Note : Les descriptions sont présentées dans la langue officielle dans laquelle elles ont été soumises.
CA 02593570 2007-07-18
The present invention relates to a tellurite glass as
a glass material for an optical fiber and an optical
waveguide, and in particular a broadband optical
amplification medium using the tellurite glass which is
capable of working even at wavelengths of 1.5 m to 1.7
m. The present invention also relates to a broadband
optical amplifier and a laser device using the broad band
optical amplification medium. Furthermore, the present
invention relates to a method of splicing a non-silica-
based optical fiber and a silica-based optical fiber
reliably with the characteristics of low fiber-loss and
low reflection.
The technology of wavelength division multiplexing
(WDM) has been studied and developed for expanding
transmission volume of optical communication systems and
functionally improving such systems. The WDM is
responsible for combining a plurality of optical signals
and transmitting a combined signal through a single
optical fiber. In addition, the WDM is reversibly
responsible for dividing a combined signal passing through
a single optical fiber into a plurality of optical signals
for every wavelength. This kind of transmitting technology
requires a transit amplification just as is the case with
the conventional one according to the distance of
transmitting a plurality of optical signals of different
wavelengths through a single optical fiber. Thus, the
need for an optical amplifier having a broad amplification
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waveband arises from the demands for increasing the
optical signal's wavelength and the transmission volume.
The wavelengths of 1.61 m to 1.66 N,m have been considered
as appropriate for conserving and monitoring an optical
system, so that it is desirable to develop an optical
source and an optical amplifier for that system.
In recent years, there has been considerable work
devoted to research and development on optical fiber
amplifiers that comprise optical fibers as optical
amplification materials, such as erbium (Er) doped optical
fiber amplifiers (EDFAs), with increasing applications to
the field of optical communication system. The EDFA works
at a wavelength of 1.5 m where a loss of silica-based
optical fiber decreases to a minimum, and also it is known
for its excellent characteristics of high gain of 30 dB or
more, low noise, broad gain-bandwidth, no dependence on
polarized waves, and high saturation power.
As described above, one of the remarkable facts to be
required of applying the above EDFA to the WDM
transmission is that the amplification waveband is broad.
Up to now, a fluoride EDFA using a fluoride glass as a
host of an erbium-doped optical fiber amplifier has been
developed as a broad amplification band EDFA.
In U.S. Patent Nos. 3,836,868, 3,836,871, and
3,883,357, Cooley et al. discloses the possibility of
laser oscillation to be caused by tellurite glass
containing an rare earth element. In this case, however,
Cooley et al. have no idea of forming tellurite glass into
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an optical fiber because there is no description concerned
about the adjustment of refractive index and the thermal
stability of tellurite glass to be required for that
formation.
In U.S. Patent No. 5,251,062, Snitzer et al. insists
that tellurite glass play an important role in extending
the EDFA's amplification band and it should be formed into
a fiber which is absolutely essential to induction of an
optical amplification. Thus, they disclose the allowable
percent ranges of ingredients in tellurite-glass
composition in a concretive manner. The tellurite-glass
composition includes a rare earth element as an optically
active element and can be formed into a fiber. More
specifically, the tellurite-glass composition of Snitzer
et al. is a ternary composition comprising Te02, R20, and
QO where R denotes a monovalent metal except Li and Q
denotes a divalent metal. The reason why Li is excluded
as the monovalent metal is that Li depresses thermal
stability of the tellurite-glass composition.
In U.S. Patent No. 5,251,062, furthermore, Snitzer et
al. make a comparative study of fluorescence erbium
spectra of silica and tellurite glass and find that the
tellurite glass shows a broader erbium spectrum compared
with that of the silica glass. They conclude that the
ternary tellurite glass composition may allow a broadband
amplification of EDFA and an optically active material
such as praseodymium or neodymium may be added in that
composition for inducing an optical amplification. In this
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patent document, however, there is no concrete description
of the properties of gain, pump wavelength, signal
wavelength, and the like which is important evidence to
show that the optical amplification was actually down.
In other words, U.S.. Patent No. 5,251,062 merely indicate
the percent ranges of ingredients of ternary tellurite
glass composition that can be used in an optical fiber.
Furthermore, Snitzer et al. show that thermal and
optical features of various kinds of tellurite glass.
except of those described in U.S. Patent No. 5,251,062 in
a technical literature (Wang et al., Optical Materials,
vol. 3 pages 187-203, 1994; hereinafter simply referred as
"Optical Materials"). In this literature, however, there
is also no concrete description of optical amplification
and laser oscillation.
In another technical literature (J. S. Wang et al.,
Optics Letters, vol. 19 pages 1448-1449, 1994; hereinafter
simply referred as "Optics Letters") published in right
after the literature mentioned above, Snitzer et al. show
the laser oscillation for the first time caused by using a
single mode optical fiber of neodymium-doped tellurite
glass. The single mode fiber comprises a core having the
composition of 76.9 % Te02 - 6.0 % Na20 - 15.5 % ZnO - 1.5
% Bi203 - 0.1 % Nd203 and a clad having the composition of
75 % Te02 - 5.0 % Na2O - 20.0 % ZnO and allows 1,061 nm
laser oscillation by 81 nm pumping. In this literature,
there is no description of a fiber loss. In Optical
Materials, on the other hand, there is a description of
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which the loss for an optical fiber having a core
composition of Nd203 - 77 % Te02 - 6.0 % Na20 - 15.5% ZnO -
1.5 % Bi203 and a clad composition of 75 % Te02 - 5.0 %
Na20 - 20.0 % ZnO (it is deemed to be almost the same
composition as that of Optics Letters) is 1500 dB/km at a
wavelength of 1.55 pm (see Fig. 1 that illustrates a
comparison between 4I13/2 to 4I15/2 Er3+ emission in tellurite
glass and 4I13/2 to 4I15/2 Er3+ emission in fluoride glass).
The core composition of this optical fiber is different
from that of a ternary composition disclosed in U.S.
patent No. 5,251,062 because the former includes Bi203.
It is noted that there is no description or teach of
thermal stability of Bi203-contained glass composition in
the descriptions of Optics Letters, Optical Materials, and
U.S. patent No. 5,251,062 mentioned above.
However, the fluoride based EDFA has an
amplification band of about 30 nm which is not enough to
extend an amplification band of optical fiber amplifier
for the purpose of extending the band of WDM.
As described above, tellurite glass shows a
comparatively broader fluorescence spectral band width, so
that there is a possibility to extend the amplification
band if the EDFA uses the tellurite glass as its host. In
addition, the possibility of producing a ternary system
optical fiber using the composition of Te02, R20, and QO
(wherein R is a univalent metal except Li and Q is a
divalent atom) has been realized , so that laser
oscillation at a wavelength of 1061 nm by a neodymium-
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doped single mode optical fiber mainly comprising the
above composition has been attained. In contrast, EDFA
using tellurite glass is not yet realized. Therefore, we
will describe the challenge to realize a tellurite-based
EDFA in the following.
First, the difference between the objective EDFA and
the neodymium-doped fiber laser (i.e., the difference
between 1.5 m band emission of erbium and 1.06 m band
emission of neodymium in glass) should be described in
detail.
An optical transition of the objective EDFA is shown
in Fig. 2 where three different energy levels are
indicated by Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3, respectively.
For attaining an objective induced emission from Level 2
to Level 1, a population inversion between Level 1 and
Level 2 is done by pumping from Level 1 to Level 3 and
then relaxing from Level 3 to Level 2. This kind of the
induced emission can be referred as a three-level system.
In the case of the neodymium, as shown in Fig. 3, a
four-level system can be defined that a final level of the
induced emission is not a ground level but a first level
(Level 1) which is higher than the ground level.
Comparing the three-level system with the four-level
system, the former is hard to attain the population
inversion so that an ending level of the induced emission
is in a ground state. Accordingly, the three-level system
EDFA requires enhanced optically pumping light intensity,
and also the fiber itself should be of having the
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properties of low-loss and high An. In this case, the high
An is for effective optically pumping.
Secondly, we will briefly described that an
amplification band cannot be extended even if it is
possible to perform an optical amplification when a
transmission loss of fiber is large.
Wavelength dependencies of the silica-based EDFA and
the tellurite-based EDFA are illustrated in Fig. 4. As
shown in the figure, it can be expected that the
tellurite-based EDFA will attain a broadband optical
amplification broader than that of the silica-based EDFA.
Comparing with the silica-based glass and the non-silica-
based glass, a transmission loss at a communication
wavelength of the latter is substantially larger than that
of the former. In the optical fiber amplifier, therefore,
the loss leads to a substantial decrease in gain.
As schematically shown in Fig. 5, if the loss is
comparatively small, the amplification band of tellurite
glass is close to the one shown in Fig 4. If the loss is
comparatively large, on the other hand, the amplification
band of tellurite glass is narrowed.
In recent technical investigations on WDM
transmission, by the way, it has been made attempts to
speed up transmission through one channel for increasing
transmission capacity. To solve this problem, it is
necessary to optimize the chromatic dispersion
characteristics of the Er-doped optical fiber. Up to now,
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however, no attention have been given to that
characteristics.
For the tellurite glass, a wavelength at which
a chromatic dispersion value takes zero is in the
wavelengths longer than 2 ,m. In the case of a high NA
(Numerical Aperture) fiber to be used in EDFA, a chromatic
dispersion value is generally -100 ps/km/nm or less at
1.55 m band. Thus, a chromatic dispersion of a short
optical fiber of about 10 m in length also takes the large
value of -1 ps/nm or less.
For the use of tellurite EDFA in long-distance and
high-speed WDM transmission, therefore, it is need to
bring the chromatic dispersion close to zero as far as
possible. As described above, however, as the material
dispersion value of tellurite glass takes the value of
zero at wavelengths of 2 m and over. Therefore, the
tellurite-based optical fiber cannot utilize the technique
adopted in the silica-based optical fiber that brings the
chromatic dispersion value at 1.55 .m band close to zero
by optimizing the construction parameters of the fiber.
Furthermore, the tellurite-based optical fiber can be
used as a host of praseodymium (Pr) for 1.3 ,m band
amplification. As described above, however, the
tellurite-bade optical fiber has a large chromatic
dispersion value as the absolute value. In the case of
amplifying a high-speed optical signal by using the
tellurite-based optical fiber, a distortion of pulse
wavelength can be induced and thus the chromatic
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dispersion value should be corrected for. If not, the use
of tellurite glass in an optical communication system
falls into difficulties.
Next, an optical-fiber splicing between a non-silica-
based optical fiber and a silica-based optical fiber will
be described below.
For using the above non-silica-based topical fiber
such as a tellurite optical fiber as an optical
amplification or nonlinear optical fiber, there is a
necessity to connect to a silica-based optical fiber to
form the junction between these fibers with low-loss and
low reflection. However, these fibers have their own core
refractive indexes which are different from each other.
If these fibers are connected together as shown in Figs. 6
and 7, a residual reflection can be observed so that the
junction appropriately adaptable to practical use cannot
be implemented. In Figs. 6 and 7, reference numeral 1
denotes a non-silica-based optical fiber, 2 denotes a
silica-based optical fiber, 5 denotes an optical binder,
and 6 denotes a binder. In Fig. 6, furthermore, there is
no optical binder applied on a boundary surface between
the fibers. As shown in Fig. 8, therefore, the existence
of residual reflection between the silica-based optical
fibers 2a, 2b and the non-silica-based optical fiber 1
degrades the quality of signal because of a ghost (which
acts as noise) due to a reflected signal on the connected
ends of the fibers. Therefore, the connected portion
between those fibers require -60 dB or over as a residual
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reflection factor for an optical amplifier (see Takei et
al. "Optical Amplifier Module", Okidenki Kaihatu, vol. 64,
No. 1, pp 63-66, 1997). For example, a zirconium-doped
fluoride fiber, an indium-doped fluoride fiber,
chalcogenide glass fiber (i.e., glass composition: As-S),
and a tellurite glass fiber have their own core's
refractive indexes of 1.4 to 1.5, 1.45 to 1.65 and 2.4 and
2.1, respectively, depending on the variations in their
glass compositions. If one of those fibers is connected to
a silica based optical fiber (core's refractive index is
about 1.50 or less), a return loss R can be obtained by
the formula (2) described below. In this case, the unit of
R is dB and the residual reflective index is expressed in
a negative form while the return loss is expressed in a
positive form as an absolute value of the residual
reflective index. The return loss can be obtained by the
equation (1) below.
2
R = 10 log ~nNS + nsj (dB) (1)
NS S
where nNs and ns are core's refractive indexes of silica
and non-silica optical fibers, respectively. The return
loss between the silica-based optical fiber and the
zirconium-doped fluoride optical fiber, indium-doped
optical fluoride fiber, chalcogenide glass fiber (i.e.,
glass composition: As-S), or tellurite glass fiber is 35
dB or more, 26 dB or more, 13 dB, or 16 dB, respectively.
In the case of Zr-based and In-based fluoride optical
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fiber, the return loss can be increased (while the
residual reflection coefficient can be decreased) by
bringing their refractive indexes to that of the silica-
based optical fiber's core by modifying their glass
compositions, respectively. However, the modification of
glass composition leads to the formation of practical
optical fiber under the constraint that the glass
composition should be precisely formulated in the process
of forming a fiber in a manner which is consistent with an
ideal glass composition for the process of forming a low-
loss fiber). A coupling between the silica-based optical
fiber and the non-silica-based optical fiber has the
following problems. That is, conventional fusion splicing
procedures cannot be applied because of the difference in
softening temperatures of both fibers (i.e., 1,400 C for
the silica-based optical fiber and less than 500 C for
the non-silica-based one); the conventional optical
connector coupling technologies cannot be applied because
there is no appropriate coupling method for the non-
silica-based optical fiber; and so on. Thus, a general
coupling method for coupling the Zr-based or In-based
optical fiber to the silica-based optical fiber without
depending on its glass composition has been demanded. In
addition, a general coupling method for reliably coupling
the chalcogenide glass optical fiber or the tellurite
optical fiber to the silica-based optical fiber with a
low-loss and low-reflection.
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One of the conventional coupling technologies for
solving such problems, Japanese Patent Application Laying-
open No. 6-27343, is illustrated in Figs. 9 and 10. In
this technology, a non-silica-based optical fiber 1 and a
silica-based optical fiber 2 are held in housings 7a and
7b, respectively. The fibers 1, 2 are positioned in their
respective V-shaped grooves on substrates 8a, 8b and fixed
on their respective housings 7a, 7b by means of bonding
agents 10a, 10b and fiber-fixing plates 9a, 9b. in
addition, there is a dielectric film 18 applied on a
coupling end of one of the housings for preventing a
reflection to be generated by coupling the fibers
together. The coupling between the non-silica-based
optical fiber 1 and the silica-based optical fiber 2 are
carried out by using an optical bonding agent 5 made of
ultraviolet-curing region after adjusting the relative
positions of the housings 7a, 7b so as to match their
optical axes. At this moment, the coupling end of the
housing 7a is perpendicular to the optical axis of the
non-silica-based optical fiber and also the coupling end
of the housing 7b is perpendicular to the optical axis of
the silica-based optical fiber, so that if the reflection
of light is occurred at a boundary surface of the coupling
the reflected light returns in the reverse direction,
resulting in a falloff in the return loss. Accordingly,
the conventional technology uses the dielectric film 18 to
reduce the reflection from the boundary surface of the
coupling. However, the conventional coupling requires a
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precision adjustment to a refractive index of the optical
biding agent 5 and a refractive index and thickness of the
dielectric film 18. That is, their refractive indexes must
satisfy the following equations (2) and (3) if a core's
refractive index of the non-silica-based optical fiber 1
is nl and a core's refractive index of the silica-based
optical fiber 2 is n2. A refractive index of the optical
binding agent 5 is adjusted to nl, while a refractive
index and a thickness of the dielectric film 18 is
adjusted to nl and tf, respectively, so as to satisfy the
following equations (2), (3).
nf = nl=n2 (2)
tf = 4 ri n (3)
1 2
wherein X is a signal wavelength (i.e., the wavelength to
be used).
In the conventional technology, as described above,
there is the need for precisely adjusting a refractive
index of the optical binder 5 and a refractive index and
thickness of the dielectric film 18 for constructing a
coupling portion with the properties of low-reflection and
low-loss by using the dielectric film 18. It means that
the precise adjustments leads to difficulties in
implementing a coupling between the fibers favorably with
an improvement in yield.
A process of coupling two different optical fibers in
accordance with another conventional technology, as shown
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in Fig. 11, comprises the steps of: holding an optical
fiber 9a on a housing 7b and also holding an optical fiber
9a on a housing 7b; positioning these housings 7a, 7b in
their right places so that a coupling end of the housing
7a that holds the optical fiber 19a and a coupling end of
housing 7b that holds the optical fiber 19b are positioned
with a 0-degree slant with respect to a direction
perpendicular to the optical axes of the optical fibers
19a, 19b; and connecting the housing 7a and the housing 7b
together after the positioning of the housings so as to
concentrically adjust the optical axes in a straight line.
The process is a so-called slant coupling method for
realizing the coupling with low-reflection and low fiber-
loss. However, this process is only applied to the fibers
when their core refractive indexes are almost the same, so
that it cannot be applied to the coupling between the non-
silica-based optical fiber and the silica-based optical
fiber which have different core refractive indexes with
respect to each other.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
A first object of the present invention is to provide
a tellurite glass fiber of high An and low fiber-loss.
A second object of the present invention is to
provide a tellurite glass fiber that includes the
capability of realizing a broadband EDFA doped with an
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optically active rare earth element, which cannot be
realized by the conventional glass compositions.
A third object of the present invention is to provide
a broadband optical amplification medium that includes the
capability of acting at wavelengths, especially from 1.5
m to 1.7 gm, and also to provide an optical amplifier and
a laser device which use such a medium and act at
wavelengths in a broad range and have low-noise figures.
A fourth object of the present invention is to
provide a general and practical technique of reliably
coupling a non-silica-based optical fiber and a silica-
based optical fiber or coupling optical fibers having
different core refractive indexes with low fiber-loss and
low reflection.
In a first aspect of the present invention, there is
provided a tellurite glass as a glass material for an
optical fiber or an optical waveguide, comprising:
0 < Bi203 20 (mole %) ;
0 < Na20 < 35 (mole %) ;
0ZnO <_ 35 (mole %); and
55 _< Te02 <_ 90 (mole %).
In a second aspect of the present invention, there is
provided a tellurite glass as a glass material for an
optical fiber or an optical waveguide, comprising:
1. 5 < Bi203 5 15 (mole o);
0 Na20 <_ 35 (mole %);
0 ZnO <_ 35 (mole %); and
55 < Te02 S 90 (mole %).
