Note : Les descriptions sont présentées dans la langue officielle dans laquelle elles ont été soumises.
CA 02484367 1998-04-17
C A N A D A
APPLICANT: NTT MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS NETWORK, INC.
TITLE: BASE STATION APPARATUS OF
MOBILE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
CA 02484367 1998-04-17
. ...i.y.. ..
SPEEIFICATION
BASE STATION APPARATUS OF MOBILE COMNIUNICATION
SYSTEM
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates to a base station
in a mobile communications system, and more
particularly to a base station capable of carrying
out communications with mobile stations through high
speed digital communicatl.on channels using CDMA.
BACKGROUND ART
Recently, base stations in mobile communication
systems have become increasingly faster owing to the
development of novel communicatioris methods such as
CDMA (code division multiple access), which become
possible with recent advances in digital
communications techniques. In addition, fixed
stations are also digitized, and come to use new
switching networks such as ATM networks.
Thus, new base stations are required which meet
such advances in technology.
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
An object of the present invention is to provide
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a novel, high speed, digital base station best
suited to achieving communications with mobile
stations by CDMA, and with a control office by ATM.
In the first aspect of the present invention,
there is provided a digital radio communication
system comprising:
transmitting one or more known pilot symbols at
every fixed interval; and
receiving, on a receiving side, the pilot
symbols, and carrying out coherent detection using
the received pilot symbols,
wherein a number of the pilot symbols that are
transmitted periodically is variable in accordance
with a transmission rate.
According to the configuration above, a trade-off
can be optimized between degradation in accuracy of
coherent detection due to a reduction of the number
of the pilot symbols and an increase in overhead due
to the increase of the number of pilot symbols.
In the second aspect of the present invention,
there is provided a digital radio communication
system comprising:
transmitting, on a transmitting side, one or more
known pilot symbols at every fixed slot interval;
assembling a frame from a plurality of the slots;
and
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rr'~
receiving, on a receiving side, the pilot
symbols, and carrying out coherent detection using
the received pilot symbols,
wherein the pilot symbols consist of a known
pilot symbol portion and a sync word portion for
frame alignment.
Here, the pilot symbol portion and the sync word
portion may be transmitted alternately at fixed
intervals in the pilot symbols.
The receiving side may carry out the coherent
detection using the known pilot symbol portion, and
may employ, after establishing the frame alignment
using the sync word portion, the sync word portion
for the coherent detection.
Using sync word as a part of the pilot symbols
makes possible to prevent an increase in overhead of
the coherent detection.
In the third aspect of the present invention,
there is provided a mobile communication system
using a digital radio conununication scheme, wherein
mapping, which maps into one physical channel a
plurality of logical channels for transmitting
information to be broadcasted by a base station, is
varied in accordance with a changing rate of data to
be transmitted over each of the logical channel.
Here, the mapping may be carried out by varying
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an occurrence rate of the logical channels.
The mapping may fix a position of at least one
logical channel.
The information to be broadcasted over the
logical channels may be information on a reverse
direction interfering power amount.
The information to be broadcasted over the
logical channels may be control channel information
on a contiguous cell or on a current cell.
Such an arrangement enables transmission to be
implemented in accordance with characteristics of
broadcasted information, thereby implementing
efficient transmission.
In the fourth aspect of the present invention,
there is provided a mobile communication system
using a digital radio communication scheme, wherein
a number of radio frames of a fixed.duration on a
physical channel is varied in accordance with a
transmission rate, the radio frames constituting a
processing unit on a logical channel.
Such an arrangement makes it possible to optimize
the unit to which the error detecting code (CRC) is
provided, reducing the overhead of processings.
In the fifth aspect of the present invention,
there is provided a mobile commur.iication system
using CDMA, the mobile communication system uses for
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an inphase component and a quadrature component a
same short code and different long codes as
spreading codes.
Here, the different long codes may have their
phases shifted.
This configuration prevents short codes which are
finite resources from being wasted.
In the sixth aspect of the present invention,
there is provided a mobile communication system
employing a digital radio communication scheme,
wherein frame transmission timings on physical
channels from a base station to mobile stations are
delayed by random durations for respective sectors
associated with the same base station.
Here, the random durations may be assigned to
respective dedicated physical channels at a call
setup.
Providing the random delay in this way makes it
possible for the interfering power to be uniformly
distributed along the time axis when there are
multiple physical channels which are transmitted
intermittently, thereby reducing collision of
signal.s :
In the seventh aspect of the present invention,
there is provided a multicode transmission system in
a CDMA mobile communication system, which
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communicates with a mobile station. over a plurality
of physical channels that use different spreading
codes, the multicode transmission system comprising:
transmitting one or more pilot symbols and a
transmission power control command through one of
the plurality of physical channels; and
carrying out in common with the plurality of
physical channels coherent detection using the same
pilot symbols and transmission power control in
accordance with the same transmission power control
c ommand .
Here, transmission power of a portion of the
pilot symbols and the transmission power control
command transmitted over the one of the plurality of
physical channels may be greater than transmission
power of other data portions.
Transmission power of the portion of the pilot
symbols and the transmission power control command
transmitted over the one of the plurality of
physical channels may be greater than transmission
power of other data portions by a factor of a number
of the multicodes.
In the eighth aspect of the present invention,
there is provided a multicode tra:nsmission system in
a CDMA mobile communication system, which
communicates with a mobile station over a plurality
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of physical channels that use different spreading
codes, the multicode transmission system comprising:
assigning to the plurality of physical channels
same one or more pilot symbols and a same
transmission power control command;
transmitting a portion of the pilot symbols and
the transmission power control command on the
plurality of physical channels by spreading only
that portion using a same spreading code; and
carrying out in common with the plurality of
physical channels coherent detection using the same
pilot symbols and transmission power control in
accordance with the same transmission power control
c ommand .
This makes it possible to implement efficient
multicode transmission.
In the ninth aspect of the present invention,
there is provided a transmission power control
system in a CDMA mobile communication system,
wherein
a base station carries out transmission power
control in accordance with a predetermined pattern
until synchronization in the base station is
established, receives, when the synchronization is
established, a transmission power control command
based on SIR measurement results in a mobile
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station, carries out transmission power control in
response to the transmission power control command,
and transmits a transmission power control command
based on SIR measurement results in the base
station; and
the mobile station carries out transmission power
control from an initial value, and transmits, after
the synchronization has been established, the
transmission power control command based on the SIR
measurement results in the mobile station.
Here, the predetermined pattern may be a pattern
for rapidly increasing transmission power up to a
predetermined value, and subsequently gradually
increasing the transmission power.
The predetermined pattern may be variable in the
base station.
The initial value in the mobile station may be
transmitted from the base station.
The base station may transmit, before the
synchronization in the base station is established,
to the mobile station a transmission power control
command of a predetermined second pattern; and
the mobile station may control transmission power
in response to the transmission power control
command which is transmitted.
The transmission power control command of the
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. ~=
second pattern may be varied by the base station.
The mobile station may carry out, until the
synchronization in the base station is established,
the transmission power control in accordance with a
pattern predetermined in the mobile station.
Thus gradually increasing forward transmission
power can prevent communications with other mobile
stations from being adversely affected..
Furthermore, since the control is carried out in two
stages, the synchronization can be established
quickly. Since the base station takes the
initiative of the power control, optimum control
patterns can be selected. In addition, using the
fixed control pattern in the mobile station
simplifies the configuration.
In the tenth aspect of the present invention,
there is provided a mobile communication system
employing a packet digital radio communication
scheme between a base station and mobile stations,
wherein the base station
makes a decision as to whethei: to switch physical
radio channels to be used; and
switches, if necessary, the physical radio
channels to be used, and wherein the foregoing
control is carried out between the base station and
the mobile stations without involving connection
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tr~~
control of the base station with a wire section.
Here, the switching may be carried out in
accordance with traffic volume between the base
station and the mobile stations.
The physical radio channels may be a common
physical radio channel and. a plurality of dedicated
physical radio channels.
Since the switching control in accordance with
the present invention carries out the switching
control based on the decision of the base station
(BTS) in this way, it does not involve the switching
control in the wire section (between the base
station and control center (BSC), for example).
This makes it possible to reduce the load of the
switching control, and to implement high speed
switching control.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Fig. 1 is a block diagram showing a functional
configuration of a base station in accordance with
the present invention;
Fig. 2 is a diagram illustrating a structure of a
logical channel;
Fig. 3 is a diagram illustrating a structure of a
physical channel;
Fig. 4 is a diagram showing the relationship of
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Figs. 4A and 4B; -
Fig. 4A is a diagram illustrating signal formats
of the physical channel;
Fig. 4B is a diagram illustrating signal formats
of the physical channel;
Fig. 5 is a graph illustrating simulation results
of the dependence of the-symbol rate of 32 ksps on
the number of pilot symbols;
Fig. 6 is a graph illustrating simulation results
of the dependence of the symbol rate of 128 ksps on
the number of pilot symbols;
Figs. 7A and 7B are diagrams illustrating formats
of reverse common control physical channel signals;
Fig. 8 is a diagram illustrating correspondence
between physical channels and logical channels;
Fig. 9 is a diagram illustrating a mapping
example of a logical channel onto a perch channel;
Fig. 10 is a diagram illustrating a PCH mapping
scheme;
Fig. 11 is a diagram illustrating a FACH mapping
scheme;
Fig.' 12 is a diagram illustrating a mapping of
DTCH and ACCH onto a dedicated physical channel;
Figs. 13A-13C are diagrams illustrating ACCH
mapping schemes;
Fig. 14 is a diagram illustrating a method of
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~
using W bits;
Figs. 15A and 15B are block diagrams each showing
a configuration of a convolutional encoder;
Fig. 16 is a diagram illustrating an SFN (system
frame number) transmission example;
Fig. 17 is a diagram illustrat:ing a structure of
SFN bits;
Fig. 18 is a block diagram showing a
configuration of a forward long code generator;
Fig. 19 is a block diagram showing a
configuration of a reverse long code generator;
Fig. 20 is a diagram illustrating a short code
generating method;
Fig. 21 is a block diagram showing a
configuration of a short code generator for a long
code mask symbol;
Fig. 22 is a block diagram showing a spreading
code generating method using a lorig code and short
code;
Fig. 23 is a block diagram showing a
configuration of a spreader;
Fig. 24 is a diagram illustrating a random access
transmission scheme;
Fig. 25 is a diagram illustrating an example of a
multicode transmission method;
Fig. 26 is a graph illustrating simulation
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results of multicode transmission;
Fig. 27 is a diagram illustrating an example of
the multicode transmission method;
Figs. 28A and 28B are diagrams illustrating a
frame structure for 1544 kbits/s used for
transmitting ATM cells;
Figs. 29A and 29B are diagrams illustrating a
frame structure for 6312 kbits/s used for
transmitting ATM cells;
Fig. 30 is a diagram illustrating a pulse mask at
an output terminal of a 6312 kbits/s system;
Fig. 31 is a diagram illustrating an example of a
link structure (ATM connection) between a BTS and
MCC;
Fig. 32 is a diagram illustrating a structure of
an idle cell;
Figs. 33A and 33B are diagrams illustrating an
AAL-2 connection configuration;
Figs. 34A and 34B are diagrams illustrating AAL-5
connection configuration;
Fig. 35 is a diagram illustrating an AAL-2
format; '
Fig.'36 is a diagram illustrating a SAL format;
Fig. 37 is a diagram illustrating an AAL-5
format;
Fig. 38 is a diagram showing the.relationship of
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Figs. 38A and 38B;
Fig. 38A is a diagram illustrating a signal
format of a timing cell;
Fig. 38B is a diagram illustrating a signal
format of a timing cell;
Fig. 39 is a diagram illustrating super frame
positions;
Fig. 40 is a diagram illustrating transmission
line estimation using multiple pilot blocks;
Figs. 41A and 41B are diagrams illustrating SIR
based closed loop transmission power control;
Fig. 42 is a diagram illustrating transmission
power control timings;
Fig. 43 is a diagram illustrating transition to
the closed loop transmission powe:r control;
Fig. 44 is a diagram illustrating reverse
transmission power control during inter-cell
diversity handover;
Fig. 45 is a diagram illustrating forward
transmission power control during inter-cell
diversity handover;
Fig. 46 is a diagram showing the relationship of
Figs. 46A and 46B;
Fig. 46A is a flowchart illustrating a
synchronization establishment flow of a dedicated
physical channel;
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,r,.. .
. 't~ .
Fig. 46B is a flowchart illustrating a
synchronization establishment flow of a dedicated
physical channel;
Fig. 47 is a sequence diagram illustrating an
example of an inter-cell diversity handover
processing in packet transmission;
Fig. 48 is a diagram-showing an example of a
connection configuration during an inter-sector
handover in a reverse dedicated p]:iysical channel
(UPCH);
Fig. 49 is a diagram showing an example of a
connection configuration during an inter-sector
handover in a forward dedicated physical channel
(UPCH);
Fig. 50 is a diagram showing an example of a
connection configuration during an inter-sector
handover in a reverse common control physical
channel (RACH);
Fig. 51 is a diagram showing an example of a
connection configuration during an inter-sector
handover in a forward common control phy'sical
channel'(FACH);
Fig.' 52 is a diagram illustrating an example of a
switching sequence from a common control physical
channel to a dedicated physical channel;
Fig. 53 is a diagram illustrating an example of a
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CA 02484367 1998-04-17
switching sequence from a dedicated physical channel
to a common control physical channel;
Fig. 54 is a diagram illustrating a format of a
cell header;
Fig. 55 is a diagram illustrating an outline of
band assurance control;
Fig. 56 is a flowchart illustrating ATM cell
transmission control;
Fig. 57 is a flowchart illustrating an AAL type 2
cell assembling processing;
Figs. 58A-58C are diagrams illustrating examples
of cell transmission sequence data;
Fig. 59 is a diagram illustrating an example of
an AAL type 5 format;
Fig. 60 is a diagram illustrating an example of a
SSCOP (service specific connection oriented
protocol) sequence;
Fig. 61 is a flowchart illustrating a procedure
of establishing SFN time synchronization in a BTS;
Fig. 62 is a diagram illustrating a BTSSFN clock
phase compensation value calculation method;
Fig. 63 is a flowchart illustrating a cell loss
detection process;
Fig. 64 is a diagram showing the relationship of
Figs. 64A and 64B;
Fig. 64A is a diagram illustrating a coding
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= ~.
scheme of a BCCH1 or BCCH2 (16 ksps) logical
channel;
Fig. 64B is a diagram illustrating a coding
scheme of a BCCH1 or BCCH2 (16 ksps) logical
channel;
Figs. 65A and 65B are diagrams illustrating a
coding scheme of a PCH (64 ksps) logical channel;
Fig. 66 is a diagram showing the relationship of
Figs. 66A and 66B;
Fig. 66A is a diagram illustrating a coding
scheme of a FACH-long (64 ksps) logical channel;
Fig. 66B is a diagram illustrating a coding
scheme of a FACH-long (64 ksps) logical channel;
Fig. 67 is a diagram showing the relationship of
Figs. 67A and 67B;
Fig. 67A is a diagram illustrating a coding
scheme of a FACH-short (normal mode) (64 ksps)
logical channel;
Fig. 67B is a diagram illustrating a coding
scheme of a FACH-short (normal mode) (64 ksps)
logical channel;
Fig." 68 is a diagram showing the relationship of
Figs. 68A and 68B;
Fig. 68A is a diagram illustrating a coding
scheme of a FACH-short (Ack mode) (64 ksps) logical
channel;
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Fig. 68B is a diagram illustrating a coding
scheme of a FACH-short (Ack mode) (64 ksps) logical
channel;
Fig. 69 is a diagram showing the relationship of
Figs. 69A and 69B;
Fig. 69A is a diagram illustrating a coding
scheme of a RACH-long (64 ksps) logical channel;
Fig. 69B is a diagram illustrating a coding
scheme of a RACH-long (64 ksps) logical channel;
Fig. 70 is a diagram showing the relationship of
Figs. 70A and 70B;
Fig. 70A is a diagram illustrating a coding
scheme of a RACH-short (64 ksps) logical channel;
Fig. 70B is a diagram illustrating a coding
scheme of a RACH-short (64 ksps) logical channel;
Fig. 71 is a diagram showing the relationship of
Figs. 71A and 71B;
Fig. 71A is a diagram illustrating a coding
scheme of an SDCCH (32 ksps) logical channel;
Fig. 71B is a diagram illustrating a coding
scheme of an SDCCH (32 ksps) logical channel;
Fig. 72 is a diagram showing the relationship of
Figs. 72A and 72B;
Fig. 72A is a diagram illustrating a coding
scheme of an ACCH (32/64 ksps) logical channel;
Fig. 72B is a diagram illustrating a coding
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CA 02484367 1998-04-17
scheme of an ACCH (32/64 ksps) logical channel;
Fig. 73 is a diagram showing the relationship of
Figs. 73A and 73B;
Fig. 73.~, is a diagram illustrating a coding
scheme of an ACCH (128 ksps) logical channel;
Fig. 73B is a diagram illustrating a coding
scheme of an ACCH (128 ksps) logical channel;
Fig. 74 is a diagram showing the relationship of
Figs. 74A and 74B;
Fig. 74A is a diagram illustrating a coding
scheme of an ACCH (256 ksps) logical channel;
Fig. 74B is a diagram illustrating a coding
scheme of an ACCH (256 ksps) logical channel;
Fig. 75 is a diagram showing the relationship of
Figs. 75A and 75B;
Fig. 75A is a diagram illustrating a coding
scheme of a DTCH (32 ksps) logical channel;
Fig. 75B is a diagram illustrating a coding
scheme of a DTCH (32 ksps) logical channel;
Fig. 76 is a diagram showing the relationship of
Figs. 76A and 76B;
Fig.' 76A is a diagram illustrating a coding
scheme Of a DTCH (64 ksps) logical channel;
Fig. 76B is a diagram illustrating a coding
scheme of a DTCH (64 ksps) logical channel;
Fig. 77 is a diagram showing the relationship of
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Figs. 77A, 77B and 77C;
Fig. 77A is a diagram illustrating a coding
scheme of a DTCH (128 ksps) logical channel;
Fig. 77B is a diagram illustrating a coding
scheme of a DTCH (128 ksps) logical channel;
Fig. 77C is a diagram illustrating a coding
scheme of a DTCH (128 ksps) logical channel;
Fig. 78 is a diagram showing the relationship of
Figs. 78A, 78B and 78C;
Fig. 78A is a diagram illustrating a coding
scheme of a DTCH (256 ksps) logical channel;
Fig. 78B is a diagram illustratzng a coding
scheme of a DTCH (256 ksps) logical channel;
Fig. 78C is a diagram illustrating a coding
scheme of a DTCH (256 ksps) logical channel;
Fig. 79 is a diagram showing the relationship of
Figs. 79A, 79B and 79C;
Fig. 79A is a diagram illustrating a coding
scheme of a DTCH (512 ksps) logical channel;
Fig. 79B is a diagram illustrating a coding
scheme of a DTCH (512 ksps) logical channel;
Fig. 79C is a diagram illustrating a coding
scheme of a DTCH (512 ksps) logical channel;
Fig. 80 is a diagram showing the relationship of
Figs. 80A, 80B and 80C;
Fig. 80A is a diagram illustrating a coding
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scheme of a DTCH (1024 ksps) logical channel;
Fig. 80B is a diagram illustrating a coding
scheme of a DTCH (1024 ksps) logical channel;
Fig. 80C is a diagram illustrating a coding
scheme of a DTCH (1024 ksps) logical channel;
Fig. 81 is a diagram showing the relationship of
Figs. 81A and 81B;
Fig. 81A is a diagram illustrating a coding
scheme of an UPCH (32 ksps) logical channel;
Fig. 81B is a diagram illustrating a coding
scheme of an UPCH (32 ksps) logical channel;
Fig. 82 is a diagram showing the relationship of
Figs. 82A and 82B;
Fig. 82A is a diagram illustrating a coding
scheme of an UPCH (64 ksps) logical channel;
Fig. 82B is a diagram illustrating a coding
scheme of an UPCH (64 ksps) logical channel;
Fig. 83 is a diagram showing the relationship of
Figs. 83A and 83B;
Fig. 83A is a diagram illustrating a coding
scheme of an UPCH (128 ksps) logical channel;
Fig.' 83B is a diagram illustrating a coding
scheme df an UPCH (128 ksps) logical channel;
Fig. 84 is a diagram showing the relationship of
Figs. 84A and 84B;
Fig. 84A is a diagram illustrating a coding
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scheme of an UPCH (256 ksps) logical channel;
Fig. 84B is a diagram illustrating a coding
scheme of an UPCH (256 ksps) logical channel;
Fig. 85 is a diagram illustrating transmission
timings of a perch channel and common control
physical channel;
Fig. 86 is a diagram illustrating transmission
timings of a reverse common control physical channel
(RACH) ;
Fig. 87 is a diagram showing the relationship of
Figs. 87A and 87B;
Fig. 87A is a diagram illustrating transmission
and reception timings of a dedicated physical
channel (during non-DHO);
Fig. 87B is a diagram illustrating transmission
and reception timings of a dedicated physical
channel (during non-DHO);
Fig. 88 is a diagram showing the relationship of
Figs. 88A and 88B;
Fig. 88A is a diagram illustrating transmission
and reception timings of a dedicated physical
channel (during DHO);
Fig. 88B is a diagram illustrating transmission
and reception timings of a dedicated physical
channel (during DHO');
Fig. 89 is a diagram illustrating a transmission
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. `~.
pattern of perch channels;
Fig. 90 is a diagram showing the relationship of
Figs. 90A and 90B;
Fig. 90A is a diagram illustrating a transmission
pattern of a forward common control channel (for
FACH);
Fig. 90B is a diagram illustrating a transmission
pattern of a forward common control channel (for
FACH);
Fig. 91 is a diagram illustrating a transmission
pattern of a forward common control channel (for
PCH);
Fig. 92 is a diagram illustrating a transmission
pattern of a reverse common control channel (for
RACH);
Fig. 93 is a diagram illustrating a transmission
pattern of a dedicated physical channel (during high
speed closed loop transmission power control);
Fig. 94 is a diagram illustrating a transmission
pattern of a 32 ksps dedicated physical channel (DTX
control);
Fig.' 95 is a diagram showing the relationship of
Figs. 95A and 95B;
Fig. 95A is a flowchart illustrating a CPS PDU
(content provider system protocol data unit)
assembling method (other than RACH);
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Fig. 95B is a flowchart illustrating a CPS PDU
(content provider system protocol data unit)
assembling method (other than RACH);
Fig. 96 is a diagram showing the relationship of
Figs. 96A and 96B;
Fig. 96A is a flowchart illustrating a CPS PDU
assembling method (RACH); and
Fig. 96B is a flowchart illustrating a CPS PDU
assembling method (RACH).
