Note : Les descriptions sont présentées dans la langue officielle dans laquelle elles ont été soumises.
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METHODS OF FORMING BODIES FOR EARTH-BORING DRILLING
TOOLS COMPRISING MOLDING AND SINTERING TECHNIQUES,
AND BODIES FOR EARTH-BORING TOOLS FORMED
USING SUCH METHODS
TECHNICAL HELD
Embodiments of the present invention relate generally to methods of forming
bodies of tools for use in forming wellbores in subterranean earth formations,
and to
structures formed by such methods.
BACKGROUND
Wellbores are formed in subterranean earth formations for many purposes
including, for example, oil and gas extraction and geothermal energy
extraction. Many
tools are used in the formation and completion of wellbores in subterranean
earth
formations. For example, earth-boring drill bits such as rotary drill bits
including, for
example, so-called "fixed cutter" drill bits, "roller cone" drill bits, and
"impregnated
diamond" drill bits are often used to drill a wellbore into an earth
formation. Coring or
core bits, eccentric bits, and bi-center bits are additional types of rotary
drill bits that
may be used in the formation and completion of wellbores. Other earth-boring
tools
may be used to enlarge the diameter of a wellbore previously drilled with a
drill bit.
Such tools include, for example, so-called "reamers" and "under-reamers."
Other tools
may be used in the completion of wellbores including, for example, milling
tools or
"mills," which may be used to form an opening in a casing or liner section
that has
been provided within a previously drilled wellbore. As used herein, the term
"earth-boring tools" means and includes any tool that may be used in the
formation and
completion of a wellbore in an earth formation, including those tools
mentioned above.
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Earth-boring tools are subjected to extreme forces during use. For example,
earth-boring rotary drill bits may be subjected to high longitudinal forces
(the
so-called "weight-on-bit" (WOB)), as well as to high torques. The materials
from
which earth-boring tools are fabricated must be capable of withstanding such
mechanical forces. Furthermore, earth-boring rotary drill bits may be
subjected to
abrasion and erosion during use. The term "abrasion" refers to a three body
wear
mechanism that includes two surfaces of solid materials sliding past one
another
with solid particulate material therebetween, such as may occur when a surface
of a
drill bit slides past an adjacent surface of an earth formation with detritus
or
particulate material therebetween during a drilling operation. The term
"erosion"
refers to a two body wear mechanism that occurs when solid particulate
material, a
fluid, or a fluid carrying solid particulate material impinges on a solid
surface, such
as may occur when drilling fluid is pumped through and around a drill bit
during a
drilling operation. The materials from which earth-boring drill bits are
fabricated
must also be capable of withstanding the abrasive and erosive conditions
experienced within the wellbore during a drilling operation.
The material requirements for earth-boring tools are relatively demanding.
Many earth-boring tools are fabricated from composite materials that include a
discontinuous hard phase that is dispersed through a continuous matrix phase.
The
hard phase may be formed using hard particles, and, as a result, the
composition
materials are often referred to as "particle-matrix composite materials." The
hard
phase of such composite materials may comprise, for example, diamond, boron
carbide, boron nitride, aluminum nitride, silicon nitride, and carbides or
borides of W,
Ti, Mo, Nb, V, Hf, Zr, Si, Ta, and Cr. The matrix material of such composite
materials may comprise, for example, copper-based alloys, iron-based alloys,
nickel-based alloys, cobalt-based alloys, titanium-based alloys, and aluminum-
based
alloys. As used herein, the term "[metal]-based alloy" (where [metal] is a
metal)
means commercially pure [metal] in addition to metal alloys wherein the weight
percentage of [metal] in the alloy is greater than or equal to the weight
percentage of all
other components of the alloy individually.
The bodies of earth-boring tools may be relatively large structures that may
have relatively tight dimensional tolerance requirements. As a result, the
methods used
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to fabricate such bodies of earth-boring tools must be capable of producing
relatively
large structures that meet the relatively tight dimensional tolerance
requirements. As
the materials from which the earth-boring tools must be fabricated must be
resistant to
abrasion and erosion, the materials may not be easily machined using
conventional
turning, milling, and drilling techniques. Therefore, the number of
manufacturing
techniques that may be used to successfully fabricate such bodies of earth-
boring tools
is limited. Furthermore, it may be difficult or impossible to form a body of
an
earth-boring tool from certain composite materials using certain techniques.
For
example, it may be difficult to fabricate bit bodies for earth-boring rotary
drill bits
comprising certain compositions of particle-matrix composite materials using
conventional infiltration fabrication techniques, in which a bed of hard
particles is
infiltrated with molten matrix material, which is subsequently allowed to cool
and
solidify.