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In a third aspect of the present invention, there is
provided a tellurite glass as a glass material for an
optical fiber or an optical waveguide, comprising:
0 < Bi203 < 20 (mole %) ;
0 S Li20 5 25 (mole %) ;
0 S ZnO 5 25 (mole %); and
55 5 Te02 < 90 (mole %) .
In a fourth aspect of the present invention, there is
provided a tellurite glass as a glass material for an
optical fiber or an optical waveguide, comprising:
0 < Bi203 < 20 (mole % ) ;
0 <_ M20 _< 35 (mole %) ;
0 <_ ZnO <_ 35 (mole %); and
55 <_ Te02 S 90 (mole %), wherein
the M is at least two univalent metals selected from
a group of Na, Li, K, Rb, and Cs.
In a fifth aspect of the present invention, there is
provided a tellurite glass as a glass material for an
optical fiber or an optical waveguide, comprising:
1.5 < Bi203 S 15 (mole %) ;
0 <_ M20 _< 35 (mole %) ;
0 <_ ZnO <_ 35 (mole %); and
55 <_ Te02 <_ 90 (mole %), wherein
the M is at least two univalent metals selected from
a group of Na, Li, K, Rb, and Cs.
In a sixth aspect of the present invention, there is
provided a tellurite glass as a glass material for an
optical fiber or an optical waveguide, comprising:
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0 < Bi203 20 (mole %) ;
0 < Li203 < 25 (mole %) ;
0 Na20 15 (mole %);
0 ZnO 25 (mole %); and
60 <_ Te02 <_ 90 (mole %).
In a seventh aspect of the present invention, there
is provided a tellurite glass as a glass material for an
optical fiber or an optical waveguide that contains erbium
at least in a core, consisting of a glass composition that
contains A1203.
In an eighth aspect of the present invention, there
is provided a tellurite glass as a glass material for an
optical fiber or an optical waveguide, wherein
the glass material has a composition of:
Te02-ZnO-M20-Bi203-Al203 where M is at least one alkali
element.
In a ninth aspect of the present invention, there is
provided a tellurite glass as a glass material for an
optical fiber or an optical waveguide, comprising:
0 < Bi203 10 (mole
0 <_ Li203 30 (mole
0 _ ZnO <_ 4 (mole %);
70 <_ Te02 <_ 90 (mole %); and
0 < A1203 < 3 (mole %).
In a tenth aspect of the present invention, there is
provided a tellurite glass as a glass material for an
optical fiber or an optical waveguide, comprising:
0 < Bi203 S 15 (mole %) ;
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0 < Na20 5 30 (mole %);
0 <_ Zn0 <_ 35 (mole %);
60 S Te02 <_ 90 (mole %); and
0 <_ A1203 < 4 (mole o ) .
Here, a concentration of the Bi203 may be:
4 < Bi203 < 7.
In an eleventh aspect of the present invention, there
is provided an optical amplification medium comprised of
an optical amplifier or an optical waveguide having a core
glass and a clad glass, wherein
at least one of the core glass and the clad glass is
made of the tellurite glass of one of the novel tellurite
glasses described above.
In a twelfth aspect of the present invention, there
is provided an optical amplification medium comprised of
an optical amplifier or an optical waveguide having a core
glass and a clad glass, wherein
the core glass is made of a tellurite glass having a
composition of:
0 < Bi203 S 20 (mole %) , preferably 1.5 < Bi203 < 15
(mole %) , or more preferably 4 < Bi203 <_ 7;
0 <_ Na20 < 35 (mole o) ;
0:5 ZnO <_ 35 (mole %); and
55 <_ Te02 <_ 90 (mole %) , and
the clad is made of a tellurite glass having a
composition selected from a group of:
a first composition including
5 < Na20 < 35 (mole %),
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0<_ Zn0 < 10 mole %), and
55 < Te02 < 85 (mole %);
a second composition including
< NaZO < 35 (mole %),
< Zn0 <_ 20 mole %), and
55 < Te02 < 85 (mole %) ; and
a third composition including
0 _ Na20 < 25 (mole %),
< ZnO <_ 30 mole %), and
10 55 < TeO 2 < 75 (mole %).
Here, at least one of the core glass and the clad
glass may contain erbium or erbium and ytterbium.
At least one of the core glass and the clad glass may
contain at least one selected from a group consisting of
boron (B), phosphorus (P), and hydroxyl group.
At least one of the core glass and the clad glass may
include an element selected from a group consisting of Ce,
Pr, Nd, Sm, Tb, Gd, Eu, Dy, Ho, Tm, and Yb.
In a thirteenth aspect of the present invention,
20 there is provided an optical amplification medium
comprised of an optical amplifier or an optical waveguide
having a core and a clad which are made of a glass
material and at least the core contains erbium, wherein
the glass material consists of a tellurite
composition that contains A1203.
In a fourteenth aspect of the present invention,
there is provided an optical amplification medium
comprised of an optical amplifier or an optical waveguide
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having a core and a clad which are made of a glass
material and at least the core contains erbium, wherein
the glass material consists of a tellurite
composition of:
Te02 - ZnO-M20-Bi 203 -A1203
where
M is at least one alkali element.
Here, a cut-off wavelength may be in the range of 0.4
m to 2.5 m.
In a fifteenth aspect of the present invention, there
is provided a laser device comprising an optical cavity
and an excitation light source, wherein
at least one of optical amplification media in the
optical cavity is one of the novel optical amplification
media described above.
In a sixteenth aspect of the present invention, there
is provided a laser device having a plurality of optical
amplification media comprised of optical fibers that
contain erbium in their cores and arranged in series,
wherein
each of the optical amplification media is one of the
novel optical amplification media described above.
In a seventeenth aspect of the present invention,
there is provided a laser device having an amplification
medium and an excitation light source, wherein
the amplification medium is one of the novel optical
amplification media described above.
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In an eighteenth aspect of the present invention,
there is provided an optical amplifier having an optical
amplification medium, an input device that inputs an
excitation light and a signal light for pumping the
optical amplification medium, wherein
the optical amplification medium is one of the novel
optical amplification media described above.
In a nineteenth aspect of the present invention,
there is provided an optical amplifier having a plurality
of optical amplification media comprised of optical fibers
that contain erbium in their cores and arranged in series,
wherein
each of the optical amplification media is one of the
novel optical amplification media described above.
In a twentieth aspect of the present invention, there
is provided an optical amplifier having a tellurite glass
as an optical amplification medium, comprising:
a dispersion medium which is placed on at least one
position in the front of or at the back of the optical
amplification medium, wherein
the dispersion medium compensates for dispersion of
wavelengths by a value of chromatic dispersion that takes
a plus or negative number opposite to a value of chromatic
dispersion for the optical amplification medium.
Here, the optical amplification medium may be an
optical waveguide made of a tellurite glass that contains
a rare-earth element or a transition metal element.
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The tellurite glass may consist of a composition
selected from:
Te02-ZnO-M20-Bi203 ;
Te02-ZnO-MZ0-Bi203-A12O3, and
Te02-WO3-LaZO3-Bi203-Al203
where M is at least one alkali element.
The dispersion medium may be one selected from an
optical fiber and a fiber-bragg-grating.
In a twenty-first aspect of the present invention,
there is provided an optical amplifier having a plurality
of stages of optical amplification portions that include
erbium-doped optical fibers as their optical amplification
media, wherein
a tellurite glass optical fiber is used as a material
of the optical fiber in at least one of the optical
amplification portions except one at the front thereof,
and
an optical amplification portion positioned in front
of the optical amplification portion using the tellurite
glass optical fiber is comprised of an erbium-doped
optical fiber, where
a product of an erbium-doping concentration and a
fiber-length of the erbium-doped optical fiber is smaller
than that of the tellurite glass fiber.
Here, the tellurite glass may consist of a
composition selected from:
TeO2-ZnO-Mz0-Bi203; and
Te02-ZnO-Mz0-Bi203-A1203,
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CA 02593570 2007-07-18
where M is at least one alkali element.
A material of the optical amplification medium may be
one selected from a group of a silica optical fiber, a
fluoro-phosphate optical fiber, a phosphate optical fiber,
and a calcogenide optical fiber, in addition to the
tellurite optical fiber.
An optical fiber material except a tellurite optical
fiber may be used as at least one optical amplification
portion at any given stage up to the optical amplification
portion using the tellurite glass fiber.
A product of an erbium-addition concentration and a
fiber-length of at least one optical fiber, which is
positioned at any given stage up to the optical
amplification portion using the tellurite glass fiber, may
be smaller than that of the tellurite optical fiber.
In a twenty-second aspect of the present invention,
there is provided an optical amplifier using erbium-doped
optical fibers as optical amplification media, comprising
at least one arrangement configuration wherein
at least two tellurite optical fibers each having a
different product of an erbium-doping concentration and a
fiber-length are arranged in series so that the tellurite
optical fiber having a smaller product of an erbium-
addition concentration and a fiber-length is placed at the
front stage up to the tellurite optical fiber having a
larger product of an erbium-addition concentration and a
fiber-length.
- 23 -
CA 02593570 2007-07-18
Here, the tellurite glass may consist of a
composition selected from:
Te0z-ZnO-M20-Bi203; and
Te02-Zn0-M20-Bi203-Al203 ,
where M is at least one alkali element.
In a twenty-third aspect of the present invention,
there is provided an optical-fiber splicing structure for
contacting a splicing end surface of a first housing in
which an end of a first optical fiber is held and an
splicing end surface of a second housing in which an end
of a second optical fiber is held in a state of co-axially
centering an optical axis of the first optical fiber and
an optical axis of the second optical fiber, where at
least one of the first optical fiber and the second
optical fiber is a non-silica-based optical fiber, wherein
optical axes of the first and second optical fibers
are held in the first and second housings respectively at
angles 81 and 02 (01 ~ 02) from a vertical axis of a
boundary surface between the splicing end surfaces, and a
relationship between the angles 91and 02 satisfies Snell's
law represented by an equation (4) at the time of splicing
the first and second optical fibers:
sin01 _ n2
sin92 nl (4)
where nl is a refractive index of the first optical fiber
and n2 is a refractive index of the second optical fiber.
Here, the splicing end surface of the first optical
fiber may be connected to the splicing end surface of the
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CA 02593570 2007-07-18
second optical fiber through an optical adhesive at the
time of splicing the first and second optical fibers.
The splicing end surface of the first optical fiber
and the splicing end surface of the second optical fiber
may be kept in absolute contact with each other at the
time of splicing the first and second optical fibers.
The first and second optical fibers may be non-
silica-based optical fibers.
The non-silica-based optical fibers may be selected
from Zr- or In-based fluoride optical fibers, chalcogenide
optical fibers, and tellurite glass optical fibers.
The non-silica-based optical fibers may be selected
from Zr- or In-based fluoride optical fibers, chalcogenide
optical fibers, and tellurite glass optical fibers, and
furthermore the non-silica-based optical fibers may be
doped with a rare-earth element.
The first optical fiber may be a tellurite glass
optical fiber, the second optical fiber may be a silica-
based optical fiber, and the angle 81 may be of 8 or more
degrees.
The first optical fiber may be a Zr-based fluoride
optical glass fiber, the second optical fiber may be a
silica-based optical fiber, and the angle 01 may be of 3
or more degrees.
The first optical fiber may be a In-based fluoride
optical glass fiber, the second optical fiber may be a
silica-based optical fiber, and the angle 01 may be of 4
or more degrees.
- 25 -
CA 02593570 2007-07-18
The first optical fiber may be a chalcogenide optical
glass fiber, the second optical fiber may be a silica-
based optical fiber, and the angle 01 may be of 8 or more
degrees.
In a twenty-fourth aspect of the present invention,
there is provided a light source comprising:
an optical amplification medium which is one selected
from a group of an erbium-doped tellurite optical fiber
and an optical waveguide; and
an optical coupler arranged on an end of the optical
amplification medium, wherein
at least one terminal of the optical coupler is
equipped with a reflector.
Here, the erbium-doped tellurite optical fiber or the
optical waveguide may consist of the novel tellurite
glasses described above.
The reflector may be comprised of one selected from a
group of a dielectric-multiple-film filter and a fiber-
bragg-grating.
In a twenty-fourth aspect of the present invention,
there is provided an optical amplifier using an erbium-
doped tellurite optical fiber or an optical waveguide as
an optical amplification medium, comprising
an optical coupler arranged on an end of the optical
amplification medium, wherein
at least one terminal of the optical coupler is
equipped with a reflector.
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CA 02593570 2007-07-18
Here, the erbium-doped tellurite optical fiber or the
optical waveguide may consist of the novel tellurite
glasses described above.
The reflector may be comprised of one selected from a
group of a dielectric-multiple-film filter and a fiber-
bragg-grating.
The above and other objects, effects, features and
advantages of the present invention will become more
apparent from the following description of embodiments
thereof taken in conjunction with the accompanying
drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Fig. 1 is a spectrum diagram that illustrates the
4I13/2-4I15/2 emission of Er in the tellurite glass;
Fig. 2 is an energy-level diagram of 3-level system
for Er3+ at around 1. 54 m (Nl # 0);
Fig. 3 is an energy-level diagram of 4-level system
for Nd3+ at around 1.06 pm (Nl = 0) ;
Fig. 4 is a graphical representation of wavelength
dependencies of the silica-based EDFA (a broken line) and
the tellurite-based EDFA (a solid line);
Fig. 5 is a graphical representation of the
difference in amplification bands of the tellurite EDFA
with respect of large and small fiber-losses;
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CA 02593570 2007-07-18
Fig. 6 is a schematic representation of the
conventional splicing between the non-silica-based optical
fiber and the silica-based optical fiber;
Fig. 7 is a schematic representation of the
conventional splicing between the non-silica-based optical
fiber and the silica-based optical fiber;
Fig. 8 is a schematic representation for illustrating
the mechanism of ghost generation by the reflection on the
spliced portions;
Fig. 9 is a schematic representation of the
conventional splicing between the non-silica-based optical
fiber and the silica-based optical fiber;
Fig. 10 is a schematic representation of the
conventional splicing between the non-silica-based optical
fiber and the silica-based optical fiber;
Fig. 11 is a schematic representation of the
conventional splicing between the non-silica-based optical
fiber and the silica-based optical fiber;
Fig. 12 is a schematic representation of the stable
glass formation range for Te02-Na20-ZnO glass;
Fig. 13 is a schematic representation of the stable
glass formation range for Te02-Liz0-ZnO glass when Bi203 =
5 mole %;
Fig. 14 is a graphical representation of the results
of DSC measurement, where the upper line is for 75TeO2-
20ZnO-5Na20 glass in the absence of Bi2031 the middle line
is for 77TeO2-15.5ZnO-6Na2O-1.5Bi203 glass, and the lower
line is for 73.5TeO2-15.5ZnO-6Na2O-5Bi203 glass;
- 28 -
CA 02593570 2007-07-18
Fig. 15 is a graphical representation of the results
of DSC measurement, where the upper line is for 83TeOz-
5ZnO-12Li20 glass and the lower line is for 78TeO2-5ZnO-
12Li20-5Bi203 glass;
Fig. 16 is a graphical representation of the
dependency of a refractive index (nD) of Te02-Na20-ZnO-
Bi203 glass on Bi203 content;
Fig. 17 is a schematic representation of the stable
glass formation range for Te02-Na20-ZnO glass;
Fig. 18 is an energy-level diagram of Er3+;
Fig. 19 is a schematic block diagram of an optical
amplifier as one of the preferred embodiment of the
present invention;
Fig. 20 is a schematic block diagram of a laser as
one of the preferred embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 21 is a schematic block diagram of a laser as
one of the preferred embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 22 is a gain-spectrum diagram that illustrates
the gains obtained in Embodiment 8;
Fig. 23 is a schematic block diagram of another laser
as one of the preferred embodiment of the present
invention;
Fig. 24 is a schematic representation of the stable
glass formation range for Te02-Li20-ZnO glass when Bi203 =
5 mole % (region A: Tx -Tg > 120 C, region B: no
crystallization peak);
Fig. 25 is a graphical representation of the results
of DSC measurement, where the upper line (line a) is for
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CA 02593570 2007-07-18
73.5TeO2-20ZnO-5Na2O-1.5Bi2O3 glass and the lower line
(line b) is for 73TeO2-23ZnO-5Na2O-2Bi203 glass;
Fig. 26 is a graphical representation of 1.5 m-band
emission spectrum of each of Te02-ZnO-Na20-Bi203 glass,
Te02-ZnO-Na20-Bi203-A1203 glass, and Te02-ZnO-Li20-Bi203-A1203
glass;
Fig. 27 is a schematic representation of the stable
glass formation range for glass comprising five
ingredients as a composition of Te02-ZnO-Li20-Na20-Bi203
glass when Te02 = 75 mole % and Bi203 = 5 mole %;
Fig. 28 is a schematic representation of the stable
glass formation range for glass comprising five
ingredients as a composition of Te02-ZnO-Li20-Na20-Bi203
glass when Te02 = 80 mole % and Bi203 = 5 mole %;
Fig. 29 is a schematic representation of the stable
glass formation range for glass comprising five
ingredients as a composition of Te02-ZnO-Li20-Al20-Bi203
glass when A1203 = 2 mole % and Li203 = 12 mole %;
Fig. 30 is a schematic block diagram of an optical
amplifier using the tellurite glass optical fiber as the
amplification medium as one of the preferred embodiment of
the present invention;
Fig. 31 is a schematic block diagram of an optical
amplifier using the tellurite glass optical fiber as the
amplification medium as one of the preferred embodiment of
the present invention;
Fig. 32 is a schematic diagram of the splicing
structure between the non-silica-based optical fiber and
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CA 02593570 2007-07-18
the silica-based optical fiber in accordance with the
present invention;
Fig. 33 is a schematic diagram of the splicing
structure between the non-silica-based optical fiber and
the silica-based optical fiber in accordance with the
present invention;
Fig. 34 is a schematic diagram of the splicing
structure between the non-silica-based optical fiber and
the silica-based optical fiber in accordance with the
present invention;
Fig. 35 is cross sectional view of the splicing
structure snown in Fig. 34;
Fig. 36 is a schematic diagram of the splicing
structure between the non-silica-based optical fiber and
the silica-based optical fiber in accordance with the
present invention;
Fig. 37 is cross sectional view of the splicing
structure shown in Fig. 36;
Fig. 38 is a schematic diagram of the splicing
structure between the non-silica-based optical fiber and
the silica-based optical fiber in accordance with the
present invention;
Fig. 39 is cross sectional view of the splicing
structure shown in Fig. 38;
Fig. 40 is a schematic diagram of the splicing
structure between the non-silica-based optical fiber and
the silica-based optical fiber in accordance with the
present invention;
- 31 -
CA 02593570 2007-07-18
Fig. 41 is cross sectional view of the splicing
structure shown in Fig. 40;
Fig. 42 is a schematic block diagram of an optical
amplifier that uses the splicing structure between the
non-silica-based optical fiber and the silica-based
optical fiber in accordance with the present invention;
Fig. 43 is a graphical representation of the
amplification characteristics of the optical amplifier in
accordance with the present invention;
Fig. 44 is a schematic block diagram of the ASE light
source as one of the preferred embodiments of the present
invention;
Fig. 45 is a graphical representation of the
relationship between the reflection of mirror and the
intensity of the ASE spectrum of Fig. 44;
Fig. 46 is a spectrum diagram of ASE; and
Fig. 47 is a schematic block diagram of the fiber
amplifier as one of the preferred embodiments of the
present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
First of all, we will describe tellurite glass
compositions of Bi203-Na2O-ZnO-Te02 and Bi203-Li20-ZnO-Te02.