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
1. Outline of a system.
1.1 CDMA base station.
A base transceiver station (BTS) in accordance
with the present invention will now be described in
detail, which carries out communications with mobile
stations by CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) and
with a control/switching center by ATM (Asynchronous
Transfer Mode).
1.2 Explanation of abbreviations.
Abbreviations used in the present specification
are shown in Table 1.
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Table 1 -
List of abbreviations
No. Abbreviations Terms
1 BTS base transceiver station
2 AMP transmitting/receiving
amplifier
3 MDE base station modulator
/demodulator
4 MS radio mobile station
ANT antenna
6 HW wire transmission line
7 MCC mobile control/
switching center
8 HW-INT wire transmission path
interface
9 TRX radio transceiver
1 0 BTS-CNT base transceiver station
controller
1 1 BB base-band signal processor
1 2 MT maintenance tool
2. Structures
5 2.1. Functional configuration
The base station has a configuration as shown in
Fig. 1. The block designated by the reference
symbol BTS in Fig. 1 shows a functional
configuration of the base station in accordance with
the present invention. The following contents
explain the functional structure, though the present
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.~\
invention is not restricted by the hardware
configuration. The reference symbol MCC in Fig. 1
designates control/switching equipment for
controlZing the base station.
2.2.
Table 2 shows outlines of functions of various
blocks.
Table 2 Outline of functions of blocks of BTS
1 Transmitting Being provided with a transmitting
/receiving amplifier amplifier for amplifying a
(AMP) transmitted RF signal, and a low
noise amplifier for amplifying a
received RF signal, duplexing the RF
transmitted signal and RF received
signal, and connecting them to the
ANT.
2 Radio stage (TRX) D/A converting a transmitted signal
that has been subject to baseband
spreading, and converting it to an RF
signal by quadrature modulati.on, and
carrying out quasi-coherent detection
of a received signal fed from a
receiving amplifier, A/D converting
it, and transferring it to a baseband
block.
3 Baseband signal Carrying out baseband processings
processor (BB) such as error correcting encoding,
framing, data modulation and
spreading of transmitted data, and
despreading of a received signal,
chip synchronization, error
correcting decoding, data
demultiplexing, maximal ratio
combining during inter-sector
diversity handover, and the like.
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~'.
4 Radio base station Exchanging a control signal with MCC
controller (BTS-CNT) to carry out management of radio
channels, and establishment or
release of radio channels.
Wire transmission Having an ATM processing function,
path interface (HW- and AAL type 2 and AAL type 5
INT) functions in an inter-office
transmission path interface.
Providing an SSCOP function to a
control signal between MCC and BS.
Generating an. operation clock of a
BTS from a transmission path.
6 Maintenance tool (MT) Having a function of specifying
parameters of devices, and a function
of collecting data.
3. Operation conditions
3.1. Initial processing
*The base station automatically resets itself
5 when power is turned on.
*When resetting a CPU, the following processings
are carried out in accordance with programs in a
ROM.
(1) Internal checking of the CPU.
(2) Start up of APs (application programs).
4. Interface conditions
4.1. Radio interface
4.1.1 Major specifics
Table 3 shows major specifics of the radio
interface between mobile stations and the base
station.
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TABLE 3
Major specifics of radio interface
Item Specifics
Radio access DS-CDMA FDD
scheme
Frequency 2 GHz band
Carrier frequency 5 MHz (expandable to 1.25/10/20 MHz)
spacing
Chip rate 4.096 Mcps (expandable to 1.024/8.192
/16.384 Mcps)
Short code length 256-4 chip length
Long code length Forward: 10 ms (Truncate 216-1 chip long
Gold sequences at 10 ms). Reverse: 216x10
ms (Truncate 241-1 chip long Gold sequences
at 216x10 ms ) .
Number of switched 2 (select two out of four carries)
carriers
Modulation Data: QPSK, pilot symbol coherent
/demodulation detection, and RAKE. Spread: QPSK.
scheme
Encoding/decoding Internal codes: Convolutional encoding
scheme (R=1/3 or 1/2, K=9) and Viterbi soft
decision decoding. External codes: Reed-
Solomon codes (for data transmission)
Symbol rate 16-1024 ksps
Information Variable up to maximum 384 kbps
transmission rate
Diversity RAKE + Antenna
Inter-base station Asynchronous
sync
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4.1.2 Radio channel structure
4.1.2.1 Logical channel structu:re
Structures of logical channels are illustrated in
Fig. 2.
4.1.2.1.1. Broadcast control channels 1 and 2
(BCCH1 and BCCH2)
Broadcast control channels (BCCHs) are a one-way
channel for broadcasting from a base station to
mobile stations system control information on each
cell or sector. The broadcast control channel
transmits time varying information such as SFNs
(System Frame Numbers), reverse interference power
values, etc.
4.1.2.1.2. Paging channel (PCH)
A paging channel (PCH) is a one-way channel for
transferring from the base station to mobile
stations the same information all at once over a
large area. This channel is used for paging.
4.1.2.1.3. Forward access channel-long (FACH-L)
A forward access channel-loncr is a one-way
channel for transmitting from the base station to
mobile stations control informat:ion or user packet
data. This channel, which is used only when a
network knows the location cell of a mobile station,
is employed to transmit rather a large amount of
information.
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4.1.2.1.4. Forward access channel-short (FACH-S)
A forward access channel-short is a one-way
channel for transmitting from the base station to
mobile stations control information or user packet
data. This channel, which is used only when a
network knows the location cell of a mobile station,
is employed to transmit rather a small amount of
information.
4.1.2.1.5. Random access channel-long (RACH-L)
A random access channel-long is a one-way channel
for transmitting from mobile stations to the base
station control information or user packet data.
This channel, which is used only when a mobile
station knows its location cell, is employed to
transmit rather a large amount of information.
4.1.2.1.6. Random access channel-short (RACH-S)
A random access channel-short is a one-way
channel for transmitting from mobile stations to the
base station control information or user packet
data. This channel, which is used only when a
mobile station knows its location cell, is employed
to transmit rather a small amount of information.
4.1.2.1.7. Stand alone dedicated control channel
(SDCCH)
A stand alone dedicated control channel is a
point-to-point two-way channel that transmits
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,~.
control information, and occupies one physical
channel.
4.1.2.1.8. Associated control channel (ACCH)
An associated control channel is a point-to-point
two-way channel that transmits control information.
This channel is a control channel that is associated
with a dedicated traffic channel (DTCH) which will
be described below.
4.1.2.1.9. Dedicated traffic channel (DTCH)
A dedicated traffic channel is a point-to-point
two-way channel that transmits user information.
4.1.2.1.10. User packet channel (UPCH)
A user packet channel is a point-to-point two-way
channel that transmits user packet data.
4.1.2.2. Structure of physical channels
Fig. 3 illustrates structures of a physical
channel, and Figs. 4A and 4B illustrate
characteristics of individual physical channels.
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1,,..
TABLE 4
Characteristics of physical channels
Perch channels Common control Dedicated
physical channel physical
channel
Symbol 16ksps Reverse direction: 32/64/128
rate 16/64 ksps /256/512/1024
Forward direction: 64 ksps
ksps
Char- Transmission *Only radio frames High speed
acter- power control containing transmitted closed loop
istics is not applied. information are sent. transmission
Usually, there No symbols including power control
are a first pilot symbols are sent can be carried
perch channel of radio frames out.
through which without containing
transmission is transmitted
always carried information. (PD
out, and a sections of PCH are
second perch always sent).
channel through *High speed closed
which only loop transmission
parts of power control. is not
symbols are carried out.
transmitted.
4.1.2.2.1. Perch channel
A perch channel is a physical channel whose
receiving level is measured for selecting a cell of
a mobile station. Besides, the channel is a
physical channel which is initially captured when
the mobile station is turned on. The perch channel
includes a first perch channel and a second perch
channel: The former is spread by a short code
_
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CA 02484367 1998-04-17
. ~~~ ^a4
uniquely assigned to the system for accelerating the
cell selection when the mobile station is turned on,
and continues transmission all the time; whereas the
latter is spread by a short code cor'responding to a
forward long code, and transmits only part of
symbols. The perch channel is a one-way physical
channel from the base station to mobile stations.
The short codes used by the second perch channel
differ from the short code system. employed by the
other physical channels.
4.1.2.2.2. Common control physical channel
The common control physical channel is used in
common by multiple mobile stations located in the
same sector. The reverse common control physical
channel is a random access channel.
4.1.2.2.3. Dedicated physical channels
Dedicated physical channels are each established
between a mobile station and the base station in a
point-to-point fashion.
4.1.2.3. Signal formats of the physical channels.
All the physical channels assume a three layer
structure of a super frame, radio frames and time
slots. 'The structures of the radio frames and time
slots vary (in terms of the number of pilot symbols)
depending on the type of the physical channels and
the symbol rate. Figs. 4A and 4B illustrate the
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signal formats of channels other than the reverse
common control physical channels.
Relationships between the symbol rate and the
number of pilot symbols will be described with
reference to Figs. 5 and 6.
Figs. 5 and 6 illustrate simulation results of
the effect of varying the number of pilot symbols
for respective symbol rates: simulation results
with respect to the physical charinels with different
symbol rates of 32 ksps (symbols per second) and 128
ksps, respectively. In Figs. 5 and 6, the
horizontal axis represents the number of pilot
symbols contained in each time slot (of 0.625 msec),
and the vertical axis represents a necessary Eb/Io,
that is, a ratio of the required received power (Eb)
per bit after the error correction to the
interference power (Io) per unit frequency band in a
state that meets a quality required. The Eb is
obtained by dividing the total amount of the
received power by the number of bits after the error
correction, in the case of which overheads such as
the pilot symbols are counted as part of the
received power. The smaller the Eb/Io, the lower
received power can meet the required quality, which
is more effective in terms of capacity. The
required quality is set at BER (bit error rate)
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10-3 in 32 ksps physical channels considering that
they are for voice transmission, whereas it is set
at BER = 10-6 in 128 ksps physical channels
considering that they are for data transmission.
The radio wave propagation conditions are identical
in two Figs. 5 and 6.
In either symbol rate, an optimum value of the
number of pilot symbols that can maximize the
capacity is present because there is a trade-off
between the degradation in the accuracy of the
coherent detection due to the reduction in the
number of pilot symbols, and the increase in the
overhead due to the increase in the riumber of pilot
symbols. The optimum number of the pilot symbols
varies depending on the symbol rates, such as six
for 32 ksps and 16 for 128 ksps. In addition, the
ratio of the optimum number of the pilot symbols to
the total number of symbols also vary depending on
the symbol rate such as 30% for :32 ksps and 20% for
128 ksps.
Accordingly, fixedly assigning the number or
ratio of the pilot symbols will reduce the capacity
at some=symbol rate.
In view of the fact that the optimum number and
rate of the pilot symbols vary depending on the
symbol rates, the present invention assumes the
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structures as shown in Figs. 4A and 4B.
Figs. 7A and 7B illustrate the signal formats of
the radio frame and time slots of the reverse common
control physical channel, in which the numerals
designate the number of symbols.
4.1.2.3.1. Super frame.
The super frame consists of 64 radio frames, and
is determined on the basis of SFN which will be
described below.
The initial radio frame of the super frame: SFN
mod 64=0.
The final radio frame of the super frame: SFN
mod 64=63.
4.1.2.3.2. Pilot symbols and syric word (SW).
*Pilot symbol patterns are shown in Table 5, in
which halftone portions represent sync words (SW)
for the frame alignment. The syrnbol pattern of the
pilot symbols other than the sync words (SW) is
õ 21 ig
*As shown in Table 5, the pilot symbols are
transmitted together with the sync words. This
makes it possible to reduce the overhead and
increase the data transmission efficiency. In
addition, once the frame alignment has been
established, since the sync words can be considered
as an integral part of a known fixed pattern, and
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CA 02484367 2008-02-29
are utilized as the part of the pilot symbols for
the coherent detection, the accuracy of the coherent
detection can be maintained without the slightest
degradation.
*The processing on a receiving side will now be
described when the sync words (SW) are transmitted
with the pilot symbols.
1. First, chip synchronization is acquired by
searching for a despreading timing that provides a
maximum correlation value by carrying out
despreading processings at multiple timings.
Subsequently, despreading is carried out in
accordance with the acquired timing.
2. An amount of phase rotation is estimated
using pilot symbols (other than the sync word (SW))
with a fixed pattern, followed by the coherent
detection using the estimated amount for
demodulating the sync word (SW). The demodulization
scheme involving the estimation of the phase
rotation magnitude is disclosed in Japanese Patent
Application Laid-open No. 6-140569 (1994), "Coherent
detector".
3. Frame alignment is established using the
demodulated sync word (SW). More specifically, the
extent is examined to which the bit sequence of the
demodulated sync word (SW) matches the predetermined
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CA 02484367 1998-04-17
patterns, and the most likely bit sequence is
decided considering the bit error rate.
4. Once the frame alignment has been
established, the bit sequence of the sync word (SW)
is obvious, and hence can be handled in the same
manner as the fixed pattern of the pilot symbols.
Thus, the sync word (SW) can be used as an integral
part of the pilot symbols to estimate the phase
rotation amount and demodulate the data portion by
the coherent detection.
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,...
[~';=
Table 5 Pilot symbol-patterns
Pilot symbol patterns
256, 512, 1024 ksps 16 ksps Others
dedicated physical common
channel control
physical
channel
Pilot 0-~ 2 4. 5. 6 0 2 3 0 l 2 3
symbol . : : ... ... ...
.: .
:: : : : .: :
number
slot# 1 1 1 : 1 : 1 : i l : i : l : i i : i : i : i l :10: i i :11 : 11 :il :
11 11 11 11
2 11 :10: 11 :10: 11 :10; 11 OX ; 11 :10; 11 D~ ; 11 X 1 11 M
... ... ... . . .. .. .. ..
3 11 = 1=0 11 =01 = 11 = 1=1 11 =01 11 =10 = 11 40 = 11 01 11 01
... ... ... ... ... ... .. ..
4 11 1-1 11 =41 = 11 =00= 11 10 11 0~ 11 00. 11 10 11 01
... ... ... ... ... ... .. ..
11 :1:1: 11 :00: il :0:1: il :10: 11 : b: 11 :10 : 11 10 11 11
6 11 ;1;1; I1 ;11 : 11 11 11 ;10; 11 11 ; 11 10 11 11
7 11 .1=0- 11 = 1=1 . 11 =01 = 11 .10. 11 =10 = 11 =I 1 11 01 11 00
8 11 '01 11 00 11 -10- 11 .00 = 11 00 - 11 00 11 40 11 01
... ... ... ... ... ... .. ..
9 11 1: 11 :10: il :0:0: 11 :07: - 11 11 11 00
1 0 11 `01= 11 11F 11 =1=1 11 I00' -- 11 01 11 01
... ... ... ... .. ..
... ... ... ..
1 1 11 1=0= 11 =10= 11 =1=1- 11 -10= - 11 11 11 10
... ... ... ... .. ..
1 2 11 :01: 11 10 11 11 :00: 11 01 11 01
1 3 i l: 10: 11 11 :11: 11 :10 : - 11 00 11 01
1 4 11 00- 11 '10- 11 '10' 11 fl0- - 11 10 11 00
TTT
1 5 11 01= lI =10- 11 =00= 11 00 - 11 01 II 00
1 6 . 11 :1:0: 11 00: 11 :00: 11 :00: - 11 00 11 00
*In Table 5, each bit is transmitted in the order of
"I" and "Q" from the left-hand side to the right-
5 hand side.
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~
*In the forward common control physical channels,
burst mode transmission of a radio frame length can
take place, in which case, the pilot symbols are
added at the final position of the bursts. The
number of symbols and the symbol pattern to be added
is the slot #1 pattern of Table 5.
*In the reverse common control physical channels,
one radio frame forms one burst, and the pilot
symbols are added at the final position of the radio
frame. The number of symbols and the symbol pattern
to be added is the slot #1 pattern of Table 5.
4.1.2.3.3. TPC symbol.
The relationships between transmission power
control (TPC) symbol patterns and transmission power
control amounts are shown in Table 6.
Table 6 TPC symbol patterns.
TPC symbol transmission power
control amount
1 1 + 1. 0 dB
00 -1.0dB
4.1.2.3.4. Long code mask symbol.
*A long code mask symbol is spread by a short code
only without using any long code.
*Although symbols of the perch channels other than
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~
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,
the long code mask symbol use the short codes in
layered orthogonal code sequences as shown in Fig.
20, the long code mask symbol is spread using the
short code selected from the orthogonal Gold
sequences with a code length of 256. Details
concerning this will be described in 4.1.4.1.3.
*The long code mask symbol is contained one symbol
per slot in the first and second perch channels, and
the symbol pattern thereof is "11".
*The perch channels use two spreading codes to
transmit their long code mask symbols individually.
In particular, the second perch channel tranJmits
only the long code mask symbol without transmitting
any other symbol.
4.1.2.4. Mapping of the logical channels onto the
physical channels.
Fig. 8 illustrates the relationships between the
physical channels and the logical channels that are
mapped onto the physical channels.
4.1.2.4.1. Perch channels.
Fig. 9 illustrates a mapping example of the
logical-channel onto the perch channel.
*Only BCCH1 and BCCH2 are mapped.
*Onto the initial position of the super frame, BCCH1
is mapped without exception.
*With respect to the mapping other than the mapping
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of the BCCH1 into the initial position of the super
frame, either BCCH1 or BCCH2 is mapped in accordance
with structure information designated.
*The BCCH1 and BCCH2 are each transmitted in every
2 XN consecutive radio frames so that two radio
frames constitute one radio unit, and transmit one
layer 3 message. The layer 3 message transmitted
through the BCCH1 and BCCH2 do not overlay two or
more super frames.
*The BCCH1 and BCCH2 each transmit in each radio
unit the following information, for example, which
is generated by the BTS.
*SFN (System Frame Number).
*Reverse interfering power amount.
The reverse interfering power amount is a
time-varying latest result measured by the BTS.
*The information BCCH1 and BCCH2 transmit can have
different characteristics. For example, BCCH1 can
transmit time-fixed information, whereas BCCH2 can
transmit time-varying informatiori. In this case,
the time-varying information can be transmitted
efficiently by reducing the occur.rence frequency of
the,BCCH1 and increasing that of the BCCH2. The
occurrence frequencies of the BCCH1 and BCCH2 can be
determined considering the frequency of changes in
the information. It is also possible to dispose the
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BCCH1 at fixed positions of the super frame, such as
the initial and central positions, for example, and
places BCCH2 at the remaining positions. As an
example of time-fixed information, there are code
numbers of control channels of contiguous cells or
the present cell. The above-mentioned reverse
interfering power amount is time-varying
information.
*Although the foregoing description is provided in
an example including two broadcast control channels
(BCCH1 and BCCH2), three or more broadcast control
channels can be provided. These multiple broadcast
control channels can be transmitted with varying
their occurrence frequencies.
4.1.2.4.2. Common control physical channel.
*Only PCH and FACHs are mapped into the forward
common control physical channel. RACHs are mapped
into the reverse common control physical channel.
*Either FACHs or PCHs are mapped into a single
forward common control physical channel.
*Whether the logical channel to be mapped into the
single forward common control physical channel is
PCH or FACH is determined for each common control
physical channel established.
*One forward common control physical channel into
which the FACHs are mapped is paired with one
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.,*-.
reverse common control physical channel. The pair
is designated by a pair of spreading codes. The
designation of the pair is in terms of the physical
channel, in which the sizes (S/L) of the FACH and
RACH are not defined. As the FACH a mobile station
receives and the RACH it transmits, a pair of the
FACH and RACH is used on the pair of the forward
common control physical channel and reverse common
control physical channel, respectively. In
addition, in an Ack transmission processing by the
BTS for the received RACH, which will be described
later, the Ack is transmitted through the FACH-S on
the forward common control physical channel which is
paired with the reverse common control physical
channel through which the received RACH is
transmitted.
4.1.2.4.2.1. A mapping method of PCHs into the
common control physical channel.
Fig. 10 illustrates a mapping method of the PCHs.
*The PCHs are each divided into a plurality of
groups in a super frame, and each group transmits
the layer 3 information.
*The number of groups per common control physical
channel is 256.
*Each group of the PCHs contains information of an
amount of four time slots, and consists of six
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CA 02484367 1998-04-17
information portions: two portions are for incoming
call presence and absence indicators (PD portions),
and the remaining four portions are for called user
identification number portions (I portions).
*The PD portions are transmitted prior to the I
portions in each group.
*The six information portions are assigned to over
24 time slots in a predetermined pattern in all the
groups. The pattern over the 24 time slots are
shifted every four slot interval so as to dispose
the plurality of groups onto the single common
control physical channel.