As a result of these and other material limitations and manufacturing
technique
limitations, earth-boring tools may be fabricated using less than optimum
materials or
they may be fabricated using techniques that are not economically feasible for
large
scale production.
In view of the above, there is a need in the art for new manufacturing
techniques that may be used to fabricate earth-boring tools to within
desirable
dimensional tolerances, and that also may be used to fabricate earth-boring
tools
comprising materials that exhibit relatively high wear resistance and erosion
resistance.
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
In some embodiments, the present invention includes methods of fabricating
bodies of earth-boring tools in which a powder mixture is mechanically
injected into a
mold cavity to form a green body, and the green body is sintered to form at
least a
portion of a body of an earth-boring tool. The powder mixture may be formed by
mixing hard particles, matrix particles that comprise a metal matrix material,
and an
organic material. As the powder mixture is injected into the mold cavity,
pressure may
be applied to the powder mixture to form a green body, which may be sintered
to form
at least a portion of a body of an earth-boring tool. As used herein, the term
"body" is
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inclusive and not exclusive, and contemplates various components of earth-
boring tools
other than, and in addition, to, a tool "body" per se.
In additional embodiments of the present invention, bit bodies of earth-boring
rotary drill bits are fabricated by injection molding a green bit body
comprising a
plurality of hard particles, a plurality of matrix particles comprising a
metal matrix
material, and an organic material, and the green bit bodies are sintered to
form an at
least substantially fully dense bit body of an earth-boring rotary drill bit.
Further embodiments of the present invention include structures formed
through such methods. For example, embodiments of the present invention also
include intermediate structures formed during fabrication of a body of an
earth-boring
tool. The intermediate structures comprise a green body having a shape
corresponding to
a body of an earth-boring tool. The green body includes a plurality of hard
particles, a
plurality of matrix particles comprising a metal matrix material, and an
organic material
that includes a long chain fatty acid derivative.
Accordingly, in one aspect there is provided a method of fabricating a body of
an
earth boring tool, comprising: forming a powder mixture by mixing hard
particles,
matrix particles comprising a metal matrix material, and an alkylenepolyamine,
wherein
the alkylenepolyamine comprises less than about 5% by weight of the powder
mixture;
mechanically injecting the powder mixture into a mold cavity having a shape
corresponding to at least a portion of the body of the earth boring tool;
applying a
maximum pressure of between about 10 pounds per square inch (about 0.07
megapascals) and about 100 pounds per square inch (about 0.7 megapascals) to
the
powder mixture within the mold cavity to form a green body; and sintering the
green
body to form said at least a portion of the body of the earth boring tool.
Applying pressure to the powder mixture may comprise packing the powder
mixture within the mold cavity to a packing density of about 80% by volume or
more.
According to another aspect there is provided a method of fabricating a bit
body
of an earth boring rotary drill bit, comprising: injection molding a green bit
body within
a water-soluble mold at a maximum pressure of between about 10 pounds per
square
inch (about 0.07 megapascals) and about 100 pounds per square inch (about 0.7
megapascals), the green bit body comprising a plurality of hard particles, a
plurality of
matrix particles comprising a metal matrix material, and an alkylenepolyamine
wherein
the alkylenepolyamine comprises less than about 5% by weight of the green bit
body;
and sintering the green bit body to a desired final density to form the bit
body of the
earth boring rotary drill bit.
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BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
While the specification concludes with claims particularly pointing out and
distinctly claiming that which is regarded as the present invention, the
advantages of
this invention may be more readily ascertained from the description of the
invention
when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of one embodiment of an earth-boring rotary drill
bit that includes a bit body that may be formed in accordance with embodiments
of
methods of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration used to describe embodiments of methods of
the present invention in which an injection molding process is used to form a
green body
that may be sintered to form a body of an earth-boring tool;
FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration used to describe embodiments of methods of
the present invention in which a transfer molding process is used to form a
green body
that may be sintered to form a body of an earth-boring tool;
FIG. 4 is a simplified illustration of a green body of an earth-boring tool
that
may be formed using embodiments of methods of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a simplified illustration of a brown body of an earth-boring tool
that
may be formed by partially sintering the green body shown in FIG. 4; and
FIG. 6 is a simplified illustration of another brown body of an earth-boring
tool
that may be formed by machining the brown body shown in FIG. 5.
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MODE(S) FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
The illustrations presented herein are not meant to be actual views of any
particular material, apparatus, system, or method, but are merely idealized
representations which are employed to describe the present invention.
