Note : Les descriptions sont présentées dans la langue officielle dans laquelle elles ont été soumises.
CA 02512256 2005-07-15
COMPOSITIONS WITH CYCLOPROPENES AND ADJUVANTS
BACKGROUND:
Ethylene can cause the premature death of plants or plant parts including, for
example, flowers, leaves, fruits, and vegetables through binding with certain
receptors
in the plant. Ethylene also promotes leaf yellowing and stunted growth as well
as
premature fruit, flower, and leaf drop. Cyclopropenes (i.e., substituted and
unsubstituted cyclopropene and its derivatives) are effective agents for
blocking the
effects of ethylene. One difficulty in effectively contacting a plant or plant
part with
cyclopropenes is that many useful cyclopropenes are gasses at ambient
conditions (10
to 35°C and approximately 1 atmosphere pressure); thus, in some cases,
the
cyclopropene tends to escape into the atmosphere instead of remaining in
contact with
the plant or plant part (either on the surface or in the interior or the plant
or plant
part). US 5,518,988 discloses applying mixtures of cyclopropenes and wetting
agents
to plants. It is desired to provide compositions that can be contacted with
plants or
plant parts and that have improved the effectiveness of cyclopropenes at
blocking the
effects of ethylene.
STATEMENT OF THE INVENTION:
In the present invention, there is provided a composition comprising
(a) one or more molecular encapsulation agents within each of which is
encapsulated
one or more cyclopropenes of the formula
/CH
R /C
CHp
wherein said R is hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl,
alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, phenyl, or naphthyl group; wherein the
substituents, when present, are independently halogen, alkoxy, or substituted
or
unsubstituted phenoxy; and
(b) one or more adjuvants selected from the group consisting of surfactants,
alcohols,
hydrocarbon oils, and mixtures thereof.
CA 02512256 2005-07-15
2
DETAILED DESCRIPTION:
As used herein, all percentages are percent by weight and all parts are parts
by
weight, unless otherwise specified, and are inclusive and combinable. All
ratios are
by weight and all ratio ranges are inclusive and combinable. All molar ranges
are
inclusive and combinable.
As used herein, the term "alkyl" means straight chain, branched chain , or
cyclic (C,-CZO) radicals which include, for example, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl,
isopropyl, 1-ethylpropyl, n-butyl, tert-butyl, isobutyl, 2,2-dimethylpropyl,
pentyl,
octyl, and decyl. The terms "alkenyl" and "alkynyl" mean (C3-C2o) alkenyl and
(C3-
CZO) alkynyl groups such as, for example, 2-propenyl, 2-butenyl, 3-butenyl, 2-
methyl-
2-propenyl, and 2-propynyl. The term "cycloalkylalkyl" means a (C~-C15) alkyl
group substituted with a (C3-C7) cycloalkyl group such as, for example
cyclopropylmethyl, cyclopropylethyl, cyclobutylmethyl, and cyclopentylethyl.
The
term "haloalkyl" means an alkyl radical wherein one or more of the hydrogen
atoms
have been replaced by a halogen atom. The term "halogen" means one or more of
fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine:
The practice of the present invention involves the use of one or more
cyclopropenes. As used herein, "cyclopropene" means any compound with the
formula
/CH
R-C//
CH2
where R is hydrogen or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,
cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, phenyl, or naphthyl group; wherein the
substituents, when
present, are independently halogen, alkoxy, or substituted or unsubstituted
phenoxy.
As used herein, when the compound of the above structure when R is a hydrogen
is
meant, the phrase "unsubstituted cyclopropene" will be used.
In some embodiments, R has no double bond. Independently, in some
embodiments, R has no triple bond. Independently, in some embodiments, there
is no
halogen atom substituent on R. Independently, in some embodiments, R has no
substituents that are ionic. Independently, in some embodiments, R is not
capable of
generating oxygen compounds.
CA 02512256 2005-07-15
3
In some embodiments of the invention, R is (C1-Clo) alkyl. In some
embodiments, R is (C1-C$) alkyl, or (Ci-C4) alkyl, or methyl. When R is
methyl, the
cyclopropene is known herein as "1-MCP."