*The first PCH is disposed such that the initial
symbols of the PD portion of the first PCH becomes
the initial symbols of the super frame. The
sections of PCHs in each group are disposed in the
PCH radio frames such that they are shifted every
four time slot interval in the order of the second
group, third group, etc.
*The final one of the groups overlays the two super
frames.
4.1.2.4:2.2. Mapping method of the FACH onto the
common control physical channel.
Fig. 11 shows a mapping example of the FACH.
*Any FACH radio frame on a common control physical
channel can be used as either a logical channel
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CA 02484367 1998-04-17
FACH-L or FACH-S. The logical channel that receives
a transmission request first is transmitted by the
FACH radio frame.
*If the length of the information to be transmitted
by the FACH is longer than a predetermined value,
FACH-L is used, and otherwise FACH-S is used.
*With respect to FACH-S, four FACH-S'es are time
multiplexed into one FACH radio frame to be
transmitted.
*Each of the four FACH-S'es consists of four time
slots, and is disposed in one radio frame at every
four time slot interval, with shifting one slot for
each FACH-S. Thus, the time slots assigned to the
four FACH-S'es are as follows.
First FACH-S: First, fifth, ninth and 13th time
slots.
Second FACH-S: Second, sixth, 10th and 14th time
slots.
Third FACH-S: Third, seventh, 11th and 15th time
slots.
Four FACH-S: Fourth, eighth, 12th and 16th time
slots.
*If the first logical channel that receives the
transmission request is a FACH-S, other FACH-S'es
that are stored in a buffer at that time can be
transmitted up to four with time multiplexing them
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into one FACH radio frame. In this case, even if a
FACH-L has been stored by that time, FACH-S'es that
receive a transmission request later than that FACH-
L can be multiplexed and transmitted.
*A mobile station can simultaneously receive the
entire FACH-S'es and FACH-L on each common control
physical channel. It is sufficient for a mobile
station to receive one common control physical
channel even in the case where a base station
transmits a plurality of common control physical
channels for transmitting FACHs. Which one of them
is to be received by the mobile station is
determined between the mobile station and the BTS.
*The FACH-S has two modes of transmission format.
One is a format (layer 3 transmission mode) for
transmitting information of layer 3 and higher order
which is designated. The other one is a format (ACK
mode) for transmitting an ACK of receiving a RACH.
*An ACK mode FACH-S can contain ACKs to up to seven
mobile stations at the maximum.
*An ACK mode FACH-S is always transmitted as the
first FACH-S.
*An ACK=mode FACH-S is transmitted at fir.st, even if
the transmission request is received after other
FACH's.
*If an information volume of a higher rank
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CA 02484367 1998-04-17
information form (CPS: content provider system)
that is transmitted by FACH radio units amounts to a
plurality of FACH radio units, a continuous
transmission is guaranteed. No other CPS is allowed
to intrude into the transmission. Even the ACK mode
FACH-S, which is given top priority as described
above, is not allowed to intrude to be transmitted.
*When one CPS is transmitted with a plurality of
FACH radio units, either FACH-L's or FACH-S'es are
used, without being used in a mixed manner.
*When one CPS is transmitted coritinuously with a
plurality of FACH-S radio units, the (n+l)-th FACH-S
radio unit follows the n-th FACH-S radio unit,
except that it is the first FACH-S radio unit that
follows the fourth FACH-S radio unit.
4.1.2.4.2.3. A mapping method of a RACH onto a
common control physical channel.
*A RACH-S is mapped onto a 16 ksps reverse common
control physical channel, and a RACH-L is mapped
onto a 64 ksps reverse com.-non control physical
channel. Both the RACH-S and RACH-L consist of one
radio frame of 10 ms long. Wheri they are
transmitted through wireless sections, four pilot
symbols are added to the final position of the radio
frame.
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CA 02484367 1998-04-17
' # .
*When transmitting the F.ACH, a mobile station uses
the RACH-L or RACH-S freely in accordance with a
transmission information volume.
*Receiving the RACH-L or RACH-S normally, a base
station transmits Ack to the mobile station through
a FACH. The RACH and its associated FACH that
transmits the Ack are designated by assigning the
same RL-ID to both the channels.
*The frame timing for transmitting the RACH from the
mobile station is delayed by a predetermined offset
from the frame timing of the common control physical
channel onto which the FACH for transmitting the Ack
is mapped. The offset can take 16 values, one of
which the mobile station randomly selects to send
the RACH.
*The base station must have the function of
receiving the RACH-L and RACH-S at all the offset
timings.
4.1.2.4.3. Dedicated physical charinel.
*The SDCCH and UPCH each occupy one dedicated
physical channel.
*With regard to 32-256 ksps dedicated physical
channels, a DTCH and an ACCH are time multiplexed to
share the same dedicated physical channel.
*With regard to 512 ksps and 1024 ksps dedicated
physical channels, only a DTCH occupies the
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CA 02484367 1998-04-17
dedicated physical channel without multiplexing an
ACCH.
*The time multiplexing of the DTCH and ACCH is
carried out for each time slot by dividing logical
channel symbols in the time slot and assigning them
to the two channels. The ratio of the division
varies depending on the symbol rate of the dedicated
physical channel. Fig. 12 illustrates a mapping
method of the DTCH and ACCH onto the dedicated
physical channel.
*The number of radio frames constituting a radio
unit of the ACCH varies depending on the symbol rate
of a dedicated physical channel. The radio unit of
the ACCH is allocated in synchronism with a super
frame such that it is divided in accordance with the
number of the time slots and its divisions are
allocated to the entire time slots over one or more
radio frames. Figs. 13A-13C each illustrate a
mapping method of the ACCH onto a super frame of the
dedicated physical channel for each symbol rate.
*One reason why the number of the radio frames
constituting the radio unit varies depending on the
symbol rates is that an error correcting code (CRC)
is added to each radio unit to detect and correct
errors in each unit, and hence increasing the number
of the radio unit will lead to increase the overhead
- 50 -
CA 02484367 1998-04-17
of the error correcting-processing (concerning the
coding processing of the ACCH, refer to Figs. 72-
74). Another reason is that if the number of the
radio units per super frame is increased in the case
where the symbol rate is low, the ratio of the error
correcting code increases, reducing the volume of
the substantially transmitted information.
*In multicode transmission, the AC'CH radio unit does
not overlay two or more physical channels, but is
transmitted using a particular one code (physical
channel). The particular one code is predetermined.
4.1.2.5. Logical channel coding.
Figs. 64-84 illustrate coding processings of
logical channels, which are carried out in a base
station (BTS).
4.1.2.5.1. Error detecting code (CRC).
An error detecting code (CRC) is added to each
CPSPDU (common part sublayer protocol data unit),
each internal encoding unit, or each selection
combining unit.
4.1.2.5.1.1. Generator polynomials
(1) 16-bit CRC
*Application: CPSPDU of the entire logical channels
except for the DTCH and PCH; internal encoding unit
of UPCHs at all the symbol rates; selection
combining unit of the 32 ksps DTCH; and an internal
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CA 02484367 1998-04-17
encoding unit of the SDCCH, FACH-S/L or RACH-S/L.
*Generator polynomial:
GCRC16 (X) = X16 + X12 + X5 + 1
(2) 14-bit CRC
*Application: ACCHs at all the symbol rates.
*Generator polynomial:
GCRC14 (X) = X14 + X13 + X5 + X3 + X2 + 1
(3) 13-bit CRC
*Application: Selection combining units of 64/128
/256 ksps DTCHs.
*Generator polynomial:
GCRC13 (X) = X13 + X12 + X7 + X6 + X5 + X4 + X2 + 1
(4) 8-bit CRC
*Application: CPSPDU of PCH.
*Generator polynomial: GCRC8 (X) = X8 + X7 + X2 + 1
4.1.2.5.1.2. CRC calculation application range.
*CRC for each CPSPDU: Entire CPSPDU.
*CRC for each ACCH/DTCH selection combining unit:
Entire unit except for tail bits.
*CRC for each SDCCH/FACH/RACH/UPCH internal encoding
unit: Entire uni-t except for tail bits.
*Figs. 64-84 illustrate by shaded portions the CRC
calculation application range and CRC bits,.
4.1.2.5.1.3. Uses of CRC check results.
*CRC for each CPSPDU: Making a decision as to
whether to carry out retransmission according to a
- 52 -
CA 02484367 1998-04-17
retransmission protocol-of a higher layer (SSCOP,
layer 3 retransmission)
*CRC for each ACCH/DTCH selection combining unit:
(i) outer-loop transmission power control; (ii)
selection combining reliability information.
*CRC for each UPCH internal encoding unit: outer-
loop transmission power control.
*CRC for each RACH internal encoding unit: layer 1
retransmission.
*CRC for each SDCCH internal encoding unit: (i)
outer-loop transmission power control; (ii) making a
decision on the necessity for wire transmission.
4.1.2.5.1.4. Initialization of CRC
*The initial value of a CRC calculator is "all Os".
4.1.2.5.2. PAD.
*Application: The CPSPDU of the logical channels
except for DTCHs.
*A PAD is used for aligning the length of the CPSPDU
with the integer multiple of the internal encoding
unit length or selection combining unit length.
*The PAD is contained in the CPSPDU by 1 oct. unit.
*The bits of the PAD is "all Os".
4.1.2.5:3. Length
*Application: The CPSPDU of logical channels except
for DTCHs.
*Length shows an information volume (the number of
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CA 02484367 1998-04-17
octets) of the padding in the CPSPDU.
4.1.2.5.4. W bits
*W bits indicates the initial, continuous, or final
position of the CPSPDU for each internal encoding
unit (for each selection combining unit in the case
of an ACCH). The relationships between the bit
patterns of the W bits and their indications are
shown in Table 7, and the uses thereof is shown in
Fig. 14.
*A flowchart illustrating an assenlbling process of
the CPSPDU using the W bits is shown in Figs. 95A to
96B.
Table 7 W bit pattern
W bits Tdesignated contents
00 continue & continue
01 continue & end
10 start & continue
11 start & end
4.1.2.5.5. Internal code.
*An internal code is one of the convolutional
coding. Figs. 15A and 15B each shows a
convolutional encoder.
*Features of internal encoding for respective
logical channels are shown in Table 8.
- 54 -
CA 02484367 1998-04-17
Ff.
L_>y
*The output of the convolutional encoder is produced
in the order of output 0, output 1 and output 2
(coding rate of 1/2 is applied to up to output 1).
*The initial value of the shift register of the
encoder is "all Os".
55 -
CA 02484367 1998-04-17
..:
~..'
Table 8
Features of internal encoding.
Types of Cons- Encod- Depth of Number of
logical traint ing interleav- slots/radio
channels length rate ing unit
BCCH 1 10 32
BCCH 2 10 32
PCH 16 4
FACH-L 72 16
FACH-S 1/2 72 4(4 slot
interval)
FACH-L 72 16
FACH-S 32 8
SDCCH 30 16
ACCH(32 9 6 64
/64ksps)
ACCH(128ksps) 10 32
ACCH(256ksps) 24 16
DTCH ( 3 2ksps ) 24 16
DTCH(64ksps) 1/3 64 16
DTCH(128ksps) 140 16
DTCH (2 5 6ksps) 278 16
DTCH(512ksps) 622 16
DTCH(1024ksps) 1262 16
UPCH ( 3 2ksps ) 30 16
UPCH(64sps) 1/3 70 16
UPCH(128ksps) 150 16
UPCH(256ksps) 302 16
4.1.2.5.6. External encoding.
56 -
CA 02484367 1998-04-17
_-,=._. M..
(1) Reed-Solomon encoding/decoding.
*Code form: An abbreviated code RS(36,32) derived
from a primitive code RS(255, 251) defined over a
Galois field GF(28).
*Primitive polynomial: p = X8 + X7 + X2 + X + 1.
*Code generator polynomial:
G(x) = ( X+aC12 0)( X+(C121) ( X+pC12 2)( X+a=12 3)
*An external encoding is applied only when
unrestricted digital transmission in a circuit
switching mode is carried out. The external
encoding is carried out every 64 kbps (1B) interval
independently of the transmission rate.
(2) Symbol interleaving.
*Interleaving is carried out on an 8-bit symbol unit
basis.
*The depth of the interleaving is 36 symbols
independently of the symbol rate of the DTCH.
(3) External code handling alignment.
*Each external code handling unit consists of 80 ms
long data.
*The external code handling is processed in
synchronism with radio frames. The radio frames in
the external code handling unit are provided with
sequence numbers 0-7 in the order of transmission.
The external code handling alignment is established
in accordance with the sequence numbers. The number
- 57
-
CA 02484367 1998-04-17
of alignment guard stages are as follows (default =
2).
The number.of forward guard stages: NF (default
= 2)
The number of backward guard stages: NR (default
= 2)
4.1.2.5.7. Reverse link interfering amount.
*It is reported through the BCCHl and BCCH2.
*It is the latest measured value of the reverse
interfering amount (total received power including
thermal noise) for each sector.
*A measuring method is defined by measurement
parameters.
*Table 9 shows an example of correspondence between
bit values and reverse interfering amounts. The
bits are transmitted from the leftmost bit in the
table.
*The bits takes an idle pattern (see, 4.1.10) when
the start of the measurement is not designated.
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CA 02484367 1998-04-17
Table 9 Correspondence of the bit values to the reverse
interfering amounts.
Bit values Reverse interfering amounts
1 1 1 1 1 1 equal to or greater than
-143.OdBm/Hz
1 1 1 11 0 equal to or greater than
-143. 5dBm/Hz
less than -:143. OdBm/Hz
0 0 0 0 0 1 equal to or greater than
-174. OdBm/Hz
less than -1 73. 5dBm/Hz
00 0000 less than-1 74. OdBm/Hz
4.1.2.5.8. SFN (System Frame Number)
*System frame number (SFN) is reported through the
BCCH1 and BCCH2.
*The SFN has a one-to-one correspondence with the
radio frame, and is incremented by one for each 10
msec long radio frame.
*The SFN of the first one of the two radio frames at
each transmission timing of the BCCH1 or BCCH2 is
transmitted over the BCCH1 or BCCH2. Fig. 16
illustrates a transmission example of the SFN.
_ 59 _
CA 02484367 1998-04-17
s~ `h
~.,
*The base station generates counter values based on
the timings designated by transmission paths.
*The range of the SFN: 0 - 216-1. The radio frame
with SFN=216-1 is followed by the radio frame with
SFN=O.
*Bit arrangement: Fig. 17 shows the bit arrangement
of the SFN. The bits are transmitted from the MSB
of this figure.
*Uses of the SFN.
(1) For calculating the phase of a reverse link
long code: The reverse link long code phase at the
originating/terminating connection and at the
diversity handover is calculated as will be
described in 4.1.3 and illustrated in Figs. 85-88 to
generate a long code.
(2) For establishing super frame alignment: The
radio frame with the SFN of mod 64 = 0 is the
initial frame in a super frame, and the radio frame
with the SFN of mod 64 = 63 is the final frame in
the super frame.
4.1.2.5.9. Transmi.ssion power.
*Transmission power is broadcasted over the BCCH1
and BCCH2.
*Transmission power of the perch channel is
notified.
*Range of the value: 6 dBm - 43 dBm.
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CA 02484367 1998-04-17
*Bit arrangement: 6-bit binary notation of a value
expressed in dBm unit (for example, 6dBm is
represented as "000110' ). The bits are transmitted
from the MSB.
4.1.2.5.10. PID (Packet ID).
*Application: RACH-S/L; FACH-S/L.,
*A PID is an identifier for identifying, on a common
control physical channel, a call or a mobile
station, which is associated with transmitted
information.
*Information length: 16 bits.
*The PID value on a FACH is designated togetlier with
its transmitted information. The PID value
transmitted over the RACH is notified along with the
transmitted information.
*Uses: The major uses of the PID are as follows.
(i) For sending a request for establishing the
SDCCH, and for sending an establishment response.
The PID is used for sending from a mobile station
to the BTS through the RACH a request for
establishing the SDCCH, and from the BTS to the
mobile station through the FACH an establishment
response. The PID on the FACH that transmits the
establishment response is identical to the PID on
25, the RACH that sends the establishment request. The
PID value for this purpose is randomly selected by
_ 61 _
CA 02484367 1998-04-17
the mobile station.
(ii) For carrying out packet transmission.
The PID is used for the packet data transmission
on the RACH and FACH. The PID value for this
purpose is determined by the base station that
selects a unique value for each sector.
*A range of the PID value: A range over 16 bits is
divided into two parts which are used for the
foregoing purposes. Table 10 shows an example of
the ranges for the uses.
*Bi.t structure: PID values (0 - 65535) are
represented by the 16-bit binary notation. The bits
are transmitted from the MSB.
Table 10 Range of PID values.
Uses Range of
values
SDCCH establishment request 0-63
immediately before SDCCH
establishment and establishment
response
Packet transmission 6 4--- 6 5 5 3 5
4.1.2.5.11. Mo.
*Mo is a bit for identifying the mode of the FACH-S.
*An example of its bit structure is shown in Table
11.
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CA 02484367 1998-04-17
= ~. ~
Table 11 Bit structure-of Mo.
Bit 1Ident1f1t0n content
0 Normal mode
1 jAck mode
4.1.2.5.1.2. U/C.
*Application: RACH-S/L,,FACH-S/L and 'UPCHs of all
the symbol rates.
*The U/C bit is an identifier for identifying
whether the information conveyed by the CPSSDU
(content provider system service data unit) is user
information or control information.
*An example of its bit structure is shown in Table
12.
Table 12 Structure of U/C bit
Bit Identification content
0 User information
1 Control information
4.1.2.5.13. TN (terminal node information).
*Application: RACH-S/L, FACH-S/L and UPCHs of all
the symbol rates.
*The TN bit is an identifier for identifying a base
station side terminal node of the information
conveyed by the CPSSDU.
*An example of its bit structure is shown in Table
- 63 -
CA 02484367 1998-04-17
F~.
~~.
13.
Table 13 Structure of TN bit
Bit Identification content
RACH, Reverse UPCH FACH, Forward UPCH
0 MCC termination Transmission from
MCC
1 BTS termination Transmission from
BTS
4.1.2.5.14. Sequence number (S bits).
*Application: RACH
*The sequence number is for achieving highly
efficient assembling of CPS considering
retransmission (layer 1 retransmission) over the
RACH between the MS and BTS.
*A range of the sequence number: 0-15.
*A CPS is assembled on the basis of the Sequence
number and the CRC check result.
*The sequence number is "0" in the first radio unit
of the CPSPDU.
*Figs. 96A and 96B illustrate a flowchart of an
assembling method of CPSPDU of a RACH using the W
bits and S bits.
4.1.2.5.15. PD portion.
*Application: PCH.
*The PD portion includes PD1 and PD2, both of which
_ 64 _
CA 02484367 1998-04-17
can be used in the same_manner.
*The PD portion is an identifier for instructing a
mobile station about the presence and absence of
incoming call information, and the necessity of
receiving the BCCH. Transmitting the PD1 and PD2 at
different timings enables the mobile station to
improve the reception quality owing to the time
diversity effect.
*An example of the bit arrangement is shown in Table
14.
Table 14 Bit structure of PD portion.
Bits Identification contents
all Os Incoming call information is
absent and BCCH reception is
unnecessary.
all 1s Incoming call information is
present or BCCH reception is
necessary.
4.1.2.5.16. Maximum length of CPSSDU.
*The maximum length of the CPSSDU is LCPS regardless
of the types of the logical channels. The LCPS is
set as one of the system parameters.
4.1.3. Transmitting and receiving timings of the
base station.
*Figs. 85-88 illustrate concrete examples of the
transmitting and receiving timings of radio frames
- 65 -
CA 02484367 1998-04-17
~--_
along with long code phases for each physical
channel, when the chip rate is 4.096 Mcps.
*The BTS generates a reference frame timing (BTS
reference SFN) from a transmission path.
*The transmitting and receiving timings of various
physical channels are established as timings that
are offset from the BTS reference SFN. Table 15
shows the offset values of the radio frame
transmitting and receiving timings of the physical
channels.
*The BTS reference long code phase is determined
such that the long code phase becomes zero at the
first chip of the frame whose timing corresponds to
BTS reference SFN=O.
*The long code phase of various physical channels
are established at phases that are offset with
respect to the ETS reference long code phase. The
offset values of the long code phases of the
physical channels are also shown in Table 15.
Table 15 Offset values (in terms of chips) of
Transmitting and receiving timings of physical
channels.
Physical Transmitting and Long code phases
channels receiving timings of
radio frames
Perch channel TsEcr TsECr
- 66 -
CA 02484367 1998-04-17
Forward common TsECT+`I'cccH TsEcT
control
physical
Forward TSECT + TFRAME + TSLOT TSECr
dedicated
physical
channel (during
non-DHO)
Forward TsEcz.+ CTDHO >*' "320XC*2 TsECr
dedicated
physical
channel (during
DHO)
Reverse common (1) TsECr+"TcccH (1) TsECr+TcccH
control
physical
channel (RACH)
(2) TsEcT+TcccH+2560xC (2) TsEcr +TcccH +2560xC
(3) TsEcr+TcccH+5120xC (3) TsEcr+TcccH+5120xC
(16) TsEcr+TcccH+7680xC (16) TsEcr+TcccH+7680xC
Reverse TsECr+TFuuAME-f-TsLOT+ 320xC TsECr
dedicated
physical
channel (during
non-DHO)
Rever s e TSECr + TDHO TSECC+TDHO'TFRAME-TSLOT-320XC
dedicated
physical
channel (during
DHO)
*1: <> denotes that TDHO which is represented in
terms of chips is round down into a symbol based
representation.
_ 67 -
CA 02484367 1998-04-17
*2: 340XC equals the number of chips corresponding
to 1/2 slot. Thus, C has different values depending
on chip rates:. C = 1, 4, 8, 16 for chip rates =
1.024, 4.096, 8.192 and 16.384 Mcps, respectively.