Additionally,
elements common between figures may retain the same numerical designation.
Embodiments of the present invention include methods of forming a body of an
earth-boring tool such as, for example, a bit body of an earth-boring rotary
drill bit.
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an earth-boring rotary drill bit 10 that
includes a bit
body 12 that may be formed using embodiments of methods of the present
invention.
The bit body 12 may be secured to a shank 14 having a threaded connection
portion 16
(e.g., an American Petroleum Institute (API) threaded connection portion) for
attaching
the drill bit 10 to a drill string (not shown). In some embodiments, such as
that shown in
FIG. 1, the bit body 12 may be secured to the shank 14 using an extension 18.
In other
embodiments, the bit body 12 may be secured directly to the shank 14. Methods
and
structures that may be used to secure the bit body 12 to the shank 14 are
disclosed in, for
example, United States Patent No. 7,802,495, filed November 10, 2005, and
United
States Patent No. 7,776,256, also filed November 10, 2005, both of which are
assigned to
the assignee of the present invention.
The bit body 12 may include internal fluid passageways (not shown) that
extend between the face 13 of the bit body 12 and a longitudinal bore (not
shown),
which extends through the shank 14, the extension 18, and partially through
the bit
body 12. Nozzle inserts 24 also may be provided at the face 13 of the bit body
12
within the internal fluid passageways. The bit body 12 may further include a
plurality of
blades 26 that are separated by junk slots 28. In some embodiments, the bit
body 12
may include gage wear plugs 32 and wear knots 38. A plurality of cutting
elements 20
(which may include, for example, PDC cutting elements) may be mounted on the
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face 13 of the bit body 12 in cutting element pockets 22 that are located
along each of
the blades 26. The bit body 12 of the earth-boring rotary drill bit 10 shown
in FIG. 1
may comprise a particle-matrix composite material that includes hard particles
(a
discontinuous phase) dispersed within a metallic matrix material (a continuous
phase).
Broadly, the methods comprise injecting a powder mixture into a cavity within
a mold to form a green body, and the green body then may be sintered to a
desired final
density to form a body of an earth-boring tool. Such processes are often
referred to in
the art as metal injection molding (MIM) or powder injection molding (PIM)
processes. The powder mixture may be mechanically injected into the mold
cavity
using, for example, an injection molding process or a transfer molding
process. To
form a powder mixture for use in embodiments of methods of the present
invention, a
plurality of hard particles may be mixed with a plurality of matrix particles
that
comprise a metal matrix material. An organic material also may be included in
the
powder mixture. The organic material may comprise a material that acts as a
lubricant
to aid in particle compaction during a molding process.
The hard particles of the powder mixture may comprise diamond, or may
comprise ceramic materials such as carbides, nitrides, oxides, and borides
(including
boron carbide (B4C)). More specifically, the hard particles may comprise
carbides and
borides made from elements such as W, Ti, Mo, Nb, V, Hf, Ta, Cr, Zr, Al, and
Si. By
way of example and not limitation, materials that may be used to form hard
particles
include tungsten carbide, titanium carbide (TiC), tantalum carbide (TaC),
titanium
diboride (TiB2), chromium carbide, titanium nitride (TiN), aluminum oxide
(A1203),
aluminum nitride (AIN), boron nitride (BN), silicon nitride (Si3N4), and
silicon carbide
(SiC). Furthermore, combinations of different hard particles may be used to
tailor the
physical properties and characteristics of the particle-matrix composite
material. The
hard particles may be formed using techniques known to those of ordinary skill
in the
art. Most suitable materials for hard particles are commercially available and
the
formation of the remainder is within the ability of one of ordinary skill in
the art.
The matrix particles of the powder mixture may comprise, for example,
cobalt-based, iron-based, nickel-based, aluminum-based, copper-based,
magnesium-based, and titanium-based alloys. The matrix material may also be
selected
from commercially pure elements such as cobalt, aluminum, copper, magnesium,
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titanium, iron, and nickel. By way of example and not limitation, the matrix
material
may include carbon steel, alloy steel, stainless steel, tool steel, Hadfield
manganese
steel, nickel or cobalt superalloy material, and low thermal expansion iron-
or
nickel-based alloys such as INVAR . As used herein, the term "superalloy"
refers to
iron-, nickel-, and cobalt-based alloys having at least 12% chromium by
weight.
