenous emulsion. A
restriction (choke)
was used to provide the pressure drop required to flip the emulsion and form a
gel.
[0041] An un-weighted emulsion was prepared, consisting of 320 liters of
diesel oil (base oil), 19.2
liters of a polyamide derivative (emulsifier), 24.09 kg of a crosslinking
activator comprising
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magnesium oxide, dihydrogenated tallow dimethyl ammonium bentonite and
ethoxylated octyl
phenol, 4.82 kg of soda ash as a buffer, 48.23 kg of a viscosifier, a
derivatized hydroxyethylcellulose
(2-hydroxyethylcellulose 89-90w%, vinyl phosphonic acid graft polymer 10-
11wt%, molecular
weight 1,300,000), 12.53 kg of sodium tetraborate decahydrate, 9.64 kg of
tetra sodium
ethylenediaminetetraacetate (tetrasodium EDTA), 24.09 kg of crystalline silica
powder and 1927
liters of water.
[0042] A weighted emulsion was also prepared, consisting of 357.7 liters of
base oil, 14.31 liters of
the emulsifier, 17.89 kg of the crosslinking activator, 3.58 kg of the buffer,
35.78 kg of the
viscosifier, 9.30 kg of sodium tetraborate decahydrate, 7.16 kg of tetrasodium
EDTA), 17.89 kg of
crystalline silica powder and 1430 liters of water.
[0043] Before mixing the oil phase, the choke was calibrated with water and
all the lines were
pressure-tested. Two barrels (317.97 liters) of oil were added, along with the
emulsifier, to the tub,
circulated and displaced to the discharge tank to remove any water in the
lines.
[0044] The emulsifier was first added to the oil phase in the tub. The mixture
was allowed to mix
for two minutes. The solid additives were then mixed and the mixture was
allowed to stir for 10
minutes. Two separate pipelines were used for pumping the oil phase and water.
The two lines
jointed together to form one single line and hence the beginning of the
creation of the emulsion.
Four different configurations were used in preparing the gel.
- valves lined up to avoid the emulsion passing through the static mixer and
lines not equipped
with any restriction;
- valves lined up to pass through static mixer and the choke, which created a
pressure drop equal
to 250 psi before reaching the outlet.
- emulsion not passing through the static mixer and passing through the choke.
- emulsion passing through the static mixer without the choke installed.
[0045] As the oil phase was mixed in the tub, samples were collected and using
a blade-type mixer,
water was mixed in to verify the homogeneity of the emulsion. The tests
reproduce previous results
achieved in the laboratory. Due to the small volume, the temperature of the
tub increased. To ensure
dissolution of the polymer, for the weighted solution, the polymer was gently
added immediately
after the addition of the emulsifier. The mixture was allowed to stir for no
less than 10 niinutes with
the other chemicals being added as was previously done
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[0046] The oil phase was weighted successfully with the addition of barite.
After the addition of
water through the static mixer, a homogenous emulsion was formed. The oil
phase was measured
using a pressurized mud balance and the density was 1.69 g/cm3
[0047] Overall, the results were as expected. The addition of the choke did
provide the pressure
drop needed to flip the emulsion from its oil phase to the water phase and
produce a strong gel with
a pressure drop of 250 psi. In absence of a choke, the static mixer alone was
not enough energy
produced to flip the emulsion.