*Although the physical channels other than the perch
channel are not provided with the SFN, all the
physical channels consider the frame number (FN)
corresponding to the SFN of the perch channel. The
FN, which is not present physically in a transmitted
signal, is generated in a mobile station and the
base station for respective physical channels in
accordance with the predetermined correspondence -
with the SFN of the perch channel. The
correspondence between the SFN and FN are also shown
in Figs. 85-88.
*The of f set values TSECT, TDHO, TCCCH, TFRAME and TSLOT
will be described here.
TSECT
*Of f set values TSECTS vary from sector to sector.
(Although they are synchronized between sectors
within the base station, they are asynchronous
between base stations).
*Each TSECT is applied to all the physical channels
in the sector.
*The range of their values, which are represented in
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CA 02484367 1998-04-17
terms of chips, is within a slot interval.
*The long code phases of the forward dedicated
physical channels are all aligned with the offset
values TSECTS in order to reduce the interfering
amount due to forward link orthgonalization.
*A mobile station can recognize, if it receives the
long code mask symbol, the long code phase
(corresponding to TSECT) , and hence can carry out
transmission and reception using it.
*Varying the offset values TsscTs between the sectors
makes it possible to prevent the long code mask
symbols from taking place at the same timing,
thereby enabling each mobile station to select its
cell appropriately.
TCCCH
*Each TCCCH is an offset value for a radio frame
timing of the common control physical channel.
*It can be set for each common control physical
channel.
*This serves to reduce the occurrence frequency of
the matching of transmission patterns between a
plurality of common control physical channels in the
same sector, thereby making uniform the forward
direction interfering amount.
*The range of its value, which is represented in
terms of symbols, is within the slot interval.
_
- 69
CA 02484367 1998-04-17
Although its value is designated in terms of chips,
the value is round down to a symbol unit of the
common control physical channel to be used for the
offset.
TFRAME
*The TFP-AME is an offset value for the radio frame
timing of the dedicated physical channel.
*It can be set separately for each. dedicated
physical channel.
*The base station determines the TFRAME at a call
setup, and notifies the mobile station of it. The
reverse link transmission is also carried out using
this offset value.
*Because all the processings in the base station is
carried out in synchronism with the offset value,
there occurs no delay in the processings.
*It serves for the purpose of making uniform
(random) the transmission traffic, thereby improving
the efficiency of wire ATM transm:ission.
*Its value is represented in terms of slots (0.625
ms), and its range is within one radio frame.
TSLOT
*The TSLOT is an offset value for the radio frame
timing of the dedicated physical channel.
*It can be set separately for each dedicated
physical channel.
- 70 -
CA 02484367 1998-04-17
P=4'~
*It serves to prevent the transmission pattern
matching, and thereby making the interference
uniform.
*The range of its value which is represented in
terms of symbols is within the slot interval.
Although its value is designated in terms of chips,
the value is round down to a symbol unit of the
common control physical channel, and the rounded
down value is used for the offset.
TDHO
*The TDHO is an offset value for the radio frame
timing of the dedicated physical channel and for the
reverse link long code phase.
*It corresponds to a measured value by a mobile
station of the timing difference between the reverse
direction transmitting timing of the mobile station
and the received timing by the mobile station of the
perch channel of the DHO destination station.
*The range of its value which is represented in
terms of chips is within the reverse long code phase
range (0-216-1)
*Although in the base station (B'7'S) the received
timings of the reverse physical channels
approximately agree with those of Table 15, they
actually fluctuate owing to propagation delay
between the mobile stations and the base station and
- 71 -
CA 02484367 1998-04-17
T
e.~,:
to the variations of the propagation delays. The
base station (BTS) receives with canceling these
fluctuations by means of buffers or the like.
*The radio frame timing of the dedicated physical
channel of a reverse link is delayed by half a slot
interval as compared with that of a. forward link.
Thus, the delay of the transmission power control
becomes one slot interval, thereby reducing control
errors. More specific setting scheme of the timing
differences are illustrated in Figs. 85-88.
*With regard to the reverse common control physical
channel (RACH).
*The radio frame timing of the RACH is offset from
that of the corresponding forward common control
physical channel. The offset value has four steps
at time slot intervals.
*The initial position of a radio frame is aligned
with the initial value of the long code phase.
Thus, the long code phase has four offset values, as
well.
*A mobile station can transmit by selecting any one
of the four offset timings. The BTS can always
receive the RACHs simultaneously which are
transmitted at all the offset timings.
4.1.4. Spreading code.
- 72 -
CA 02484367 1998-04-17
4.1.4.1. Generating method.
4.1.4.1.1. Forward long code.
*A forward long code consists of the Gold codes
using M sequences obtained from the following
generator polynomials.
(Shift register 1) X18 + X7 + 1
(Shift register 2) X18 + XI0 + X7 + X5 + 1
*A configuration of a forward long code generator is
shown in Fig. 18.
*The initial state of a long code number value is
defined as a state in which the value of the shift
register 1 represents that long code number, aald the
value of the shift register 2 is set at "all is".
Thus, the range of the long code number is 00000h -
3FFFFh. The MSB of-the long code number is first
input to the leftmost bit of the shift*register 1 of
the generator of Fig. 18.
*The forward long code has a period of one radio
frame interval. Accordingly, the output of the long
code generator is truncated at 10 ms so that it
repeats the pattern from phase 0 to the phase
corresponding to 10 ms. Thus, the range of the
phase varies as shown in Table 16 in accordance with
the chip rate. In addition, as will be described
later in 4.1.5.3., the phase of the inphase
component of the long code is shifted from that of
_ 73
CA 02484367 1998-04-17
the quadrature component by an amount of "shift",
which makes it possible to differentiate the inphase
component from the quadrature component. Table 16
shows the phases of the two components when the
"shift" is set at 1024.
*The long code generator can implenient a state in
which its phase is shifted from the initial state by
an amount of any integer multiple of a clock period.
Table 16 Correspondence between chip rates and
ranges of the phase of a forward long code.
Chip rates (Mcps) Ranges of the phase (chips)
Inphase component Quadrature
1.024 0^- 10239 1024 - 11263
4.096 0-40959 1024 -41983
8.192 0-81919 1024- 82943
16.384 0-163839 1024- 164863
4.1.4.1.2. Reverse long code,
*A reverse long code is one of the Gold codes using
M sequences obtained from the following generator
polynomials.
(Shift register 1) X41 + X3 + 1
(Shift register 2) X41 + X20 + 1
*A configuration of a reverse long code generator is
shown in Fig. 19.
- 74 -
CA 02484367 1998-04-17
. ~.;,
*The initial state of a.long code.number is defined
as a state in which the value of the shift register
1 equals that long code number, and the value of the
shift register 2 is set at "all 1s". Thus, the
range of the long code number is 00000000000h -
1FFFFFFFFFFh. The MSB of the long code number is
first input to the leftmost bit of the shift
register 1 of the generator of Fig. 19.
*The reverse long code has a period of 216 radio
frame intervals (that is, 210 super frame intervals).
Accordingly, the output of the long code generator
is truncated at 216 radio frame intervals so that it
repeats the pattern from phase 0 to the phase
corresponding to 216 radio frame intervals. Thus,
the range of the phase varies as shown in Table 17
in accordance with the chip rate. In addition, as
will be described later in 4.1.5.3., the phase of
the inphase component of the long code is shifted
from that of the quadrature component by an amount
of "shift". Table 17 shows the phases of the two
components when the "shift" is set at 1024.
*The long code generator can implement a state in
which its phase is shifted from the initial state by
an amount of any integer multiple of the clock
period.
- 75 -
CA 02484367 1998-04-17
Table 17
Correspondence between chip rate and ranges of
the phase of a reverse link long code.
Chip rates Ranges of the phase (chips)
(Mcps)
Inphase component Quadrature
component
1.024 0- 216 X 10240-1 1024 -- 2"X 10240 + 1023
4.096 0-2"X 40960-1 1024 -216 X 40960 + 1023
8.192 0- 216X 81920-1 1024-216X 81920+1023
16.384 0,-216 X 163840-1 1024--2t6X 163840+ 1023
4.1.4.1.3. Short code.
4.1.4.1.3.1. Short code for symbols other than the
long code mask symbols.
*The following layered orthogonal code sequences are
used for the symbols of all the physical channels
except for the perch channels, and for the symbols
other than the long code mask symbols of the perch
channels.
*A short code consisting of the layered orthogonal
code sequences is designated by a code class number
(Class) and a code numb.er (Number). The period of
the short code varies for each short code class
number.
*Fig. 20 illustrates a generating method of the
- 76 -
CA 02484367 1998-04-17
short codes which are each represented as Cclass
(Number).
*The period of the short codes equals the period of
a symbol. Therefore, if the chip rate (spread
spectrum bandwidth) is the same, the short code
period varies in accordance with the symbol rate,
and the number of usable short codes also varies in
accordance with the symbol rate. The relationships
of the symbol rate with the short code class, short
code period and short code number are shown in Table
18.
*The short code numbering system is composed of the
code class and code number, which are represented by
4 bits and 12 bits in the binary notation,
respectively.
*The short code phase is synchronized with the
modulation and demodulation symbols. In other
words, the first chip of each symbol corresponds to
the short code phase = 0.
- 77 -
CA 02484367 1998-04-17
44 fll
O `L3
0 fc U o0 ~U N_
00 cN Nt N N ~ d
~4 "" .-.
O
~
O
U
O Q 00 M ~ N N i/ ~ O
o~
~
ro
O m
U 02
41 (0 e'P1 +n ~o C- 00 Q\ a
u r-i
O
~
S~.
~U+
U) 0o rh N
1:4 M IO
..~ .,..,
~
LZ,
U
00
O N \0 00
Lr)
~~~?yyI Q V)
CA
W
`~ tl ::~
\c N
C'A ,p ---
- 78 -
CA 02484367 1998-04-17
f""^
= ~>
4.1.4.1.3.2. Short codes for long code mask
symbols.
*Apart from the other symbols, the long code mask
symbols of the perch channels use as their short
codes the orthogonal Gold codes using M sequences
which are obtained from the following generator
polynomials.
(Shift register 1) X8 + X4 + X3 + X2 + 1
(Shift register 2) X8 + X6 + X5 + X3 + 1
*Fig. 21 shows a configuration of a short code
generator for the long code mask symbols.
*The initial value of the shift register 1 is a
short code number NLMS (value range: 0-255) for the
long code mask symbol. The MSB of the number NLMS is
first input in the leftmost bit of: the shift
register 1.
*The initial value of the shift register 2 is "all
1s".
*If "all 1s ' of the shift register 2 is detected,
the shift operation is halted and "0" is inserted.
*The first chip of the short code output becomes 0.
*The period of the short code is one symbol interval
(256 chips) of the perch channel.
4.1.4.2. Allocation method of spreading codes.
4.1.4.2.1. Forward long code.
*In the system operation, all the sectors in a cell
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CA 02484367 1998-04-17
share a common single long code niunber allocated
thereto. In the system configuration, different
long code numbers can be allocated to respective
sectors. The long code number is designated.
*With respect to the forward long codes used in the
various forward physical channels which are
transmitted in the sector, the same long code number
is used by the entire physical channels.
*Concerning the long code phase, see 4.1.3.
4.1.4.2.2. Reverse long code.
*A long code number is allocated to each reverse
link physical channel. The long code number is
designated.
*Dedicated physical channels into which the TCH,
ACCH and UPCH are mapped use the reverse link long
code allocated to each mobile station. Dedicated
physical channels, into which the other logical
channels are mapped, and a common physical channel
use the reverse link long code allocated to each
base station.
*About the long code phases, see 4.1.3.
4.1.4.2.3. Short codes
4.1.4.2.3.1. Short codes for physical channels
other than the perch channels.
*These short codes are allocated to each forward
/reverse link physical channel. The short code
_ 80
_
CA 02484367 1998-04-17
numbers are designated._ In terms.of the system
configuration, the same short code number is
simultaneously usable in the same sector.
4.1.4.2.3.2. A short code for the perch channel.
*A short code number for symbols or.i the first perch
channel other than the long code mask symbols is
common to all the cells,.which is C8(0). (However,
any short code designated is usable for the first
perch channel).
*A short code number for the long code mask symbols
of the first perch channel is common to all the
cells, which is NLMS = 1. (However, any short code
number NLMS designated for the long code mask symbol
is usable for the long code mask symbol of the first
perch channel).
*As a short code number for long code mask symbol of
the second perch channel, one of the short codes
that are assigned to the system in advance is used
for each sector. The short code numbers of these
short codes are stored in the BSC (base station
control center) and mobile stations. (However, any
short code for the long code mask symbol designated
is usable for the second perch channel).
*The short code number for the long code mask symbol
of the second perch channel has one to many
correspondence with the forward long codes used in
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CA 02484367 1998-04-17
F AA~l
. :~
the same sector. Examples of the correspondence are
shown in Table 19. The correspondence is stored in
the BSC and mobile stations. (However, any short
code for the long code mask symbol and any forward
long codes which are designated for the second perch
channel are usable in the same sector).
Table 19 Examples of the correspondence of the
short codes for the second perch channel with the
forward link long codes.
Short code numbers NTPC for
long code mask symbols on the Forward long codes
second perch channel
2 0O001h- 00020h
3 0 0 0 2 1 h - 00040h
4 00041h^-00060h
5 0 0 0 6 1 h - 00080h
4.1.5. A generating method of a spread spectrum
modulation signal.
4.1.5.1. Spread spectrum modulation scheme.
Forward/reverse link: QPSK (BPSK is applicable,
as well).
4.1.5.2. Allocation method of short codes.
*In accordance with the designated short code
numbering system (code class number, Class; and code
- 82 -
CA 02484367 1998-04-17
~; =
number, Number), the same short code is assigned as
the inphase short code SCi and the quadrature short
code SCq. In other words, SCi = SCq = Cciass
(Number).
*Different short code numbering systems are assigned
to the forward and reverse links, respectively.
Accordingly, the forward and reverse links can use
different short codes.
4.1.5.3. An allocation method of the long codes.
*A long code number LN: Assuming that the output
value of the long code generator is GLN(Clock) at the
time when the shift registers 1 and 2 of the long
code generator are shifted by the clock shift number
Clock from the initial value 0 (in which the long
code number is set in the shift register 1, and all
1s are set in the shift register 2), the inphase
output value LCi(PH) and the quadrature output value
LCq(PH) of the long code generator at the long code
phase PH shown in Figs. 85-88 are as follows for
both the forward and reverse links.
LC i( PH )= GLN ( PH )
LCq(PH) = GLN(PH+Shift) (=0, in BPSK)
*About the ranges of the inphase and quadrature long
code phases, see 4.1.4.1.
4.1.5.4. A generating method of a long code + short
code.
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CA 02484367 1998-04-17
Fig. 22 illustrates a generating method of an
inphase spreading code Ci and a qtiadrature spreading
code Cq using a long code and short code.
4.1.5.5. A configuration of a spz: eader .
Fig. 23 shows a configuration of a spreader for
generating the inphase component Si and quadrature
component Sq of a spread signal by spreading the
inphase component Di and quadrature component Dq of
the transmitted data with the spreading codes Ci and
Cq.
4.1.6. Random access control.
*Fig. 24 illustrates a random access transmission
scheme.
*A mobile station transmits a RACH at a timing which
are randomly delayed from the received frame timing
of the forward common control channel. The random
delay amount is one of the 16 offset timings as
shown in Figs. 85-88. The mobile station randomly
selects one of the offset timings each time it sends
the RACH.
*One radio frame is transmitted for each
transmission of the RACH.
*Detecting the RACH with which the CRC result for
each internal encoding unit is correct, the base
station transmits, using the ACK mode of the FACH-S,
the PID of that RACH in the FACH radio frame
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. ~~
following the FACH radio frame that is being
transmitted at the detection timing of the RACH.
*The mobile station transmits, after receiving the
ACK for the current radio frame over the ACK mode
FACH-S, the next radio frame, in the case where
multiple RACH radio frames to be transmitted are
present.
*The mobile station uses, when one piece of CPS
information to be transmitted consists of a
plurality of RACH radio units, the same PID value
for all these RACH radio units. In addition, it
uses one of the RACH-L and RACH-S, inhibiting mixed
use of them for the transmission of the one piece of
the CPS information.
*The mobile station retransmits the RACH in a case
where it cannot receive over the ACK mode FACH-S the
PID value of the RACH it transmitted even if TRA
msec has passed after the transmission of the RACH.
In this case, it uses the same PID value. The
maximum number of retransmissions is NRA (Thus, the
same RACH radio unit can be transmitted NRA+1 times
at the maximum including the first transmission).
*The ACK mode of the FACH-S can contain up.to seven
PIDs of the RACHs with which the detection result of
the CRC is correct.
*If any RACH is present with which the base station
- 85 -
CA 02484367 1998-04-17
detects that the CRC is correct and to which it has
not yet sent back the ACK by the time immediately
before the transmission of the FACH radio frame, the
base station transmits the ACK mode FACH-S over the
first FACH in the order of received timings of the
RACHs with which the CRC is correct. However, those
RACHs with which TACK msec has elapsed after
detecting the correct CRC are excluded from those to
be transmitted over the ACK mode FACH-S.
4.1.7. Multicode transmission.
*The multicode transmission is carried out as
follows when a designated single RL-ID consists of a
plurality of dedicated physical channels (spreading
codes), so that the pilot coherent detection and
transmission power control are carried out in common
to all the dedicated physical channels in the single
RL-ID. When a plurality of RL-IDs are assigned to a
single mobile station, the pilot coherent detection
and transmission power control are carried out for
each RL-ID.
*The frame timings and long code phases are aligned
in all the physical channels in the single RL-ID.
*One or both of the following two transmission
methods of the pilot symbols and TPC symbols are
used so as to improve the coherent detection
characteristics and to reduce the error rate of the
_ 86
CA 02484367 1998-04-17
t~=,
TPC symbols. -
Example 1 (see, Fig. 25)
*The pilot symbols and TPC symbol are transmitted
through one of the plurality of dedicated physical
channels in the single RL-ID.
*The pilot symbols and TPC symbol are not
transmitted through the other dedicated physical
channels.
*The pilot symbols and TPC symbol are transmitted
through that one dedicated physical channel at the
transmission power a few times greater than the
transmission power at which symbols other than the
pilot symbols and TPC symbol are transmitted through
the dedicated physical channels in the RL-ID.
*The amplitude ratio of the transmission power of
the pilot symbols and TPC symbol (pilot portion) to
that of the data symbol section (data portion) has
an optimum value in terms of capacity that minimizes
Eb/Io. This is because there is a. tradeoff between
the fact that the channel estimation accuracy is
degraded when the amplitude of the pilot portion is
reduced; and the fact that the overhead is increased
when the amplitude of the pilot portion is
increased.
Fig. 26 illustrates a simulation result of the
optimum value estimation of the amplitude ratio of
- 87 -
CA 02484367 1998-04-17
..~,
the two transmission powers.
In Fig. 26, the horizontal axis represents the
ratio of the amplitude (AP) of the transmitted wave
of the pilot portion to the amplitude (AD) of the
transmitted wave of the data portion, which are
designated in Fig. 25 by AP and AD, respectively (in
Fig. 25, they are represented as the squares AP2 and
AD2 of. the amplitudes because the vertical axis of
Fig. 25 represents the transmission power). The
vertical axis of Fig. 26 represents the required
Eb/Io as in Figs. 5 and 6. The required quality is
BER = 10-3, and the multicode number is three.
The simulation result in Fig. :26 shows that the
optimum value in terms of capacity is obtained when
the amplitude AP is twice the amplitude AD.
Considering this from the viewpoint of the
transmission power ratio, the total transmission
power of the data portions of all the physical
channels becomes 3AD2 in the case of the three
multicode transmission, and the transmission power
of the pilot portion becomes AP2 = (2AD)2 = 4AD2.
Thus, the optimum transmission power ratio is
obtained when the transmission power of the pilot
portion is 4/3 times that of the data portion.
As described above, there is an optimum value of
the transmission power ratio between the pilot
- 88 -
CA 02484367 1998-04-17
portion and the data portion, and the optimum value
varies depending on the number of the multicodes.
Accordingly, the transmission power ratio between
the pilot portion and the data portion is made
variable.
*The dedicated physical channel for transmitting the
pilot symbols and TPC symbol are designated.
Example 2 (see, Fi.g. 27).
*In all the dedicated physical channels in the
single RL-ID, only the pilot symbol and TPC symbol
section uses a short code a particular dedicated
physical channel uses.
*The particular dedicated physical channel is
designated.
*The pilot portions are added in the same phase when
they are spread by the same short code, achieving
the same effect as when the transmission is carried
out with increased transmission power.
4.1.8. Transmission power control.
Figs. -89-94 show transmission patterns of the
respective physical channels.
4.1.8.1. Perch channels.
*The first perch channel is transmitted continuously
at designated transmission power PP1 except for the
long code mask symbol contained in each time slot.
*Through the first perch channel, the long code mask
- 89 -
CA 02484367 1998-04-17
61i N
symbol contained in each time slot is transmitted at
the transmission power lower than PP1 by a
designated value Pdown..
*The first perch channel is always transmitted in
the above-mentioned method regardless of the
presence or absence of the transmission information
of the BCCH1 and BCCH2 which are mapped into the
first perch channel. If the transmission
information is not present, an idle pattern (PN
pattern) is transmitted.
*Through the second perch channel, only the long
code mask symbol contained in each time slot is
transmitted without transmitting the other symbols.
*The long code mask symbol of the second perch
channel is transmitted at the same time as the long
code mask symbol of the first perch channel. The
transmission power is a designated value PP2, which
is invariable.
*The values PP1, Pdown and PP2 are determined such
that mobile stations located in contiguous sectors
can make a sector identification.