Additional example alloys that may be used as matrix material include
austenitic steels,
nickel-based superalloys such as INCONEL 625M or Rene 95, and INVAR type
alloys having a coefficient of thermal expansion that closely matches that of
the hard
particles used in the particular particle-matrix composite material. More
closely
matching the coefficient of thermal expansion of matrix material with that of
the hard
particles offers advantages such as reducing problems associated with residual
stresses
and thermal fatigue. Another example of a matrix material is a Hadfield
austenitic
manganese steel (Fe with approximately 12% Mn by weight and 1.1% C by weight).
In some embodiments of the present invention, the hard particles and the
matrix
particles of the powder mixture may have a multi-modal particle size
distribution. For
example, the powder mixture may be comprised of a first group of particles
having a
first average particle size, a second group of particles having a second
average particle
size about seven times greater than the first average particle size, and a
third group of
particles having an average particle size about thirty five times greater than
the first
average particle size. Each group may comprise both hard particles and matrix
particles, or one or more of the groups may be at least substantially
comprised of either
hard particles or matrix particles. By forming the powder mixture to have a
multi-modal particle size distribution, it may be possible to increase the
packing
density of the powder mixture within a mold.
Additionally, in some embodiments of the present invention, the hard
particles and the matrix particles may be at least generally spherical. For
example,
the hard particles and the matrix particles of the powder mixture may have a
generally spherical shape having an average sphericity ('lf) of 0.6 or higher,
wherein
the sphericity ('P) is defined by the equation:
tlf = Di/Dc,
in which Dc is the smallest circle capable of circumscribing a cross-section
of the
particle that extends through or near the center of the particle, and DI is
the largest
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circle that may be inscribed a cross-section of the particle extending through
or near
the center of the particle. In additional embodiments, the hard particles and
the
matrix particles of the powder mixture may have an at least substantially
spherical
shape and may have an average sphericity (tF) of 0.9 or greater. Increasing
the
sphericity of the particles in the powder mixture may reduce inter-particle
friction as
the powder mixture is mechanically injected into a mold under pressure, which
may
allow the packing density of the powder mixture within the mold to be
increased.
Furthermore, a reduction in inter-particle friction also may enable attainment
of a
relatively more uniform packing density of the powder mixture within the mold.
The organic material of the powder mixture may comprise one or more binders
for providing lubrication during pressing and for providing structural
strength to the
pressed powder component, one or more plasticizers for making the binder more
pliable, and one or more lubricants or compaction aids for reducing inter-
particle
friction. The hard particles and the matrix particles of the powder mixture
may be
coated with the organic material prior to using the powder mixture in a
molding
process as described herein below. The organic material may comprise less than
about
5% by weight of the powder mixture.
The organic material in the powder mixture 100 also may comprise one or
more of a thermoplastic polymer material (such as, for example, polyethylene,
polystyrene, polybutylene, polysulfone, nylon, or acrylic), a thermosetting
polymer
material (such as, for example, epoxy, polyphenylene, or phenol formaldehyde),
a wax
having a relatively higher volatilizing temperature (such as, for example,
paraffin wax),
a long chain fatty acid derivative, and an oil having a relatively lower
volatilizing
temperature (such as, for example, animal, vegetable, or mineral oil). By way
of
example and not limitation, the organic material may comprise, for example, an
alkylenepolyamine as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,527,624 to Higgins et al.
Such
alkylenepolyamines include methylenepolyamines, ethylenepolyamines,
butylenepolyamines, propylenepolyamines, pentylenepolyamines, etc. The higher
homologs and related heterocyclic amines such as piperazines and N-amino
alkyl-substituted piperazines are also included. Specific examples of such
polyamines
are ethylenediamine, triethylenetetramine, tris-(2-aminoethyl)amine,
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propylenediamine, trimethylenediamine, tripropylenetetramine,
tetraethylenepentamine, hexaethyleneheptamine, pentaethylenehexamine, etc.
An embodiment of a method according to the present invention in which a
body of an earth-boring tool is fabricated using an injection molding process
is
described below with reference to FIG. 2. A powder mixture 100 as described
above
may be mechanically injected into a mold 102 using an injection molding
process to
form a green bit body, such as the green bit body 300 shown in FIG. 4 and
described in
further detail herein below. As shown in FIG. 2, the powder mixture 100 may be
provided within a hopper 104. The powder mixture 100 may pass from the hopper
104
into a barrel 106 through an opening in an outer wall of the barrel 106. A
screw 112
disposed within the barrel 106 may be may be translated longitudinally within
the
barrel 106, and also may be rotated within the barrel 106, using a motor 130
such as,
for example, an electric motor, a hydraulic motor, a pneumatic motor, etc.
