Note : Les descriptions sont présentées dans la langue officielle dans laquelle elles ont été soumises.
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FLOOR STRUCTURE
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a floor structure such as a floor plate
bridge
structure built on a river or land, a slab structure of respective hierarchies
such as a steel
frame building and an iron reinforcement concrete building, a roadbed
structure formed on
an upper surface of an underground construction, a roadbed structure laid on a
ground
surface, or the like.
Related Art
Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. H08-253912 shows a bridge structure,
in which steel stocks or beams each consisting of an upper flange, a lower
flange and a web
are arranged in parallel, an iron reinforcement is arranged and concrete is
placed between
the adjacent steel stocks or beams, i.e., in a space defined by upper and
lower flanges of the
adjacent steel beams and the web, and the iron reinforcement, concrete and the
web are
tightly connected to each other by a PC steel stock piercing the iron
reinforcement,
concrete and the web in the width direction of the bridge.
The above bridge structure is based on such a designing idea that the bridge
strength against an active load such as vehicles is borne by the iron
reinforcement and
concrete placed between the adjacent steel beams.
Moreover, the slab structure of the respective hierarchies of the conventional
steel
frame building is formed by supporting a floor plate by beam members, and the
slab
structure of the respective hierarchies of the iron reinforcement concrete
building is
normally formed with a monolithically placed concrete. Likewise, the roadbed
structure
temporarily laid on the upper surface of an underground construction employs a
method in
which iron plates are supported by beam members, and the construction site
where trucks
and heavy machines frequently come in and out typically employs a method in
which iron
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plates are merely laid on a ground surface to form a temporary roadbed.
Problems to be Solved by the Invention
However, the bridge shown in the above-mentioned Patent Application is a
structure in which the integration is achieved by the steel stocks or beams
and the iron
reinforcement and concrete placed at the site, and no consideration is given
at all to a unit
structure in which the steel stocks are dismantled one by one and re-used.
Therefore, the conventional technique is not suited as a floor structure of a
temporarily built bridge and the like. At the time of rebuilding, a large
scale dismantling
operation and a large amount of dismantling expense are required. Moreover, a
great deal
of scrap is produced thereby to impair the environment. In addition, a form
assembly
process, a bar arranging process and a concrete placing process are required,
thus resulting
in increased construction cost.
On the other hand, in the above-mentioned roadbed structure, many heavy iron
plates are required to be laid or recovered, a step and a gap are formed
between the adjacent
iron plates, and overly walking noises are generated. Thus, the conventional
structure is
difficult to say as the original floor structure in view of strength and
appearance.
Moreover, in case a slab is formed by integral placement of concrete in a
concrete
building, a complicated form assembling process is required, and much time and
labor is
required for installation and removal of many jacks. When it is taken into
consideration of
an additional need for concrete curing, etc., the period required for the
total construction
process is increased and the total construction cost is increased, too.
Furthermore, it is customary in a steel frame building that the load is
supported by a
joist which is horizontally disposed between a floor plate and a beam member.
However,
deflection and creaking are liable to occur. Moreover, much time and labor is
required for
constructing a joist, a floor plate and a ceiling plate.
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SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Object of the Invention
It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide, a bridge
floor structure
in a floor plate bridge, a floor structure in a steel frame building, a floor
structure in an iron
reinforcement building, a floor structure on an upper surface of an
underground
construction, and a floor structure laid on a ground surface, which are
capable of solving
the above-mentioned problems.
Means for Solving the Problems.