The tellurite glass composition can be provided as
one of the following compositions A, B, and C.
The first composition A consists of: 0 < Bi203 5 20
(mole %); 0 S Zn0 <_ 35 (mole %); and
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CA 02593570 2007-07-18
55 < Te02 <_ 90 (mole %).
The second composition B consists of: 1.5 < Bi203 <_ 15
(mole %); 0 <_ Na20 <_ 35 (mole %); and 55 <_ Te02 <_ 90 (mole
~) .
The third composition C consists of: 0 < Bi203 5 20
(mole %); 0 5 Li20 <_ 25 (mole %); 0 <_ ZnO <_ 25 (mole %);
and 55 <_ Te02 <_ 90 (mole %).
Each of Fig. 12 and Fig. 13 illustrates a composition
range that shows interrelationship among ingredients of
the glass composition. A stable region (region A)
indicates an allowable range of each ingredient in the
composition (i.e., Fig. 12 for the composition A or B in
which Bi203 = 5 mole %, and Fig. 13 for the composition C
in which Bi203 = 5 mole o). That is, the stabilization of
glass can be attained when a content of each ingredient is
in that range.
A thermal stability of the glass composition for
preparing a fiber can be estimated by a technique of
differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) generally used to
indicate phase changes, so that a glass composition that
has a larger value of Tx-Tg (Tx: crystallization
temperature, and Tg: glass transition temperature) is a
more stable glass composition. The process for preparing
a single-mode optical fiber includes the steps of
elongating and drawing a glass preform through the
addition of heat, so that the glass preform is subjected
to elevated temperatures twice. If a crystallization
temperature (Tx) of the glass preform is almost the same
- 33 -
CA 02593570 2007-07-18
order of a glass transition temperature (Tg), crystalline
nuclei grow one after another resulting in an increase in
scattering loss of the optical fiber. If a value of Tx -
Tg is large, on the other hand, a low-loss optical fiber
can be formed. In the case of a glass composition defined
in that region shown in Fig. 12, a value of Tx - Tg is 120
C or more and thus the glass composition can be used in
the process for preparing the low-loss optical fiber.
However, the low-loss optical fiber cannot be formed when
a glass composition out of that region is used in the
steps of preparing both of core and clad. Among the
ingredients of the composition, the addition of Bi203 has
the large effect of stabilizing the glass.
Referring now to Fig. 14, there is shown the results
of DSC measurements on three different compositions:
75TeO2-2OZnO-5Na2O, 77TeO2-15. 5Zn0-6Na2O-1. 5BiZ03 , and
73.5TeO2-15.5ZnO-6Na2O-5Bi2O3, which are characterized by
their respective contents of Bi203 (i. e., Bi203 = 0, 1. 5,
and 5 mole %, respectively). Each measurement is performed
by breaking a glass sample, packing the bulk of broken
glass (a piece of glass is 30 mg in weight) in a sealed
container made of silver, and subjecting the glass in the
container to the DSC measurement in an argon atmosphere at
a heat-up rate of 10 C/minute. As is evident from Fig.
14, a value of Tx - Tg is varied among the glass
compositions. That is, the value for Bi203 = 0 takes on
119.2 C, the value for Bi203 = 1.5 mole % takes on 121.6
C, and the value for Bi203 = 5 mole % takes on 167.5 C.
- 34 -
CA 02593570 2007-07-18
Among them, the glass composition of 73.5TeO2-15.5ZnO-
6Na20-5Bi203, which corresponds to the composition B
mentioned above, shows the most excellent thermal
stability compared with other compositions because a peak
of the curve for that composition (Bi203 = 5 mole %)
shifts from peaks of others about 40 C or more to the
side of higher temperatures.
Fig. 15 shows the results of DSC measurements on two
different compositions that contain Li: Bi203 = 0 mole %
and Bi203 = 5 mole %, where the latter corresponds to the
composition C mentioned above. As shown in the figure, a
value of Tx - Tg for Bi203 = 0 mole % takes on 54.6 C. On
the other hand, there is no heating peak of
crystallization for the composition of Bi203 = 5 mole
so that a value of Tx - Tg for Bi203 = 5 mole % is
infinity and thus a thermal stability of the glass can be
dramatically increased. This kind of effect can be also
observed when a trivalent metal oxide (A1203, La203, Er2031
NdZ03, or the like) is added instead of Bi203.
The addition of Bi203 also crucially effects on an
adjustment in refractive indexes. Fig. 16 shows that the
dependence of a refractive index (nD) of Te02-glass on an
added amount of Bi203. As shown in the figure, there is
the direct proportionality between the refractive index
(nD) of Te02-glass and the added amount of Bi203. The nD
value varies from 2.04 to 2.2 if the added amount of Bi203
varies from 0 to 20 mole %.
- 35 -
CA 02593570 2007-07-18
Through the use of such a property, therefore,
optical fibers that have large and small values (from
about 0.2 % to about 6 %) of relative refractive-index
difference can be easily designed by changing the added
amount of Bi203.
Next, we will describe an optical amplification
medium as one of the preferred embodiments of the present
invention.
The optical amplification medium comprises a core and
a clad.
The core is provided as an optical fiber made of a
tellurite composition A that consists of: 0 < Bi203 <_ 20
(mole %); 0 < Na20 < 15 (mole %); 5 S ZnO < 35 (mole
and 60 <_ Te0z S 90 (mole %).
The clad comprises one of tellurite glass
compositions (B1, Cl, or Dl) in the form of an optical
fiber or an optical waveguide as a host of rare-earth
element, where the composition (B1) consists of: 5 < Na20
< 35 (mole %); 0<_ ZnO < 10 (mole %); and 55 < Te02 < 85
(mole %), the composition (Cl) consists of: 5 < Na20 < 35
(mole %); 10 < Zn0 S 20 (mole %); and 55 < Te02 < 85 (mole
%), and the composition (D1) consists of: 0:5 Na20 < 25
(mole %); 20 < Zn0 <_ 30 (mole %); 55 < Te02 < 75 (mole %).
The composition rages of those compositions Bl, Cl, and Dl
that stabilize glass are illustrated in Fig. 17.
Glass prepared from the composition defined in the
region shown in Fig. 17 shows that a value of Tx - Tg is
100 C. Therefore, the glass is not crystallized during
- 36 -
CA 02593570 2007-07-18
the fiber-forming process including a drawing step, so
that it can be used in the process of forming a low-loss
optical fiber.
By the way, at least one of the tellurite glass
compositions to be used in core and clad formations may be
doped with erbium or erbium and ytterbium.
A laser device according to the present invention
comprises an optical amplification medium and an
excitation light source, and is mainly characterized by
the effective use of induced emission transition of Er
from 4I13/2 level to 4I15/2 level.
Fig. 18 is an energy level diagram of Er3+, which
illustrates an induced emission from the upper level of
4I13/2 to the ground level of 4I15/2 (hereinafter, referred
as 4I13/2 _~ 4I15/2 emission) .
In addition, as shown in Fig. 1, it is known that a
bandwidth that allows 4I13/2 _~ 4I15/2 emission of Er3+ in the
fluoride glass is broader than that of Er3+ in other glass
such as a silica glass. At a wavelength of over 1.6 m,
however, an emission intensity becomes low and also the
occurrence of optical amplification and laser oscillation
becomes difficult.
In a case where a predetermined amount of Er is added
in Tellurite glass, Er receives more strong electric field
than the conventional one. As a result, an acceptable
level of fluorescent intensity can be observed at a
wavelength over 1.6 m because of the increasing range of
- 37 -
CA 02593570 2007-07-18
levels caused by Stokes' effects on the levels such as
4I13/2 and 4I15/2 =
Consequently, an optical amplifier or a laser device
operating at wavelengths from 1.5 g.m to 1.7 m can be
realized if its optical amplification medium is a
tellurite glass fiber where erbium is added in at least a
core portion.
If the tellurite glass contains at least one of
boron, phosphorus, and hydroxyl group, improvements in the
properties of gain coefficient and noise figure can be
also attained at the time of pumping 4I11/2 level by 0.98 p,m
light. That is, vibrational energies of B-0, P-0, and 0-H
which are approximately 1,400 cml, 1,200 cml, and 3,700
cml, respectively, while phonon energy of the tellurite
glass free of the above additive is 600 to 700 cml, so
that the tellurite glass containing at least one of boron,
phosphorus, and hydroxyl group generates more than double
the energy of the tellurite glass free of the additive. As
a result, if an optical amplification at 1.5 .m band is
caused by a transition of 4I13/2 --+ 4I15/2 by pumping 4I11/2
level of Er by light at a wavelength of near 0.98 m, a
relaxation from 4I11/2 level to 4I13/2 level is more likely to
be occurred and a reduction in quantum efficiency is
relatively little. Thus, the reduction in pumping
efficiency of 4213/2 level is hardly occurred (Fig. 18). If
a relaxation from 4I11/2 level to 4=13/2 level is more likely
to be occurred, it is preferable to pump 4I13/2 level after
pumping 4I11/2 level better than the direct pumping of 4I13/2
- 38 -
CA 02593570 2007-07-18
level by light at a wavelength of near 1.48 m because the
former is convenient to obtain a population inversion
between 4I13/2 level and 4I15/2 level. Therefore, there is an
advantage of having excellent noise characteristics.
Hereinafter, we will describe preferred embodiments
of an optical amplification medium, a broadband optical
amplifier using such a medium, and a laser device in
accordance with the present invention.
(Embodiment 1)
Raw materials of Te02, ZnO, Na2No3, and Bi203 were
formulated so as to be prepared as compositions of Te02
(75 mole o) -Zn0 (20 mole %) -Na20 (5 mole %) , Te02 (77 mole
o)-Zn0 (15.5 mole %) -Na20 (6 mole %), and Te02 (73.5 mole
%)-Zn0 (15.5 mole %) -Na20 (6 mole %)-Bi203 (5 mole %) after
melting. Then, 20 g of a mixture of the formulated raw
materials were filled in a crucible and melted in an
electric furnace at 800 C for 2 hours in an oxygen
atmosphere. After that, a molten mixture was casted on a
pre-heated plate (200 C) to obtain glass. The glass was
annealed at 250 C for 4 hours and then a part of harden
glass was broken. Two samples, a 30 mg bulk of glass and
mg glass fine powder grained in an agate mortar, were
filled in a sealed container made of silver with gold-
plating and subjected to a differential scanning
calorimetry (DSC) at a heat-up rate of 10 C/minute in an
argon gas atmosphere. In the case of the bulk glass
- 39 -
CA 02593570 2007-07-18
sample, obtained values of Tx - Tg were 119.2 C when
Bi203 = 0, 121. 6 C when Bi203 = 1.5 mole %, and 167 . 5 C
when Bi203. Especially, a heat-stability of the
composition within the confines of: 1.5 < Bi203 S 15 (mole
%); 0 5 Na20 <_ 35 (mole %); and 55 5 Te02 < 90 (mole %) as
defined as the composition B described above was improved
over 40 C. In the case of the powdered glass sample,
obtained values of Tx - Tg were 80.2 C when Bi203 = 0,
76.3 C when Bi203 = 1.5 mole %, and 110.2 C when Bi203 =
5 mole %, which are smaller than those of the bulk glass
sample but thermal stability of the glass could be
estimated more precisely. In both cases, however, we
found that their thermal stabilities were extremely
improved by the addition of 5 mole % of Bi203.
In the present specification, the value of Tx - Tg
related to the thermal stability of glass is based on the
measurement carried out on the bulk glass unless otherwise
specified.
As mentioned above, it is possible to make a. low-loss
optical fiber using the glass that shows a value of Tx -
Tg _ 120 'C with reference to the DSC measurement value of
bulk glass. A fiber-loss of this kind of glass is almost
1 dB/km or less. For performing a high-efficiency optical
amplification using an optical transition of three-level
system, more stable glass will be required for making an
optical fiber with a fiber-loss of lower than that of the
above glass by an order of magnitude. In this case, the
DSC measurement value for the powdered glass is effective
- 40 -
CA 02593570 2007-07-18
as an evaluation standard. Thus, an optical fiber with a
fiber-loss of 0.1 dB/km or less can be obtained if the
glass to be measured as Tx - Tg >_ 100 C is used.
(Embodiment 2)
Tellurite optical fibers were prepared by the
following procedure. For raw materials of core glass and
clad glass, the compositions A or B described above was
used. That is, the composition A consists of: 0 < Bi203 _
(mole %); 0<_ ZnO <_ 35 (mole %); and 55 <_ Te02 _ 90
(mole %), and the composition B consists of: 1.5 < Biz03
15 (mole %) ; 0<_ Na20 <_ 35 (mole o) ; and 55 <_ Te02 S 90
(mole %).
The glass composition was melted in a crucible made
of platinum or gold in an oxygen atmosphere and then
formed into a preform by a well-known technique of
suction-casting. In addition, a jacket tube was prepared
from the same glass composition by a well-known technique
20 of rotational-casting (cf. Kanamori et al., Proceeding of
9th International Symposium on Nonoxide Glasses, page 74,
1994).
Each tellurite glass optical fiber was obtained as a
result of drawing both the preform and the jacket tube.
The obtained fiber had a minimum fiber-loss of 0.1 dB/m or
less, a cut-off wavelength of 0.5 ~.t.m to 2.5 pn, and a
relative refractive index difference between the core and
the clad of 0.2 % to 6~. In addition, we could add one
- 41 -
CA 02593570 2007-07-18
of rare-earth elements (such as Er, Pr, Yb, Nd, Ce, Sm,
Tm, Eu, Tb, Ho, and Dy) in the glass composition to be
formed into core or clad glass.
(Embodiment 3)
Tellurite optical fibers were prepared as the same
way as that of Embodiment 2 except the glass compositions
for core and clad glasses. In this embodiment, the glass
composition Al described above was used as a core glass
and the glass composition B1, Cl, or Dl described above
was used as a clad glass. Each of the obtained tellurite
optical fibers was characterized by having a minimum
fiber-loss of 0.1 dB/m or less, a cut-off wavelength of
0.5 to 2.5 pm, and a relative refractive index difference
between the core and the clad of 0.2 % to 6 %. In
addition, we could add rare-earth elements (such as Er,
Pr, Yb, Nd, Ce, Sm, Tm, Eu, Tb, Ho, and Dy) for 10 weight
% or less in the core or clad glass.
(Embodiment 4)
An optical amplification medium was prepared as an
optical fiber. A core of the optical fiber was made of a
glass composition of Te02 (68.6 mole %) -Na20 (7.6 mole %)-
Zn0(19.0 mole %)-Bi203 (4.8 mole %) as a core material and
doped with 1,000 ppm of erbium. Also, a clad of the
optical fiber was made of a glass composition of Te02 (71
- 42 -
CA 02593570 2007-07-18
mole %)-Na20 (8 mole %)-ZnO(21 mole %). Therefore, the
optical fiber was characterized by having a cut-off
wavelength of 1.3 m and a relative refractive index
difference between the core and the clad of 2 %.
Then, an optical amplifier for 1.5 to 1.7 m band was
assembled using that optical amplification medium. The
optical amplifier was subjected to an amplification at a
.pump wavelength is 0.98 m. In this test, a DFB laser was
used as a light source for generating a signal light at
1. 5 to 1. 7[lm band.
Fig. 19 is a schematic block diagram that illustrates
a configuration of an optical amplifier as one of
preferred embodiments of the present invention. As shown
in the figure, a signal light source 101 and an excitation
light source 102 are connected to one end of an
amplification optical fiber 104 through an optical coupler
103. In addition, an optical isolator 105 is connected to
the other end of the amplification optical fiber 105. Any
of the connections between the components is implemented
through an optical fiber 106a, 106b, 106c, 106d, or 106e.
The optical amplifier is subjected to an
amplification test, resulting in amplification gains at
wavelengths of 1.5 to 1.7 .m.
As shown in Fig. 20, a ring laser having a tunable
band-pass filter 107 for a narrow bandwidth is constructed
using the same optical amplifier as that of being
subjected to the amplification test. The ring laser is
constructed by forming an optical resonator shaped like a
- 43 -
CA 02593570 2007-07-18
ring by connecting an output side end of the optical
isolator 105 with an optical coupler 103 instead of
connecting with the signal light source 101 and then
inserting the band-pass filter 107 into an appropriate
position in the ring. In the figure, that is, it is
placed between the optical isolator 105 and the optical
coupler 103 through the optical fibers 106e, 106d.
Then, a laser-oscillation test is performed using the
ring laser. During the test, the ring laser receives
light from the excitation light source 102 while a
transmission region of the band-pass filter 107 is varied
in the range of 1.5 m to 1.7 m. Consequently, a laser-
oscillation at 1.5 to 1.7 +.i.m band is observed.
In this embodiment, a pump wavelength of 0.98 m is
used to indirectly pump the 4I13/2 level through the 4I11/2
level. However, it is not limited to such a wavelength.
It is also possible to use 1.48 m for directly pumping
the 4I13/2 level. In addition, an energy level higher than
the 4I13/2 level may be pumped by light at a wavelength of
less than 0.98 m.
(Embodiment 5)
Using the optical amplifier shown in Fig. 19, an
optical amplification test is performed at 1.5 pm band on
condition that a pump wavelength is of 0.98 m. As a
result, an optical amplification is observed at a
- 44 -
CA 02593570 2007-07-18
wavelength of 1. 52 .m or more with a noise figure of 7 dB
or less.
(Embodiment 6)
An optical amplifier is prepared using the same
optical fiber as that of Embodiment 3 except that the
glass is co-doped with Er and Yb instead of doping Er
alone.
An optical amplification test and a laser oscillation
test are performed by the same ways as those of
Embodiments 4 and 5 on condition that a pump wavelength of
1.029 .m (Yb-doped YAG laser), 1047 m (Nd-doped YLF
laser), 1.053 .m (Nd-doped YAG laser), 1.064 m (Nd-doped
YAG laser), or the like. In a case where Yb is co-doped
with Er in the medium, a laser oscillation at wavelengths
of 1.5 to 1.7 m and a broadband optical amplification at
1.5 pm band are observed whether the above pump wavelength
is used if an energy shift from Yb to Er is gained.