During a molding process, a forward end 118 of the barrel 106 may be abutted
against a surface of mold 102 such that a nozzle opening 116 in the forward
end 118 of
the barrel 106 communicates with an opening in an outer wall of the mold 102.
The
opening in the outer wall of the mold 102 leads to a mold cavity 126 within
the mold
102 having a shape corresponding to the shape of at least a portion of a body
of an
earth-boring tool to be manufactured using the molding process. The screw 112,
which
may initially be in a longitudinally forwardmost position within the barrel
106, may be
rotated within the barrel 106, which causes threads 114 on the screw 112 to
force the
powder mixture 100 within the barrel 106 in a longitudinally forward direction
therein
(toward the mold 102), which also causes the screw 112 to slide in a rearward
direction
(away from the mold 102) within the barrel 106. After a selected amount of
powder
material 100 has been moved to the front of the screw 112 within the barrel
106,
rotation of the screw 112 may be halted, and the screw 112 may be forced in
the
longitudinally forward direction within the barrel 106, which will cause the
powder
mixture 100 in front of the screw 112 within the barrel 106 to pass through
the nozzle
opening 116 in the forward end 118 of the barrel 106, through the opening in
the outer
wall of the mold 102, and into the mold cavity 126. As the screw 112 continues
to
slide in the forward direction within the barrel 106, the mold cavity 126 will
fill with
the powder mixture 100.
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As the mold cavity 126 becomes completely filled with relatively loosely
packed particles of the powder mixture 100, further forward movement of the
screw 112 will cause the pressure within the mold cavity 126 to rise as
additional
particles of the powder mixture 100 are forced into the mold cavity 126. The
increased
pressure within the mold cavity 126 may cause the particles of the powder
mixture 100
to further compact until a desired density of the powder mixture 100 within
the mold
cavity 126 is achieved. By way of example and not limitation, the screw 112
may be
translated in the forward direction within the barrel 106 until a pressure of
between
about 10 pounds per square inch (about 0.07 megapascals) and about 100 pounds
per
square inch (about 0.7 megapascals) is applied to the powder mixture 100
within the
mold cavity 126.
In additional embodiments, the mold cavity 126 may be placed under vacuum,
and a metered amount of the powder mixture 100 may be allowed to be pulled
into the
mold cavity 126 by the vacuum therein. Such a process may reduce the presence
of
voids and other defects within the green bit body 300 upon completion of the
molding
process. In such embodiments, the metered amount of the powder mixture 100 may
be
heated to an elevated temperature to melt and/or reduce a viscosity of any
organic
material therein prior to allowing the powder mixture 100 to be drawn into the
mold
cavity 126 by the vacuum.
The mold 102 may comprise two or more separable components, such as, for
example, a first mold half 102A and a second mold half 102B, as shown in FIG.
2.
After the molding cycle, the two or more separable components may be separated
to
facilitate removal of the green bit body 300 (FIG. 4) from the mold 102.
In additional embodiments, the mold 102 may comprise a water soluble
material such as, for example, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) or polyethylene glycol.
In such
embodiments, the green bit body 300 (FIG. 4) may be removed from the mold 102
by
dissolving the mold 102 in water or another polar solvent. As the green bit
body 300
may comprise an organic additive, the green bit body 300 may be hydrophobic,
such
that the green bit body 300 will not dissolve as the mold 102 is dissolved
away from
the green bit body 300. In such embodiments, the mold 102 may comprise a
single,
monolithic structure, which may be formed using, for example, a casting
process or a
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molding process (e.g., an injection molding process), or the mold 102 may
comprise
two or more separable components.
The mold 102 may further comprise inserts used to define internal cavities or
passageways (e.g., fluid passageways), as known in the art.
An embodiment of a method according to the present invention in which a
body of an earth-boring tool is fabricated using a transfer molding process is
described
below with reference to FIG. 3. A powder mixture 100 as described above may be
mechanically injected into a mold 202 using a transfer molding process to form
a green
bit body, such as the green bit body 300 shown in FIG. 4 and described in
further detail
herein below. As shown in FIG. 3, a predetermined quantity of a powder mixture
100
as described above may be provided within a pot 206. A piston 212 may be
pushed
through the pot 206 to force the powder mixture 100 into the mold 202. The
piston 212 may be forced through the pot 206 using, for example, mechanical
actuation, hydraulic pressure, or pneumatic pressure.