The cyclopropenes applicable to this invention are known materials, which
may be prepared by any method. Some suitable methods of preparation of
cyclopropenes are the processes disclosed in U. S. Patents No. 5,518,988 and
6,017,849.
The amount of cyclopropene in compositions of the present invention may
vary widely, depending on the type of composition and the intended method of
use.
In some embodiments, the amount of cyclopropene, based on the total weight of
the
composition, is 4% by weight or less; or 1% by weight or less; or 0.5% by
weight or
less; or 0.05% by weight or less. Independently, in some embodiments, the
amount
of cyclopropene, based on the total weight of the composition, is 0.000001 %
by
weight or more; or 0.00001 % by weight or more; or 0.0001 % by weight or more;
or
0.001 % by weight or more.
In compositions of the present invention that include water, the amount of
cyclopropene may be characterized as parts per million (i.e., parts by weight
of
cyclopropene per 1,000,000 parts by weight of water, "ppm") or as parts per
billion
(i.e., parts by weight of cyclopropene per 1,000,000,000 parts by weight of
water,
"ppb"). In some embodiments, the amount of cyclopropene is 1 ppb or more; or
10
ppb or more; or 100 ppb or more. Independently, in some embodiments, the
amount
of cyclopropene is 10,000 ppm or less; or 1,000 ppm or less.
In some embodiments, the practice of the present invention involves the use of
one or more metal-complexing agents. A metal-complexing agent is a compound
that
contains one or more electron-donor atoms capable of forming coordinate bonds
with
a metal atoms. Some metal-complexing agents are chelating agents. As used
herein,
a "chelating agent" is a compound that contains two or more electron-donor
atoms
that are capable of forming coordinate bonds with a metal atom, and a single
molecule
of the chelating agent is capable of forming two or more coordinate bonds with
a
single metal atom. Suitable chelating agents include, for example, organic and
inorganic chelating agents. Among the suitable inorganic chelating agents are,
for
example, phosphates such as, for example, tetrasodium pyrophosphate, sodium
tripolyphosphate, and hexametaphosphoric acid. Among the suitable organic
chelating agents are those with macrocyclic structures and non-macrocyclic
CA 02512256 2005-07-15
4
structures. Among the suitable macrocyclic organic chelating agents are, for
example,
porphine compounds, cyclic polyethers (also called crown ethers), and
macrocyclic
compounds with both nitrogen and oxygen atoms.
Some suitable organic chelating agents that have non-macrocyclic structures
are, for example, aminocarboxylic acids, 1,3-diketones, hydroxycarboxylic
acids,
polyamines, aminoalcohols, aromatic heterocyclic bases, phenol, aminophenols,
oximes, Shiff bases, sulfur compounds, and mixtures thereof. In some
embodiments,
the chelating agent includes one or more aminocarboxylic acids, one or more
hydroxycarboxylic acids, one or more oximes, or a mixture thereof. Some
suitable
aminocarboxylic acids include, for example, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
(EDTA),
hydroxyethylethylenediaminetriacetic acid (HEDTA), nitrilotriacetic acid
(NTA), N-
dihydroxyethylglycine (2-HxG), ethylenebis(hydroxyphenylglycine) (EHPG), and
mixtures thereof. Some suitable hydroxycarboxylic acids include, fox example,
tartaric acid, citric acid, gluconic acid, 5-sulfoslicylic acid, and mixtures
thereof.
Some suitable oximes include, for example, dimethylglyoxime, salicylaldoxime,
and
mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, EDTA is used.
Some additional suitable chelating agents are polymeric. Some suitable
polymeric chelating agents include, for example, polyethyleneimines,
polymethacryloylacetones, poly(acrylic acid), and poly(methacrylic acid).
Poly(acrylic acid) is used in some embodiments.
Some suitable metal-complexing agents that are not chelating agents are, for
example, alkaline carbonates, such as, fox example, sodium carbonate.
Metal-complexing agents may be present in neutral form or in the form of one
or more salts. Mixtures of suitable metal-complexing agents are also suitable.
Also contemplated are embodiments of the present invention in which no
metal-complexing agent is used.
Some embodiments of the present invention do not contain water.