4.1.$.2: Forward common control physical channels
(FACHs):
*In a radio frame of both the FACH-L and FACH-S, in
which no transmission information is present, the
transmission is made OFF over the entire period of
- 90 -
CA 02484367 1998-04-17
klw
the radio frame including the pilot symbols.
*A radio frame of the FACH-L, which contains
transmission information, is transmitted at a
designated transmission power value PFL over the
entire period of the radio frame. The transmission
power level can be designated for each transmission
information, which means that the transmission power
level is variable from radio frame to radio frame,
although it is fixed at the transmission power value
PFL within each radio frame.
*If one or more of the four FACH-S'es in a radio
frame bear transmission information, only the time
slots of the FACH-S'es including the transmission
information are transmitted at a designated
transmission power level. The transmission power
value is designated for each transmission
information in "Normal mode" FACHs, which means that
transmission power levels PFS1-PFS4 are variable
from FACH-S to FACH-S in the radio frame.
*If all of the four FACH-S'es in a radio frame bear
transmission information, the radio frame is
transmitted over its entire period. The
transmission power, however, is variable for each
FACH-S.
*The transmission power of the "Ack mode" FACH-S is
fixed at a designated transmission power PACK.
- 91 -
CA 02484367 1998-04-17
*In the time slots of the FACH-L or FACH-S that
bears transmission information, those at both sides
of a symbol section for a logical channel are
designed such that they transmit pilot symbols
without exception. Accordingly, if a time slot of a
FACH that bears transmission inforrnation is followed
by a time slot of a FACH that does not bear any
transmission information, the latter time slot must
send pilot symbols that are adjacent to the former
time slot. The transmission power level of the
pilot symbols is made equal to that of the former
time slot.
*If two time slots of FACHs that bear transmission
information are adjacent, the transmission power of
the pilot symbols in the second time slot (that is,
the pilot symbols adjacent to the first time slot)
is placed at the level equal to the higher
transmission power o-f the two time slots.
*The values PFL, PFS1-PFS4 are determined in
accordance with the received SIR of the perch
channel in a mobile station, which is included in
the RACH.
4.1.8.3: Forward common control physical channel
(for PCH)
*The two PD portions included in each group are
always transmitted in all the groups. The
92 _
CA 02484367 1998-04-17
transmission power is designated at, a transmission
power level PPCH.
*When transmitting the PD portion, pilot symbols are
transmitted together with the PD portion of the time
slot into which the PD portion is mapped, although
the pilot symbols in the subsequent time slot are
not transmitted.
*The I portion of each group is divided into four
time slots (Il-I4), and only I portion of a group
that contains incoming call information is
transmitted. The I portions of the remaining groups
without any incoming call information are not
transmitted. The transmission power is designated
at a transmission power level PPCH.
*The time slot, into which the I portion of the
group including the incoming call information is
mapped, is handled such that the pilot symbols are
transmitted at both sides of the symbols for the
logical channel without exception.. Accordingly, if
a time slot associated with the I portion of a group
including incoming call information is followed by a
time slot associated with the I portion of a group
that does not bear any incoming call information,
the latter time slot must send pilot symbols.
*The PPCH value is determined such that almost all
the mobile stations in the sector can receive.
- 93 -
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= 'L,:: 4.1.8.4. Reverse common control physical channels
{RACHs}
*A reverse common control physical channel is
transmitted from a mobile station only when
transmission information takes place. It is
transmitted on each radio frame unit basis.
*The transmission powers.PRL and PRS of the RACH-L
and RACH-S are determined by the mobile station in
an open-loop system, and are fixed within a radio
frame.
*To the final position of the radio frame, pilot
symbols are added to be transmitted. The
transmission power of the pilot symbols is the same
as that of the preceding radio frame.
4.1.8.5. Forward dedicated physical channel.
*The transmission power control of the forward
dedicated physical channel is carried out,
regardless of the originating or terminating call
connection or of the diversity handover, such that
the transmission is started at a designated
transmission power value PD during the initial set
of the forward dedicated physical channel, and the
transmission power is incremented at fixed.intervals
until the communication power level reaches a value
PD. After that, the transmission power is further
incremented at fixed intervals until the receiving
_ 94 _
CA 02484367 1998-04-17
synchronization of the reverse dedicated physical
channel is established (see 5.2.1.2.2., for
details). Until the receiving synchronization of
the reverse dedicated physical channel has been
established, and the decoding of the reverse TPC
symbols becomes possible, the transmission is
carried out continuously at the fixed transmission
power PD.
*The value PD is determined in the same method as
that of the FACH.
*When the receiving synchronization of the reverse
dedicated physical channel has been established, and
the decoding of the reverse TPC symbol becomes
possible, high speed closed loop transmission power
control is started in accordance with the decoded
result of -the TPC symbols.
*In the high speed closed loop transmission power
control, the transmission power is controlled at a
control step of 1 dB at every time slot interval in
accordance with the decoded result of the TPC
symbols. For details of the transmission power
control method of the forward dedicated physical
channel, see 5.2.1.1.
4.1.8.6. Reverse dedicated physical channels.
*In an originating or terminating call connection, a
mobile station starts transmission of a reverse
- 95 -
CA 02484367 1998-04-17
~. .
dedicated physical channel, after a receiving
synchronization establishing process of the forward
dedicated physical channel meets predetermined
conditions. The transmission power level of the
first time slot at the beginning of the transmission
is determined in the open loop system as in the
RACH, and the subsequent transmission power level of
the time slots is determined by the high speed
closed loop transmission power control in accordance
with the decoded result of the TPC symbols in the
forward dedicated physical channel. For more
detailed information, see 5.2.1.1.
*In the diversity handoff, it is not necessary to
establish any new reverse dedicated physical
channel. The transmission power is controlled from
time slot to time slot by the high speed closed loop
transmission power control during the diversity
handover. For more detailed information about the
transmission power control method of the reverse
dedicated physical channel, see 5.2.1.1.
4.1.9. DTX (data transmission equipment) control.
The DTX control is applied only to the dedicated
physical channels.
4.1.9.1. Dedicated physical channels for DTCH and
ACCH.
4.1.9.1.1. Transmission.
- 96 -
CA 02484367 1998-04-17
,.~
*Only in the dedicated physical channels (32 ksps)
for voice service, the transmissiori of symbols for a
DTCH is made ON when voice information is present,
and made OFF when no voice information is present.
Examples of the transmission patterns are shown in
Fig. 94.
*The pilot symbols and TPC symbol are always
transmitted regardless of the presence and absence
of the voice information and control information.
*The power ratio of the transmission power (Pon)
while the transmission is ON to the transmission
power (Poff) while the transmission is OFF meets the
transmission ON/OFF ratio of the transmission
characteristics of 5.1.1.
*The transmission ON/OFF patterns are identical in
all the 16 time slots in a radio frame.
*The DTX control is carried out on a radio frame (10
msec) basis.
*The DTX is not carried out in the dedicated
physical channels (equal to or greater than 64 ksps)
for data transmission. They are always in a
transmission ON state.
*The information for notifying of the presence and
absence of the voice information and control
information is not transmitted.
4.1.9.1.2. Reception.
- 97 -
CA 02484367 1998-04-17
.~t
- "~
Table 20 shows methods of making decisions as to
whether or not the voice information and the control
information are present.
Table 20 Methods of deciding the presence and
absence of voice information and control information
Information Information is Information is
type present absent
Voice CRC on a DTCH CRC on a DTCH
information selection selection
combining unit combining unit
basis is correct; basis is ,
or a power ratio incorrect; and a
of the average power ratio of the
received power of average received
the pilot and TPC power of the pilot
symbols to the and TPC symbols to
average received the average
power of the DTCH received power of
symbols is equal the DTCH symbols
to or more than is equal to or
PDTX dB. less than PDTx dB.
Control CRC on an ACCH CRC on an ACCH
information selection selection
combining unit combining unit
basis is correct. basis is
incorrect.
*The average received power of the symbols in Table
20 is the average value of the received power of all
the associated symbols in the radio frame.
*The value PDTX (dB) is one of the system parameters.
-
- 98
CA 02484367 1998-04-17
4.1.9.2. Dedicated physical channels for SDCCHs.
*The transmission of symbols for the SDCCH is made
ON when control information to be transmitted is
present, and made OFF when no control information is
present.
*The pilot symbols and TPC symbol are always
transmitted regardless of the presence and absence
of the control information.
*The power ratio of the transmission power (Pon)
while the transmission is ON to the transmission
power (Poff) while the transmission is OFF meets the
transmission ON/OFF ratio of the transmission
characteristics defined in 5.1.1.
*The transmission ON/OFF patterns are identical in
all the 16 time slots in a radio frame.
*The DTX control is carried out on a radio frame (10
msec) basis.
*A receiving side carries out the processing in
accordance with the CPS-PDU assembling method as
illustrated in Figs. 95A and 95B. It is not
necessary to make a decision as to whether the
control information is present or not.
4.1.9.3. Dedicated physical channels for UPCHs.
*The transmission of symbols for a UPCH is made ON
when control information or user information to be
transmitted is present, and made OFF when neither of
- 99 -
CA 02484367 1998-04-17
them is present. -
*The BTS has three modes about the pilot symbols and
TPC symbol. The modes are designated.
Mode 1.
*The need for transmission is decided for each radio
frame. The transmission of the entire pilot symbols
and TPC symbol in a radio frame is halted if both
the following conditions 1 and 2 are satisfied. The
transmission of the entire pilot symbols and TPC
symbol in the radio frame is restarted if the
following condition 3 or 4 is detected.
Condition 1: FNDATA or more radio frames,have
passed after the control information or user
information to be transmitted is completed.
Condition 2: Incorrect CRC results of received
radio frames are continuously detected for FCRC or
more radio frames.
Condition 3: Control information or user
information to be transmitted takes place.
Condition 4: A correct CRC result of a received
radio frame is detected.
*A mobile station decides the transmission ON/OFF of
the pilot symbols and TPC symbol using the presence
and absence of the control information or user
information to be transmitted in connection with the
detection result of an out-of-sync.
- 100 -
CA 02484367 1998-04-17
*When the control information or user information to
be transmitted takes place after halting the
transmission of the pilot symbols and TPC symbol,
radio frames into which an idle pattern is inserted
in advance are sent by FIDL frames, followed by the
transmission of a radio frame into which the control
information or user information to be transmitted is
inserted. In this case, the pilot symbols and TPC
symbol are also transmitted in the radio frames into
which the idle pattern is inserted.
Mode 2.
*In a radio frame without the control information or
user information, the pilot symbols and TPC symbol
are transmitted in part of the slots.
*One or more slots, which transmit the pilot symbols
and TPC symbol in the radio frame without the
control information or user information, are
designated by a parameter Pfreq indicating the
occurrence frequency of transmission. Table 21
shows the relationships between the parameter Pfreq
and the slots that transmit the pilot symbols and
TPC symbol.
- 101 -
CA 02484367 1998-04-17
II
Table 21 -
Relationships between Pfreq and slots that
transmit pilot symbols and TPC symbol.
Pfreq Slot Nos. that transmit pilot and
TPC symbols
0 All slots (slots Nos. 1- 16)
1 1,3,5,7,9,11,13 and 15
2 1,5,9 and 13
3 1 and 9
4 1
No symbols are sent.
5 *The high speed closed loop transmission power
control follows only the TPC symbols from the mobile
station which are determined in accordance with the
pilot symbols and TPC symbols the BTS transmits, and
ignores the TPC symbols from the mobile station
which are determined in accordance with the pilot
symbols and TPC symbols the BTS does not transmit.
Therefore, the transmission power control intervals
vary depending on the Pfreq values.
Mode 3
*The pilot symbols and TPC symbol are always
transmitted regardless of the presence and absence
- 102 -
CA 02484367 1998-04-17
of the control information and user information.
*With regard to the pilot symbols and TPC symbol in
the UPCH symbols and in the mode 1, the power ratio
of the transmission power (Pon) while the
transmission is ON to the transmission power (Poff)
while the transmission is OFF meets the transmission
ON/OFF ratio of the transmission characteristics
defined in 5.1.1.
*The transmission ON/OFF patterns are identical in
all the 16 time slots in a radio frame.
*The DTX control is carried out on a radio frame (10
msec) basis.
*A receiving side always carries out the processing
in accordance with the CPS-PDU assembling method as
illustrated in Figs. 96A and 96B. It is not
necessary to make a decision as to whether the
control information or user information is present
or not.
4.1.10. A bit transmission method.
*CRC bits are sent from the higher to lower order
bits.
*The TCH is transmitted in the input order.
*The tail bits transmitted are all "Os".
*Dummy bits consist of "1s".
*The dummy bits are included in the CRC encoding.
*An idle pattern is inserted into the entire CRC
- 103 -
CA 02484367 1998-04-17
. ~'
encoded fields (shadowed portions in Figs. 64A, 64B,
84A and 84B) on a selection combining unit or
internal encoding unit basis. These fields include
the CRC checking bits, as well. The idle pattern
consists of any PN pattern, and the same pattern is
used in common to all the internal encoding units or
selection combining units of each logical channel.
In addition, the idle pattern is arranged such that
it causes an incorrect CRC result when no error
takes place in the received side.
4.1.11. Paging control.
4.1.11.1. The operation of a base station (BTS).
*Mobile stations are divided into groups in a
predetermined manner, and are subject to paging on a
group by group basis.
*The BTS carries out the grouping, and designates
the corresponding group number using the paging
information containing the identification number of
a called mobile station. The BTS transmits the
paging information using the I portions (Il-I4) of
the PCH of the designated group number.
*The BTS places "all Os" in the two PD portions (PD1
and PD2} in the PCHs of the groups having no paging
information, and transmits them without transmitting
the I portion.
*Being designated to transmit the paging
- 104 -
CA 02484367 1998-04-17
~
information, the BTS places "all 1s' in the PD1 and
PD2 of the PCH associated with the designated group
number, and transmits the designated paging
information using the I portion of the same PCH.
4.1.11.2. The operation of a mobile station.
*A mobile station usually receives only the 8-bit
PD1. It carries out coherent detection using the
pilot symbols (four symbols) immed:iately previous to
the PD1.
*The mobile station carries out a majority decision
processing (soft decision). It is assumed that a
value computed by the processing takes "0" when the
PD portion is all Os in a state without degradation
in the receiving quality, and takes a positive
maximum value when it is all 1s. The following
operations are performed in accordance with the
processing result and decided threshold values (M1
and M2, where M1>M2).
(1) If the processing result is equal to or greater
than the decision threshold M1, the mobile station
makes a decision that paging takes place to any one
of the mobile stations of its own group, and
receives the I portion of the same PCH.
(2) If the processing result is less than the
decision threshold M2,
the mobile station makes a decision that no paging
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takes place to its own group, and makes the
reception OFF until the receiving timing of the PD1
of its own group one super frame later.
(3) If the processing result is equal to or greater
than M2 and less than Ml, the mobile station
receives the PD2 in the same PCH, and carries out
the foregoing (1) and (2). If the processing result
of the PD2 is also equal to or greater than M2 and
less than M1, the mobile station receives the I
portion of the same PCH.
(4) Receiving the I portion in the foregoing
processing (2) or (3), the mobile station makes a
decision from the paging information contained in
the I portion as to whether the paging to itself
takes place or not.
4.2. Transmission path interface.
4.2.1. Major characteristics.
4.2.1.1. 1.5 Mbps.
Figs. 28A and 28B illustrate the mapping into an
ATM cell.
4.2.1.2. 6.3 Mbps.
Figs-. 29A and 29B illustrate the mapping into an
ATM cell, and Fig. 30 shows a pulse mask.
4.2.2. Protocol.
4.2.2.1. ATM layer.
Codings of the VPI (virtual path identifier), VCI
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(virtual channel identifier) and CID (channel
identifier) in the ATM layer in the interface
between the base station (BS) and the switching
center will now be described. Fig. 31 shows the
link structure between the BTS and MCC.
(1) Interface specifications.
Channel numbers: Channel numbers are assigned to
individual HWYs between the base station and the
switching center. The correspondence between the
physical HWY interface mounted positions and the
channel numbers are fixedly set in advance. The
range of the channel numbers is 0-3 for the 1.5M-
HWY, and only 0 for 6.3M-HWY.
VPI: The VPI value is only "0", and the VPI is not
used substantially.
VCI: 256/VPI.
CID: 256/VCI.
(2) ATM connection.
VCI' = 64: Used for timing cell. A minimum channel
number for each BTS is used. The following VCIs can
be set as the VCIs other than those used for super
frame phase correction. In connection with this,
the AAL types used in the respective VCIs are also
shown.
*VCIs for control signals between BTS and MCC: AAL-
Type 5.
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*VCIs for paging: AAL-Type 5.
*VCIs for transmitted signals between MS and MCC:
AAL-Type 2.
When a plurality of channel numbers are set in
the ETS, the VCIs other than those used for the
super frame phase correction are assignable to any
channel numbers by any number. The correspondence
is established between the VCIs other than those
used for the super frame phase correction, and the
channel numbers and VCI values.
(3) Short cell connection.
A method of using the CID value is set.
(4) AAL-Type designation method.
The AAL-Type is designated at the time when a wire
channel is established. Table 22 shows an example
of the correspondence between the used transmission
information types and the AAL-Types, although the
correspondence between them can be set freely.
Table 22: Example of correspondence between wire
channel transmission information types and AAL-
Types. "
Transmission information AAL-Type =VCI types
types
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DTCH transmission 2
information
ACCH transmission 2 For transmission
information signals between
MS and MCC
SDCCH transmission 2
information
BCCH1, 2 transmission 5 For control
information signals between
BTS and MCC
PCH transmission 5 For paging
information
FACH transmission
information (for packet 2 For transmission
transmission) signals between
RACH transmission MS and MCC
information (for packet
transmission)
UPCH transmission
information
Control signal between BTS 5 For control
and MCC signals between
VCI types BTS and MCC
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(5) Idle cells. _
Fig. 32 shows an idle cell on an ATM channel. An
idle cell according to ITU-T standard is used.
4.2.2.2. AAL-Type 2
AAL-Type 2 is a protocol of an ATM adaptation
layer of a composite cell (AAL type 2) which is
transmitted over an interface (Super A interface)
section between the base station and switching
center.
(1) AAL-Type 2 processor.
Figs. 33A and 33B show connecting configuration
of AAL-Type 2.
(2) Band assurance control.
In the Super-A section, control for assuring a
minimum bandwidth for each quality class is needed
to meet the quality of service parameters such as a
delay and a cell loss ratio.
*In AAL-Type 2, the band assurance is carried out
which is assigned to each quality class at a short
cell level.
*The short cell quality class falls into the
followirig four classes depending on (a maximum
allowable delay time; and a maximum cell loss
ratio).
Quality class 1 (5 ms; 10-4)
Quality class 2 (5 ms; 10-7)
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Quality class 3 (50 ms; 10-4)
Quality class 4 (50 ms; 10-7)
*The quality class which corresponds to the service
offered is designated when a wire channel is
established.
*The transmission order of short cells are
determined in accordance with the quality classes,
and the required bandwidth is ensured for each
quality class. A concrete method for ensuring the
bandwidth will be described in 5.3.5.
*When one unit of transmission information is longer
than the maximum length of the short cell, the
transmission information is divided into a plurality
of short cells to be transmitted. In this case, the
plurality of short cells are transmitted
continuously using the same VCI. The continuity is
ensured only within the same VCI, but not ensured
between different VCIs. In other words, a standard
cell with another VCI can intervene between the
short cells to be transmitted.
4.2.2.3. AAL-Type 5
AAL-Type 5 as well as AAL-Type 2 is used as the
AAL of ATM cells transmitted on the Super'A
interface between the base station and switching
center. In AAL-Type 5, the SSCOP (Service Specific
Connection Oriented Protocol) is supported between
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CA 02484367 1998-04-17
the base station and switching center.
(1) AAL-Type 5 processor.
Figs. 34A and 34B show connecting configuration
of AAL-Type 2.
(2) Band assurance control.
In the Super-A section, control for assuring a
minimum bandwidth for each quality class is needed
to meet the quality of service parameters such as a
delay and a cell loss ratio. The quality classes
are shown below.
*In AAL-Type 5, the band assurance is carried out
which is assigned to each quality class at*a VCI
level.
*The quality class falls into the following five
classes in accordance with (a maximum allowable
delay time; and a maximum cell loss ratio).
Interrupt (0; 0) Highest priority cell.
Quality class 1 (5 ms; 10-4)
Quality class 2 (5 ms; 10-7)
Quality class 3 (50 ms; 10-4)
Quality class 4 (50 ms; 10`7)
*The quality class which corresponds to the service
offered is designated when a wire channel is
established.
*The transmission order of standard cells are
determined in accordance with the quality classes,
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CA 02484367 1998-04-17
and the required bandwidth is ensured for each
quality class. A concrete method for ensuring the
bandwidth will be described in 5.3.5.
*The interrupt buffer cell is given the highest
priority (with a minimum delay, inhibiting
discarding) to be output.
4.2.3. Signal format.
4.2.3.1. The format of AAL-2.
Fig. 35 illustrates the format of AAL-2.
*A start field (one octet).
OSF: Offset field.
SN: Sequence number.
P: Parity.
*SC-H (Short cell header: three octets).
CID: Channel identifier: 0/PADDING; 1/ANP; 2-
7/RESERVED
LI: Payload length.
PPT: CPS-Packet Payload Type: It includes
start/continue and end information of the payload.
UUI: CPS-User to User indication.
When one unit of transmission information is
divided in a plurality of short cells to be
transmitted, the UUI and the plurality of short
cells bearing the divided transmission information
to be transmitted are continuously transmitted using
the same VCI, for the receiving side to be able to
- 113 -
CA 02484367 1998-04-17
assemble the transmissi n information.
000/single short cell.
001/top and continued.
010/continued and end.