During a molding process, the pot 206 may be abutted against a surface of the
mold 202 such that an opening 216 in the pot 206 communicates with an opening
222
in the mold 202. The opening 222 in the mold 202 leads to a mold cavity 226
within
the mold 202 having a shape corresponding to the shape of at least a portion
of a body
of an earth-boring tool to be manufactured using the molding process. The
piston 212
may be forced through the pot 206, which forces the predetermined quantity of
the
powder mixture 100 within the pot 206 through the opening 216 in the pot 206,
through the opening 222 in the mold 202, and into the mold cavity 226. As the
piston 212 continues to translate through the pot 206, the mold cavity 226
will fill with
the powder mixture 100. As the mold cavity 226 becomes completely filled with
relatively loosely packed particles of the powder mixture 100, further
translation of the
piston 212 will cause the pressure within the mold cavity 226 to rise as
additional
particles of the powder mixture 100 are forced into the mold cavity 226. The
increased
pressure within the mold cavity 226 may cause the particles of the powder
mixture 100
to further compact until a desired packing density of the powder mixture 100
within the
mold cavity 226 is achieved. By way of example and not limitation, the piston
212
may be forced longitudinally within the pot 206 to achieve the packing
pressures and
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packing densities (in the mold cavity 226) that were previously described in
relation to
injection molding methods with reference to FIG. 2.
The mold 202 may comprise two or more separable components, such as, for
example, a first mold half 202A and a second mold half 202B, as shown in FIG.
3.
After the molding cycle, the two or more separable components may be separated
to
facilitate removal of the green bit body 300 (FIG. 4) from the mold 202.
As known in the art, the mold 202 may comprise one or more vents that lead
from the mold cavity 226 to the exterior of the mold 202 to allow air
initially within the
mold cavity 226 to escape out from the mold cavity 226 as the mold cavity 226
is
filling with the powder mixture 100 during a molding cycle. By way of example
and
not limitation, such vents may be provided by forming one or more grooves in
one or
both of opposing, abutting surfaces of a first mold half 202A and a second
mold
half 202B, such that, when the first mold half 202A and the second mold half
202B are
assembled together for a molding cycle, air may travel out from the mold
cavity 226
through the one or more grooves along the interface between the first mold
half 202A
and the second mold half 202B.
FIG. 4 illustrates a green bit body 300 that may be fabricated using molding
techniques (e.g., injection molding techniques and transfer molding
techniques) such as
those previously described with reference to FIGS. 2 and 3. As shown in FIG.
4, the
green bit body 300 is an un-sintered body formed from and comprising the
powder
mixture 100. The green bit body 300 has an exterior shape corresponding to
that of the
body of the earth-boring tool to be fabricated. For example, the green bit
body 300
may comprise a plurality of blades and junk slots (similar to the blades 26
and junk
slots 28 shown in FIG. 1), and may comprise an internal fluid passageway or
plenum 301.
It is understood, however, that the green bit body 300 may not have an
exterior
shape identical to that of the body of the earth-boring tool to be fabricated,
and the
green bit body 300 may be modified by adding or removing some of the powder
mixture 100 from the green bit body 300. For example, some features may be
formed
in the green bit body 300 by machining the green bit body 300 after the
molding
process. If the powder mixture 100 used in a molding cycle has a paste-like
texture,
additional material of the powder mixture 100 may be manually applied to
surfaces of
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the green bit body 300 using hand-held tools if necessary or desirable for
attaining a
predefined geometry for the various surfaces of the green bit body 300. If the
powder
mixture 100 used in a molding cycle does not have a paste-like texture,
organic
materials such as those previously described herein may be applied to a
portion of the
powder mixture 100 to cause that portion to have a paste-like texture, and the
portion
then may be applied to surfaces of the green bit body 300 as previously
mentioned.
After molding the green bit body 300, the green bit body 300 optionally may be
subjected to a pressing process to increase the density of the green bit body
300, which
may reduce or minimize the extent to which the green bit body 300 shrinks upon
sintering, as discussed herein below. By way of example and not limitation,
the green
bit body 300 may be subjected to at least substantially isostatic pressure in
an isostatic
pressing process. By way of example and not limitation, the green bit body 300
may
be placed in a fluid-tight deformable bag. In other embodiments, all exposed
surfaces
of the green bit body 300 may be coated with a deformable, fluid-impermeable
coating
comprising, for example, a thermoplastic polymer material or a thermosetting
polymer
material. The green bit body 300 (within the deformable bag or coating) then
may be
submersed within a fluid in a pressure vessel, and the fluid pressure may be
increased
within the pressure vessel to apply at least substantially isostatic pressure
to the green
bit body 300 therein. The pressure within the pressure vessel during isostatic
pressing
of the green bit body 300 may be greater than about 35 megapascals (about
5,000
pounds per square inch). More particularly, the pressure within the pressure
vessel
during isostatic pressing of the green bit body may be greater than about 138
megapascals (20,000 pounds per square inch).