In some embodiments, the composition of the present invention does contain
water; in some of such embodiments, the water contains one or more metal ions,
such
as, for example, iron ions, copper ions, other metal ions, or mixtures
thereof. In some
embodiments, the water contains 0.1 ppm or more of one or more metal ions.
Among embodiments that use one or more metal-complexing agents, the
amount of metal-complexing agent used in the present invention also may vary
widely. In some embodiments, the amount of metal-complexing agent will be
CA 02512256 2005-07-15
adjusted to be sufficient to complex the amount of metal ion that is present
or
expected to be present in those embodiments. For example, in some embodiments
in
which the composition of the present invention includes water, if a relatively
efficient
chelating agent is used (i.e., a chelating agent that will form a complex with
all or
5 nearly all the metal ions in the water), the ratio of moles of chelating
agent to moles of
metal ion will be 0.1 or greater; or 0.2 or greater; or 0.5 or greater; or 0.8
or greater.
Among such embodiments that use a relatively efficient chelating agent, the
ratio of
moles of chelating agent to moles of metal ion will be 2 or less; or 1.5 or
less; or 1.1
or less.
Independently, in some embodiments, the amount of metal-complexing agent
is, based on the total weight of the composition, 25% by weight or less; or
10% by
weight or less; or 1 % by weight or less. Independently, in some embodiments,
the
amount of metal-complexing agent is, based on the total weight of the
composition,
0.00001 % or more; or 0.0001 % or more; or 0.01 % or more.
Independently, in some embodiments in which the composition of the present
invention includes water, the amount of metal-complexing agent can usefully be
determined by the molar concentration of metal-complexing agent in the water.
In
some embodiments, the concentration of metal-complexing agent is 0.00001 mM
(i.e.,
mini-Molar) or greater; or 0.0001 mM or greater; or 0.001 mM or greater; or
0.01
mM or greater; or 0.1 mM or greater. Independently, in some embodiments in
which
the composition of the present invention includes water, the concentration of
metal-
complexing agent is 100 mM or less; or 10 mM or less; or 1 mM or less.
The composition of the present invention includes at least one molecular
encapsulating agent. Useful molecular encapsulating agents include, for
example,
organic and inorganic molecular encapsulating agents. Suitable organic
molecular
encapsulating agents include, for example, substituted cyclodextrins,
unsubstituted
cyclodextrins, and crown ethers. Suitable inorganic molecular encapsulating
agents
include, for example, zeolites. Mixtures of suitable molecular encapsulating
agents
are also suitable. In some embodiments of the invention, the encapsulating
agent is
a-cyclodextrin ("oc-CD"), (3-cyclodextrin, ~y-cyclodextrin, or a mixture
thereof. In
another embodiment of the invention, particularly when the cyclopropene is 1-
methylcyclopropene, the encapsulating agent is a-cyclodextrin. The preferred
encapsulating agent will vary depending upon the size of the R group. However,
as
CA 02512256 2005-07-15
6
one skilled in the art will appreciate, any cyclodextrin or mixture of
cyclodextrins,
cyclodextrin polymers, modified cyclodextrins, or mixtures thereof can also be
utilized pursuant to the present invention. Cyclodextrins are available from
Wacker
Biochem Inc., Adrian, MI or Cerestar USA, Hammond, IN, as well as other
vendors.
The composition of the present invention includes at least one molecular
encapsulating agent that encapsulates one or more cyclopropenes. A
cyclopropene or
substituted cyclopropene molecule encapsulated in a molecule of a molecular
encapsulating agent is known herein as a "cyclopropene molecular encapsulating
agent complex." The cyclopropene molecular encapsulation agent complexes can
be
prepared by any means. In one method of preparation, for example, such
complexes
are prepared by contacting the cyclopropene with a solution or slurry of the
molecular
encapsulation agent and then isolating the complex, again using general
processes
disclosed in U. S. Patent No. 6,017,849. In the case of 1-MCP, the 1-MCP gas
is
bubbled through a solution of a-cyclodextrin in water, from which the complex
first
precipitates and is then isolated by filtration.