011/continued and.continued.
HEC: Header Error Check (generator polynomial =
X5 + X2 + 1).
*SAL (two or three octets).
Fig. 36 shows the format of the SAL.
Table 23 shows a specifying method of SAL fields.
Table 24 shows the presence and absence of the
uses of the SAL third octet.
Table 25 shows a specifying conditions of the SAL
fields.
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CA 02484367 1998-04-17
Er - 4ti
~.. ~
Table 23
Field Uses Set values
SAT(SAL SAL field type 00: Wire forward sync
type) state is OK.
SAT=lx: Loop Back 01: Wire forward sync
cell. (LB) state is NG.
SAT=Ox: Other than 10: Return indication
that mentioned above (forward)
11: Return indication
(reverse)
FN DHO frame SAT=00 0-63: Frame number
alignment
(frame Frame number SAT=01 1-63: Forward FN
number) sliding number.
Sync Radio out-of- sync 1: Out-of-sync state.
detection 0: Sync state.
BER BER 1: Detect degradation.
degradation 0: Normal.
detection
Level Level 1: Detect degradation.
degradation 0: Normal.
detection
CRC CRC checking 1: NG. 0: OK.
result
SIR Received SIR 0--15: Received SIR
increases with the
value
RCN (radio Radio channel 0-15: Radio channel
channel number sequence number
number)
RSCN (radio Radio 0-15: Radio subchannel
subchannel subchannel sequence number
number) number
- 115 -
CA 02484367 1998-04-17
Table 24 The used state of the SAL third octet.
During single During Remarks
code multicode
communica- communications
tions
Frame in Both RCN Only RCN is
radio (radio used.
channel is channel
not number) and.
divided. RSCN (radio
subchannel
number) are
unused.
Frame in Only RSCN is Both RCN and
radio used. RSCN are used.
channel is
divided.
*The division of the radio channel frame is carried
out when 128 kbps or more unrestricted digital
service is provided, and 256 ksps or more dedicated
physical channel is used. The unit of division is
the unit, on the basis of which the external
encoding at a user information rate of 64 kbps (1B)
is carried out. See, Figs. 78A-80C.
*All "Os" is filled when unused.
*The multicode transmission is applied only to the
DTCH and UPCH. Accordingly, RCN is applied only to
the DTCH and UPCH.
- 116 -
CA 02484367 1998-04-17
N
~
v
O O
f14 O cci v ~4
N N
-p-{
O ~
a O O 00 ~ O 114 $4 a v ~ M
O o 0 o
O _ _ _ _ "" w "> a> > ~) A
w ~ N ~ H
U Ic:
b
-~ ~' ~
~ lo o 0o0 z~ a~ 0
H
ro 10 >1 (0
O O O O O --~ y ~ ~ ~ z3
~~ ~ ~ a ~ ~ c~a a4 v a~ U o
N N Q) U
~ TI)
U O O~ O O~ O " ~ 0 Q
0
0 0 0 0_
u~ fs+ O cc~ ~ c~ Rf c~ a m a ~ ~ N .u c6
::j U
> O O O O O=
O ~
~
a~
-~ . 41
4-4 O O O -'i
~ w O OO O
000000000
ro Q
O Qy
fY' ' Ul
~ z u u ~ Z z
U) f=+
~ u 44
FC ~
o N
o a
~ = cn
~4
U o
?i
N 04
(u O
~ , . . y4 . . . .
r~ O V
- 117 -
CA 02484367 1998-04-17
4.2.3.2. Format of AAL-5.
Fig. 37 shows a format of an AAL,-5 cell. To the
LAST cell, a PAD and CPCS-PDU trailer are added.
*PAD (CPCS padding)
It is used for adjusting the frame length to
become 48 octets (all "0s")
*CPCS-PDU trailer.
CPCS-UU: CPCS user to user indicator. It is
used for transparently transferring information used
in a higher layer.
CPI: Common part type indicator. Uses are not
yet defined. All "Os" are set at the present.
LENGTH: CPCS-PDU payload length. It indicates a
user information length in byte.
CRC: Cyclic redundancy code. It is used for
detecting errors of the entire CPCS frame. The
generator polynomial = X32 + X26 + X23 + X22 + X16 +
X12 + X11 + X1 o + X8 + X7 + X5 + X4 + X2 + X+ 1.
4.2.3.3. Timing cell.
Figs. 38A and 38B illustrate a signal format of a
timing cell that is used for a SFN (System Frame
Number) synchronization establishing processing when
starting the BTS. Table 26 shows a method of
specifying information elements in the signal
format.
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CA 02484367 1998-04-17
X
See 5.3.8 for the SFN synchronization
establishing method of the BTS using the timing
cell.
Table 26 Method of specifying timing cell information elements
Information Specified contents Specified values
elements
Channel number 0
VPI 0
VCI VCI for timing cell 64
Message ID 02h : Timing Report (MCC-BTS)
03h: Timing Report (BTS-yMCC)
Other values: reserved
Correction All "Os"
number
Correction All "Os"
range
Transmission All "Os"
delay
SF time Timing cell received time in ITable 27 shows
information MCC. It indicates the tirne the
(received, in a super frame. correspondence
MCC-SIM side) Resolution is 125 sec. between bits and
times.
SF time Timing cell transmitted time
information in MCC. It indicates the
(transmitted, time in a super frame.
MCC-SIM side) Resolution is 125 .sec.
SF time All "ds" (this information
information element is not used in the
(received, BTS present system).
side)
SF time Timing cell transmitted time Table 27 shows
iinformation in BTS. It indicates the ~the
(transmitted, time in a super frame. correspondence
BTS side) Resolution is 125 sec. between bits and
times.
SF phase shift All "Os" (this information
value element is not used in the i I
present system).
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CA 02484367 1998-04-17
LC counter The position of a super The value ranges
information frame in a long code period over 0-210-1, and
(received, MCC when the timing cell is is represented
side) received in the MCC (See, in binary coding.
Fig. 39).
LC counter The position of a super
information frame in a long code period
(transmitted, when the timing cell is
MCC side) transmitted from the MCC
(See, Fig. 39).
LC counter All "Os".(this informatior.L
information element is not used in the
(received, BTS present systern).
side)
LC counter The position of a super The value ranges
information frame in a long code period over 0-210-1, and
(transmitted,. when the timing cell is is represented
BTS side) received in the BTS (See, in binary
Fig. 39). coding.
LC counter All "Os" (this information
shift value element is not used in the
present system).
CRC-10 The value of CRC-10 for ATM
cell payload. Generator
polynomial: X10+X9+X5+X4+X+1.
Table 27
Correspondence between SF time information bits and
times
Bits Times (msec)
Oh 0
lh 0.125
2h 0.250
13FFh 639.875
4.2.4. Clock generation.
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Generated clocks (examples)
(1) Radio synthesizer reference clock.
(2) 4.096 Mcps (chip rate).
(3) 1/0.625 msec. (radio time slot).
(4) 1/10 msec. (radio frame).
(5) 1/640 msec. (radio super frame; phase 0-63).
(6) 1.544 Mbps, 6.312 Mbps (transmission line
clock).
5. Functional configuration.
5.1. Radio stage, and transmitting and receiving
amplifier.
5.1.1. Pilot coherent detection RAKE.
5.1.1.1. Pilot coherent detection RAKE configuration.
(1) RAKE combiner.
Allocate fingers so that sufficient receiving
characteristics can be obtained for respective
diversity branches (space and inter-sector
diversities). The algorithm for assigning the fingers
to the branches is not specified. The diversity
combining method is a maximal ratio combining.
(2) Searcher.
A searcher selects paths for RAKE combining from
among received branches to achieve optimum receiving
characteristics.
(3) A pilot coherent detection channel estimation
method.
The coherent detection is carried out using pilot
blocks (consisting of four pilot symbols each) which
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CA 02484367 1998-04-17
are received at every 0.625 ms interval.
5.1.1.2. Channel estimation using multi-pilot blocks.
A channel estimation method using multiple pilot
blocks sandwiching an information symbol section will
be described below with reference to Fig. 40.
Example.
*The following is a description of a channel
estimation processing of an information section
between time -3Tp<t<-2Tp, which is carried out at time
t=0 by averaging three pilot blocks each before and
after that information section.
(a) Carrying out QPSK demodulation of pilot blocks
P1-P6.
(b) Obtaining average values of inphase and
quadrature components of the four pilot symbols in
each of the pilot blocks P1-P6.
(c) Multiplying the average values by weighting
coefficients al-a3, and summing them up.
(d) Adopting the obtained result as the channel
estimate of the information symbol section (shadowed)
between pilot blocks P3 and P4.
5.2. Baseband signal processor.
5.2.1. Transmission power control.
5.2.1.1. Outline of the transmission power control.
(1) RACH transmission power control..
The BTS broadcasts over the BCCH the transmission
power of the perch channels and the reverse
interfering power. A mobile station decides the
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CA 02484367 1998-04-17
.~.,
transmission power of the RACH in accordance with the
information.
(2) FACH transmission power control.
The RACH includes information about the received
SIR of the perch channel, which is measured by the
mobile station. The BTS decides in accordance with
the information the transmission power of the FACH
associated with the RACH received, and designates the
transmission power level together with the
transmission information. The transmission power
level is variable at each transmission of the
information.
(3) Forward and reverse transmission power control of
the dedicated physical channel.
Its initial transmission power is decided in the
same manner as the transmission power of the RACH and
FACH. After that, the BTS and mobile station proceed
to a high speed closed loop control based on the SIR.
In the closed loop control, a receiving side
periodically compares the measured value of the
received SIR with a reference SIR, and transmits to
the transmitting side the compared result using the
TPC bit. The receiving side carries out relative
control of the transmission power in accordance with
the TPC bit. To meet required receive quality, an
outer loop function is provided which updates the
reference SIR in response to the receive quality.
With respect to the forward link, range control is
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CA 02484367 1998-04-17
carried out which sets the upper and lower limits of
the transmission power level.
(4) Transmission power control during packet
transmission.
The transmission power control of the UPCH is
carried out in the same manner as (3) above. That of
the RACH during the packet transmission is performed
as (1) above. With regard to the FACH during the
packet transmission, the transmission is always
carried out at a transmission level specified by the
transmission power range designation. Unlike the (2)
above, the transmission power level is not varied
every time the information is transmitted.
5.2.1.2. SIR based high speed closed loop
transmission power control
(1) Basic operation.
The BTS (or mobile station) measures the received
SIR every transmission power control interval (0.625
ms), sets the TPC bit at "0" when the measured value
is greater than the reference SIR and at "1" when it
is lower than that, and transmits the TPC bit to the
mobile station (or BTS) in two consecutive bits.
The mobile station (or BTS) makes a soft decision of
the TPC bit, decreases the transmission power by 1 dB
when the decision result is "0", and increases it by 1
dB when the decision result is "1". The changing
timing of the transmission power is immediately before
the pilot block. The maximum transmission power is
- 124 -
CA 02484367 1998-04-17
~
designated in the reverse link, and the maximum
transmission power and minimum transmission power are
designated in the forward link, so that the control is
carried out in these ranges (see, Figs. 41A and 41B).
If the TPC cannot be received because of the out-
of-sync, the transmission power level is fixed.
(2) Forward/reverse frame timings.
Frame timings of the forward and reverse channels
are determined such that the positions of the pilot
symbols of the two channels are shifted by 1/2 time
slot, thereby implementing the transmission power
control with one slot control delay (see, Fig. 42).
(3) Initial operation.
Fig. 43 shows a method of shifting from the initial
state to the closed loop control.
First, the forward transmission power control will
be described first with reference to Fig. 43(A).
*The BTS carries out transmission in a fixed
transmission power control pattern until it can
receive the TPC bit based on the forward SIR measured
result. This is the initial operation.
*The initial operation carries out transmission
according to a control pattern that will increase the
transmission power step by step. The initial
operation is divided into two stages.
(a) The BTS, as the first transmission power
increasing process, increases the transmission power
at every predetermined interval, in the predetermined
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-..,
number of consecutive times, and by a predetermined
magnitude. At the end of the first transmission power
increasing process, the transmission power is set at
the designated initial transmission power level:
These values are preset. The purpose of the first
transmission power increasing process is to avoid a
sharp increase of i.riterfering power to other mobile
stations, which will be caused by sudden transmission
at large transmission power.
The predetermined values are set in such a manner
that the transmission power is increased step by step
so that other mobile stations can follow by the
transmission power control the variations in the
interfering power magnitude. In this case, the TPC
bit sequence transmitted over the forward channel is
such a fixed pattern (for example, 011011011...) that
increases the transmission power of the mobile station
stepwise. The pattern is set in advance.
If the synchronization of the reverse dedicated
physical channel is established during the first
transmission power increasing process, the process is
halted, and the high speed closed loop transmission
power control is started in accordance with the
received TPC bit from the mobile station.
(b) The BTS increases, as the second transmission
power increasing process, the transmission power at
every predetermined interval by a predetermined
magnitude until the reverse frame alignment is
126 -
CA 02484367 1998-04-17
established. These predetermined values are specified
apart from those of the foregoing (a). The purpose of
the second transmission power increasing process is to
ensure the establishment of the forward radio frame
alignment by increasing step by step the transmission
power even in the case where the initially set
transmission power level is insufficient for the
mobile station to establish the forward radio frame
alignment. The predetermined interval of this process
is rather long of about one to a few seconds. The
pattern of the forward transmission power control is
variable in accordance with the interfering amount or
the like.
(c) Establishing the forward frame alignment, the
mobile station starts the relative control of the
transmission power in accordance with the TPC bits
received from the BTS using the transmission power
determined in the open loop control as the initial
value. In this case, the TPC bits to be transmitted
through the reverse channel are determined on the
basis of the measured values of the forward SIR (see,
Fig. 43(B)).
(d) Establishing the reverse frame alignment, the BTS
carries out the relative control of the transmission
power in accordance with the TPC bits received from
the mobile station.
*The BTS can change the fixed TPC pattern mentioned
above depending on the interfering amount over the
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CA 02484367 1998-04-17
entire cell.
*Although the mobile station carries out the foregoing
reverse transmission power control in accordance with
the fixed TPC bit pattern from the base station, it
can perform similar transmission power control using a
fixed control pattern that is preset in the mobile
station. In this case, the pattern is invariable.
*Although the initial value of the reverse
transmission power which is sent from the mobile
station is determined in the open loop control, an
initial value sent from the base station can be used
instead. In this arrangement, because the base
station can determine it, a more optimal initial value
can be set.
(4) SIR measurement method.
Requirements for the SIR measurement are:
*That the transmission power control with one slot
control delay can be implemented as described above
(2).
*That high SIR measurement accuracy can be achieved.
Examples of the measurements are shown below.
(A) Measurement of received signal power (S).
(a) The measurement of the received signal power S is
carried out at every slot interval (transmission power
update interval) using pilot symbols after RAKE
combining.
(b) The received signal power S equals the amplitude
square sum of the average values of the absolute
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values of the inphase and quadrature components of a
plurality of symbols.
(B) Measurement of interfering signal power (I).
(a) Average signal power is obtained of the pilot
symbols and overhead symbol in a pilot block after the
RAKE combining.
(b) The reference signal point for the individual
pilot symbols is obtained by carrying out the QPSK
demodulation (quadrant detection) of the pilot symbols
using the root of the foregoing average signal power.
(c) The mean square is obtained of the distances
between the received points and the reference signal
point of the pilot symbols in the pilot block.
(d) The interfering signal power is obtained by
calculating the moving average of the mean squares
over M frames, where M is 1-100, for example.
5.2.1.3. Outer loop.
The BTS and MCC have an outer loop function of
updating the reference SIR of the high speed closed
loop transmission power control in accordance with
quality information to meet the required receive
quality (average FER or average BER). The MCC
performs during the DHO the outer loop control in
response to the quality after the selection combining.
(1) An update method of the reference SIR.
The initial value of the reference SIR is
designated. The subsequent reference SIR is updated
on the basis of measured results of the receive
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quality. Both the MCC and BTS.can determine the
update of the reference SIR. The following is an
example of a concrete method.
i.) Designating the start of the quality monitoring.
ii) Carrying out the designated quality monitoring
continuously, and reporting the results of the
monitoring.
iii) According to the quality monitoring results
reported, a decision is made whether the update of the
reference SIR is to be made or not. If the update is
decided, the reference SIR is set and its update is
designated.
5.2.1.4. The transmission power control during the
inter-sector diversity handover.
During the inter-sector diversity handover, the
measurement of the received SIR and the demodulation
of the TPC bits are carried out with both the forward
and reverse links after the inter-sector maximal ratio
combining. With regard to the forward TPC bits, the
same value is transmitted from a plurality of sectors.
Thus, the transmission power control is carried out in
the same manner as in the case where no diversity
handover is performed.
5.2.1.5. The transmission power control during the
inter-cell diversity handover.
(1) Reverse transmission power control (see, Fig.
44).
(a) BTS operation.
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CA 02484367 1998-04-17
Each BTS measures the reverse received SIR as in
the case where no diversity handover is performed, and
transmits to the mobile station the TPC bits
determined in accordance with the measured result.
(b) Mobile station operation.
The mobile station receives the TPC bits from each
BTS independently (with carrying out the inter-sector
diversity). At the same time, the mobile station
measures the reliability (received SIR) of the TPC
bits of each BTS. If any one of the results of the
soft majority decision about the TPC bits that meet a
predetermined reliability includes "0", the
transmission power is reduced by 1 dB. If all the
results are "1", the transmission power is increased
by 1 dB.
(2) Forward transmission power control (see, Fig.
45).
(a) BTS operation.
Each BTS controls the transmission power in
accordance with the received TPC bits as in the case
where no diversity handover is performed. If the TPC
bit cannot be received because of the out-of-sync of
the reverse link, the transmission power level is
fixed.
(b) Mobile station operation.
The mobile station measures the received SIR after
the site diversity combining, and transmits to each
BTS the TPC bits which are determined in accordance
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with the measured results.
5.2.2. Synchronization establishing processing.
5.2.2.1. At the start up of the mobile station.
(a) Each sector sends the perch channel that masks
part of the long code. At the start up, the mobile
station establishes the perch channel synchronization
by carrying out the sector selection using a three
step initial synchronization method of the long code.
(b) Each perch channel broadcasts its own sector
number and the long codes of the peripheral cells.
The mobile station establishes on the basis of the
broadcast information the perch channel
synchronization of the remaining sectors in the same
cell and of the sectors in the peripheral cells, and
measures the received levels of the perch channels.
While the mobile station is standing by, the mobile
station makes comparison between the received levels
of the perch channels of respective sectors described
above to judge whether the mobile station has shifted
the sector or not.
5.2.2.2. At random access reception.
The mobile station transmits a RACH when carrying
out a location registration, or an originating or
terminating call. The BTS establishes the
synchronization of the RACH transmitted at a plurality
of frame offsets, and receives it.
As shown in Figs. 85-88B, the RACH synchronization
can be established so that the reception processing of
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~.'
all the RACH-Ls and RACH-S'es that are transmitted at
the four offset timings per 10 msec. can be completed
within 0.625 msec. The reception processing includes
deinterleaving, Viterbi decoding and CRC decoding,
besides the capability of making a decision as to
whether the transmission of Ack is required or not.
The BTS measures the propagation delay time due to
traveling between the mobile station and the BTS,
using the delay time of the RACH received timing with
respect to a predetermined timing.
5.2.2.3. At establishing synchronization of the
dedicated physical channel (see, Figs. 87A and 87B).
The outline of the synchronization establishing
procedure of the SDCCH and TCH will now be described.
Figs. 46A and 46B illustrate a detailed flow of the
synchronization establishing processing.
(a) The BTS starts transmission of a forward channel.
(b) The mobile station establishes the
synchronization of a forward channel on the basis of
the synchronization information of the perch channel,
and a frame offset group and a slot. offset group which
are noticed from the network.
(c) The mobile station starts transmission of a
reverse channel at the same frame timing as the
forward channel.
(d) The BTS establishes the reverse channel
synchronization on the basis of the frame offset group
and slot offset group which are designated by the MCC.
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~
In this case, the actual synchronization timings are
shifted by the propagation delay time taken to make a
round trip between the mobile station and the BTS.
Thus, the propagation delay time measured at the
random access reception can be utilized to reduce the
search range for establishing the synchronization.
5.2.2.4. At the inter-cell diversity handover.
With regard to the reverse dedicated physical
channel transmitted by the mobile station, and the
forward dedicated physical channel transmitted by the
BTS which originates the diversity handover, the radio
frame number and long code are continuously counted up
as usual even at the beginning of the diversity
handover, and are not changed abruptly. The
continuity of user information conveyed is fully
guaranteed, and hence no instantaneous interruption
takes place.
The outline of the synchronization establishing
procedure at the start of the diversity handover will
be described with reference to Figs. 88A and 88B.
(a) The mobile station measures the frame time
difference between the same number radio frames that
the mobile station is transmitting through the reverse
dedicated physical channel and the handover
destination BTS is transmitting through the perch
channel, and reports the measured results to the
network. The measured results are obtained as the
time difference of the frame timing of the reverse
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dedicated physical channel from the frame timing of
the perch channel. They are represented in terms of
chips, and take a positive value ranging from zero to
"reverse long code period - 1" chips.
(b) The mobile station reports, over the ACCH of the
reverse dedicated physical channel, the measured
results of the frame time difference in the form of a
layer 3 signal to the BSC through the diversity
handover originating BTS.
(c) The BSC notifies using the layer 3 signal the
diversity handover destination BTS of the measured
results of the frame time difference along with the
frame offset and the slot offset which are set at the
incoming or outgoing call connection.