Generally speaking, the present invention overcomes the problems of the
prior art by providing a floor structure comprising a plurality of steel beams
arranged in
parallel, each of the steel beams including a web, an upper flange disposed at
an upper end
of the web, and a lower flange disposed at a lower end of the web, a floor
surface being
formed on the upper flanges of the steel beams; and displacement preventing
spacers
disposed between adjacent pairs of the steel beams, respectively; wherein each
of the
adjacent pairs of the steel beams is constituted by a left side steel beam and
a right side
steel beam; wherein for each of the displacement preventing spacers disposed
between an
adjacent pair of the steel beams, the displacement preventing spacer includes
a left side
fitting part fitted between the upper flange of the left side steel beam and
the lower flange
of the left side steel beam, a right side fitting part fitted between the
upper flange of the
right side steel beam and the lower flange of the right side steel beam, an
upper interposing
part interposed between the upper flange of the left side steel beam and the
upper flange of
the right side steel beam, a lower interposing part interposed between the
lower flange of
the left side steel beam and the lower flange of the right side steel beam,
wherein the left
side fitting part is spaced apart from the web of the left side steel beam,
and the right side
fitting part is spaced apart from the web of the right side steel beam,
wherein the left side
fitting part and the upper interposing part are configured such that an upper
left side step
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part is formed at a junction of the left side fitting part and the upper
interposing part, and
the upper left side step part is engaged with a lower surface of the upper
flange of the left
side steel beam, wherein the right side fitting part and the upper interposing
part are
configured such that an upper right side step part is formed at a junction of
the right side
fitting part and the upper interposing part, and the upper right side step
part is engaged with
a lower surface of the upper flange of the right side steel beam, wherein the
left side fitting
part and the lower interposing part are configured such that a lower left side
step part is
formed at a junction of the left side fitting part and the lower interposing
part, and the
lower left side step part is engaged with an upper surface of the lower flange
of the left side
steel beam, wherein the right side fitting part and the lower interposing part
are configured
such that a lower right side step part is formed at a junction of the right
side fitting part and
the lower interposing part, and the lower right side step part is engaged with
an upper
surface of the lower flange of the right side steel beam, wherein the left
side fitting part
extends between the upper left side step part and the lower left side step
part, and wherein
the right side fitting part extends between the upper right step part and the
lower right step
part.
The floor structure is effective as displacement means against an active load
in the
case where a floor structure is formed by arranging steel stocks or beams in
parallel. The
displacement spacer is preliminarily prepared, and the displacement preventing
spacer is
fitted between the steel beams which are arranged in parallel. By doing so,
the individual
steel beams are effectively prevented from being displaced downward against
the active
load.
In any of the above cases, the floor structure can easily be assembled using
steel
beams, and the cost down can be achieved.
Moreover, in any of the above cases, the floor structure can be made into a
unit
structure, and dismantling and re-use are possible.
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BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a sectional view of a floor structure showing a first embodiment
using a
displacement preventing spacer.
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FIG. 2 is a sectional view of a floor structure showing a second embodiment
using a
displacement preventing spacer.
FIG. 3 is a sectional view of a floor structure showing a third embodiment
using a
displacement preventing spacer.
FIG. 4 is a sectional view of a floor structure showing a fourth embodiment
using a
displacement preventing spacer.
FIG. 5 is a sectional view of a floor structure showing the first embodiment
using a
displacement preventing block.
FIG. 6 is a sectional view of a floor structure showing the second embodiment
using a
displacement preventing block.
FIG. 7 is a sectional view of a floor structure showing the third embodiment
using a
displacement preventing block.
FIG. 8 is a sectional view exemplifying an attachment structure for attaching
the
displacement preventing block to the steel stock in the above-mentioned
respective
embodiments.
FIG. 9(A) is a sectional view showing an example in which a laminated wood is
used as
the displacement preventing block.
FIG. 9(B) is a sectional view showing another example in which a tube member
is used
as the displacement preventing block.
FIG. 10(A) is a side view, in the axial direction of a steel stock, of a floor
structure using
the above displacement preventing spacer.
FIG. 10(B) is a side view, in the axial direction of a steel stock, of a floor
structure using
the above displacement preventing block.
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DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS
Embodiments of a floor structure according to the present invention will be
described
hereinafter with reference to FIGS. 1 through 10.
The floor structures shown in FIGS. 1 through 10 show a bridge floor structure
in a
floor plate bridge, a floor structure in a steel frame building and an iron
reinforcement concrete
building, a floor structure of an upper surface of an underground
construction, and a floor
structure laid on a ground surface, in which a plurality of steel stocks 4
each having an upper
flange 2 at the upper end of a web 1 and a lower flange 3 at the lower end are
arranged in parallel,
and a floor surface is formed on the upper flange 2.
The steel stock 4 is obtained by welding the upper flange 2, which bulges out
symmetrically in the left and right direction, to the upper end of the web 1
and welding the lower
flange 3, which bulges out symmetrically in the left and right direction, to
the lower end of the
web 1, so that the resultant steel stock 4 exhibits an H-shape. Preferably, a
general purpose
H-steel as specified in Japan Industrial Standards is employed as it is.