Any of the glass compositions in Embodiments 1 to 6
is only represented as an example of the allowable
compositions. It is also possible to use a glass
composition that includes at least one selected from the
group of, for example Cs20, Rb20, K20, Li20, BaO, SrO, CaO,
MgO, BeO, Laz03, Y2031 Sc203, A1203, Th02, Hf02, Zr02, Ti02,
Ta205 1 Nb205 1 Wo3 , T120 , CdO, PbO, In203, and Ga203, in
addition to Te02.
- 45 -
CA 02593570 2007-07-18
Furthermore, Er or Er and Yb may be contained not
only in the core but also in the clad.
A configuration of the optical amplifier is not
limited to the one described above. Any of the optical
amplifiers having the optical amplification medium, an
excitation light source for exciting the medium, and input
and output means for signal light can be allowable.
(Embodiment 7)
An amplification optical fiber is prepared as a an
optical fiber (4 m in.length) doped with 1,000 ppm of
erbium in its core and subjected to a measurement for
determining the amplification characteristics of the fiber
at 1.5 m band. In this case, a core glass composition is
of Te02 (68.6 mole %)-Zn0 (19 mole %) -Na20 (7.6 mole %)-
Bi203 (4.8 mole %) and doped with 5 weight % of P205, and a
clad composition is of Te02 (71 mole %) -Na20 (8 mole %)-
Zn0 (21 mole ~). The optical fiber has a core/clad
refractive index difference of 2.5 % and a cut-off
wavelength of 0.96 m.
A small signal gain at 1.5 pm band of the
amplification optical fiber is measured using 0.98 m
light as an excitation light from a light source (a
semiconductor laser), resulting in an increase in a gain
efficiency of the optical fiber. That is, the gain
efficiency of the optical fiber reaches a value of 2 dB/mW
- 46 -
CA 02593570 2007-07-18
which is approximately five times as large as that of an
optical fiber without containing P205.
A gain spectrum at a saturated region when an input
signal level is -10 dBm is measured, resulting in a flat
gain at a bandwidth of 90 nm from 1,530 nm to 1,620 nm (an
excitation intensity is 200 mW). A noise figure of 7 dB
is observed when the optical fiber does not contain P2031
while a noise of 4 dB is observed when the optical fiber
contains P203.
It is noted that improvements in the characteristics
of gain and noise figure of the optical fiber is also
observed when it contains B203 instead of P205.
(Embodiment 8)
Amplification optical fibers are prepared using a
core glass composition of Te02 (68.6 mole %)-ZnO (19 mole
%)-Na20 (7.6 mole %)-Bi203 (4.8 mole %) and doped with or
without 5,000 ppm of hydroxyl (OH) radical and 1,000 ppm
of Er. The optical fiber containing the OH-radical shows
a gain factor three-times as large as that of the optical
fiber without containing the OH-radical. The reason is
that the OH-radical has a comparatively large signal
energy of 3,700 cm 1 that causes a slight relaxation of
the 4I13/2 level which is a starting level of the
amplification by a multiple-phonon emission.
Referring now to Fig. 21, a laser device according to
one of the preferred embodiments of the present invention
- 47 -
CA 02593570 2007-07-18
is illustrated. In the figure, reference numerals 111 and
111' denote pumping semiconductor lasers (wavelength:
1,480 nm), 112 and 112' denote optical couplers that
couple a signal light and an excitation light together,
113 denotes a first amplification optical fiber, 114
denotes an optical isolator, and 115 denotes a second
amplification optical fiber. In this configuration of the
laser device, an input signal light enters the laser
device from a port A and exits from a port B after passing
through the components in the device.
In this embodiment, the first amplification optical
fiber 113 is a ZrF4-contained fluoride optical fiber doped
with 1,000 ppm of erbium (cf. Kanamori et al., Proceeding
of 9th International Symposium on Non-Oxide Glasses, page
74, 1994). The second amplification optical fiber 115 is a
oxidized tellurite optical fiber having a glass
composition of Te02-Na20-Bi203-ZnO doped with 1, 000 ppm of
erbium.
Each of the amplification fibers has a core/clad
refractive index difference of each fiber is 2.5 %, a cut-
off wavelength of 1.35 pm, and a fiber length of 10 m or 7
M.
A measurement of gain spectrum at 1.5 .m band is
performed on condition that an output optical intensity of
each of the pumping semiconductor lasers 111, 111' is 150
mW. The resulting gain spectrum is shown in Fig. 22.
According to the gain spectrum in the figure, a curve
that indicates variations in signal gain is flattened over
- 48 -
CA 02593570 2007-07-18
80 nm bandwidth that corresponds to signal-light
wavelengths from 1,530 nm to 1,610 nm. At that
wavelengths, that is, the signal gain is held at
approximately 30 dB and the gain tilt is minimized. In
the case of Er-doped fluoride optical fiber, a curve that
indicates variations in signal gain is flatted over 30 nm
bandwidth that corresponds to signal-light wavelengths
from 1,530 nm to 1,560 nm. Therefore, the present
embodiment allows that a bandwidth where the gain is
flatted is doubled or more compared with the conventional
Er-doped fluoride optical fiber. In the case of Er-doped
silica optical fiber, furthermore, a bandwidth where the
gain is flatted is only 10 nm. Thus, the present
embodiment allows that a bandwidth where the gain is
flatted is eight times as large as that of the
conventional Er-doped silica optical fiber.
In this embodiment, as shown in the figure, the Er-
doped ZrF4 fluoride optical fiber is arranged in the
downstream of the device, while the Er-doped tellurite
optical fiber is arranged in the upstream. However, there
is no restraint on the arrangement of these fibers, so
that it is possible to arrange them in a retrograde order.
In addition, an InF3 fluoride optical fiber may be also
used, or an optical fiber of Er-doped oxide multi-
component glass may be included in the amplification
optical fibers. In other words, a matter of great import
is that at least one of the amplification optical fiber
must be the Er-doped optical fiber.
- 49 -
CA 02593570 2007-07-18
Furthermore, a composition of the tellurite optical
fiber is not restraint on the composition of the present
embodiment.
It is needless to say that a method for pumping an
amplification optical fiber may be of forward-pumping,
backward-pumping, or bidirectional-pumping.
(Embodiment 9)
Fig. 23 is a schematic block diagram that illustrates
a configuration of another laser device as one of
preferred embodiments of the present invention.
The amplification optical fibers 113, 115 used in
Embodiment 8 are connected in series through a wavelength-
tunable band-pass filter 117 (a bandwidth of 3 nm). Also,
a mirror 116 is placed on a free end of the first
amplification optical fiber 113 and a mirror 118 is placed
on a free end of the second amplification optical fiber
115 to perform a laser oscillation. The mirror 116 has a
transmission of 99 % at 1,480 nm and a reflectivity of 100
% at 1,500 nm to 1,630 nm. The mirror 118 has a
transmission of 20 % at 1,500 nm to 1,630 nm. As a
result of the laser oscillation, we find that the laser
device of the present embodiment is able to act as a
broadband-tunable laser to be used at 1.5 m band.
As described above, the optical amplification media
of the present invention permit configurations of optical
amplifiers and laser devices to be operated at wavelengths
- 50 -
CA 02593570 2007-07-18
of 1.5 m to 1.7 .m. On the other hand, the conventional
optical fiber amplifier is not capable of operating at
these wavelengths. According to the present invention,
therefore, sophisticated maintenance and monitoring
mechanisms used in an optical communication system at 1.5
pm band can be accomplished. Thus, it becomes possible to
provide the stable management of the optical communication
system.
Through the use of the characteristics of broad
amplification band, it becomes possible to amplify a short
optical pulse such as in the order of femto-second, useful
as an optical amplifier to be used in a transmission
system of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM).
(Embodiment 10)
In this embodiment, we effect the operation of a
super-luminescence laser using the tellurite optical fiber
prepared in Embodiment 4. An excitation light source is a
laser diode of 1.48 pm to introduce light into an end of
the optical fiber. The other end of the optical fiber is
beveled at an angle 10 to prevent Fresnel reflection on
the fiber's end surface. Then, an output spectrum of
light passing through the optical fiber is measured. As a
result, a broad emission spectrum of 1.46 '.I.m to 1.64 pm is
observed, so that we found that the optical fiber can be
used as a broad band super-luminescent laser.
- 51 -
CA 02593570 2007-07-18
(Embodiment 11)
A filter responsible for equalizing gains is arranged
at the back of the optical isolator 105 of
an optical amplifier shown in Fig. 19, and then the
characteristics of optical amplification is measured. The
filter may be a chirped fiber bragg grating, a
programmable filter, a Fabry-Perot etalon type filter, and
a Mach-Zehnder type filter, or the like.
A peak of gains at 1530 to 1580 rnm is observed when a
optical pulse with a signal intensity of -30 dBm is
launched into the optical amplifier which is not equipped
with the filer receives and subjected to 200 mW pumping at
1.48 pm. However, this kind of gain peak can be canceled
by inserting the filter into the optical amplifier and
adjusting its loss. For WDM signals at wavelengths of
1,530 nm to 1,610 nm, the optical amplifier is able to
operate with a gain deviation of 0.2 dB or less.
(Embodiment 12)
An optical waveguide laser and an optical waveguide
type optical amplifier are prepared using the glass
composition A described above for a core glass and the
glass composition A with an addition of Ce, Pr, Gd, Nd,
Eu, Sm, Tb, Tm, Dy, Ho, Yb, or Er for a clad glass. We
effect the operation of the laser and the optical
amplifier independently. As a result, a broadband laser
- 52 -
CA 02593570 2007-07-18
oscillation and a broadband optical amplification can be
attained by the one doped with Ce, Pr, Gd, Nd, Eu, Sm, Tb,
Tm, Dy, Ho, Yb, or Er at 0.3 m, 1.3 m, 0.31 .m, 1.07 m,
0.61 pm, 0.59 m, 0.54 .m, 1.48 pm, 3.0 m, 1.49 pm, 1 pm,
or 1.55 m band, respectively.
(Embodiment 13)
An amplification optical fiber is prepared
using a glass composition of Te02 (70 mole %) -ZnO (18 mole
%) -Na20 (6 mole %)-Bi203 (6 mole %) as a core material and
doped with 2,000 ppm of erbium and a glass composition of
Te02 (68 mole %) -ZnO (22 mole %) -Na20 (7 mole %) -Bi203 (3
mole %) as a clad material. The optical fiber has a cut-
off wavelength of 1.1 pm, and a core/clad relative
refractive index difference of 1.8 %, and also it shows a
fiber-loss at 1.3 rn of 40 dB/km.
Then, an optical amplifier is constructed using the
optical fiber of 4 m in length as an optical amplification
medium and subjected to an optical amplification test. In
this case, a bidirectional pumping of a forward pump
wavelength of 0.98 pm and a backward pump wavelength of
1.48 .m is used. As a result, a small signal gain of 5 dB
or more is observed at 110 nm bandwidth of 1,500 nm to
1,630 nm. At this time, in addition, a noise figure of 5
dB or less is observed at a wavelength of 1,530 rnm or
more.
- 53 -
CA 02593570 2007-07-18
(Embodiment 14)
An optical amplifier is constructed using the same
optical fiber as that of Embodiment 13 except that the
fiber length of this embodiment is 15 m.
An optical amplification test is performed using the
optical amplifier on condition that a bidirectional pump
wavelength is 1.48 m with a coincidence of the front and
backward pump wavelengths.
As a result, especially at 50 nm bandwidth of 1,580 nm to
1,630 nm, a small signal gain of 35 dB or more is
observed. At this time, a noise figure of 5 dB is
observed.
(Embodiment 15)
A laser is constructed using the same optical fiber
as that of Embodiment 13 except that the fiber length of
this embodiment is 15 m. In addition, a cavity is also
constructed using a total reflection mirror and a fiber-
bragg-grating having a reflectivity of 3 %. A
bidirectional pump wavelength is 1.48 m with a
coincidence of the front and backward pump wavelengths.
As a result, an optical-power output of 150 mW at a
wavelength of 1,625 nm is attained when an incident pump
intensity is 300 mW. This kind of the high power cannot
be generated by the conventional silica- and fluoride-
based optical fibers.
- 54 -
CA 02593570 2007-07-18
(Embodiment 16)
An amplification optical fiber is prepared
using a glass composition of Te02 (68 mole %) -ZnO (13 mole
%) -Na20 (4 mole %)-Bi203 (15 mole %) as a core material and
doped with 3 weight % of erbium and a glass composition of
Te02 (69 mole %) -ZnO (21 mole %) -Na20 (8 mole %) -Bi203 (2
mole %) as a clad material. The optical fiber has a cut-
off wavelength of 1.1 pm, and a core/clad relative
refractive index difference of 5 %.
Then, a small-sized optical amplifier is constructed
using a 3-cm piece of the optical fiber as an optical
amplification medium and subjected to an optical
amplification test. In this case, a forward pump
wavelength of 1.48 pm is used. In addition, a wavelength
tunable laser
operating at 1.5 pm to 1.7 m bands is used as a signal
light source. As a result, a small signal gain of 20 dB
or more is observed at 180 run bandwidth of 1,530 nm to
1,610 nm. At this time, in addition, a noise figure of 7
dB or less is observed at a wavelength of 1,530 nm or
more.
(Embodiment 17)
50 glass samples are prepared using different
formulations of a glass composition of quadric system:
- 55 -
CA 02593570 2007-07-18
Te02-ZnO-Li20-Bi203 is formulated so that all of them
contain Bi203 with a fixed concentration (5 mole %) and
other ingredients with varied concentrations.
Each of the glass samples is subjected to a technique
of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) as the same way
as that of Embodiment 1 to estimate its thermal stability.
The results are shown in Fig. 24. As shown in the figure,
thermally stable glasses are obtained if the respective
glass compositions are included in the region A in the
figure. In each of the thermally stable glasses, the
difference between crystallization temperature (Tx) and
glass transition temperature (Tg), i.e., Tx-Tg, is 120 C
or more. In the case of the glass compositions
corresponding to the region B in the figure, extremely
stable glasses without causing a heating peak of
crystallization. Therefore, the thermally stable optical
glasses allow optical fibers having the properties of low
fiber-loss and also allow the mass production of the
optical fiber with enhanced yields. Thus, low-priced
optical fibers become feasible.
Among the compositions allowable in the region B, a
glass composition of Te02 (80 mole %) -ZnO (5 mole %)-Li20
(10 mole %) -Bi203 (5 mole %) is selected and used as a
core material. The core material is doped with 2,000 ppm
of erbium. Also, a glass composition of Te02 (75 mole o)-
Zn0 (5 mole o ) -Li20 (15 mole %) -Bi203 (5 mole %) is
selected and used as a clad material. Then, an optical
fiber having a cut-off wavelength of 1.1 m and a
- 56 -
CA 02593570 2007-07-18
core/clad relative refractive index difference of 2.5 % is
formed using these materials. In this embodiment, the
resulting optical fiber is used as an amplification medium
with a fiber-loss at 1.2 m of 20 dB/km.
An optical amplifier is constructed using the
amplification medium of 3 m in length and subjected to an
amplification test on condition that a bi-directional
pumping with a forward pump wavelength of 0.98 m and a
backward pump wavelength of 1.48 m is used and a
wavelength tunable laser operating at 1.5 m to 1.7 m
bands is used as a signal light source. As a result, a
small signal gain of 20 dB or more is observed at 80 nm
bandwidth of 1,530 nm to 1,610 nm. At this time, in
addition, a noise figure of 5 dB or less is observed.
Among the compositions allowable in the region A, a
glass composition of Te02 (70 mole %) -ZnO (10 mole %)-LiZ0
(15 mole %) -Bi203 (5 mole %) is selected and used as a
core material. The core material is doped with 2,000 rpm
of erbium. Also, a glass composition of Te02 (70 mole %)-
2 0 Zn0 (7 mole % ) -Li20 (18 mole % ) -Bi203 (5 mole %) is
selected and used as a clad material. Then, an optical
fiber having a cut-off wavelength of 1.1 pm and a
core/clad relative refractive index difference of 1.5 % is
formed using these materials. In this embodiment, the
resulting optical fiber is used as an amplification medium
with a fiber-loss at 1.2 m of 60 dB/km.
An optical amplifier is constructed using the
amplification medium of 3 m in length and subjected to an
- 57 -
CA 02593570 2007-07-18
amplification test as the same way as that of the
aforementioned optical amplifier having the composition of
the region B. As a result, a small signal gain of 20 dB
or more is observed at 80 nm bandwidth of 1,530 nm to
1,610 nm. At this time, in addition, a noise figure of 5
dB or less is observed. Accordingly, the result indicates
that the glass composition in the region A can be also
used in the process of making a practical broadband EDFA.
(Embodiment 18)
An optical amplifier is constructed using a 15-meter
piece of the optical fiber of Embodiment 17 and subjected
to an amplification test on condition that a bi-
directional pumping with forward and backward pump
wavelengths of 1.48 pm is used and a wavelength tunable
laser operating at 1.5 m to 1.7 pm bands is used as a
signal light source. As a result, a small signal gain of
dB or more is observed at 50 nm bandwidth of 1,580 nm
20 to 1,630 nm. The noise figure is 5 dB or less.
(Embodiment 19)
A laser is constructed using a 15-meter piece of the
optical fiber of Embodiment 17. in addition, a cavity is
also constructed using a total reflection mirror and a
fiber-bragg-grating having a reflectivity of 3 %. A
bidirectional pump wavelength is 1.48 m with a
- 58 -
CA 02593570 2007-07-18
coincidence of the forward and backward pump wavelengths.
An optical-power output of 150 mW at a wavelength of 1,625
nm is attained when an incident pump intensity is 300 mW.
This kind of the high power cannot be generated by the
conventional silica- and fluoride-based optical fibers.
(Embodiment 20)
An amplification optical fiber is prepared
using a glass composition of Te02 (68 mole %)-Zn0 (13 mole
%) -Na20 (4 mole %) -Bi203 (15 mole %) as a core material and
doped with 3 weight % of erbium and a glass composition of
Te02 (69 mole %) -Zn0 (21 mole %) -Na20 (8 mole %) -Bi203 (2
mole %) as a clad material. The optical fiber has a cut-
off wavelength of 1.4 m, and a core/clad relative
refractive index difference of 5%.
Then, a small-sized optical amplifier is constructed
using a 3-cm piece of the optical fiber as an optical
amplification medium and subjected to an optical
amplification test. In this case, a forward pump
wavelength of 1.48 pm is used. In addition, a wavelength
tunable laser
operating at 1.5 pm to 1.7 m bands is used as a signal
light source. As a result, a small signal gain of 20 dB
or more is observed at 80 nm bandwidth of 1,530 nm to
1,610 nm. At this time, in addition, a noise figure of 5
dB or less is observed.