(d) The handover destination BTS, receiving the
notification of the measured results of the frame time
difference, frame offset and slot offset, starts the
transmission of the forward dedicated physical channel
using the received information, and starts the
synchronization establishing processing of the reverse
dedicated physical channel the mobile station is
transmitting. About the transmission timing of the
forward dedicated physical channel, and the
synchronization establishing method of the reverse
dedicated physical channel, refer to 4.1.3.
5.2.2.5. Synchronization of perch channels of other
sectors in the same cell.
Each sector in the same cell transmits the perch
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channel which is spread using the same long code and
the same short code, with keeping the phase difference
specified by the system. The mobile station receives
broadcast information from waiting sectors after
completing the initial synchronization. The broadcast
information includes the sector number of its own and
the number of sectors in the same cell. The mobile
station identifies the long code phases of the other
sectors in the same cell, and establishes the perch
channel synchronization.
5.2..2.6. A method of deciding the synchronization
establishment of dedicated channels.
(a) Chip synchronization.
The BTS knows the reverse long code phase of the
channel to be received. The BTS carries out path
search, and RAKE reception of the paths with high
correlation detection values. If the transmission
characteristics described at 5.1.2. are satisfied, the
RAKE reception is readily possible.
(b) Frame alignment.
Since the long code phase has one-to-one
correspondence with the frame timing, the search for
the frame timing is not needed principally. It is
enough to check the frame alignment at the frame
timing corresponding to the long code phase after the
chip synchronization has been established. The
decision condition of the frame alignment
establishment of the BTS for the dedicated physical
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channel is that the radio frames whose sync words each
include Nb or less unmatched bits continue for SR
frames or more.
(c) Super frame alignment.
Since the dedicated physical channel does not
include any bit indicating the FN, the frame number is
tacitly decided to establish the super frame
alignment.
As to the reverse dedicated physical channel, the
frame number is set such that the frame number becomes
zero at the timing lagged behind the timing at which
the reverse long code phase is zero by an amount of
the frame offset + slot offset as shown in Figs. 87A
and 87B. This relationship between the long code
phase and the frame number is maintained until the
radio channel is released, even if the diversity
handover is repeated after the incoining or outgoing
call connection.
As to the forward dedicated physical channel, the
frame number is determined such that the radio frame
whose timing is shifted by a predetermined time period
from the perch channel frame timing is provided with a
frame number equal to the SFN of the perch channel,
modulo 64. The predetermined time period equals frame
offset + slot offset during the incoming or outgoing
call connection as illustrated in Figs. 87A and 87B.
During the diversity handover, it equals the measured
value of the frame time difference - 1/2 slot
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where a is an omitted value for expressing the
measured value of the frame time difference - 1/2 slot
in terms of a symbol unit.
(2) Resynchronization.
The present system does not possess any special
resynchronization establishing processing procedure
because the optimum path search by the searcher is
equivalent to carrying out continuous
resynchronization.
(3) An out-of-phase decision method.
A out-of-phase decision method of the BTS in the
radio section for the dedicated physical channel will
now be described. The following two conditions are
monitored.
Condition 1: Whether or not the number of
unmatched bits in a sync word is equal to or less than
Nb.
Condition 2: Whether or not the CRC on the DTCH
selection combining unit basis or on the UPCH internal
encoding unit basis is correct.
If the radio frames that satisfy neither of the two
conditions continue for SF frames or more, a decision
is made that the out-of-sync state takes place, where
SF is the number of forward synchronization guarding
stages.
If the radio frames that satisfy at least one of
the two conditions continue for SR frames or more in
the out-of-sync state, a decision is made that the
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synchronous state takes place, where SR is the number
of reverse synchronization guarding stages.
5.2.4. Handover control.
5.2.4.1. Inter-sector diversity handover in the same
cell.
It is assumed that the number of sectors involved
in the inter-sector diversity handover in the same
cell is three at the maximum.
(1) Reverse link.
*The maximal ratio combining is carried out for the
entire symbols of the physical channel in the same
manner as the space diversity of the received signals
from a plurality of sector antennas.
*The forward transmission power control is carried out
using the TPC symbols after the maximal ratio
combining.
*The reverse transmission power control is carried out
using the receive quality after the maximal ratio
combining. That is, the forward TPC symbols are set
using the receive quality after the maximal ratio
combining.
*As for the wire transmission, the link establishment
and transmission are carried out in the same manner as
when the diversity handover is not being performed.
(2) Forward link.
With regard to each symbol on the physical channel,
the same symbol is transmitted from the plurality of
the sector antennas. The transmission timing control
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is carried out in the same manner as the inter-cell
diversity handover (see 4.1.3. for more details).
*As for the wire transmission, the link establishment
and transmission are carried out in the same manner as
when the diversity handover is not being performed.
5.2.4.2. Inter-cell diversity handover.
*The transmitted and received signal processings of
both the forward and reverse links during the inter-
cell diversity handover are carried out in the same
manner as when the diversity handover is not being
performed.
5.2.5. Packet transmission control.
5.2.5.1. Applications.
The packet transmission control is applied to the
following services.
*TCP/IP packet service.
*Modem (RS-232 serial data transmission) service.
5.2.5.2. Outline.
The purpose is to transmit data of various traffic
characteristics from low density light traffic to high
density heavy traffic with efficiently utilizing radio
resources and facility resources. Major features will
be described below.
(1) Switching of physical channels in use in
accordance with transmission functions such as
traffic.
To make effective use of the radio resources and
facility resources without degradation in the quality
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3~r
of service, the physical channels (logical channels)
are switched as needed in accordance with the
transmission functions like time varying traffic
volume.
During light traffic: common control physical
channels (FACH and RA.CH ) .
During heavy traffic: dedicated physical channels
(UPCH)
(2) Switching control of the physical channels
between the MS and BTS.
The switching control between the physical channels
are carried out frequently. If the switching control
involves the wire transmission control, this will lead
not only to an increase of a wire transmission control
load, the wire transmission cost and the control load
of the BSC and MSC, but also to an increase in the
switching control delay, resulting in the degradation
in the quality of service. To avoid this, the
switching control must be carried out only between the
MS and BTS, thereby obviating the wire transmission
control and BSC and MSC control involved in the
switching control.
(3) Inter-cell high speed HHO (hard handover).
At least while using the common control physical
channel, the diversity handover is impossible because
the transmitting and receiving timings cannot be set
freely as in the dedicated physical channel.
In addition, if the normal DHO is applied to the
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= rF,. ~
dedicated physical channels during the switching
control of the physical channels, it is necessary for
the switching control between the dedicated physical
channels to control a plurality of BTS'es, which will
increase the control load and degrade the quality of
service because of an increase in the control delay.
For this reason, hard handover (HHO) is employed as a
scheme in the packet transmission under the condition
that the HHO is carried out at a high frequency to
avoid an increase in the interfering power due to
handover.
Since the HHO is carried out at a high frequency,
if the HHO processing involves the wire transmission
control, this will lead not only to an increase of a
wire transmission control load, that of the wire
transmission cost and that of the control load of the
BSC and MSC, but also to an increase in the HHO
control delay, resulting in the degradation in the
quality of service. To avoid this, the wire section
uses the diversity handover, and only the radio
section employs the HHO. In addition, the HHO control
is carried out only between the MS and BTS, thereby
obviating the wire transmission control and BSC and
MSC control involved in the HHO control.
5.2.5.3. Inter-cell handover control.
*An inter-cell handover processing procedure will now
be described with reference to the processing sequence
of Fig. 47.
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(1) As in the normal DHO, the mobile station selects
sectors that meet the diversity handover start
conditions in accordance with the perch channel
received levels of the peripheral sectors, and reports
them to the BSC via the BTS.
(2) The BSC establishes a wire channel link with the
diversity handover destination BTS so that a plurality
of links are connected to the DHT, and the wire
section is brought into a DHO state.
(3) The mobile station continuously measures for each
BTS the propagation loss between the BTS and MS using
the perch channel received level of the present
location sector and the perch channel received levels
of other sectors involved in the handover, and
compares the measured propagation losses. If the
propagation loss of one of the other sectors involved
in the handover becomes less than that of the present
location sector, and their difference exceeds a
predetermined value, the start of the hard handover is
decided. Thus, the mobile station first sends to the
present location sector a request for halting the
transmission and reception of the packet data.
(4) Sending a response signal back to the mobile
station, the BTS in the sector in which the mobile
station is located halts the transmission and
reception of the packet data over the radio section,
and releases the radio link. The wire link which has
been established, however, is unchanged.
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(5) Receiving the response signal from the BTS in the
current location sector, the mobile station releases
the radio channel between them, and transmits over the
RACH a transmitting and receiving request signal of
the packet data to the BTS in the handover destination
sector. This signal is transmitted through the
physical channel (common control physical channel or
dedicated physical channel) which was used by the
handover originating BTS.
(6) The handover destination BTS establishes a
physical channel that is to be set for the packet data
transmission in accordance with the received RACH
signal that includes information about the physical
channel (common control physical channel or dedicated
physical channel) used by the handover originating
BTS. Although the wire link set-up is not changed in
any way, the connection between the wire link and
radio link is designated.
*The sequence of the processing is the same regardless
of the physical channel (common control physical
channel or dedicated physical channel) in use. Only,
in establishing/releasing the radio link, the physical
channel establishing/releasing processing is required
with the dedicated physical channel but not with the
common control physical channel.
5.2.5.4. Inter-sector handover control.
Figs. 48-51 shows examples of the connection
corifiguration during the inter-sector handover.
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With regard to the dedicated physical channel
(UPCH), since the inter-sector DHO is controllable
independently of the BTS, the inter-sector DHO that
uses the maximal ratio combining is carried out for
both the forward and reverse links in the packet
transmission as in the circuit switching mode.
With regard to the common control physical channel
(FACH and RACH), since the transmitting and receiving
timings cannot be set freely, the maximal ratio
combining is impossible for both the forward and
reverse links. For this reason, the switching control
is carried out in the BTS and mobile station such that
the transmission and reception are carried out with
only one sector in accordance with the propagation
loss of the perch channel. The switching control
method is the same as the inter-cell handover
processing as shown in Fig. 47.
5.2.5.5. Switching control of the physical channels.
(1) Switching decision node.
The BTS that covers the location sector of the
mobile station makes a decision of the switching on
the basis of the following factors.
(2) Factors for making a switching decision.
The following factors are available, and the
factors to be used are selectable. The factors 1 and
2 become available when the report of the information
about the factors is started.
Factor 1: In-band information (information about
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the physical channel which is desired to be used) fed
from the ADP of the MCC and the ADP of the MS.
Factor 2: Monitoring of the forward/reverse
traffic volume by the BTS.
Factor 3: A layer 3 signal that requ.ires from the
MS to the BTS switching of the channel to be used.
(3) A switching decision method.
A decision of switching is made by comparing the
information reported by the factors of the foregoing
section (2) with predetermined thresholds.
(4) A switching control method.
*Figs. 52 and 53 illustrate switching sequences.
For example, when the mobile station (MS) and the
base station (BTS) is communicating through a common
control physical channel (Fig. 52), the BTS makes the
switching decision if any one of the foregoing
switching decision factors takes place. When making a
switching as a result of the decision, the BTS
instructs through the FACH the MS to establish a
dedicated physical channel, and establishes the
designated dedicated physical channel between the MS.
Then, the BTS changes the connection of the wire link
and radio link with the MS from the common control
physical channel to the dedicated physical channel.
Subsequently, the BTS communicates over the dedicated
physical channel which has been established.
On the other hand, when the mobile station (MS) and
the base station (BTS) is communicating through a
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dedicated physical channel (Fig. 53), the BTS makes a
decision of the switching to a common control physical
channel. When a switching to the common control
physical channel is required, the BTS instructs
through the UPCH the MS to release the dedicated
physical channel which is being used.
Receiving the instruction to release the dedicated
physical channel, the MS makes a response to that, and
releases the dedicated physical channel which is being
used. Then, the MS starts the FACH reception of the
common physical channel.
Receiving the response, the BTS releases the
dedicated physical channel which is used between it
and the MS, and changes the connection of the wire
link and radio link with the MS. Subsequently, the
BTS communicates over the common control physical
channel which has been established.
*The switching control is processed only in the radio
section between the mobile station and the BTS,
20. without involving BSC.and wire section at all.
Since the switching control is based only on the
decision the base station makes, and does not involve
any switching control of the wire section (between the
base station and the control center. (BSC), for
example), it is possible to reduce the load of the
switching control, and to speed up the switching
control.
*The control signal between the mobile station and the
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BTS is a layer 3 signal, and is processed by the BTS.
In this case, the B'I'S must change the connection
between the wire link and radio link in accordance
with the instructions as described before.
5.3. Transmission path interface.
5.3.1. Physical interface terminating function.
*Electric level interface.
*Cell level interface.
a) Generation/termination of transmission frames.
Mapping ATM cells using a 6.3M/1.5M transmission
path based on the PDH (plesiochronous digital
hierarchy).
The ATM cells are transmitted at 6.3 M using TS1-
TS96 without using TS97 and TS98, and at 1.5 M using
all the TS1-TS24. In this case, although it is
unnecessary to recognize the delimiter between the 53
bytes of the ATM cells, the delimiters between time
slots and between octets of the ATM cells are
transmitted in conjunction with the boundary.
On the receiving side, the ATM cells are extracted
from the TS1-TS96 with ignoring the data of the TS97
and TS98, at 6.3 M. At 1.5 M, the ATM cells are
extracted from the TS1-TS24.
b) Cell synchronization establishment.
1) First, to identify the cell boundary, using a fact
that the delimiter of each octet is instructed from
the physical channel before the cell synchronization,
the header error control code on every four octet
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(T
basis is calculated by the generator polynomial X8 + X`
+ X + 1 with shifting every one octet, until its
result becomes equal to the mod 2 value of the fifth
octet value minus "01010101".
2) Once a position is detected at which the HEC
(Header Error Correction) value equals the calculation
result, a pre-synchronization state is started
assuming the position as the header position.
3) Subsequently, it is assumed that the header
position takes place every one cell (53 bytes)
interval, and the HECs are checked at the intervals.
Thus, if six consecutive HECs are found to be correct,
the synchronization state is started,
4) The HEC check operation is continued at every one
cell interval in the synchronization state to monitor
the state. Even if HEC errors are detected, if the
consecutive number of the HEC errors is less than
seven, the synchronization state is maintained because
of the synchronization guarding. An out-of-sync state
is decided if seven consecutive HEC errors take place,
and the control is returned to the state of 1) for
resynchronization.
c) Cell rate adjustment.
When the ATM cell rate of the ATM layer differs
from the transmission path rate as in the case where
no cell is present to be sent on the transmission
path, the physical interface inserts idle cells for
adjusting the cell rate and for matching the two
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rates.
Since the idle cell has a fixed pattern, its header
can be identified by "00000000 00000000 00000000
00000001 01010010". Its pattern in the information
field consists of iterative sequences of "01101010"
(see, Fig. 32).
The idle cell is used only for cell synchronization
on the receiver side, without any other role.
*Cell level scrambling (applied only to 6.3 M),
1) Only information field bits are made random by the
generator polynomial X43 + 1 at the cell level.
2) Descrambling is halted in the hunting state of the
cell synchronizatiori..
3) The descrambling operates over the bits equal to
the information field length in the pre-synchronized
state and in the synchronization established state,
and halts during the period assumed to be the next
header.
4) This function can be enabled or disabled by a hard
switch.
5.3.2. ATM terminating function.
*ATM cell_VPI/VCI identification.
ATM cells have different VCI/VPI for each
application or for each user, and transfer themselves
to respective processing sections by identifying the
VPI/VCI.
*ATM cell VPI/VCI multiplexing.
Since different VCIs are multiplexed on each VPI
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basis to be transmitted in the reverse direction
signal, each application outputs its reverse direction
ATM cell signal with band assurance control.
*Cell header structure.
The ATM cell comprises a cell header as shown in
Fig. 54. The cell header includes 8-bit VPI and 16-
bit VCI, and the details of their coding are specified
separately between the switching system and the base
station.
*ATM header coding.
The transmission order of bits of the ATM cell is
determined such that the bits in each octet are sent
from the bit number 8, and the octets are sent from
the octet number 1. Thus, they are transmitted from
the MSB.
. As for the routing bits of the VPI/VCI, there are
specified three types of VPIs in the interface between
the base station and the switching center, and 256
types (8 bits) of VCIs from 0-255.
*Channel number/VPI/VCI setting (initial state).
Channel number: The channel number is fixedly
corresponds to the mounted position of a HW interface
card and the connector position in the card.
VPI: The VPI is always "0" (not used in practice).
VCI: The VCI is specified when a link of a wire
transmission path is established.
5.3.3. AAL-Type 2 control function.
*AAL-Type 2 protocol.
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The AAL-Type 2 protocol is intended to provide
variable rate services that have timing dependence
between the transmitting and receiving ends, such as
voices which are subjected to variable rate encoding.
The detail of the specifications is based on ITU-
TI. 363.2.
a) Service types (Required conditions, etc.).
AAL-2 is required to carry out real time data
transfer to the higher layer between transmitting and
receiving sides at a variable rate, with particular
timing conditions. In addition, it is required to
achieve information transfer for matching the clock
and timing between the transmitting and receiving
sides, and to carry out transfer of information about
data structure.
b) Functions of AAL-2
The AAL-2 must have the capability of dealing with,
besides the timing conditions like 'those of AAL-1,
multiplexing for multimedia multiplexing of data and
voice, and of handling a variable rate, cell loss and
cell priority.
5.3.4. Forward direction signal separation procedure.
*The control signal and traffic signal in a forward
direction signal can be separated by first identifying
the AAL type. There are AAL-2 and AAL-5 in the AAL
type, and they can be identified by the VCI (see,
4.2.2.1.).
*Likewise, the control signal between the BTS and MCC
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.~-
f7c
~-?
in the AAL-5 connection can be separated from the
super frame phase correction cell by the VCI because
their VCIs are different.
*The AAL-2 connection further includes CIDs for
identifying users, and carries out the separation
using the CIDs that are different for each call.
5.3.5. Band assurance control.
*Fig. 55 illustrates the outline of the band assurance
control.
*The band assurance control determines the
transmission order of short cells ar.Ld standard cells
in accordance with the following quality classes, and
establishes respective bands. More specifically, the
band assurance control, being based on the
precondition that the short cells and standard cells
are discarded if th.ey exceed a maximum tolerable delay
time, determines transmission orders of the short
cells and standard cells for respective quality
classes such that the cell loss ratio becomes equal to
a maximum cell loss ratio. The setting method of the
transmission order is specified.
*As with the VCs to which the AAL-Type 5 is applied,
the VCI is associated with one of the following AAL-
Type 5 quality classes by setting a MATM connection
ID.
*As with the VCs to which the AAL-Type 2 is applied,
the VCI and CID are associated with one of the
following A.AL-Type 2 quality classes by setting the
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MATM connection ID.
5.3.5.1. Quality classes.
5.3.5.1.1. AAL-Type 5 quality classes.
*The following six requirements are needed for the
AAL-Type 5 quality classes. Table 28 shows the
correspondence between services and the quality
classes. In practice, the quality class is set in
conjunction with the connection establishment of the
wire transmission path. The timing cell VC is always
assigned top priority (delay time is 0 ms, and loss
rate is 0).
(maximum tolerable delay time; allowable cell loss
ratio)
(top priority of 0 ms delay; loss ratio 0)
(5 ms; 10-4)
(5 ms; 10-7)
(50 ms; 10-4)
(50 ms; 10-7)
(AAL-Type 2)
5.3.5.1.2. AAL-Type 2 quality classes.
*The following four requirements are needed for the
AAL-Type 2 quality classes. Table 28 shows the
correspondence between services and the quality
classes. In practice, the quality class is set in
conjunction with the connection establishment of the
wire transmission path.
(maximum tolerable delay time; allowable cell loss
ratio)
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~1,..
(5 ms; 10-4)
(5 ms; 10-7 )
(50 ms; 10-4)
(50 ms; 10-7)
5*When there are a plurality of AAL-Type 2 VCs as shown
in Table 28, the band assignment to the AAL-Type 2
quality classes can be made different for each VC. In
other words, the transmission order of the short cells
can be changed for each VC.
5.3.5.2. Band assurance function of reverse direction
signals.
*As with the reverse direction signals, it is
necessary to achieve both
an AAL-Type 2 level band assurance and an ATM cell
level band assurance which includes both the AAL-Type
2 and the AAL-Type 5. Fig. 56 illustrates a
transmission procedure of the reverse direction ATM
cell, and Fig. 57 illustrates an assembling procedure
of reverse direction co-transmitted cells of the AAL-
Type 2 level.
*The cell transmission sequence data is specified in
correspondence with the quality classes at the start
up of the BTS. In accordance with the cell
transmission sequence data, short cells and standard
cells to be transmitted are selected from the quality
classes, subjected to the multiplexing, and formed
into transmission cells. If a cell of the target
quality is not present in the buffer, a cell in the
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next quality can be transmitted.
*According to the tolerable delay times determined for
the individual quality classes, a cell in the buffer
that exceeds the tolerable delay time of its class is
discarded.
*Figs. 58A-58C show examples of the cell transmission
sequence data corresponding to Table 28. Transmission
cycles of A, B, C, ..., L are determined in accordance
with allocated bands of respective ATM bands A, B, C,
..., F (for example, ACADAFAC...).
In addition, transmission sequences for compositing
the short cells are determined depending upon
respective SC bands El - F4 such that the respective
quality classes are satisfied (for example,
F2F1F2F3F4...).
If a cell is not present in the target class, a
cell in the next priority is transmitted.
*A cell in the interrupt class is always transmitted
with the top priority.
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Table 28 Correspondence between services and quality
classes.