In case the floor structure is a floor plate bridge, the opposite ends of the
steel stock 4
(floor structure), i.e., the opposite ends of the lower flanges 3 are
supported between piers 5 in a
suspending manner. In this case, the steel stock 4 constitutes a main girder.
In case of a building, the opposite ends of the steel stock 4 (floor
structure), i.e., the
opposite ends of the lower flange 3 are supported between vertical walls in a
suspending manner
to thereby form a slab of respective hierarchies. In case a roadbed is formed
on a ground
surface, the steel stock 4 (floor structure) is laid on a ground surface
through the lower flange 3.
Also, the steel stock (floor structure) is laid on a scaffolding constructed
in an underground space
through the lower flange 3, and the floor surface is formed on the upper
flange 2 in each
exemplified case.
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As a common structure shown in FIGS. 1 through 4, in the floor structure, a
displacement spacer 6 is interposed between the upper flanges and/or the lower
flanges 3 of the
adjacent steel stocks, a load receiving part 7 of the displacement preventing
spacer 6 is brought
into engagement with the adjacent upper flanges 2 and/or the adjacent lower
flanges 3 to receive
an active load incurred to the individual steel stocks 4 so as to inhibit the
individual steel stocks
4 from displacing downward. That is, the active load incurred to the
individual steel stocks 4 is
incurred to the adjacent steel stocks 4 through the displacement preventing
spacer 6 such that the
load is incurred to the entirety and dispersed.
As its first embodiment, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the floor structure
further comprises
a displacement preventing spacer 6 interposed between the upper flanges 2 and
the lower flanges
3 of the adjacent steel stocks 4, the displacement preventing spacer 6
includes a left fitting part 8
fitted between the upper and lower flanges 2, 3 of the adjacent left side
steel stocks 4, a right
fitting part 9 fitted between the upper and lower flanges 2, 3 of the adjacent
right side steel
stocks 4, an upper interposing part 10 interposed between the upper flanges 2
of the adjacent
steel stocks 4, and a lower interposing part 11 interposed between the
adjacent lower flanges 3.
A left side upper step part 12 formed at an interlocking part between the
upper
interposing part 10 and the left fitting part 8 is engaged with a lower
surface of the upper flange
2 of the left side steel stock 4 and a left side lower step part 13 formed at
an interlocking part
between the upper interposing part 10 and the left fitting part 8 is engaged
with an upper surface
of the lower flange 3 of the left side steel stock 4.
At the same time, a right side upper step part 14 formed at an interlocking
part between
the upper interposing part 10 and the right fitting part 9 is engaged with a
lower surface of the
upper flange 2 of the right side steel stock 4 and a right side lower step
part 15 formed at an
interlocking part between the upper interposing part 10 and the right fitting
part 9 is engaged
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with an upper surface of the lower flange 3 of the right side steel stock 4.
Owing to those
engagements, the individual steel stocks 4 are inhibited from being displaced
downward.
As a second embodiment, as shown in FIG. 2, the displacement preventing spacer
6 is
provided at an upper end of the upper interposing part 10 with an upper
engagement part 18
which is engaged with upper surfaces of the upper flanges 2 of the adjacent
steel stocks 4, and
the displacement preventing spacer 6 is provided at a lower end of the lower
interposing part 11
with a lower engagement part 19 which is engaged with lower surfaces of the
lower flanges 3 of
the adjacent steel stocks 4.
That is, the displacement preventing spacer 6 is provided at the left and
right of the
upper interposing part 10 with upper engagement grooves 16. The upper flanges
2 of the
adjacent steel stocks 4 are brought into engagement with the left and right
upper engagement
grooves 16, thereby restraining the upper flanges 2. Thus, the load receiving
part 7 is formed
by the pair of upper step parts 12, 14 which define the left and right upper
engagement grooves
16.
Likewise, the displacement preventing spacer 6 is provided at the left and
right of the
lower interposing part 11 with lower engagement grooves 17. The lower flanges
3 of the
adjacent steel stocks 4 are brought into engagement with the left and right
lower engagement
grooves 17, thereby restraining the lower flanges 3. Thus, the load receiving
part 7 is formed
by the pair of upper step parts 13, 15 which define the left and right lower
engagement grooves
17.