- 59 -
CA 02593570 2007-07-18
(Embodiment 21)
A tellurite glass is prepared by the process
including the following steps. That is, at the start, raw
materials of Te02, ZnO, Na2CO3, and Bi203 are formulated so
as to become a formulation of Te02 (73.5 mole %)-ZnO (20
mole %) -NazO (5 mole o)-Bi203 (1.5 mole %) and a
formulation of Te02 (73 mole %)-ZnO (20 mole %)-Na20 (5
mole %)-Bi203 (2 mole %) after melting. Two different
formulations are filled in respective 90 g volume
crucibles and heated by an electric furnace at 800 C for
2 hours in an oxygen atmosphere to melt those
formulations, resulting in molten materials. Subsequently,
each of the molten materials is casted in a cylindrical
hollow-mold and an opening of the mold is capped with a
cap without delay. The capped mold is laid in a
horizontal position and left for 2 minutes and then
allowed to reach room temperature, resulting a tellurite
glass of 15 mm in outer diameter, 5 mm in inner diameter,
and 130 mm in length in the form of a cylindrical tube
having a bottom surface. In this manner, two glass tubes
are obtained.
The glass tubes are examined under a microscope. As a
result, they can be distinguished microscopically. That
is, the glass tube containing 1.5 mole % of Bi203 has many
crystallized portions in the proximity of its outside
wall, while the glass tube containing 2.0 mole % of Bi203
does not have any crystallized portion.
- 60 -
CA 02593570 2007-07-18
Then, a part of each glass sample is broken into
pieces and powdered in an agate mortar. 30 mg of the
obtained powder is filled into a sealed container made of
silver and then subjected into the DSC measurement in an
argon atmosphere at a heat-up rate of 10 C/minute. The
results are shown in Fig. 25.
Fig. 25 is a graphical representation of the results
of the DSC measurement. In the figure, a line (a) is for
the glass having a composition of 73.5TeO2-20ZnO-5NazO-
1.5Bi203 and a line (b) is for the glass having a
composition of 73TeO2-20ZnO-5Na2O-2Bi2O3. In the case of
the glass containing 1.5 mole % of Bi203, a peak of
crystallization is started at a temperature of about 350
C and a value of Tx - Tg is 69.2 C. In the case of the
glass containing 2.0 mole % of Bi203, on the other hand, a
peak of crystallization is started at a temperature of
about 390 'C and a value of Tx - Tg is 110.4 C. It means
that a thermal stability of glass can be dramatically
increased by an addition
of 2.0 mole % Bi203 compared with that of 1.5 mole % Bi203.
The most striking characteristics of the tellurite
glasses of Embodiments 1 to 21 is that each of them is
formulated as a quadric system composition that consists
four different ingredients including Bi203. This kind of
the tellurite glass shows an excellent thermal stability,
so that a fiber-loss can be minimized at the time of
forming a fiber. Furthermore, the tellurite glass allows
easily control of the refractive index, so that a fiber
- 61 -
CA 02593570 2007-07-18
with a high An can be formed. Therefore, the tellurite
glass allows the scale-up of amplification bandwidth of
the EDFA having the ternary-system composition which leads
to a low degree of efficiency.
As described above, the ternary-system composition
disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,251,062 is less stable than
the quadric system tellurite glass of the present
invention, so that a minimum of the fiber-loss at 1.5 m
is 1,500 dB/km. In the present invention, we studies
various compositions for the purpose of the reduction in
fiber-loss and finally find that the quadric system
tellurite composition containing Bi203 allows a dramatic
decrease in the fiber-loss. Also, we find that the
tellurite glass allows easily control of the refractive
index and a fiber with a high An can be formed.
Therefore, the present invention realizes the tellurite
EDFA with a low fiber-loss at first. We can easily
understand that the tellurite glass having the ternary
system composition of U.S. Patent No. 5,251,062 cannot
realize the three-level system EDFA because there is no
concrete description not only in the specification of U.S.
Patent No. 5,241,062 but also in subsequent reports in
technical journals such as Optics Letters and Optical
Materials.
In U.S. Patent No. 5,251,062, for more details,
Sniitzer et al. indicate that a composition range of
ternary-system tellurite glass which can be formed into a
fiber with a description that a laser device can be
- 62 -
CA 02593570 2007-07-18
realized by using a bulk glass while an optical amplifier
requires a fiber structure having core and clad
structures. Accordingly, it is clear that the reference
discloses the tellurite glass for the purpose of realizing
an optical amplification. However, Snitzer et al. cannot
disclose the way of solving the problems except the
description of a fiber laser using neodymium in Optics
Letters cited above. It is a well-known fact that
neodymium cannot be applied in an optical amplification at
1.3 m band because of excitation state absorption as
described in Optics Letters cited above in spite that it
holds great promise to be applied in 1.3 m band
amplification in past.
In Optics Letters cited above, the tellurite glass
that contains Bi203 has the composition of 78 % Te02 - 18 %
Bi2O3 and 80 % TeO2 - 10 % Bi2O3 - 10 % Ti02. However, this
composition is much different from the quadric system
composition of the present invention. Furthermore, it is
noted that there is no description or teach of thermal
stability of glass and fiber-loss even though these
properties are very important.
Furthermore, the quadric system tellurite glass
having a core composition of 77 % TeO2 - 6.0 % Na20 - 15.5
% ZnO - 1.5 % Bi203 is described in Optical Materials and
Optic Letters cited above, especially in Optical Materials
which is also disclose a fiber-loss at 1.55 m band of
1,500 dB/km. However, this fiber-loss is too high, and
also there is no description or teach that indicates or
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CA 02593570 2007-07-18
recalls the improvements in thermal stability by an
addition of Bi203. In the field of optical fiber, it is
well-known fact that a refractive index of glass is
adjusted by an appropriate adjusting agent. The addition
of Bi203 is exactly what the optical fiber needs for that
adjustment.
In the present invention, as will be described
afterward, we find that tellurite glasses having Bi203-
contained quadric system compositions are effective on a
reduction in fiber-loss. A thermal stability of the
tellurite glass is dramatically improved by the addition
of Bi203 in concentration of over 1.5 %, and thus the
tellurite glass optical fiber can be provided as the one
having the properties of low fiber-loss. Secondary, a high
On fiber can be formed as a result of controlling Bi203
content in the core and clad glasses without restraint.
Consequently, the scale-up of amplification band region of
low-efficient three-level system EDFA by a synergistic
effect of these improvements.
We are now considering a glass composition that
levels a gain spectrum of tellurite EDFA. In the
following embodiments, one of the most striking
characteristics of the following embodiments is that the
tellurite glass or the tellurite optical fiber contains
aluminum (Al) as a host. It is also known that if Si0Z-
based glass contains Al a dented portion between 1.53 m
and 1.56 m of a cross-section of stimulated emission of
Er in the glass is despaired and also the gain spectrum is
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flatten at wavelengths of 1.54 p,m to 1.56 ~.lm (Emmanue
Desurvire, "Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers", John Wiley &
Sons, 1994). However, this is an effect of Al on the
silica-based optical fiber, so that the effect on the
tellurite glass is still unknown.
In the present invention, as described in the
following embodiments, the present inventors are finally
found the following facts. That is, the addition of Al in
tellurite glass leads to the effects of disappearing a
dented portion between 1.53 pm and 1.56 .m of a cross-
section of stimulated emission of Er in the glass and
increasing variations in the cross-section, resulting in
reduction of a gain difference between 1.55 m band and
1.6 m band.
(Embodiment 22)
Fig. 26 is a spectrum diagram that illustrates each
1.5 pm emission spectrum of Er in glasses having their
respective compositions of:
Te02 (74 mole %) - ZnO (16 mole %) - Na20 (6 mole %) -
Bi203 (4 mole % ) ;
Te02 (73 mole %) - Zn0 (15 mole %) - Na20 (6 mole %) -
Bi203 (3 mole %) - A1203 (3 mole %) ; and
Te02 (79 mole %) - ZnO (3 mole %) - Li20 (12 mole %) -
Bi203 (3 mole %) - A1203 (3 mole %) .
As shown in the figure, an intensity of emission
spectrum of the glass containing A1203 at a wavelength of
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CA 02593570 2007-07-18
around 1.6 .m is stronger than that of the glass without
A1203, and also a depth of the dent between 1.53 m and
1.56 m of the former is disappeared or shallower than
that of the latter.
An erbium-doped tellurite optical fiber is prepared
using the A1203-contained glass (Te02-ZnO- Na20- Bi203
system glass). The obtained fiber has a cut-off
wavelength of 1.3 m, Er-content of 4,000 ppm, and length
of 0.9 m. Then, the fiber is optically pumped at 1.48 m
with the power of 200 mW, resulting in a 10 dB or less
gain difference between 1.56 m and 1.60 W.
Next, EDFA is constructed using the above erbium-
doped optical fiber as an optical amplifier and a fiber-
bragg-grating as a gain-equalizing device. The obtained
EDFA showed 1 dB or less gain difference between 1.53 m
and 1.60 pm.
On the other hand, an EDFA using the A1203-absent
fiber showed 15 dB or more gain difference between 1.56 m
and 1.60 pm. In this case, furthermore, the gain
deviation at wavelengths from 1.56 m to 1.60 m could not
be reduced to 1 dB or less across a width of 70 nm in
spite of using the gain-equalizing device.
The addition effects of A1203 to the gain
characteristics of optical fiber is confirmed for the
composition of Te0z-Zn0-Li20-Bi203 (55 <_ Te02 <_ 90, 0<_ ZnO
5 35, 0:5 Na2O < 35, 0 < Bi203 S 20, unit: mole %)
(Embodiment 23)
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In this Embodiment, we confirm an influence of adding
A1203 to Te02-ZnO-Li20-Bi203 on the gain characteristics.
A comparative study of 1.5 pm band emission spectra
of Er in an A1203-absent glass having the composition of
( 80 ) Te02- ( 3) ZnO- (12 ) Li20- ( 5) Bi203 and an A120-contained
glass having the composition of ( 79 ) TeOz- ( 3) ZnO- ( 3) Li20-
(12 ) Bi203- ( 3) Bi203 is performed. As a consequence, we find
that the A120-contained glass has a large emission
strength at 1.6 pm and there is no dent portion between
1.53 m and 1.56 m in the spectrum compared with those of
the A120-absent glass. The A120-contained glass is formed
into a core of erbium-doped tellurite optical fiber (a
cut-off wavelength of 1.3 pm, an erbium-content of 4,000
ppm, and a length of 0.9 m) and optically pumped at 1.48
m with the power of 200 mW, resulting in a 10 dB or less
gain deviation at wavelengths from 1.56 m and 1.60 m.
Next, an EDFA is constructed using the above erbium-
doped optical fiber as an optical amplifier and a Mach-
Zehnder type filter (a medium for loss of light) as a
gain-equalizing device. The obtained EDFA showed 1 dB or
less gain deviation at wavelengths from 1.53 m to 1.60
NM=
On the other hand, an EDFA using the A1203-absent
fiber showed 15 dB or more gain deviation at wavelengths
from 1.56 .m to 1.60 m. In this case, furthermore, the
gain deviation at wavelengths from 1.56 m to 1.60 m
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CA 02593570 2007-07-18
could not reduced to 1 dB or less across a width of 70 nm
in spite of using a gain-equalizing device.
In addition, variations in the gain between 1.53 m
and 1.56 .m are disappeared at the time of measuring the
amplification spectrum when the fiber of 2 m in length
doped with 1,000 ppm of Er is used, resulting in
uniformity of gain at 1.53 m to 1.56 m. Therefore, this
fiber could be useful in the amplification of WDM
transmission at 1.53 m to 1.56 m. This phenomenon is
also observed when the fiber having the composition of
Te02-ZnO-Na2O-Bi203-A1203 is used.
The addition effects of A1203 to the gain
characteristics of optical fiber is confirmed for the
composition of Te0Z-ZnO-Li20-Bi203 (70 <_ Te02 <_ 90, 0<_ ZnO
<_ 4, 0<_ LiZO <_ 30, 0 < Bi203 <_ 10, unit: mole %) to be
used in the fiber formation with stability.
In Embodiments 22 and 23, 3 mole % of A1203 is used.
However, it is not limited to such a concentration. We
also attained the A1203 addition effect at concentrations
of more than zero mole %. It is not preferable to include
A1203 in the fiber more than necessary because an
excessive concentration thereof leads to ignore the above-
mentioned composition that allows the stable fiber
formation.
(Embodiment 24)
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In this Embodiment, we confirmed an influence of
adding A1203 to Te02-ZnO-M20-Bi203 (M is one of alkali
elements except Li and Na) on the gain characteristics. As
in the case of Embodiments 22 to 23, a 10 dB or less gain
deviation at wavelengths from 1.56 pm and 1.60 m is
attained by using K, Cs, or Rb as M in the above
composition. In addition, an EDFA is constructed using
the gain-equalizing device. As a result, the EDFA showed 1
dB or less gain at wavelengths from 1.53 m to 1.60 m
(i.e., over a bandwidth of 70 nm), and also provided the
uniform gain at that wavelengths.
(Embodiment 25)
In this Embodiment, we confirmed an influence of
adding A1203 to Te02-ZnO-M20-Biz03 (M is at least two of
alkali elements except Li and Na) on the gain
characteristics. As in the case of Embodiments 23 and 24,
a 10 dB or less gain deviation at wavelengths from 1.56 m
and 1.60 .nn is attained in spite of including two elements
in the composition. In addition, an EDFA is constructed
using the gain-equalizing device. As a result, the EDFA
showed 1 dB or less gain at wavelengths from 1.53 m to
1.60 .m (i.e., over a bandwidth of 70 nm), and also
provided the uniform gain at that wavelengths.
(Embodiment 26)
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We described above that an influence of adding A1203
to Te02-ZnO-R20-Bi203 (R is an alkali element) on the gain
characteristics. In this Embodiment, we also confirmed
that an addition of A1203 effected on the gain deviation
on another type of tellurite glass (not depended on the
composition except TeO2 and A1203, such as Te02-WO2 and
Te02-ZnO-La2O-Bi203-A1203 (R is at least one of alkali
elements) glass) for realizing EDFA in the type of a
broadband and gain-flattening.
(Embodiment 27)
In this Embodiment, 100 glass samples are prepared
from a glass composition of Te02-ZnO-Li2O-Na2O-Bi203. That
is, the glass samples are made of materials containing 75
mole % Te02 and 5 mole % Biz03 or materials containing 80
mole % Te02 and 5 mole % Bi203. In each of the materials,
furthermore, the contents of other ingredients are varied.
Then, each of the glass samples is broken into pieces and
powdered in an agate mortar. 30 mg of the obtained powder
is filled into a sealed container made of silver and then
subjected into the DSC measurement in an argon atmosphere
at a heat-up rate of 10 C/minute, resulting in a heat-
stable glass having 120 C or more of Tx - Tg in the
region B shown in Figs. 27 and 28. The heat-stable glass
allows the mass production of optical fibers and the lower
prices that result therefrom.
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CA 02593570 2007-07-18
Then, an optical amplification medium is prepared as
a fiber having a cut-off wavelength of 1.1 pm and a
core/clad relative refractive index difference of 1.6 %.
That is, a core of the fiber is formed from a glass
composition the glass composition of Te02 (75 mole %)-Zn0
(5 mole % ) -Li20 (12 mole % ) -Na20 (3 mole % ) -Bi203 (5 mole
%) doped with 2,000 ppm of erbium, and also a clad of the
fiber is formed from a glass composition of Te02 (75 mole
%) -ZnO (2 mole %) -Li20 (15 mole %) -Na20 (3 mole %) -Bi203 (5
mole %).
The obtained medium is cut to a fiber of 3 m in
length to construct an optical amplifier. The optical
amplifier is subjected to an amplification test.
In the amplification test, a bidirectional pumping
procedure with a forward-pump wavelength of 0.98 pm and a
backward-pump wavelength of 1.48 pm is used. In addition,
a wavelength tunable laser that covers from 1.5 m to 1.7
m band is used as an optical signal source. As a result,
a small signal gain of 20 dB or more is obtained at a
bandwidth of 80 nm ranging from 1,530 to 1,610 gm. At
this time, a noise figure (NF) is 5 dB or less.
From a region (that indicates the compositions
capable of being used in the fiber formation) shown in
Fig. 28, a glass composition of Te02 (80 mole %)-ZnO (6
mole %) -Li20 (4 mole %) -Na20 (5 mole %) -Bi203 (5 mole %) is
selected from among allowable compositions in the region
so as to be provided as a core material. Among the
compositions in the region, furthermore, a glass
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CA 02593570 2007-07-18
composition of Te02 (80 mole %)-Zn0 (2 mole o)-Li20 (6
mole %) -Na20 (7 mole %)-Bi203 (5 mole %) is selected so as
to be provided as a clad material. The core material is
doped with 2,000 ppm of erbium. Then, an optical fiber
having a cut-off wavelength of 1.1 m and a core/clad
relative refractive index difference of 1.5 %. The
obtained fiber is provided as an optical amplification
medium. A fiber-loss of the medium is 0.07 dB/m at 1.2
NM-
The medium is cut to a fiber of 3 m in length to
construct an optical amplifier. The optical amplifier is
also subjected to an amplification test. As a result, a
small signal gain of 20 dB or more over is obtained at a
bandwidth of 80 nm ranging from of 1,510 to 1,630 nm. At
this time, a noise figure (NF) is 5 dB or less. The
results indicated that a practical broadband EDFA could be
prepared from any glass composition of the B region
without any trouble.
(Embodiment 28)
An optical amplifier is constructed by the same way
as that of Embodiment 27 except of using a fiber of 15 m
length in this Embodiment and subjected to an
amplification test. For pump wavelengths to be applied
from both side, a bidirectional pumping procedure in which
the front and the backward wavelengths are identical with
each other is used. In addition, a wavelength tunable
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CA 02593570 2007-07-18
laser that covers from 1.5 rn to 1.7 .m band is used as an
optical light source. As a result, a small signal gain of
20 dB or more is obtained at a bandwidth of 70 nm ranging
from 1,560 to 1,630 nm. At this time, noise figure is 5 dB
or less.
(Embodiment 29)
A laser is constructed using a fiber (15 m in length)
which is prepared as the same way as that of Embodiment
27. A cavity is constructed using a fiber-bragg- grating
that has a refractive index of 3 % at a wavelength of
1,625 nm with respect to a total reflection mirror. For
pump wavelengths to be applied from both side, a
bidirectional pumping procedure in which the forward and
the backward wavelengths are of 1.48 [l.m. The laser
generated a high-power of 150 mW at 1,625 nm wavelength,
which could not be attained by silica-based and fluoride-
based optical fibers.