In some embodiments, the amount of molecular encapsulating agent can
usefully be characterized by the ratio of moles of molecular encapsulating
agent to
moles of cyclopropene. In some embodiments, the ratio of moles of molecular
encapsulating agent to moles of cyclopropene is 0.1 or larger; or 0.2 or
larger; or 0.5
or larger; or 0.9 or larger. Independently, in some of such embodiments, the
ratio of
moles of molecular encapsulating agent to moles of cyclopropene is 2 or lower;
or
1.5 or lower.
In some embodiments of the present invention, one or more surfactants are
used. Suitable surfactants include, for example, anionic surfactants, cationic
surfactants, nonionic surfactants, amphoteric surfactants, and mixtures
thereof.
One group of suitable anionic surfactants are the sulfosuccinates, including,
for example, alkaline salts of mono- and dialkyl sulfosuccinates. In some
embodiments, sodium salts of dialkyl sulfosuccinates are used, including, for
example, those with alkyl groups with 4 carbons or more, or 6 carbons or more.
In
some embodiments, sodium salts of dialkyl sulfosuccinates are used, including,
for
example, those with alkyl groups with 18 carbons or fewer; or 14 carbons or
fewer;
or 10 carbons or fewer.
Another group of suitable anionic surfactants are the sulfates and sulfonates,
including, for example, alkaline salts of alkyl sulfates. In some embodiments,
sodium
CA 02512256 2005-07-15
7
salts of alkyl sulfates are used, including, for example, those with alkyl
groups with 4
carbons or more, or 6 carbons or more, or 8 carbons or more. In some
embodiments,
sodium salts of alkyl sulfates are used, including, for example, those with
alkyl groups
with 18 carbons or fewer; or I4 carbons or fewer; or IO carbons or fewer.
Some suitable surfactants are, for example, sodium di-octyl sulfosuccinate,
sodium di-hexyl sulfosuccinate, sodium dodecyl sulfate, alkylphenol
ethoxylates
(such as, for example, TritonTM X-100 from Dow), cetyl pyridinium bromide, and
silicone-based surfactants (such as, for example, SilwetTM L-77 surfactant
from OSi
Specialties).
Mixtures of suitable surfactants are also suitable.
Suitable surfactants have various properties. For example, some are excellent
at enabling cyclopropene to remain in contact with certain plants or plant
parts; some
are readily soluble in the other ingredients of the formulation; some do not
cause
phytotoxicity in plants or plant parts. Very few surfactants excel in every
property,
but the practitioner will readily be able to choose a surfactant or mixture of
surfactants
with the balance of properties most appropriate for the desired use, taking
into
account, for example, the species desired to be treated and the other
ingredients
intended to be used in the composition.
Among embodiments that use surfactant, some embodiments use surfactant in
amounts, by weight based on the total weight of the composition, of 0.025% or
more;
or 0.05 % or more; or 0.1 % or more. Independently, among embodiments that use
surfactant, some embodiments use surfactant in amounts, by weight based on the
total
weight of the composition, of 75% or less; or 50% or less; or 20% or less; or
5% or
less; or 2% or less; 1 % or less; or 0.5% or less; or 0.3% or less.
In some embodiments of the present invention, one or more hydrocarbon oils
are used. Hydrocarbon oils are straight, branched, or cyclic alkane compounds
with 6
or more carbon atoms. In some embodiments, hydrocarbon oils are obtained from
petroleum distillation and contain a mixture of alkane compounds, along with,
in
some cases, impurities. In some embodiments, hydrocarbon oils are used that
contain
6 or more carbon atoms. In some embodiments, hydrocarbon oils are used that
contain 18 or fewer carbon atoms. Some suitable hydrocarbon oils include, for
example, hexane, decane, dodecane, hexadecane, diesel oil, refined paraffinic
oil
(e.g., Ultrafine~ spray oil from Sun Company), and mixtures thereof.
CA 02512256 2005-07-15
g
Among embodiments that use hydrocarbon oil, some embodiments use
hydrocarbon oil in amounts, by weight based on the total weight of the
composition,
of 0.25 % or more; or 0.5 % or more; or 1 % or more. Independently, among
embodiments that use hydrocarbon oil, some embodiments use hydrocarbon oil in
amounts, by weight based on the total weight of the composition, of 90% or
Iess; or
50% or less; or 10% or less; or 5% or less; or 4% or less; or 3% or less.