As a third embodiment, as shown in FIG. 3, the displacement preventing spacer
6 is
separated into an upper displacement preventing spacer 6' interposed between
the upper flanges
2 of the adjacent steel stocks 4, and a lower displacement preventing spacer
6" interposed
between the lower flanges 3 of the adjacent steel stocks 4 (namely, the spacer
6 is formed of
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separate members). The load receiving parts 7 of the respective displacement
preventing
spacers 6', 6" are brought into engagement with the adjacent upper flanges 2
and the adjacent
lower flanges 3 to receive the active load incurred to the individual steel
stocks 4, so that the
individual steel stocks 4 are inhibited from displacing downward. That is, the
load incurred to
the individual steel stocks 4 is incurred to the adjacent steel stocks 4
through the displacement
spacers 6', 6" and the load is dispersed to the entirety.
More specifically, as shown in FIG. 3, upper engagement grooves 16 are formed
at the
left and right parts of the upper interposing part 10 of the upper
displacement preventing spacer
6', and the upper flanges 2 of the adjacent steel stocks 4 are brought into
engagement with the
engagement grooves 16, respectively. Thus, the load receiving part 7 is formed
by the pair of
upper step parts 12, 14 which define the left and right upper engagement
grooves 16.
That is, the upper engagement parts 18 which define the upper engagement
grooves 16
of the upper displacement spacer 6' are brought into engagement with the upper
surfaces of the
upper flanges 2 of the adjacent steel stocks 4, and the lower engagement parts
19 are likewise
brought into engagement with the lower surfaces of the upper flanges 2 of the
adjacent steel
stocks 4, respectively, and the load receiving part 7 against the active load
is formed by the step
parts 12, 14 formed at the interlocking part between the upper engagement part
18 forming the
upper engagement groove 16 and the upper interposing part 10, and the step
parts 12, 14 formed
at the interlocking part between the lower engagement part 19 and the upper
interposing part 10,
so that the individual steel stocks 4 are inhibited from displacing downward.
Likewise, upper engagement grooves 17 are formed at the left and right parts
of the
lower interposing part 11 of the lower displacement preventing spacer 6", and
the lower flanges
3 of the adjacent steel stocks 4 are brought into engagement with the
engagement grooves 17,
respectively. Thus, the load receiving part 7 is formed by the pair of upper
step parts 13, 15
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which define the left and right lower engagement grooves 17.
That is, the upper engagement parts 18 which define the lower engagement
grooves 17
of the lower displacement spacer 6" are brought into engagement with the upper
surfaces of the
lower flanges 3 of the adjacent steel stocks 4, and the lower engagement parts
19 are likewise
brought into engagement with the lower surfaces of the lower flanges 3 of the
adjacent steel
stocks 4, respectively, and the load receiving part 7 against the active load
is formed by the step
parts 13, 15 formed at the interlocking part between the upper engagement part
18 forming the
lower engagement groove 17 and the lower interposing part 11, and the step
parts 13, 15 formed
at the interlocking part between the lower engagement part 19 and the lower
interposing part 10,
so that the individual steel stocks 4 are inhibited from displacing downward.
As a fourth embodiment, as shown in FIG. 4, a displacement preventing spacer 6
including an upper interposing part 10 interposed between the upper flanges 2
of the adjacent
steel stocks 4, and a lower interposing part 11 interposed between the
adjacent lower flanges 3 is
interposed between the adjacent steel stocks 4, the displacement preventing
spacer 6 is provided
at an upper end thereof with an upper engagement part 18 which is engaged with
the upper
surfaces of the upper flanges 2 of the adjacent steel stocks 4, and the
displacement preventing
spacer 6 is provided at a lower end thereof with a lower engagement part 19
which is engaged
with the lower surfaces of the lower flanges 3 of the adjacent steel stocks.
4.
Thus, the load receiving part 7 is formed by the step parts 12, 14 which are
formed at
the interlocking part between the upper interposing part 10 and the upper
engagement part 18,
and the load receiving part 7 is formed by the step parts 13, 15 which are
formed at the
interlocking part between the lower interposing part 11 and the lower
engagement part 19.