(Embodiment 30)
In this Embodiment, 50 glass samples are prepared
from a glass composition of Te02-ZnO-Li20-Al203-Bi203. The
samples have 2 mole of A1203 and 12 mole % of Li20 except
that every sample have its own ratios of other
ingredients. Then, each of the glass samples is broken
into pieces and powdered in an agate mortar. 30 mg of the
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CA 02593570 2007-07-18
obtained powder is filled into a sealed container made of
silver and then subjected into the DSC measurement in an
argon atmosphere at a heat-up rate of 10 C/minute,
resulting in a heat-stable glass having 120 C or more of
Tx - Tg in a region defined as A in Fig. 29. The heat-
stable glass allows a fiber having a lower loss of 0.1
dB/m or less. In addition, the effects of adding A1203
into the glass composition allows a broader area of
induced-emission cross section, so that an amplification
bandwidth of EDFA can be broadened.
Next, an optical amplification medium is prepared as
a fiber having a cut-off wavelength of 1.1 m and a
core/clad relative refractive index difference of 1.6 ~.
A core of the fiber is formed from a glass composition the
glass composition selected from the region in Fig. 29,
that is, Te02 (82 mole %)-Zn0 (1 mole o)-Li20 (12 mole %)-
A1203 (2 mole %) -Bi203 (3 mole %) doped with 2, 000 ppm of
erbium. Also, a clad of the fiber is formed from a glass
composition of Te02 (75 mole %) -Zn0 (3 mole %) -Li20 (18
mole %)-Bi203 (4 mole %). A fiber-loss at 1.2 m is 0.07
dB/m.
The obtained medium is cut to a fiber of 3 m in
length to construct an optical amplifier. The optical
amplifier is subjected to an amplification test.
In the amplification test, a bidirectional pumping
procedure with a forward-pump wavelength of 0.98 m and a
backward-pump wavelength of 1.48 pLm is used. In addition,
a wavelength tunable laser that covers from 1.5 m to 1.7
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CA 02593570 2007-07-18
m band is used as an optical signal source. As a result,
a small signal gain of 20 dB or more is obtained at a
bandwidth of 80 nm ranging from 1,530 to 1,610 m. At
this time, a noise figure (NF) is 5 dB or less.
(Embodiment 31)
A wavelength tunable ring laser is constructed using
the same fiber (4 m in length) as that of Embodiment 30,
and also a wave tunable filter for wavelengths from 1.5 m
to 1.7 pm is used as a filter. In addition, a
bidirectional pumping procedure in which the front and the
backward wavelengths are identical with each other is
used. At an incident pump strength of 300 mW, the laser
showed its broadband laser characteristic of 5 mW or more
at a bandwidth of 135 nm ranging from 1,500 to 1,635 nm,
which could not be attained by the silica-based and
fluoride-based optical fiber.
(Embodiment 32)
Five optical fibers of 800 m in length as a fiber
having a cut-off wavelength of 1.1 .m and a core/clad
relative refractive index difference of 1.3 to 2.2 %. In
this Embodiment, a core of the fiber is formed from a
glass composition the glass composition of Te02 (79.5 - x
mole %)-Zn0 (14.5 mole %)-Na20 (6 mole %)-Bi203 (x mole %)
doped with 500 ppm of erbium, and five fibers took their
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CA 02593570 2007-07-18
values of x = 4, 4.2, 5.4, 6.8, and 7, respectively. Also,
a clad of the fiber is formed from a glass composition of
Te02 (75 mole %) -Zn0 (17. 5 mole % ) -Na20 (5 mole %) -Bi203
(2.5 mole %) glass. In the case of fibers of x= 4 and x
= 7 mole %, the spacing between adjacent scattering points
(i.e., a point where a fiber-loss is remarkably increased
by a scattering of light from particles such as crystals)
is 15 m or less, and also a fiber-loss in the area without.
the scattering centers is 0.07 dB/m at a wavelength of 1.2
p1m. In the case of fibers of x = 4.2, 5.4, and 6.8 mole %,
on the other hand, the spacing between adjacent scattering
centers is 100 m or more, and also a fiber-loss in the
area without the scattering centers is 0.02 dB/m or less.
In general, by the way, a required fiber length for
constructing EDFA is about 10 m. When the fibers of x = 4
or 7 mole % are used, only 20 or less 10-meter-long fibers
are obtained from an 800-meter-long fiber. On the other
hand, 70 or more 10-meter-long fibers are obtained from an
800-meter-long fiber when the fibers of x = 4.2, 5.4, and
6.8 mole % are used, resulting in a dramatic improvement
in yield.
In the following Embodiments 33 to 39, tellurite
EDFAs that has improved characteristics of chromatic
dispersion will be described in view of the fact that the
improved characteristics of tellurite optical fibers
described above.
An optical amplifier using a tellurite glass
composition as an amplification medium is mainly
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CA 02593570 2007-07-18
characterized by having a configuration where a dispersion
medium is placed in the front of or at the back of the
tellurite EDFA. The dispersion medium compensates for the
dispersion of wavelengths by a value of chromatic
dispersion that takes a plus or negative number opposite
to a value of chromatic dispersion for the tellurite EDFA.
The medium that compensates the chromatic dispersion may
be an optical fiber, an fiber black grating, or the like.
The conventional tellurite EDFAs do not have any
medium that compensates the chromatic dispersion, so that
the degree of dispersion tends to increase.
Conventionally, therefore, there is a problem of that an
error rate is increased as a result of performing a first
signal amplification. To solve this problem, the following
Embodiments will provide novel configurations of tellurite
EDFA that retains the qualities of communications by
allowing an decrease in a value of chromatic dispersion in
the optical amplifier to avoid an increase in error rate
whether the high speed signal amplification is performed
or not.
(Embodiment 33)
Fig. 30 illustrates an optical amplifier as one of
the preferred embodiments of the present invention. In
the figure, an optical signal enters from the left side
and exits to the right side of the optical amplifier. The
input signal light passes through an optical isolator 201a
- 77 -
CA 02593570 2007-07-18
and then combined with an excitation light from an
excitation light source through an optical coupler 203.
Then, the combined signal light is introduced into an
optical fiber 205 for optical amplification after passing
through a dispersion medium 204. The signal light
amplified by the optical fiber 205 is then outputted
through an optical isolator lb.
In the optical amplifier of the present embodiment, a.
semiconductor laser having an oscillation wavelength of
1.48 gm is used as an excitation light source 203 and a
signal wavelength of 1.55 m is used. In addition, a
tellurite optical fiber of 10 m in length is used as an
optical fiber for optical amplification. The tellurite
optical fiber is characterized by an erbium-doping
concentration of 200 ppm in its core, a cut-off wavelength
of 1.3 .m, and a core/clad relative refractive index
difference of 1.4 %.
A value of chromatic dispersion is -1.3 ps/nm.
Furthermore, a single-mode silica-based optical fiber of
1.3 m zero dispersion (so-called a standard single-mode
optical fiber) having a chromatic dispersion value of 17
ps/km/nm at 1.55 pm is used as a dispersion medium. A
length of the fiber is 76 m.
A chromatic dispersion of all of the dispersion
medium 204 and the amplification optical fiber 205 is
measured and resulted in 0.1 ps/nm or less.
An amplification of a high-speed optical signal of 40
Gbit/sec at a wavelength of 1.55 m is performed using the
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CA 02593570 2007-07-18
optical amplifier obtained by the above procedure. In
this case, we could not observe any distortion of pulse
wavelength caused by the chromatic dispersion. Therefore,
we find that the optical amplifier of the present
embodiment can be used in a booster amp, an in-line
amplifier, or a pre-amplifier without decreasing the
qualities of communications. For the comparison, on the
other hand, an amplification of a high-speed pulse of 40
Gbit/s at 1.55 .m wavelength is performed without
inserting the dispersion medium 204. As a consequence of
the amplification, pulse-waveform distortions are
observed. It means that it is very difficult to apply
this configuration to a high-speed communication system.
In the present embodiment, the dispersion medium 204
is placed between an optical coupler 203 and Er-doped
tellurite optical fiber 205 but not limited to such an
arrangement. The dispersion medium 204 may be placed in
front of the optical isolator la, between the optical
isolator la and the optical coupler 203, between the
amplification medium and the optical isolator 201b, or at
the back of the optical isolator 201b. In this
embodiment, furthermore, a standard single-mode optical
fiber is used but not limited to. It is also possible to
use any optical fibers that have a chromatic dispersion of
the tellurite optical fiber 205 and an oppositely signed
value of chromatic dispersion. For the dispersion medium
204, a chirped fiber grating (K.O.Hill, CLEO/PACIFC RIM
SHORT COURSE 197 "Photosensitivity and bragg Gratings in
- 79 -
CA 02593570 2007-07-18
Optical Waveguide") may be used instead of the optical
fiber.
In the above description, by the way, the dispersion
medium 204 is placed in front of or at the back of the
amplification optical fiber 205 but not limited to. It is
also possible to adopt another arrangement of the
dispersion medium 204. That is, if an optical fiber is
used as the dispersion medium 204, the optical fiber can
be divided into two portions in which one is arranged on
an appropriate position in front of the amplification
optical fiber 205 and the other is arranged on an
appropriate position at the back of the fiber 205. Also,
a plurality of optical fibers having different
characteristics can be arranged on appropriate positions.
(Embodiment 34)
In this embodiment, an amplification is a tellurite
optical fiber (15 m in length) doped with 500 ppm of Pr
(praseodymium) having a cut-off wavelength of 1.0 m and
An = 1.4 % and an amplification optical fiber 205 in Fig.
30. An excitation light source 202 is a Nd (neodium)-
doped YLF laser. For a dispersion medium 204, a chirped
fiber grating is used. At this time, a chromatic
dispersion of the tellurite optical fiber at 1.31 }.l,m is
3.15 ps/nm. Hence, a chromatic dispersion value of the
grating is adjusted to 3.15 ps/nm and then an
amplification of high-speed signal at 1.31 m wavelength
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CA 02593570 2007-07-18
is performed using an amplifier of such a configuration.
As a result, pulse-waveform distortions are not observed
in spite of performing an amplification of high-speed
pulse of 40 Gbit/s at 1.3 m wavelength. It means that it
is possible to apply this configuration to a high-speed
communication system. In the case of an optical amplifier
which is constructed without using the dispersion medium
204, pulse-waveform distortions are occurred if an
amplification of high-speed pulse is performed, resulting
in the difficulty in an amplification for the high-speed
communication system.
(Embodiment 35)
In this embodiment, Te0z-ZnO-M20-Bi203 glass
composition (where M is one or more alkali elements) is
used as a preform of an amplification optical fiber 205.
That is, a core of the fiber is made of the glass
composition plus Er, Pr, and Tm as additives for 1.48 an
or 1.65 [l.m band amplification, and also a clad of the
fiber is made of the glass composition plus Nd as an
additive for 1.06 ,m or 1.33 m band amplification.
An amplification of high-speed pulse is performed by
an optical amplifier using a silica-based fiber or a
chirped-fiber gratings as the dispersion medium 204 and
compensating chromatic dispersions at an amplification
wavelength of each earth rare element. As a result,
waveform distortions of optical pulse that occurred when
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CA 02593570 2007-07-18
the dispersion medium 204 is absent are prevented.
Consequently, we confirmed that it could be used in the
high-speed optical communication system.
(Embodiment 36)
In this embodiment, Te02-ZnO-Na20-Bi203 glass
composition is used as a preform of an amplification
optical fiber 205. A content of each ingredient in the
composition is 55 mole %<_ Te02S 90 mole %, 0 mole %<
Zn0 5 25 mole %, 0 mole % S Li20 5 25 mole %, 0 mole % <
Biz03 S 20 mole %. A core of the fiber is made of the
glass composition plus Er, Pr, Tm, or Nd as an additive
for 1.48 m or 1.65 m band amplification, and also a clad
of the fiber is made of the glass composition plus Nd as
an additive for 1.06 m or 1.33 Jim band amplification.
An amplification of high-speed pulse is performed by
an optical amplifier using a silica-based fiber or a
chirped-fiber grating as the dispersion medium 204 and
compensating chromatic dispersions at an amplification
wavelength of each earth rare element. As a result,
waveform distortions of optical pulse that occurred when
the dispersion medium 204 is absent are prevented.
Consequently, we confirmed that it could be used in the
high-speed optical communication system.
(Embodiment 37)
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An amplification optical fiber 205 is constructed
using a glass composition of Te0Z-ZnO-MZ0-Biz03 (where M is
one or more alkali elements) as a preform. In the
composition, a content of each ingredient is 55 mole % <_
Te02 90 mole %, 0 mole % <_ ZnO <_ 25 mole %, 0 mole % <_
Li20 25 mole %, 0 mole % < Bi203 _< 20 mole %. A core of
the fiber is made of the glass composition plus Er, Pr,
Tm, or Nd as an additive for 1.48 gm or 1.65 m band
amplification, and also a clad of the fiber is made of the
glass composition plus Nd as an additive for 1.06 m or
1.33 m band amplification.
An amplification of high-speed pulse is performed by
an optical amplifier using a silica-based fiber or a
chirped-fiber gratings the dispersion medium 204 and
compensating chromatic dispersions at an amplification
wavelength of each earth rare element. As a result,
waveform distortions of optical pulse that occurred when
the dispersion medium 204 is absent are prevented.
Consequently, we confirmed that it could be used in the
high-speed optical communication system.
In addition, an optical amplifier that uses an
amplification optical fiber 205 comprising a glass
composition of Te02 - ZnO - M20 - Biz03 -A1203 (where M is
one or more alkali elements) showed the same effects.
(Embodiment 38)
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CA 02593570 2007-07-18
Raman amplification is performed using a single-mode
tellurite optical fiber (a cut-off wavelength of 1.3 m,
An = 1.4 %, and a length of 1 km). In this embodiment,
the glass composition of Embodiment 26 is used as a
preform of an amplification optical fiber except that an
additive such as a rare earth element or a transition
metal element is not used in the present embodiment. An
optical amplification at 1.5 m band is performed by
pumping a wavelength of 1.48 m.
A chromatic dispersion observed in the single-mode
tellurite optical fiber at a signal wavelength is -130
ps/nm. In this case, a dispersion medium 204 is a
standard single-mode silica optical fiber.
The dispersion medium 204 is placed at the back of
the single-mode tellurite optical fiber (the amplification
optical fiber) 205 and then an optical amplification is
performed. In a case where 7.6 km of the standard single-
mode silica optical fiber is used, we could prevent a
waveform distortion of the optical pulse at 1.5 m band
(which could be considered as a result of chromatic
dispersion of the single-mode tellurite optical fiber).
(Embodiment 39)
In this embodiment, an optical amplification
procedure is performed at each of 1.5 pm band, 1.5 p.m
band, and 1 m band by means of an amplification optical
fiber 205 which is constructed by adding Cr, Ni, or Ti
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CA 02593570 2007-07-18
into a core of the tellurite glass optical fiber made of
the composition of Embodiment 36 or 37. In a case where
an amplification of high-speed optical pulse is performed
by connecting a standard single-mode silica optical fiber
as a dispersion medium 204 at the back of the
amplification optical fiber 205, the optical amplification
could be attained without causing a waveform distortion.
By the way, each of the embodiments described above
is for an optical waveguide. We could also obtained the
same effects recognized in the above Embodiments when a
flat-type optical waveguide is used as an optical
waveguide.
(Embodiment 40)
In this Embodiment, a tellurite glass composition of
Te0Z-ZnO-M20-Bi203 (where M is one or more alkali elements)
is used as a preform for preparing an amplification
medium. The amplification medium is prepared using a
flat-type optical waveguide having a core doped with Er
instead of the optical fiber 205 of Fig. 30. For a
dispersion medium 204, a chromatic dispersion of that
optical waveguide is corrected using a dispersion medium
204 such as an optical fiber or a Bragg grating. As a
result, an optical amplification at 1.5 pm band is
accomplished so as to lessen the likelihood of the
dispersion of optical pulse waveforms due to the chromatic
dispersion characteristics of the tellurite fiber.
- 85 -
CA 02593570 2007-07-18
Next, we carried out the following Embodiments 40 to
44 for the scale-up of an amplification bandwidth of the
conventional tellurite EDFA, that is, shifting from 1.53
p.m band to a shorter band and from 1.56 m band to a
longer band.
For that purpose, an erbium-doped tellurite optical
fiber of a predetermined length is used as at least one
coupled optical fiber. In addition, a shorter erbium-
doped tellurite optical fiber (or a smaller product of
erbium concentration and fiber length) or an erbium-doped
optical fiber that contains a different glass composition
is placed in front of or at the back of the tellurite
optical fiber. The different glass composition may be a
fluoride glass composition such as erbium-doped ZrF4 based
glass or InF3 based fluoride glass), a silica glass
composition, a fluorophosphate glass composition, a
phosphate glass composition, or a chalcogenide glass
composition.
Using the optical amplifier constructed as described
above, therefore, a novel EDFA that acts at a broad
bandwidth with a low noise compared with that of the
conventional tellurite EDFA.
(Embodiment 41)
Fig. 31 is a block diagram that illustrates an
optical amplifier as one of preferred embodiments of the
present invention. In the figure, reference numerals
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CA 02593570 2007-07-18
201a, 201b, and 201c denotes optical isolators, 202a and
202b denotes an optical coupler for introducing excitation
light into the fibers, 203a and 203b are excitation light
sources, and 204 and 205 are optical fibers for the
amplification.
In this embodiment, the optical fiber 204 is an
aluminum-added silica-based optical fiber doped with 1,000
ppm of erbium (2.5 m in length, 1.2 m cut-off wavelength,
and 2,500 m=ppm in product of content and length). The
excitation light source 203a is a semiconductor laser with
an oscillation wavelength of 1.48 m.
In a case that an amount of excitation light from the
source 203a is 70 mW and an amount of excitation light
from the source 203b is 150 mW, a gain of 20 dB or more
and a noise figure of 5 dB or less are obtained at a
bandwidth of 85 nm in the region of 1,525 ,m to 1,610 ~.Lm.
The EDFA of the present embodiment attains the
ability to act in such a bandwidth without causing any
significant noise, which is impossible for the
conventional EDFA.
In this embodiment, an operating bandwidth is
extended as a result that the low-noise band is extended
toward the side of shorter wavelengths. The reason is
simple: the tellurite optical fiber that performs an
optical amplification after amplifying at wavelengths of
1.525 '..l,m to 1.54 m with a high gain and a low-noise by
the amplification optical fiber (the product of erbium-
- 87 -
CA 02593570 2007-07-18
content and fiber-length) is small) which is arranged in
front of the tellurite optical fiber.