Some embodiments of the present invention involve the use of one or more
alcohols. The suitable alcohols include, for example, alkyl alcohols and other
alcohols. As used herein, alkyl alcohols are alkyl compounds with one hydroxyl
group; the alkyl group may be linear, branched, cyclic; or a combination
thereof; the
alcohol may be primary, secondary, or tertiary. In the present invention,
alkyl
alcohols are used which have alkyl groups with 2 or more carbon atoms. In some
embodiments, ethanol, isopropanol, or a mixture thereof are used. In some
embodiments, alkyl alcohols are used which have alkyl groups with 20 or fewer
carbon atoms; or 10 or fewer carbon atoms; or 6 or fewer carbon atoms; or 3 or
fewer carbon atoms.
Among embodiments that use alcohols, some embodiments use alcohol in
amounts, by weight based on the total weight of the composition, of 0.25% or
higher;
or 0.5% or higher, or 1% or higher. Among embodiments that use alcohols, some
embodiments use alcohol in amounts, by weight based on the total weight of the
composition, of 90% or less; or 50% or less; or 10% or less; or 5% or less; or
4%
or less; or 3% or less.
The adjuvants listed above may be used alone or in any combination. Various
embodiments are contemplated that include the use of, for example, the
following
compositions: compositions that contain one or more surfactant but no
hydrocarbon
oil and no alcohol; compositions that contain one or more hydrocarbon oil but
no
surfactant and no alcohol; and compositions that contain one or more alcohol
but no
surfactant and no hydrocarbon oil. In some embodiments, compositions are used
that
contain one or more surfactant and one or more hydrocarbon oil; or
compositions are
used that contain one or more surfactant and one or more alcohol. In some
embodiments, compositions are used that contain one or more surfactant, one or
more
hydrocarbon oil, and one or more alcohol.
It is sometimes desirable to include in the composition one or more adjuvants,
in addition to surfactants, alcohols, and hydrocarbon oils. Such additional
adjuvants
CA 02512256 2005-07-15
9
include, for example, extenders, pigments, fillers, binders, plasticizers,
lubricants,
wetting agents, spreading agents, dispersing agents, stickers, adhesives,
defoamers,
thickeners, transport agents, and emulsifying agents. Some of such adjuvants
commonly used in the art can be found in the John W. McCutcheon, Inc.
publication
Detergents and Emulsifiers, Annual, Allured Publishing Company, Ridgewood, New
Jersey, U.S.A..
One useful method of assessing the usefulness of compositions is the activity
of the composition. As used herein, "activity" of a cyclopropene means the
concentration of pure cyclopropene that is available to be used. For example,
in
general, if a reagent is mixed with a composition containing cyclopropene, and
that
reagent reacts with some or all of the cyclopropene, or that reagent complexes
with
some or all of the cyclopropene in a way that makes some or all of the
cyclopropene
undetectable or unavailable for useful purposes, that reagent is said to
reduce the
activity of the cyclopropene. One method of measuring the activity of a
composition
of the present invention is by testing the effectiveness of the composition in
treating
plants, using methods, for example, like the tomato epinasty test defined
herein
below.
The ingredients of the present invention may be admixed by any means, in any
order.
In some embodiments, a first pack is assembled that contains one or more
cyclopropene molecular encapsulating agent complexes, and a second pack is
assembled that contains one or more adjuvants. Before the composition is
intended to
be used, the two packs are admixed with each other and with water. In some of
such
embodiments, one or more metal-complexing agent is admixed with at Ieast one
of the
first pack, the second pack, or the water.
In some embodiments, all the ingredients, including one or more cyclopropene
molecular encapsulating agent complexes, one or more adjuvants, and,
optionally, one
or more metal-complexing agent, are admixed with water, and the complete
admixture is stored until it is desired to use the composition. It is
contemplated that
such embodiments are most useful when the molecular encapsulating agent is
relatively dilute.
In some embodiments, a non-aqueous concentrate is made by admixing one or
more cyclopropene molecular encapsulating agent complex, and one or more
adjuvants. It is contemplated that, before it is intended to use the
composition, the
CA 02512256 2005-07-15
non-aqueous concentrate could be admixed with water. Among such embodiments
are some embodiments in which one or more metal-complexing agent is admixed
with
the non-aqueous concentrate or with the water or with both.