Owing to the above arrangement, the active load incurred to the individual
steel stocks 4
is received by the load receiving part 7, so that the individual steel stocks
4 are inhibited from
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displacing downward. That is, the active load incurred to the individual steel
stocks 4 is
incurred to the adjacent steel stocks 4 through the spacer 6, and the load is
incurred to the
entirety and dispersed.
As other examples, as shown in FIGS. 5 through 8, In a floor structure using
the
H-shaped steel, the floor structure further comprises a left displacement
preventing block 20
fitted to a space defined between the upper and lower flanges 2, 3 and the web
1 of the adjacent
left side steel stocks 4, and a right displacement preventing block 20 fitted
to a space defined
between the upper and lower flanges 2, 3 and the web 1 of the adjacent right
side steel stocks 4.
That is, each steel stock 4 includes left and right displacement preventing
blocks 20.
While the steel stocks 4 are arranged in parallel, mutually opposing side
surfaces 21 of
the left and right displacement preventing blocks 20 are press butted between
the adjacent steel
stocks 4, and the individual steel stocks 4 are inhibited from displacing
downward due to a
surface pressure and a friction engagement between the press butted surfaces
21.
Also, as shown in FIG. 7, in a floor structure using the H-shaped steel,
mutually
opposing side surfaces 21 of the left and right displacement preventing blocks
20 are press butted
between the adjacent steel stocks 4, and a mutually engaging concave part 22
and convex part 23
or a step part are formed on the two press butted surfaces 21, thereby
inhibiting the individual
steel stocks 4 from being displaced downward.
The left and right displacement preventing blocks 20 are restricted at their
upper surface
and lower surface by a lower surface of the upper flange 2 and an upper
surface of the lower
flange 3, respectively, and one side surfaces (opposing side surfaces to the
butting surfaces) of
the left and right displacement preventing blocks 20 are restricted by the
side surfaces of the web
1, and in that condition, the left and right displacement preventing blocks 20
are fitted to the left
and right sides of the web 1.
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In the example shown in FIG 5, left and right displacement preventing blocks
20 all
having the same size are employed. The blocks 20 are fitted to a left side
space defined by the
upper and lower flanges 2, 3 and the web 1 of each steel stock 4, and they are
also each fitted to
a right side space defined by the right side upper and lower flanges 2, 3 and
the web I of each
steel stock 4.
In the left and right displacement preventing blocks 20, as shown in FIG. 8, a
bolt 24 is
allowed to pierce into the left and right displacement preventing blocks 20
and opposite ends of
the bolt 24 are tightened by nuts 26 in release holes 25 formed in opposing
side surfaces 21 of
the left and right displacement preventing blocks 20, so that the steel stock
4 and the left and
right displacement preventing blocks 20 are integrated.
The steel stocks 4 including the left and right displacement preventing blocks
20 are
arranged in parallel, such that the displacement preventing blocks 20 are
press butted with each
other.
In FIG. 5, the displacement preventing blocks 20 having a same size are
carried on the
respective steel stocks 4, and the displacement preventing blocks 20 are
allowed to project from
the end part of the upper flange 2 or from the end parts of the upper flange 2
and the lower flange
3 so as to be subjected to the butting engagement.
On the other hand, in FIG. 6, a displacement preventing block 20 allowed to
protrude
from one end part of the upper flange 2 or one ends of the upper flange 2 and
the lower flange 3
are fitted to and carried by the space (first space) formed on the left side
(or right side) of each
steel stock 4, and a protruded part of another displacement preventing block
20, which is
adjacent to the above-mentioned block 20, is allowed to sink in the space
(second space) formed
of the right side (left side) of the steel stock 4 so as to be fitted to and
carried by the second
space.
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Thus, the protruded part of the displacement preventing block 20 of one of the
adjacent
steel stocks 4 is fitted to the space of the sink displacement preventing
block 20 of the other of
adjacent steel stocks 4, i.e., fitted between the upper and lower flanges 2,
3, while the opposing
side surfaces 21 of the two displacement preventing blocks 20 are butted with
each other. This
abutting surface 21 may take the form of a displacement preventing surface
under the effect of
the press friction engagement as shown in FIG. 5 or the form of a displacement
preventing
surface under the effect of the concave- and- convex engagement as shown in
FIG. 7. Also in
this displacement preventing block 20, as shown in FIG. 8, the block 20 is
integrated with the
steel stocks through the bolt 24.