Referring again Fig. 31, we will describe one of
modified configurations of this embodiment.
In this modified embodiment, the optical fiber 204 is
an silica-based optical fiber doped with 1,000 ppm of
erbium (1.2 m in length, 1.2 pm cut-off wavelength, and
12,000 m=ppm in product of content and length. The product.
is larger than that of the erbium-doped tellurite fiber).
The excitation light source 203a is a semiconductor laser
with an oscillation wavelength of 1.48 pan.
In a case that an amount of excitation light from the
source 203a is 70 mW and an amount of excitation light
from the source 203b is 150 mW, a gain of 20 dB or more
and a noise figure of 5 dB or less are obtained at a
bandwidth of 75 nm in the region of 1,535 m to 1,610 m.
The EDFA of the present modified embodiment also
attains the ability to act in such a bandwidth without
causing any significant noise, which is impossible for the
conventional EDFA.
(Embodiment 42)
In this embodiment, the optical fiber 204 is a ZrF4-
contained fluoride optical fiber doped with 1 00 ppm of
erbium (3.5 m in length, 1.2 pm cut-off wavelength, and
2,500 m=ppm in product of erbium-content and fiber-
length). The excitation light source 203 is a
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CA 02593570 2007-07-18
semiconductor laser with an oscillation wavelength of 1.48
.m. The amplification optical fiber 205 is a tellurite
optical fiber that contains the above tellurite glass
composition of Te02-ZnO-Li20-Bi203 (55 <_ Te02 S 90, 0!5 Zn0
S 25, 0<_ Li20 <_ 25, 0 < Bi203 <_ 20, unit: mole %) as a
preform. The tellurite optical fiber (12 m in length) is
prepared from that composition doped with 500 ppm of
erbium and has a cut-off wavelength of 1.3 m (the product
of erbium-content and fiber-length is 6,000 m=ppm). In
addition, the excitation light source 203b is a
semiconductor laser with an oscillation wavelength of 1.48
PM =
In a case that an amount of excitation light from the
source 203a is 70 mW and an amount of excitation light
from the source 203b is 150 mW, a gain of 20 dB or more
and a noise figure of 5 dB or less are observed at a
bandwidth of 85 nm in the region of 1,525 pm to 1,610 pm.
In a case that the amplification fiber is not used, a
noise figure of more than 5 dE is observed at a wavelength
under 1.54 m and a noise figure of 10 dB or more is
observed at a wavelength of 1.525 m. In addition, a gain
of 20 dB or more is only observed at a bandwidth of 80 nm
in the region of 1.53 pm to 1.61 m.
(Embodiment 43)
In this embodiment, the optical fibers 204, 205 are
the same tellurite glass optical fibers except their
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CA 02593570 2007-07-18
lengths, that is, the fiber 204 is 3 m in length, and the
fiber 205 is 12 m in length. Each of these fibers 4, 5 is
prepared using the above glass composition: TeOz-ZnO-Li20-
Bi203 (55 <_ TeO 2 <_ 90, 0 5 ZnO 5 25, 0<_ Li20 < 25, 0 <
Bi203 <_ 20, unit: mole %) as a preform and doped with 500
ppm of erbium. In addition, a cut-off wavelength of 1.3
m of the fiber is 1.3 m. The light source 3b is a
semiconductor laser with an oscillation wavelength of 1.48.
[IM =
In a case that an amount of excitation light from the
source 203a is 100 mW and an amount of excitation light
from the source 203b is 150 mW, a gain of 20 dB or more
and a noise figure of 5 dB or less are observed at a
bandwidth of 85 nm in the region of 1.525 p.m to 1.610 m.
In a case that the amplification fiber is not used, a
noise figure of more than 5 dB is observed at a wavelength
under 1.54 m and a noise figure of 10 dB or more is
observed at a wavelength of 1.525 .m. In addition, a gain
of 20 dB or more is only observed at a bandwidth of 80 nm
in the region of 1.53 pm to 1.61 m.
In Embodiments 41, 42, and 43, the amplification
optical fibers 204, 205 are used for the procedures of
forward excitation and backward excitation but not limited
to. Another excitation procedure such as a bidirectional
excitation may be applied instead of those procedures.
(Embodiment 44)
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CA 02593570 2007-07-18
In this embodiment, the amplification optical fiber
204 is the same one as that of Embodiments 41 to 43. The
amplification optical fiber 205 is a tellurite optical
fiber (14 m in length) doped with 500 ppm of erbium. In
this embodiment, just as in the case of Embodiments 40 to
42, the EDFA using the amplification optical fiber 204
allows the scale-up of low-noise amplification bandwidth
compared with that of the EDFA which does not use the
fiber 204.
(Embodiment 45)
In this Embodiment, the amplification optical fiber
204 is one of an erbium-doped fluoride phosphate optical
fiber, a phosphate optical fiber and a chalcogenide
optical fiber. In a case that the product of Er-
concentration and fiber-length of the optical fiber 204 is
less than that of the tellurite glass (i.e., the
amplification optical fiber 205), the scale-up of low-
noise amplification bandwidth is observed. It means that
a raw material of the fiber 204 is of little importance to
the effects of the present invention but the product of
Er-concentration and fiber-length is importance thereto.
In Embodiments 41 to 45, two optical fibers which are
different with each other with respect to the product of
Er-content and fiber-length are used as amplification
media but not limited to that numbers. It is also
possible to 3 or more optical fibers are used as the
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CA 02593570 2007-07-18
amplification media. The optical fiber having the minimum
product may be placed in any place except the rear,
preferably it may be placed in the front.
In the following description, we will disclose a
structure for reliably splicing two different optical
fibers (i.e., a non-silica-based optical fiber and a
silica-based optical fiber or two different non-silica
based optical fibers having different core refractive
indexes) with a low-loss and low-reflection.
Fig. 32 is a schematic diagram of a spliced portion
between a non-silica-based optical fiber and a silica-
based optical fiber. In the figure, reference numeral 301
denotes the non-silica-based optical fiber, 302 denotes
the silica-based optical fiber, 303a denotes a housing for
holding an end portion of the non-silica-based optical
fiber, 303b denotes a housing for holding an end portion
of the silica-based optical fiber, 304a denotes an end
surface of the housing 303a, 303b denotes an end surface
of the housing 303b, and 305 denotes an optical adhesive.
The non-silica-based optical fiber 301 is held in the
housing 303a at an angle of 01 from the vertical axis of
the end face 304a, and the silica-based optical fiber 302
is held in the housing 303b at an angle of 02 from the
vertical axis of the end face 304b. In this case, a low-
loss coupling between these fibers 301, 302 can be
attained if the angles 01, 02 [rad] satisfy the equation
(4), i.e., Snell's law.
- 92 -
CA 02593570 2007-07-18
sin 61 - n2 (4)
sin 02 nl
where nl is a refractive index of the first optical fiber
and n2 is a refractive index of the second optical fiber.
Return losses R1 and R2, expressed in decibels, on the
end surfaces of non-silica-based optical fiber 301 and
silica-based optical fiber 302 are expressed by the
following equations (5) and (6), respectively, quoted from
technical literature: H. M. Presby, et. al., "Bevelled-
microlensed taper connectors for laser and fiber back-
reflections", Electron. Lett., vol. 24, pp. 1162-1163,
1988.
2 2
R(dB) = 10 log (nl n"~') + 43.4 x "n1 - 6.~ (5)
1 (nl + n~, ) ~, 1 1
2 2
R(dB) = lOlog (n2-n') +43.4x 27rn2 -6 'w (6)
2 l(n 2 +ri.) 2 2
wherein nõv is a refractive index, ~ is a signal
wavelength (wavelength to be used), (01 is a mode field
diameter of the non-silica-based optical fiber 301, and ()2
is a mode field diameter of the silica-based optical fiber
302.
Therefore, a low-reflection coupling beyond all
expected return losses can be attained by adjusting the
angles 01 and 02 by the equations (5) and (6).
An angle 01 required for attaining a desired return loss R1
for the non-silica-based optical fiber 301 (such as Zr-
- 93 -
CA 02593570 2007-07-18
fluoride fiber: core refractive index = 1.55, In-fluoride
fiber: core refractive index = 1.65, chalcogenide fiber
(glass composition As-S): core refractive index = 2.4, or
tellurite glass: core refractive index = 2.1) can be
calculated by the following equation (7) as a modification
of the equation (5). Also, an angle 02 required for
attaining a desired return loss R2 for the silica-based
optical fiber 302 can be calculated by the following
equation (8) as a modification of the equation (6).
2
R1-101og1~+~
- -1 nUV
B, >_ 2 43. 4 x (7)
C 27cn1 . ~1
2
R2-10logn2+~
~ rk7 V
2 > 43.4 x 27Cn2 = 0v2 )2 (g)
In a case where a refractive index nL,v of the optical
adhesive 305 is 1.5, a signal wavelengthX is 1.3 ,m, a
spot size (radius) (01 of the non-silica-based optical
fiber 301 is 5 m, and a spot size (radius) Uo2 of the
silica-based optical fiber 302 is 5 m, the angles 01 and
02 for realizing Rl = 40 dB, 50 dB, and 60 dB and R2 = 40
dB, 50 dB, and 60 dB are listed in Table 1, where the
angle 02 for realizing R2 = 40 dB, 50 dB, and 60 dB is
defined as zero because the optical adhesive used in this
embodiment has the same refractive index as that of the
silica-based optical fiber 302. As a result, for
- 94 -
CA 02593570 2007-07-18
Embodiment, the low-loss splicing between the tellurite
optical fiber and the silica-based optical fiber with a
return loss of 50 dB can be attained if the angle 01 is
3.2 [deg] and the angle 02 is 4.5 [deg] (02 is calculated
from the equation (4)).
- 95 -
CA 02593570 2007-07-18
U)
ri U)
0
rl r--J ro N l0
r-i izi , ~ . . p
O 4 O M M
4-I j lC
N 4-)
Li
44 U)
m O
-rirl~
ro 01 di al N O
f1~ O N M N M
-1 Lll
4J
r}1
rO O
ro to Ln r-
~ . . . = o
O ri N N N
4J
N
Qi
N
-r-~ ~
4J x x
U rd (0
c-I Ln
44 ro
rl
N N
O ~ ~ 2 2 2
~4 ,-I Lfl l0
N r-I c-i
~-I 2 t
0
U
N N ,.R .~
-M -~
w w
w 44 4-4
U)
rd cd U U U
U U -rl N .H -r-I
~ .u 0, m 0+
Qa 04 O ?1 U O
0 0 U)
ro
ro ro ~ ~ ~ a)
-~
w r- - -H l co
,-~ o o
~j
rl rl U
44 4W ~-I ~ -r-I
H
(Ti
[-4 N H U E-+ Ul
- 96 -
CA 02593570 2007-07-18
Accordingly, the structure for splicing between two
optical fibers in accordance with the present invention is
characterized by the following facts:
1) an optical axis of the non-silica-based optical fiber
and an optical axis are not on of the silica-based optical
fiber satisfies Snell's law not on the same straight line;
2) there is no need to use a dielectric film for
preventing the reflection, which is required in the prior
art; and
3) an inclination angle of an optical axis of the non-
silica-based optical fiber from the normal to a splicing
end surface of its housing and that of the silica-based
optical fiber from the normal to a splicing end surface of
its housing is different from each other, constructing to
the conventional one.
In this embodiment, the splicing of the fibers 301,
302 are accomplished through the splicing end surfaces
304a, 304b of the housings 303a, 303b by the optical
adhesive 305 but not limited to such an indirect contact.
It is also possible to directly contact between these end
surfaces 304a, 404b by fixing the both sides of the
spliced portion by an adhesive 306 (hereinafter, this kind
of adhesion will be referred as a grip-fixing) as shown in
Fig. 33. In this case, furthermore, the angle 01 required
for realizing the return loss R1 = 40 dB, 50 dB, and 60 dB
for the non-silica-based optical fiber 301.
In the above description, the splicing between the
non-silica-based optical fiber and the silica-based
- 97 -
CA 02593570 2007-07-18
optical fiber with low fiber-loss and low reflection is
explained. According to the present invention, however, a
splicing between two of non-silica-based optical fibers of
different glasses, for example a chalcogenide glass
optical fiber and In-fluoride optical fiber, can be
effectively realized.
(Embodiment 46)
Figs. 34 and 35 illustrate spliced portions of two
different optical fibers, where Fig. 34 is a top view of
the spliced portions and Fig. 35 is a cross sectional view
of the spliced portions. In these figures, reference
numeral 301 denotes an erbium-doped tellurite optical
fiber (a glass composition of Te02-ZnO-Na2O-Bi2031 a core
refractive index of 2.1, a mode-field radius of 5 m, Er-
content of 4,000 ppm, a fiber-covering material of W
resin), 302 denotes a silica-based optical fiber (a core
refractive index of 1.5, a mode-field radius of 5 m, and
a fiber-covering material of W resin), and 307a and 307b
denote housings having V-shaped grooves for holding end
portions of optical fibers 301 and 302, respectively.
The fibers 301, 302 are independently set in prescribed
positions by a V-grooved substrate 308 and then fixed on
the housings 307a, 308b by means of a fiber-fixing plate
309 and an adhesive 310, respectively. In this
embodiment, the basic materials of housings 307a, 307b, V-
grooved substrate 308, and fiber-fixing plate 309 are
- 98 -
CA 02593570 2007-07-18
Pyrex glasses. Furthermore, reference numerals 311a, 311b
are a connecting end surfaces of the housings 307a, 307b,
305 denotes an optical adhesive (in this embodiment, an
epoxy-based UV adhesive with a refractive index of 1.5 is
used).
The tellurite optical fiber 301 and the silica-based
optical fiber 302 are held at angles of 01 = 18 [deg] and
02 = 25 [deg] to vertical axes on the splicing end
surfaces 311a, 311b. Consequently, the Er-doped tellurite
optical fiber 301 and the silica-based optical fiber 302
can be spliced at a splicing-loss of 0.2 dB. In this
case, however, the splicing-loss is measured at a
wavelength of 1. 3 m where there is no absorption of Er-
ions of Er-doped optical fiber 301. Then, a return-loss
at a wavelength of 1.3 m is measured using the
commercially available return-loss measuring devise. The
return-loss measured from the side of silica-based optical
fiber 302 is greater than 60 dB which is beyond the margin
of measuring limits, resulting in an excellent
performance. If angles of the Er-doped tellurite optical
fiber 301 and the silica-based optical fiber 302 to
vertical axes of the splicing end surface 311a, 311b are
selected from {01 = 8 [deg] , 0Z = 11. 2 [deg]} and {01 = 14
[deg],82 = 20 [deg]}, the splicing-loss between the Er-
doped optical fiber and the silica-based optical fiber is
0.2 dB (measured at a wavelength of 1. 3 m) and return-
losses measured from the Er-doped optical fiber 301 and
- 99 -
CA 02593570 2007-07-18
the silica-based optical fiber 302 are greater than 60 dB
which is beyond the margin of measuring limits.
Strictly speaking, as easily recognized from the
values of 01 and 02, a value of sin 01/sin 02 is not always
equal to a value of n2/nl because of the effects of an
equalizing refractive index of the fiber's core. In this
case, by the way, a value of sin 81/sin 02 may be in the
region of n2/n1 with errors of plus or minus 10 %. If
angles of the Er-doped tellurite optical fiber 301 and the
silica-based optical fiber 302 to vertical axes of the
splicing end surface 311a, 311b are selected from {91 = 5
[deg],02 = 7[deg]}, the splicing-loss between the Er-
doped optical fiber and the silica-based optical fiber is
0.2 dB (measured at a wavelength of 1. 3 pm) and return-
losses measured from the silica-based optical fi:ber is 60
dB or more, while the measurement from the side of Er-
doped optical fiber 301 is 55 dB. As a result, we find
that an angle of 8 or over to a vertical axis on the
splicing end surface is required for the tellurite optical
fiber to realize the splicing between the Er-doped optical
fiber and the silica-based option with low fiber-loss and
low reflection in both directions (return loss of 60 dB or
over) whether or not sin 01/sin 02 is in the above region
with respect to a value of n2/n1.
By the way, an optical adhesive 305 having a
refractive index of 1.55 effects as the same way as that
of using the optical adhesive without using the optical
adhesive of 1.5.
- 100 -
CA 02593570 2007-07-18
(Embodiment 47)
The present embodiments will be described in detail
with reference to Figs. 36 to 37, where Fig. 36 is a top
view of the spliced portions, and Fig. 37 is a cross
sectional view of the spliced portions. In the figures,
reference numeral 301 denotes an erbium-doped tellurite
optical fiber (a glass composition of Te02-Zn0-Naz0-Bi203,
a core refractive index of 2.1, a mode-field radius of 5
m, Er-content of 4,000 ppm, and a fiber-covering of UV-
resin), and 2 denotes a silica-based optical fiber (a core
refractive index of 1.5 or less, a mode-field radius of 5
m, and a fiber-covering of UV-resin). End portions of
the optical fibers 301 and 302 are held in the housings
307a and 307b, respectively, as the same way as that of
Embodiment 45 except that the slicing end surfaces 311a
and 311b are directly connected together completely
without using any optical adhesive. Subsequently, the
housings 311a, 311b are fixed together by applying the
adhesive from the both sides of slicing portions. The Er-
doped tellurite optical fiber 301 and the silica-based
optical fiber 302 are inclined at angles 01 = 18 [deg] and
02 = 25 [deg] to the vertical axes on the splicing end
surfaces 313a, 313b, respectively. Furthermore, a
splicing loss between the Er-doped tellurite optical fiber
301 and the silica-based optical fiber 302 are 0.2 dB
(measuring wavelength of 1.3 m). Return losses measured
- 101 -
CA 02593570 2007-07-18
from the side of Er-doped tellurite optical fiber 301 and
the silica-based optical fiber 302 are 60 dB or more,
respectively. As in the same way as Embodiment 46, it is
experimentally cleared that the Er-doped fiber should be
inclined 8 from a vertical axis on the splicing end
surface of the fiber to splice the Er-doped tellurite
glass and silica-based optical fiber with low fiber-loss
(return loss of 60 dB or more).
(Embodiments 48, 49)
The present embodiments will be described in detail
with reference to Figs. 38 to 41, where Fig. 38 and Fig.
40 are top views of the spliced portions and Fig. 39 and
Fig. 41 are cross sectional views of the spliced portions.
In the figures, reference numeral 301 denotes an erbium-
doped tellurite optical fiber (a glass composition of
Te02-ZnO-Na2O-Bi2031 a core refractive index of 2.1, a
mode-field radius of 5 .m, Er-content of 4,000 ppm, a
fiber-covering is UV-resin). In these embodiments,
furthermore, housings for holding the optical fibers are
glass ferrules 312a, 312b, and splicing end surfaces 713a,
713b are formed by diagonally grinding glass ferrules
312a, 312b.