Also contemplated are embodiments in which water is not included in the
5 composition. In such embodiments, one or more cyclopropene molecular
encapsulating agent complex and one or more adjuvants are admixed, optionally
with
additional adjuvants, to form a composition that can be used without admixing
with
water.
In some embodiments, a composition of the present invention is used to treat
10 plants or plant parts. Plant parts include any part of a plant, including,
for example,
flowers, blooms, seeds, cuttings, roots, bulbs, fruits, vegetables, leaves,
and
combinations thereof. In some embodiments, a composition of the present
invention
is used to treat one or more of blooms, fruits, and vegetables.
Such treatment may be conducted by any method that allows cyclopropene to
contact the plants or plant parts. Some examples of methods of contact are,
for
example, spraying, foaming, fogging, pouring, brushing, dipping, similar
methods,
and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, spraying or dipping or both is
used.
EXAMPLES
In the examples herein below, those marked with "(C)" are comparative
examples.
Tomato E~inasty Test Procedure:
Tomato epinasty tests were performed as follows:
Tomatoes (Rutgers 39 Variety Harris Seeds No 885 Lot 37729-A3) were
grown in 2'h" square pots filled with a commercial potting mix. Two seeds were
place in each pot. Plants that had expanded first true leaves and were between
3 and 5
inches high were used for the tomato epinasty test.
To conduct the assay, the plants were sprayed to run off with the test 1- MCP
foliar spray and allowed to dry for 4 hours in sunlight These operations were
performed in a ventilated area away from the plants growing in the greenhouse
so
there would not be any unintended treatment to growing plants destined for
later
experiments.
CA 02512256 2005-07-15
11
The 1-MCP treated plants and both treated and untreated controls were placed
into an SLX controlled-atmosphere shipping box and sealed. To the box,
ethylene
was injected through a septum, which gave a concentration of 14 ppm. The
plants
were held sealed for 12-14 hours in the dark with ethylene in the atmosphere.
At the
end of ethylene treatment, the box was opened and scored for epinasty. Scoring
for
epinasty was accomplished by using the following scoring system for each pot.
1. 0% no epinasty (100% control)
2. 20% A couple leaves show some drooping (80% control)
3. 50% Plants show 50% of full response. Not all leaves need to
show effect. (50% control)
4. 80% Almost all leaves drooping and some show underside of
leaf exposed on top. (20% control)
5. 100% Leaves completely drooping and the underside of the leaf
exposed from above. (0% control)
The score of each pot is recorded. The average of 6 or 8 pots is averaged to
get a score. The percentage improvement is calculated by interpolating the
percentage improvement from the control water (i.e., no additives) 1-MCP
treatment.
Tomato epinasty tests were conducted using a formulation that included water,
a 1-MCP a-CD complex, and sodium salt of EDTA. The 1-MCP a-CD complex
contained 0.14% 1-MCP based on the weight of the 1-MCP a-CD complex; the
amount of the 1-MCP oc-CD complex was adjusted to give the amount of 1-MCP
shown in each example below. The amount of sodium salt of EDTA in each
formulation was 100 ppm. In some formulations, further ingredients were
included,
as described in the examples below.
Example 1
Formulations were made as described in the procedure for the tomato epinasty
test shown herein above, but with no adjuvants, using the amount of 1-MCP a-CD
complex necessary to achieve the concentrations of 1-MCP shown. Results were
as
follows:
Concentration of 1-MCP % Control of Epinasty
(ppb)
0 (C) 0-5
70 (C) 10
CA 02512256 2005-07-15
12
140 (C) 15
280 (C) 35
1400 (C) 85
Significant control of epinasty can be achieved without adjuvants, but only at
relatively high concentrations of 1-MCP.
Example 2: Effect of Surfactant at 140 ppb 1-MCP:
Formulations were made as in Example 1, with various surfactants included in
the composition at 1 % by weight based on the total weight of the composition.