Preferably, the left and right displacement preventing blocks 20 are formed of
a wood,
or lightweight cellular concrete or rigid foamed resin, so that the blocks 20
can be reduced in
weight.
In the alternative, as shown in FIG. 9(A), a wood, for example, a spotless
wood or a
laminated wood, for example, quadrate wood columns are laminated to form a
quadrate
laminated wood member, and the wood members thus obtained are used as the left
and right
displacement preventing blocks 20.
In the alternative, the left and right displacement preventing blocks 20, as
shown in FIG.
9(B), is composed of a metal made tube, for example, a steel tube, a synthetic
resin-made tube,
or a concrete-made tube.
The displacement preventing spacer 6 interposed between the flanges as shown
in FIGS.
1 through 4, and the left and right displacement preventing blocks 20 as shown
in FIGS. 5
through 9 are integrally tightened with the respective steel stocks 4 through
a tightening wire rod
27.
That is, each displacement preventing spacer 6 and the web 1 are provided with
a
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through-hole 28 which is communicated in the floor width direction (arranging
direction of the
steel stocks), and each of the left and right displacement preventing blocks
20 and the web 1 are
likewise provided with a through-hole which is communicated in the floor width
direction
(arranging direction of the steel stocks). An elongate tightening wire rod 27
is allowed to thrust
in the through-hole 28, and nuts 29 are threadingly engaged with the opposite
ends of the
tightening wire rod 27 and tightened, so that the displacement preventing
spacer 6 or the left and
right displacement preventing blocks 20 and the entire steel stocks 4 are
integrally tightened.
The tightening wire rod 27 may be a steel wire or a spotless steel bar.
Thus, the displacement preventing spacer 6 is press tightened between the
upper flanges
2 and/or between the lower flanges 3 of every adjacent steel stocks 4 and
intimately contacted
with the end parts of the flanges 2, 3.
Likewise, the left and right displacement preventing blocks 20 are press
tightened with
the left and right side surfaces of the web 1 of every adjacent steel stocks 4
and intimately
contacted therewith. At the same time, the opposing side surfaces 21 of the
left and right
displacement preventing blocks 20 are press butted with each other.
As shown in FIG 10(A), the displacement preventing spacers 6 are spacedly
arranged in
the axial direction of the steel stock 4, or continuously arranged in a
mutually intimately
contacted manner in the axial direction of the steel stock 4.
Likewise, as shown in FIG. 10(B), the left and right displacement preventing
blocks 20
are spacedly arranged in the axial direction of the steel stock 4, or
continuously arranged in a
mutually intimately contacted manner in the axial direction of the steel stock
4.
The upper flange 2 and the lower flange 3 of the steel stock 4 used herein may
be of a
structure mutually bulged out in equal width or a structure in which the upper
flange 2 is
dimensioned short and the lower flange 3 is dimensioned long in width.
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In the above floor structure, the upper surface of the upper flange 2 of the
steel stock 4
is formed directly into a floor surface, or a pavement 30 of concrete or
asphalt or the like is
applied to the upper surface of the upper flange 2 and its upper surface is
formed into a floor
surface. In the alternative, a floor assembly is constructed on the upper
flange 2 of the floor
structure using ajoist and a floor plate, thereby a floor surface is formed on
the upper flange 2.
Effect of the Invention
The present invention is extremely effective as displacement preventing means
against
an active load in which a floor structure is formed by arranging steel stocks
in parallel. That is,
the steel stocks are arranged in parallel, and the displacement preventing
spacer is fittingly
interposed between the steel stocks. By doing so, the individual steel stocks
can effectively be
prevented from displacing downward which would otherwise occur due to active
load.
Likewise, the left and right displacement preventing blocks are preliminarily
fitted to
each steel stock, and such two steel blocks are arranged in parallel and
merely press butted with
each other. By doing so, the vertical displacement effect against the active
load can properly be
obtained.
Also, in any of the above cases, a floor structure can easily be assembled
using steel
stocks, and the cost down can be achieved.
Moreover, in any of the above cases, the floor structure can be formed into a
unit
structure, and dismantling and re-use are possible.