Although it may be preferable to mold the green bit body 300 such that the
green bit body 300 does not require further machining prior to sintering, in
some
embodiments, it may not be feasible or practical to mold the green bit body
300 to a
desired final shape prior to sintering. Optionally, certain structural
features may be
machined in the green bit body 300 using conventional machining techniques
including, for example, turning techniques, milling techniques, and drilling
techniques. Hand held tools also may be used to manually form or shape
features in
or on the green bit body 300. By way of example and not limitation, cutter
pockets
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may be machined or otherwise formed in the green bit body 300 after the
molding
process.
The molded green bit body 300 also may be at least partially sintered to
provide a brown bit body 302 shown in FIG. 5, which has less than a desired
final
density. The brown bit body 302 may comprise a porous (less than fully dense)
particle-matrix composite material 303 formed by partially sintering the
powder
mixture 100 of the green bit body 300 (FIG. 4). Prior to partially sintering
the green
bit body 300, the green bit body 300 may be subjected to moderately elevated
temperatures and pressures to burn off or remove any fugitive additives that
were
included in the powder mixture 100, as previously described. Furthermore, the
green bit body 300 may be subjected to a suitable atmosphere tailored to aid
in the
removal of such additives. Such atmospheres may include, for example, hydrogen
gas at temperatures of about 500 C.
It may be practical to machine the brown bit body 302 due to the remaining
porosity in the particle-matrix composite material 303. Certain structural
features
may be machined in the brown bit body 302 using conventional machining
techniques including, for example, turning techniques, milling techniques, and
drilling techniques. Hand held tools also may be used to manually form or
shape
features in or on the brown bit body 302. Tools that include superhard
coatings or
inserts may be used to facilitate machining of the brown bit body 302.
Additionally,
material coatings may be applied to surfaces of the brown bit body 302 that
are to be
machined to reduce chipping of the brown bit body 302. Such coatings may
include
a fixative or other polymer material. By way of example and not limitation,
cutter
pockets 304 may be machined or otherwise formed in the brown bit body 302 to
form the modified brown bit body 302' shown in FIG. 6.
After performing any desirable machining, the brown bit body 302 (or the
modified brown bit body 302') then may be fully sintered to a desired final
density
to provide the bit body of the earth-boring rotary drill bit being fabricated,
such as
the bit body 12 of the drill bit 10 shown in FIG. 1.
As sintering involves densification and removal of porosity within a
structure, the structure being sintered will shrink during the sintering
process. A
structure may experience linear shrinkage of between 10% and 20% during
sintering
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from a green state to a desired final density. As a result, dimensional
shrinkage must
be considered and accounted for when designing tooling (molds, dies, etc.) or
machining features in structures that are less than fully sintered.
The dimensional shrinkage of a green or brown body may be at least partially
a function of the density of the green or brown body prior to sintering the
green or
brown body to a desired final density. A green or brown body having a
relatively
lower density (e.g., higher porosity) may exhibit a greater amount of
shrinkage upon
sintering relative to a green or brown body having a relatively higher density
(e.g.,
lower porosity). Similarly, regions within a green or brown body that are
relatively
less dense may shrink to a greater extent than other regions within the green
or
brown body that are more dense upon sintering the green or brown body to a
desired
final density.
Therefore, in order to achieve predictable and at least substantially uniform
shrinkage of a green bit body 300 or a brown bit body 302 upon sintering to a
desired final density, it may be desirable to achieve, to the greatest extent
possible,
an at least substantially uniform packing density of the powder mixture 100 in
the
green bit body 300 upon molding the green bit body 300. Furthermore, it may be
desirable to increase or maximize the packing density of the powder mixture
100
within the green bit body 300 in order to reduce or minimize the shrinkage of
the
green bit body 300 that occurs upon sintering the green bit body 300 to a
desired
final density to form the sintered bit body 12 (FIG. 1).
In some embodiments of the present invention, the average packing density
of the powder mixture 100 within the green bit body 300 may be greater than
about
eighty percent (80%) by volume. In other words, the green bit body 300 may
have
an average porosity of less than about twenty percent (20%) by volume.