Results were as follows:
Surfactant % Control of Epinasty
TweenTM 801) 10
TweenTM 601) 20
TritonTM X-452) 20
sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS)30
sodium dioctylsulfosuccinate30
(DOSS)
SylwetTM L-77 403)
TritonTM X-1002) 60
cetyl pyridinium bromide 603)
note (1): Polyoxyethylenesorbitan monooleate from ICI Americas, Inc.
note (2): Octylphenol ethoxylate from Dow
note (3): phytotoxic to tomatoes
Most of the surfactants improved the control of epinasty over the comparable
result
from Example 1 (140 ppb 1-MCP, no adjuvant) of 15%.
Example 3: Various Alcohols and (Comparative) Acetone at 140 ppb 1-MCP:
Formulations were made as in Example 1, with various alcohols (and
comparatives) included in the composition at 1 % by weight based on the total
weight
of the composition. Results were as follows:
Additive % Control of Eninasty
methanol (C) 0
CA 02512256 2005-07-15
13
acetone (C) ~ 0
ethanol 30
isopropanol 30
Ethanol and isopropanol improved the control of epinasty over the comparable
result
from Example 1 (140 ppb 1-MCP, no adjuvant) of 15%.
Example 4: Surfactant Plus Alkyl Alcohol with 140 ppb 1-MCP:
Formulations were made as in Example 1, with various alcohols (and
comparatives). In all compositions of Example 3, SDS was included in the
composition at 1 % by weight based on the total weight of the composition.
Results
were as follows:
Solvent Concentration of Alcohol~4>% Control of Epinasty
methanol 1 20
(C)
acetone 1 20
(C)
ethanol 1 40
ethanol 2 60
isopropanol1 60
isopropanol2 90
note (4): % by weight, based on the total weight of the composition
Ethanol and isopropanol improved the control of epinasty over the comparative
examples.
Example 5: Surfactant Plus Oil with 140 ppb 1-MCP:
Formulations were made as in Example 1, with various hydrocarbon oils, all
used at 1 % by weight based on the weight of the total composition. In all
compositions of Example 3, SDS was included in the composition at 1 % by
weight
based on the total weight of the composition. Results were as follows:
Oil % Control of Epinasty
mineral 20
oil
hexane 40
decane 40
dodecane 40
CA 02512256 2005-07-15
14
hexadecane 60~3>
Ultrafine' 60
'"' oil
diesel oil 80~3>
note (3): phytotoxic to tomatoes
All of the oils plus SDS samples showed improved the control of epinasty over
the
comparable sample in Example 1 (I40 ppb 1-MCP with no adjuvants, which had 15%
control of epinasty).
Example 6: Various Adjuvants at 70 ppb 1-MCP:
Formulations were made as described in the procedure for the tomato epinasty
test shown herein above, but with various adjuvants, using the amount of 1-MCP
oc-
CD complex necessary to achieve 70 ppb concentration of 1-MCP. Results were as
follows. Percentages shown are by weight, based on the total weight of the
composition.
Surfactant Alcohol ( Oil % % Control of Euinasty
( % ) % )
SDS (1) isopropanol Ultrafine oil 10
(2) (1)
SDS (2) isopropanol Ultrafine""' 40
(2) oil (1)
SDS (3) isopropanol Ultrafine""' 60
(2) oil (1)
DOSS (0.025) isopropanol none 20
(2)
DOSS (0.05) isopropanol none 60
(2)
DOSS (0.1) isopropanol none 60
(2)
DOSS (0.2) isopropanol none 60
(2)
DOSS (0.025) none Ultrafine~ 20
oil (1)
DOSS (0.05) none Ultrafine""' 60
oil (1)
DOSS (0.1 none Ultrafine ""' 60
) oil ( 1 )
DOSS (0.2) none Ultrafine ''"'60
oil ( 1 )
DOSS (0.025) isopropanol Ultrafine""' 40
(2) oil (1)
DOSS (0.05) isopropanol Ultrafine""' 80
(2) oiI (1)
DOSS (0.1 isopropanol Ultrafine ""' 80
) (2) oil ( 1 )
DOSS (0.2) isopropanol Ultrafine oil 100
(2) ~( 1 )
CA 02512256 2005-07-15
IS
All of the compositions showed improved control of epinasty over the
comparative
example at 70 ppb 1-MCP with no adjuvants (10% control, from Example 1).