An erbium-doped tellurite optical fiber 301 and the
silica-based optical fiber 302 are fixed on the glass
ferrules 312a, 312b, respectively. In the case of
Embodiment 48 shown in Figs. 38 and 39, the splicing end
- 102 -
CA 02593570 2007-07-18
surfaces 312a, 312b are connected together through an
optical adhesive 305 (refractive indexes of 1.5 and 1.55
are applied). In the case of Embodiment 49 shown in Figs.
40 and 41, the splicing end surface 313a, 313b are
directly connected together. The splicing end portions
313a, 313b of the Er-doped tellurite optical fiber 301 and
the silica-based optical fiber 302 are inclined at angles
01 = 12 [deg] and 02 = 17 [deg] to the vertical axis on the
splicing end surfaces 313a, 313b, respectively.
Furthermore, a splicing loss between the Er-doped
tellurite optical fiber 301 and the silica-based optical
fiber 302 is 0.2 dB (measuring wavelength of 1.3 m).
Return losses measured from the side of Er-doped tellurite
optical fiber 301 and the silica-based optical fiber 302
are 60 dB or more, respectively. In Embodiment 48,
refractive indexes of the optical adhesive is 1.5 and 1.55
are used, but the same results are obtained. As in the
same way as Embodiment 46 and 47, it is experimentally
cleared that the Er-doped fiber should be inclined 8
from a vertical axis on the splicing end surface of the
fiber to splice the Er-doped tellurite glass and silica-
based optical fiber with low fiber-loss (return loss of 60
dB or more).
As shown in Fig. 42, furthermore, an optical
amplifier is constructed using one of the splicing methods
described in Embodiments 46 to 49. The optical amplifier
comprises an erbium-doped tellurite optical fiber 301 (a
glass composition of Te02-ZnO-Na2O-Bi203, a core refractive
- 103 -
CA 02593570 2007-07-18
index of 2.1, a mode-field radius of 5 m, Er-content of
4,000 ppm, a fiber-covering is UV-resin) and silica-based
optical fibers which are spliced to respective ends of the
tellurite fiber. In the figure, reference numeral.314a
and 314b are semiconductor lasers (an oscillation
wavelength of 1.48 m and an output power of 200 mW) as
excitation light sources for generating pump light to be
provided to the Er-doped tellurite, 315a and 315b are
optical multiplexers for multiplexing the pump light
generated from the excitation light sources 314a, 314b
with signal light, and 316a and 316b is an optical
isolator for preventing an oscillation of the optical
amplifier. Furthermore, reference numeral 317a and 317b
is a splicing portions of the present invention on which
all of the methods shown in Embodiment 46 (a refractive
index of the optical adhesive is 1.55), Embodiment 47,
Embodiment 48 (a refractive index of the optical adhesive
is 1.55), and Embodiment 49. In the splicing portion of
Embodiments 46 and 47, the Er-doped tellurite optical
fiber 301 and the silica-based optical fiber 302 are
inclined at angles 01 = 14 [deg] and 62 = 20 [deg] to the
vertical axis on the splicing end surfaces 313a, 313b,
respectively. In the splicing portion of Embodiments 48
and 49, the Er-doped tellurite optical fiber 301 and the
silica-based optical fiber 302 are inclined at angles 01 =
12 [deg] and 82 = 17 [deg] to the vertical axis on the
splicing end surfaces 313a, 313b, respectively.
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CA 02593570 2007-07-18
Consequently, the optical amplifier realizes a signal
gain of 40 dB or more without generating a ghost. In Fig.
43, the characteristics of optical amplification of the
optical amplifier is illustrated as one of the embodiments
of the present invention. The present embodiment uses the
splicing method of Embodiment 46.
(Embodiment 50)
Various kind of non-silica-based optical fibers are
spliced with a silica-based optical fiber in accordance
with the present invention, which are listed in Tables 2
and 3.
The non-silica-based optical fiber may be selected
from the following fibers:
1. tellurite glass optical fiber (in Table 2, indicated as
non-silica-based optical fiber A)
glass composition: Te02-ZnO-Na2O-Bi203
core refractive index: 2.1
2. Zn-based fluoride optical fiber (in Table 2, indicated
as non-silica-based optical fiber B)
glass composition:
ZrF4-BaFz-LaF3-YF3-AlF3-LiF-NaF
core refractive index: 1.55
mode-field radius: 4 m
fiber-covering: UV-resin
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CA 02593570 2007-07-18
3. In-based fluoride optical fiber (in Table 3, indicated
as non-silica-based optical fiber C)
glass composition:
InF3 -GaF3 - ZnF2- PbF2 -BaF2 - SrF2 -YF3 -NaF
core refractive index: 1.65
mode-field radius: 4.5 m
fiber-covering: W-resin
4. chalcogenide glass optical fiber (in Table 3, indicated
as a non-silica-based optical fiber D)
glass composition: As-S
core refractive index: 2.4
mode-field radius: 3 pm
fiber-covering: UV resin
Each of the non-silica-based optical fibers A, B, C,
and D is prepared with or without one or more rare-earth
elements selected from the group of:
Er (1,000 ppm), Pr (500 ppm), Tm. (2,000 ppm), Ho
(1,000 ppm), Yb (500 ppm), Tb (2,000 ppm), Nd (1,000 ppm),
and Eu (2,000 ppm).
In addition, the silica-based optical fibers to be
spliced have a core refractive index of 1.5 and the same
mode-field radius as that of the respective non-silica-
based optical fibers. The method of splicing the fibers
is selected from Embodiments 45 to 48. If the splicing
form of Embodiment 44 or 45 is formed, a refractive index
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CA 02593570 2007-07-18
of the optical adhesive 305 to be applied between the
splicing end surfaces 313a, 313b is 1.5. By the way, the
slicing-loss and return-loss have no relation to the
presence or the kind of a rare-earth element in the glass
composition.
- 107 -
CA 02593570 2007-07-18
,~ ~, v v v v v v v v v v
v 4 ~4 ~4 sA ~4 s4 sA ~4 ~-i 4
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
a~ w ~4 ~-4 ~4 4 j ~4 ~4 zs ~r, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
U U OU W PU W W (Yl PU LU f~U C~l
~ '~ r-I ro 'Zj ro ro ro 'o 'o ro ro Z'S
U) ~ 4-)
O - ~ ~, o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
r-I ~ 0 lfl lp lo lfl lo lo lo l0 l0 lO
rl ~ v v v v v v v v v v
~4 (o 4 ~j j ~j 4 ~4 ~4 ~4 4 4
~j rd U 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4-)
N U=rl ~i rl r:i ~i ~i r:3 Fi
p~ r1 04 v ~ ~ ~ ~ -l }-i ~j ~4 i-i
= -i O~ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
~rd 4~4 CQ PQ PQ M Pq PQ PQ W PQ M
Pi N ,o ro ro ro '-o ro ro ro ro ro
zrA
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
~~
rA tm
=U Q) M N r-i N N N N r-i N N
~~ ~ v N O O O O O O O O O O
Q
N rl --I r-i r-i N
m r-I --I --I r-I r-I d~ ~f+ di d+ ~
c-i
r-i 00 O N O N QO
m r-I c--I ri rl
l0 [~ 00 Ol l~ ~ [~ 00 Ol l0
di d~ d+ d+ d{ di d~ d+ d~
.JJ -1--) -I, J-) 4-1 JJ .JJ
~ 0 ~ .~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
~ o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
~
I U
U ~
. H 4-) ~d
,-I 0+ v
cN -~ O
ri ~w
- 108 -
CA 02593570 2007-07-18
~ a~ v v a~ a~ v v a~ a~ a~ a~
-4 s4 s4 s4 ~, ~, ~-, ~4 ~4
0 0 0 0 0 O 0 0 0 0 0
ro=~
~ ~ ~ ~-l
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ro I H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
U U PU PU L1U Pq W m W W W W
N -~ r-I r~ ro ro 'o ro 'o 'o 'o 'o ro 'ZS
m H 4-)
O 'ri p, O O CD C) O O O O O O O
r-i O ~ %.0 ~ ~ k.o ko k-0 ~ ' %.0 %10
r.
~4 r- a~ a~ a~ cu v a~ v a~ a~ a~ v
i rd t r S4 34 ~ ~ }4 ~ ~ ~
cd U 0 0 0 0 0 O 0 0 0 0 0
~' U-H Fi ri ri r-4 Ei
-ri ~ N ~ ~ ~-l 4 4 4 }=a ~4 4 S4 ~4
=~I O,-q O O O 0 0 0 0 0 O O 0
Nrd 4~4 0Q Pq P~ PQ PQ PQ P~ pU Pq P~ W
N ro ro ro ro ro ro ro ro rd ro 'O
O ul
Z rd CD O O O O C) O CD O O O
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ tlo
U ~~~ N M N N N N N c-I N N N
~~ N O O O O O O O O O O O
04
N L(~ H ~Cl ~Cl LCl ~Cl r I
Ln LCl Lfl
CD LCl LC] LCl tfl
m m m rn LO rn rn rn CD
~o "0 r- ao rn al
%:zv di 1.11 di
.-1 J, .J, J, 41 41 I) J~
r I o N U) a) U) N a) a) a) U) a) U)
~-: E:- f~ f~ ~i
H w = r~ -r-I = r-I = rl = r-I ri -r-I r-i - r-I = r-I -r-I
~ ~ 'o ~ b ~ ~ 'o ~ ~
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
W W W W W W W W W W W
rd
1J
-rl ~4
OA U ~1
v'4
F+ A
- 109 -
CA 02593570 2007-07-18
As listed in Table 2 and Table 3, the non-silica based
optical fiber can be spliced with a low-loss and a low-
reflection if the slicing method of the present invention
is used. In these tables, examples of low-reflection
(return loss is 60 dB or more) are shown. However, a
return loss of 60 dB or more in both directions cannot be
attained on condition that 01 < 3 [deg] for the Zr-based
fluoride optical fiber, 01 < 4 [deg] for the In-based
fluoride optical fiber, or 01 < 8 [deg] for a chalcogenide
glass optical fiber. Therefore, 01 should be larger than
those values for realizing a return loss of 60 dB or more
in both directions.
An optical amplifier having a signal gain of 30 dB or
more is constructed as an optical fiber amplifier
operating at 1.3 m band using the above Pr-doped In-based
fluoride optical fiber (in Table 3, indicated as non-
silica-based optical fiber D). In this case, the slicing
form of Embodiment 47 is applied under the condition that
0,_ is 5 [deg], 02 is 5.5 [deg], a pump light source is a
ND-YLF laser with 1.047 m oscillation. In addition,
there is no ghost observed.
By the way, the above embodiments are for the
splicing between the non-silica-based optical fiber and
the silica-based optical fiber. According to the present
invention, it is also possible to connect two different
non-silica-optical fibers. We list some of the
connections between the non-silica-optical fibers in Table
4 in which four different non-silica-based optical fibers
- 110 -
CA 02593570 2007-07-18
A, B,. C, and D of Embodiment 4 are used. A refractive
index and a splicing angle of each of the fibers are in
the range defined above. As a result, low fiber-loss and
low reflection characteristics of the non-silica-based
optical fibers are attained by the way of the present
invention.
- 111 -
CA 02593570 2007-07-18
N
v v v a~ a~ a~
COQ) 0 0 0 0 0 0
~44
r-I ~ 0 0 0 0 0 0
U ro rd 'd 'z3 rd ro
0
U) "~
~.u CD 0 0 0 0 0
~ Q k.0 ~o ~D
0
~' r-I N N N N 4) N
~4
U=U~
~4
-r-I O Q) 0 0 0 0 0 0
ro H PQ Pq f~l Pq PQ PQ
N 44 ro ro ro 'o ra ra
O U1
Z~ C) 0 0 0 0 0
~ ~ ~ tlo
O
'-j = r~-I ~1
~Q) N N cr) N M N
rdQ) N O O O O O O
F4 m
Q, ~- 3
~
Ol Lf ) ~--I 0 N
N
O c-i M I.n O
H r-I r--I
~ m 00 N N
00 0 0
d~ d1 ICIT di d+ d~
L) ~4 a~i v a~i v a~i v
-rA o ~i r=; Fi rg
r-i 44 =r'~ =r~ -ri -r-i -r-i =ri
~ o 0 0 0 0 0
a) Q) N pq U i:) U Q
~ = r-I
w
r~
-ri =~O
r-i
O ~ ~-+ FC P~l U
'-' ~ z
- 112 -
CA 02593570 2007-07-18
According to the present invention, the performance
of wavelength multiplexing transmission systems and
optical CATV systems can be improved by a combination of
the characteristics of optical amplification media, and
optical amplifiers and laser devices using the optical
amplification media. Thus, the present invention has
advantages of contributing the economical and technical
improvements of service using those systems.
Furthermore, a broadband amplifier allows a dramatic
increase in transmission volume if it is used in a
wavelength multiplexing transmission system and
contributes a reduction in costs of data communication.
Also, a reduction in costs of optical CATV can be attained
if the optical amplifier having characteristics of low
gain tilt is used so as to allow distribution and relay of
high-quality images by wavelength multiplexing.
Practical applications of the optical amplification
medium in the laser device contributes to a reduction of
cost of in various kind of wavelength multiplexing
transmission and an improvement in optical
instrumentation.
(Embodiment 51)
Referring now to Figs. 44 to 46, we will describe an
erbium-doped tellurite optical fiber or optical waveguide
to be used as a light source of amplified spontaneous
- 113 -
CA 02593570 2007-07-18
emission (ASE) in the present embodiment. Fig. 44 is a
schematic block diagram of the ASE light source as one of
the preferred embodiments of the present invention, Fig.
45 is a graphical representation of the relationship
between the wavelength and the reflection of reflectors
406, 408 and the ASE spectrum of the fiber or optical
waveguide of Fig. 44, and Fig. 46 is a spectrum diagram of
ASE.
In general, a spectrum of amplified spontaneous
emission (ASE) is observed when the Er-doped tellurite
optical fiber is pumped. In this case, a spectrum of ASE
can be represented by a solid line in Fig. 46. Thus, it
is possible to use the ASE as a light source of 1.5 to 1.6
m without any modification. For extending the boundaries
of the applications, the wavelength-dependency of the
spectrum should be eliminated so as to become flat.
In this embodiment, therefore, an ASE light source is
constructed as shown in Fig. 44. In the figure, reference
numeral 401 denotes an optical coupler for coupling or
dividing pump light at a wavelength of 1.48 m with
another wavelength of 1.5 m or more; 402 denotes an
erbium-doped tellurite optical fiber which is prepared
using a glass composition of Te02-ZnO-M20-Bi2O3 (M is at
least one alkali element) or Te02-ZnO-Mz0-Bi203-Al203 (M is
at least one alkali element) under the condition that an
erbium content in a core of the fiber is 2,000 ppm, a
fiber-length is 4 m, a cut-off wavelength is 1.3 pm, and
On is 1.5 %; 403 denotes an optical coupler that considers
- 114 -
CA 02593570 2007-07-18
1.56 m as a center wavelength for coupling or dividing
light at longer and shorter wavelengths, 404 and 405
denote optical attenuators, and 406 and 408 denote
reflectors.
The Er-doped tellurite optical fiber 402 generates
ASE that includes light at a wavelength of over 1.56 ,m.
The light passes through an optical attenuator 404 and
then the light is reflected on the reflector 406.
Subsequently, the reflected light propagates in a reverse
direction and enters into the optical fiber 402 where it
is amplified. Then the amplified light is emitted from
one end of the optical coupler 401. Light at a wavelength
of shorter than 1,56 m is reflected on the reflector 408
after passing through the optical attenuator 405.
Furthermore, the light propagates in a reverse direction
and passes through the optical fiber 402 again. The
amplified light is reflected on a reflector 408 and then
emitted from one end of the optical coupler.
If a reflectivity of the reflector is adjusted as
shown in Fig. 45, that is, a reflectivity of the light (a
line B for the reflector 406 and a line C for the
reflector 408 in Fig. 45) is minimized at a wavelength in
proximity to a peak of the ASE and increased with distance
from the peak, a spectrum of ASE unmodified by the
reflector is obtained as indicated by a line A in Fig. 45.
As shown in Fig. 46, therefore, we obtains the ASE
spectrum (a dushed line in Fig. 46) which indicates that
light intensity has a small dependence on wavelengths from
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CA 02593570 2007-07-18
1.53 m to 1.60 pm. At this time, furthermore,
attenuation of the optical attenuators 404, 405 are
optimized. As a result, the ASE spectrum which indicates
that light intensity has a small dependence on wavelengths
is obtained when an optical waveguide is used as an
amplification medium.
(Embodiment 52)
In this embodiment, we conduct evaluations of the
optical amplification characteristic of an amplifier shown
in Fig. 47. The amplifier of this embodiment is based on
the configuration shown in Fig. 44. That is, an optical
circulator 409 is connected to a signal input terminal of
the optical amplifier 401a, and also a pumping optical
coupler 401b is arranged at the back of the Er-doped
tellurite optical fiber 402. An optical amplification is
performed under the condition that pump light is at a
wavelength of 0.98 m or 1.48 .m, for example 0.98 gm
light incident from the front side, 1.48 m light incident
from the back side, or 1.48 pm light incident from both
sides. As a result, a gain spectrum indicating that the
gain has a small dependency on wavelengths from 1.53 m
and 1.60 M. At this time, attenuation of optical
attenuator 404, 405 are optimized. Conventionally, for
obtaining a flattened spectrum of gains that shows an
extremely high dependency on wavelength, a gain peak
observed at 1.53 pm to 1.57 m becomes flat on a gain peak
- 116 -
CA 02593570 2007-07-18
at wavelengths of 1.53 m to 1.57 ,m by a filter such as a
fiber-bragg-grating that courses any loss for the purpose
of cutting or leveling the spectrum. However, this method
has the problems of a decrease in the quantum efficiency
of the optical amplifier and unifying the flatten gains
into a small value (In Fig. 43, the gain values are at
around 1.58 m). In this embodiment, however, a decrease
in the quantum efficiency is not in existence, the gains
are standardized into a higher level but not into a lower
level.
For the reflectors 406, 408, by the way, dielectric
multiple layers, fiber-bragg-grating, or the like can be
used. An amplification optical fiber may be selected not
only from the Er-doped tellurite optical fibers but also
from silica-based optical fibers and fluoride optical
fibers. The effects of gain-flattening is also observed
when one of these fibers is used.
The present invention has been described in detail
with respect to preferred embodiments, and it will now be
apparent from the foregoing to those skilled in the art
that changes and modifications may be made without
departing from the invention in its broader aspects, and
it is the intention, therefore, in the appended claims to
cover all such changes and modifications as fall within
the true spirit of the invention.
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