ATM quality SC quality Services ATM SC
classes classes band band
(Tolerable (Tolerable
delay, Cell delay, Cell
loss ratio) loss ratio)
(Top - Timing cell - -
priority)
(5ms, 10-7) Packet A -
(5ms, 10-4) - Packet B -
(50ms, 10-7) - Control signal C -
between BTS, MMC and
SIM,Paging signal
(50ms, 10-4) - Packet D -
(5ms, 10-7) unrestricted 32 kbps El
unrestricted 64 kbps
or more
AAL-Type 2 (5ms, 10-4) voice E2
VCi
(50ms, 10-7) ACCH ( al l symbol. E
rates)
Packet E3
(50ms, 10-4 ) Modem E4
Fax
(5ms, 10-7) unrestricted 32 kbps F1
unrestricted 64 kbps
or more
AAL-Type 2 (5ms, 10-4) voice F2
VC2
(50ms, 10-7) ACCH (all symbol F
rates)
Packet F3
(50ms, 10-4 ) Modem F4
Fax
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5.3.6. AAL-Type 5 + SSCOP function.
*Service types.
The AAL-5 is a simplified AAL type that is provided
for transferring signaling information. It differs
from the other AAL types in that its payload has no
header trailer, and hence can transfer 48 bytes with a
minimum communication overhead.
*Functions of the AAL-5.
The AAL-5 carries out the error detection not on a
cell by cell basis but on a user frame by user frame
basis to improve the efficiency of the data
transmission. The error detection is performed using
CRC-32 check bits. The CRC is given for each user
frame, and is effective in a poor transmission quality
environment because of its high detection capability
due to 32 bits.
Fig. 59 shows the format of the AAL-5.
The receiving side carries out the following
operations.
1) It identifies the delimiters of data considering
the value of the PT (payload type) of the ATM header.
2) It checks the extracted payload by calculating the
CRC.
3) It identifies the user data by verifying the
LENGTH information.
*SSCOP protocol sequence (link establishment and
release).
In the SSCOP, the acknowledge or flow control
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information is not transferred on the data frame
between the base station and switching center, and the
role of the.data frame is completely separated from
that of the control frame. Fig. 60 illustrates an
example of the sequence from the establishment to the
release of the SSCOP link.
5.3.7. Reverse direction delay adding function.
*The SSCOP is applied to the control signal VC and
paging VC between the BTS and MCC, and is processed by
the BTS and MCC.
The reverse direction delay adding function is
provided for measuring system immunity by adding
delays to reverse signals when carrying out a test of
combining reverse signals between different base
stations.
A delay up to a maximum of 100 ms can be added to
the reverse signal at every 0.625 ms step (frame
offset step).
The delay amount can be set by a dip switch.
5.3..8. Reference timing generating function (radio
frame alignment function).
5.3.8.1. SFN synchronization.
The BTS carries out with the MCC the time
synchronization establishing processing of the SFN
(System Frame Number) which will be described below.
The SFN clock the MCC generates is the master clock of
the entire system. The SFN synchronization processing
is provided for establishing in the BTS the time
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synchronization with the SFN clock of the MCC. The
target for the range of the time synchronization error
is set within 5 msec. The BTS uses as its internal
reference clock the SFN clock after the
synchronization is established. The timings of the
transmitting and receiving radio channels in
respective sectors under the control of the BTS are
generated from the reference SFN clock of the BTS
(see, Figs. 85-88B).
The SFN synchronization establishment is
implemented by exchanging the timing cells between the
MCC and BTS. Fig. 61 illustrates the detail of the
procedure which will be described below. The numerals
in Fig. 61 correspond to the numbers in the following
descriptions.
(1) The BTS, at turn-on or at start up after a reset,
generates a temporary SFN clock signal.
(2) The BTS acquires a transmitting time (a time
within a super frame, and the super frame pbsition in
a long.code period),of a timing cell 1 to be
transmitted from the BTS to the MCC. The transmitting
time is based on the temporary SFN clock signal.
(3) The BTS generates the timing cel1. 1. Values of
information elements in the timing cell 1 are set as
shown in Table 29.
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Table 29
information Specified values
elements
Message ID 03h; Timing Report (BTS-MCC)
SF time all 0
information
(received, MCC-SIM
side)
SF time all 0
information
(transmitted, MCC-
SIM side)
SF time The time within the super
information frame in the time
(transmitted, BTS information acquired in
side) (2).
LC counter all 0
information
(received, MCC-SIM
side)
LC counter all 0
information
(transmitted, MCC-
SIM side)
LC counter The super frame position
information in the long code period in
(transmitted, BTS the time information
side) acquired in (2).
other information In accordance with Table
elements 26.
(4) The BTS transmits the timing cell 1 it generated
in (3) at the transmission timing it acquired in (2).
(5) The MCC receives the timing cell 1, and acquires
the received time (the time within the super frame and
the super frame position in the long code period).
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This time is based on the SFN clock generated by the
MCC.
(6) The MCC acquires a transmitting time (a time
within a super frame, and the super frame position in
a long code period) of a timing cell 2 to be
transmitted from the MCC to the BTS. This time is a
transmitting time based on the temporary SFN clock
generated by the MCC.
(7) The MCC generates the timing cell 2. Values of
information elements in the timing cell 2 are set in
accordance with Table 30.
Table 30
information elements Specified values
Message ID 02h; Timing Report (MCC-BTS)
SF time information The time within the super
(received, MCC side) frame in the time information
acquired in (5).
SF time information The time within the super
(transmitted, MCC frame in the time information
side) acquired in (6).
SF time information The time within the super
(transmitted, BTS frame in the time information
side) acquired in (2) (The MCC sets
this information element in
the timing cell received in
(5) to the same value again).
LC counter information The super frame position in
(received, MCC side) the long code period in the
time information acquired in
(5).
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~...
LC counter information The super frame position in
(transmitted, MCC the long code period in the
side) time information acquired in
(6).
LC counter information The super frame position in
(transmitted, BTS the long code period in the
side) time information acquired in
(2) (The MCC sets this
information element in the
timing cell received in (5)
to the same value again).
Other information -In accordance with Table 26.
elements
(8) The MCC transmits the timing cell 2 it generated
in (7) at the transmission timing it acquired in (6).
(9) The BTS receives the timing cell 2, and acquires
the received time (the time within the super frame and
the super frame position in the long code period).
This time is a received time based on the temporary
SFN clock in the BTS.
(10) The BTS calculates the corrected value X of the
temporary SFN clock phase from the information
elements of the timing cell 2 it receives. Fig. 62
illustrates the calculation method and calculation.
basis of the corrected value. Calculation results of
the corrected value are stored in a memory.
In Fig. 62,
SF.__BTS-1: SF time information about BTS
transmission of the timing cell 1.
LC-BTS-1: LC counter time information about BTS
transmission of the timing cell 1.
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SF MCC-1: SF time information about MCC-SIM
reception of the timing cell 1.
LC MCC-1: LC counter time information about MCC-
SIM reception of the timing cell 1.
SF,_BTS-2: SF time information about BTS reception
of the timing cell 2.
LC BTS-2: LC counter time information about BTS
reception of the timing cell 2.
SF MCC-2: SF time information about MCC-SIM
transmission of the timing cell 2.
LC MCC-2: LC counter time information about MCC-
SIM transmission of the timing cell 2.
(11) The BTS counts the number of corrections,
calculates corrected values, and increments the
counter each time it stores the corrected value.
(12) The BTS stores as one of the system parameters
an upper limit N of the number of corrections. The
BTS iterates the foregoing (2)-(11) until the counter
value exceeds the upper limit N which is equal to or
less than 255.
(13) When the number of corrections reaches the upper
limit N, a statistical processing is carried out of
calculated results of the corrected values stored.
(The statistical processing temporarily selects the
maximum value from among the calculated results). The
BTS shifts its temporary SFN clock by the corrected
value calculated by the statistical processing, thus
carrying out the correction processing of the SFN
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clock of the BTS.
(14) Completing the foregoing operations, the BTS
lights up an ACT lamp on the HWY interface card of the
BTS assuming that the SFN time synchronization has
been completed between the BTS and MCC.
If the synchronization is not yet established even
after a predetermined time has elapsed from the
beginning of the transmission of the timing cell, the
ETS stops the transmission of the timing cell, and
lights up an ERR lamp on the card including the
transmission path interface. In addition, the BTS
brings the SFN timing into a free-running state, and
performs the transmission control of the radio section
in accordance with the free-running SFN.
5.3.8.2. Synchronization holding function.
*The BTS generates the reference clock from the HWY,
and generates various clock signals from the reference
clock.
*When the ETS is connected with a plurality of 1.5 M
HWYs, it can select with a hard switch like a dip
switch the HWY used for generating the clock.
*The BTS generates, after establishing the SFN time
synchronization at the start up, the reference SFN
clock only from the clock that is generated from the
HWY. If a restart processing is not carried out, the
reference SFN clock of the BTS will not be changed by
any other factors. The BTS does not perform
autonomous SFN syrlchronizati.on correction. Besides,
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it does not carry out a synchronization correction
processing triggered by aJsynchronization correction
request from the MCC.
5.4. Transfer processing method of the transmission
information between the MCC and MS.
A transfer processing method by the BTS of the
information transmitted between the MCC and MS varies
depending on the type of the logical channels in the
radio section. The processing method will be
described below. The following description has
nothing to do with the transmission information
between the MCC and BTS.
5.4.1. Correspondence between radio link and wire
link.
As for the correspondence between radio section
links (physical channels and logical channels) and
wire section links (channel number, VPI, VCI and CID),
such correspondence is provided as needed.
5.4.2. Processing method of transmission information.
5.4.2.1. Forward direction.
Table 31 shows, for each logical channel, a
processing method of the transmission information
which is received from the wire section.
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.m.,
Table 31 Processing method of transmission
information received from wire section.
Logical Description
channel
DTCH *Assembles a radio unit from the
transmission information in a received short
cell, and transmits it in a radio frame with
the same frame number as the FN in the SAL of
the short cell.
*Discards the user information in the
received short cell if the transmission to the
wire section is not completed before the
expiration of a timer ADTCH which is started
when the short cell is received.
*The value of the timer ADTCH is specified
as one of the system parameters in the range
from 0.625 msec to 640 msec at every 0.625 msec
step.
*Makes OFF the transmission of the DTCH
symbols or transmits dummy data as for a radio
frame that does not receive any transmission
information from the wire section.
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ACCH *Assembles, when one radio unit is placed
in one radio frame (in the'case of a 256 ksps
dedicated physical channel), a radio unit from
the transmission informatior.. in a received
short cell, and transmits it in a radio frame
with the same frame number as the FN in the SAL
of the short cell.
*Assembles, when one radio unit is placed
in a plurality of radio frames (in the case of
128 ksps or less dedicated physical channel), a
radio unit from the transmission information in
a received short cell, and transmits it
beginning from a radio frame with the same
frame number as the FN in the SAL of the short
cell, followed by the remainder of the
plurality of the successive radio frames.
*Discards the user information in the
received short cell if the transmission to the
wire section is not completed before the
expiration of a timer AACCH which is started
when the short cell is received.
*The value of the timer AACCH is specified
as one of the system parameters in the range
from 0.625 msec to 640 msec at every 0.625 msec
step.
*Makes OFF the transmission of the ACCH
symbols as for a radio frame that does not
receive any transmission information from the
wire section.
SDCCH *Assembles the CPD PDU for the transmission
information in a received short cell, carries
out dividing processing at every internal
encoding unit, performs processings up to
assembling of a radio unit, and transmits it in
a radio frame that can be transmitted first.
*The controller of the MCC transmits the
control information on a CPS-SDU unit basis
with spacing such that the rate of the SDCCH in
the radio section is not exceeded. Thus, it is
enough for a receiving buffer of the
information from the SDCCH wire transmission
path to have an area that can accommodate only
a few frames corresponding to the CPS-SDU with
a maximum length.
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r~.
FACH (for *Assembles the CPD PDU for the information
packet in a received short cell or in a standard cell,
transmis- carries out dividing processing at every
sion) internal encoding unit, performs processings up
to assembling of a radio unit, and transmits it
in a radio frame that can be transmitted first.
If divided into a plurality of=internal
encoding units, a plurality of radio units are
transmitted successively.
UPCH *The EX-interface for packets of the MCC
transmits the control information on a CPS-SDU
unit basis with spacing such that the rate of
the UPCH in the radio section, which rate is
required at the call setup as a peak rate, is
not exceeded. Thus, it is enough for a
receiving buffer of the information from the
UPCH wire transmission path to have an area
that can accommodate only a few frames
corresponding to the CPS-SDU with a maximum
length. In a state in which the FACH is
established, because the rate of the radio
section can be lower than the peak rate, a FACH
buffer must have a rather large size.
*Makes OFF the transmission of the UPCH
symbols as for a radio frame that does not
receive any transmission information from the
wire section.
5.4.2.2. Reverse direction.
Table 32 shows, for each logical channel, a
processing method of the transmission information
which is received from the radio section.
Table 32 Processing method of transmission
information received from radio section.
Logical Description
channel
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DTCH (32 *Assembles a short cell upon receiving a radio
ksps frame, and transmits it to the wire section at a
dedicated timing as early as possible.
physical *The following two modes are prepared for the
channel) transmission to the wire section. The mode is
designated each time a radio link is established.
Mode 1:
As with the radio frame to which the
information presence or absence decision of
4.1.9.2. gives a result that no transmission
information is present, transmission to the wire
section is not carried out.
Even if the CRC check for each selection
combining unit produces an incorrect result, if the
information presence or absence decision of
4.1.9.2. gives a result that transmission
information is present, the transmission
information is sent to the wire section after the
Viterbi decoding.
Mode 2:
Transmission information is always sent to
the wire section after the Viterbi decoding.
DTCH (64 *Assembles a short cell upon receiving a radio
ksps or frame, and transmits it to the wire section at a
more timing as early as possible.
dedicated *Transmission information is always sent to the
physical wire section after the Viterbi decoding.
channel)
ACCH *Assembles a radio frame from ACCH bits in one
or more radio frames, and carries out the Viterbi
decoding and CRC checking. Assembles a short cell
immediately only when the CR.C checking produces a
correct result, and transmits the short cell to the
wire section at a timing as early as possible.
*Discards the received information if the CRC
checking produces an incorrect result, and does not
carry out any transmission to the wire section.
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SDCCH *Carries out the Viterbi decoding and CRC
checking for the transmission information in a
radio frame. Generates the CPS PDU in accordance
with the W bits only when the CRC checking is
correct. Assembles a short cell when the
generation of the CPS PDU is completed and the CRC
checking of the CPS is correct, and sends it to the
wire section at the earliest timing available.
*Discards the received information if the CRC
checking for each internal encoding unit produces
an incorrect result, so that it is not involved in
generating the CPS. In this case, the CPS PDU is
discarded in its entirety, and the transmission to
the wire section is not carried out.
RACH (for *Carries out the Viterbi decoding and CRC
packet checking for the transmission information in a
transmis- radio frame. Generates, for only the transmission
sion) information with TN bit = 0, the CPS PDU in
accordance with the W bits and S bits only when the
CRC checking is correct. Assembles a short cell
when the generation of the CPS PDU is completed and
the CRC checking of the CPS is correct, and sends
it to the wire section at the earliest timing
available.
UPCH *Discards the received information if the CRC
checking for each internal encoding unit produces
an incorrect result, so that it is not involved in
generating the CPS. In this case, the CPS PDU is
discarded in its entirety, and the transmission to
the wire section is not carried out.
5.4.3. SAL setting method.
A method for generating the SAL in a short cell or
standard cell will now be described with reference to
Fig. 36, when reverse direction transmission
information is sent from the radio section to the wire
section. Refer to Table 22 for a fundamental setting
method.
5.4.3.1. SAT.
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SAT is always set at "00" for all logical channels.
5.4.3.2. FN.
(1) DTCH.
*The FN of a received radio frame is used as the FN of
the SAL of the short cell or standard cell including
the transmission information which is transmitted by
the radio frame.
*As illustrated in Figs. 87A and 87B, the first chip
of the radio frame of FN=0 is shifted from the
position at which the reverse long code phase=0 by the
sum of the frame offset value and the slot offset
value, and the relation is not changed by the
iteration of the DHO. Thus, the FN of the received
radio frame is determined on the basis of the reverse
long code phase by the following expression.
FN = ( (PTOP - POFS) IC) mod 64
where PTOP is the phase of the first chip of the
received radio frame, PoFS is the sum of the frame
offset value and the slot offset value, and C is the
number of chips per radio frame, where C = 10240,
40960, 81920 and 163840 (chip rate = 1.024, 4.096,
8.192 and-16.384 Mcps).
(2) ACCH.
*When a single radio unit overlays a plurality of
radio frames (in the case of 128 ksps or less
dedicated physical channels), the FN of the first one
of the plurality of radio frames is used as the FN in
the SAL.
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*A method for deciding the FN of the radio frame is
the same as that of the foregoing (1).
(3) SDCCH, RACH and UPCH.
*The FN of the first radio frame of one or more radio
frames constituting the CPS-PDU is adopted as the FN
in the SAL.
*A method for deciding the FN of the radio frame is
the same as that of the foregoing (1).
5.4.3.3. Sync.
(1) DTCH, UPCH and SDCCH.
*The sync is set to "0" if the received radio frame is
in the synchronization state, and to "1" if it is in
the out-of-sync state.
*For details of the processing in the out-of-sync
state, refer to 5.4.4. below. As for the out-of-sync
decision method, refer to 5.2.3.
*When one CPS-PDU consists of a plurality of radio
frames in the UPCH or SDCCH, the sync is set to "1"
only if all the radio frames are out-of-sync.
(2) ACCH and RACH.
*The sync is set to "0".
5.4.3.4. BER.
(1) DTCH.
*The value of the BER is set on the basis of a result
of the BER estimated value degradation decision which
is carried out for each radio frame.
(2) ACCH.
*The value of the BER is set on the basis of a result
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of the BER estimated value degradats.on decision which
is carried out for each radio frame.
(3) SDCCH, UPCH and RACH.
*The value of the BER is set on the basis of a result
of the BER estimated value degradation decision which
is carried out for each CPS-PDU.
5.4.3.5. Level.
(1) DTCH.
*The value of the Level is set on the basis of a
result of the level degradation decision which is made
for each radio frame.
(2) ACCH.
*The value of the Level is set on the basis of a
result of the level degradation decision which is made
for each radio fra~ ne.
(3) SDCCH, UPCH and RACH.
*The value of the Level is set on the basis of a
result of the level degradation decision which is made
for each CPS-PDU.
5.4.3.6. CRC
(1) DTCH
*The value of the CRC is set on the basis of a result
of the CRC checking which is carried out for each.
selection combining unit.
(2) ACCH.
*The value of the CRC is set on the basis of a result
of the CRC checking which is carried out for each
radio unit.
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(3) SDCCH, UPCH and RACH.
*The value of the CRC is set on the basis of a result
of the CRC checking which is carried out for each CPS-
PDU. However, since the transmission to the wire link
is carried out only when the CRC is correct, it is
substantially "0", normally.
5.4.3.7. SIR
(1) DTCH
*The value of the SIR is set on the basis of a result
of the SIR measurement which is carried out for each
radio unit.
(2) ACCH.
*The value of the SIR is set on the basis of a result
of the SIR measurement which is carried out for each
radio unit.
(3) SDCCH, UPCH and RACH.
*The value of the SIR is set on the basis of a result
of the SIR measurement which is carried out for each
CPS-PDU (if the CPS-PDU ranges over a plurality of
radio frames, the average value over the plurality of
radio frames is used as the result).
5.4.3.8. RCH and RSCN.
The values of the RCN and RSCN are set in
accordance with Table 24.
5.4.4. A processing method during the out-of-sync
decision.
Table 33 shows a processing for each logical
channel, when the out-of-sync method as described in
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;..~.,
5.5.2.3. makes an out-of-sync decision, in which RACH
is not handled because the out-of-sync decision is not
applied to the common control physical channel.
Table 33
Logical Description
DTCH *Generates a cell whose Sync bit in the SAL is
SDCCH set at "1", and sends the short cell to the wire
section every 10 msec interval until the
synchronization is recovered.
UPCH *A short cell of the UPCH does not include user
information.
*The remaining bits of the SAL are as follows:
SAT: 00
FN: As an estimated value, one of the
values 0-63 is set which is incremented at every 10
msec interval. It is set such that it keeps
continuity from before the out-of-sync decision.
BER: 1
Level: 1
CRC: 1
SIR: all Os
RCN, RSCN: according to Table 27 (as in
the synchronization holding state).
ACCH *Halts transmission to the wire section.
5.4.5. Cell loss detection.
The position at which the cell loss takes place is
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.y.,
located from the following parameters, if the forward
data from the MCC does not reach the BTS because of
the cell loss in the ATM section. Fig. 63 illustrates
a flow of the cell loss detection.
5*Frame number (FN): It is used for the cell loss
detection in all the unrestricted services.
*Radio subchannel number (RSCN): It is used in the
unrestricted services (128 kbps or more unrestricted
services) including within 10 ms two or more internal
encoding CRC providing units.
*Radio channel number (RCN): It is used in the
unrestricted services implemented by multicodes.
*UUI (CPS-User to User Indication): It is used when
the internal encoding CRC providing unit exceeds the
user payload length of the short cell, which is 42
octets when either the RCN or RSCN is used, and 43
octets when none of the RCN and RSCN is used.
The cell loss is detected using the foregoing four
parameters.
Table 34 shows the processing method of the cell
loss detection.
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CA 02484367 1998-04-17
Table 34 Processing method of cell loss detection.
Logical channel Processing method
DTCH *Inserts dummy data (all "0s") for
each short cell in the cell loss
portion, assembles one or more radio
frames and transmits them.
ACCH *Not necessary to consider the cell
loss.
SDCCH *Discards the entire CPS-SDU
FACH (for packet including as its part the cell loss
portion.
transmission)
UPCH
As described above, the novel base station
equipment of the mobile communication system in
accordance with the present invention is best suited
for high speed CDMA digital communications.
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