As bit bodies of earth-boring rotary drill bits (such as the bit body 12 of
the
drill bit 10 shown in FIG. 1) may be relatively large and may have relatively
complex surface geometries, it may be rather difficult to achieve a uniform
packing
density of the powder mixture 100 within the mold cavity and, hence, within
the
green bit body 300 upon molding the green bit body 300 from the powder
mixture 100. As a result, during molding processes, the organic material of
the
power mixture 100 previously described herein may be useful in reducing
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inter-particle friction as the powder mixture 100 is mechanically injected
into a mold
cavity, and attaining an at least substantially uniform packing density of the
powder
mixture 100 within the mold cavity and, hence, within the green bit body 300.
In some embodiments of the invention, it may be desirable, prior to a
molding cycle, to manually pre-pack some of the powder mixture 100 into
certain
regions within the cavity of the mold that may be difficult to completely fill
and
pack during a molding cycle. In other words, if, after a molding cycle, the
mold
cavity is not completely filled with the powder mixture 100 (a phenomenon
often
referred to in the art as a "short"), it may be desirable, for subsequent
molding
processes, to manually pre-pack some of the powder mixture 100 into those
regions
of the mold cavity that may not completely fill during the molding cycle.
Pre-packing certain areas of the mold cavity with the powder mixture 100 may
facilitate the complete filling of the mold cavity 100 with the powder mixture
and
attainment of more uniform packing density during the molding cycle.
During all sintering and partial sintering processes, refractory structures or
displacements (not shown) may be used to support at least portions of the bit
body
during the sintering process to maintain desired shapes and dimensions during
the
densification process. Such displacements may be used, for example, to
maintain
consistency in the size and geometry of the cutter pockets and the internal
fluid
passageways during the sintering process. Such refractory structures may be
formed
from, for example, graphite, silica, or alumina. The use of alumina
displacements
instead of graphite displacements may be desirable as alumina may be
relatively less
reactive than graphite, minimizing atomic diffusion during sintering.
Additionally,
coatings such as alumina, boron nitride, aluminum nitride, or other
commercially
available materials may be applied to the refractory structures to prevent
carbon or
other atoms in the refractory structures from diffusing into the bit body
during
densification.
In other embodiments, the green bit body 300 (FIG. 4) may be partially
sintered to form a brown bit body 302 (FIG. 5) without prior machining, and
all
necessary machining may be performed on the brown bit body 302 to form a
modified brown bit body 302', prior to fully sintering the modified brown bit
body 302' to a desired final density. Alternatively, all necessary or desired
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machining may be performed on the green bit body 300, which then may be fully
sintered to a desired final density.
The sintering processes described herein may include conventional sintering
in a vacuum furnace, sintering in a vacuum furnace followed by a conventional
hot
isostatic pressing process, and sintering immediately followed by isostatic
pressing
at temperatures near the sintering temperature (often referred to as sinter-
HIP).
Furthermore, the sintering processes described herein may include subliquidus
phase
sintering. In other words, the sintering processes may be conducted at
temperatures
proximate to but below the liquidus line of the phase diagram for the matrix
material. For example, the sintering processes described herein may be
conducted
using a number of different methods known to one of ordinary skill in the art
such as
the Rapid Omnidirectional Compaction (ROC) process, the CERACONTM process,
hot isostatic pressing (HIP), or adaptations of such processes.
Broadly, and by way of example only, sintering a green powder compact
using the ROC process involves presintering the green powder compact at a
relatively low temperature to only a sufficient degree to develop sufficient
strength
to permit handling of the powder compact. The resulting brown structure is
wrapped
in a material such as graphite foil to seal the brown structure. The wrapped
brown
structure is placed in a container, which is filled with particles of a
ceramic,
polymer, or glass material having a substantially lower melting point than
that of the
matrix material in the brown structure. The container is heated to the desired
sintering temperature, which is above the melting temperature of the particles
of a
ceramic, polymer, or glass material, but below the liquidus temperature of the
matrix
material in the brown structure. The heated container with the molten ceramic,
polymer, or glass material (and the brown structure immersed therein) is
placed in a
mechanical or hydraulic press, such as a forging press, that is used to apply
pressure
to the molten ceramic or polymer material. Isostatic pressures within the
molten
ceramic, polymer, or glass material facilitate consolidation and sintering of
the
brown structure at the elevated temperatures within the container. The molten
ceramic, polymer, or glass material acts to transmit the pressure and heat to
the
brown structure. In this manner, the molten ceramic, polymer, or glass acts as
a
pressure transmission medium through which pressure is applied to the
structure
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during sintering. Subsequent to the release of pressure and cooling, the
sintered
structure is then removed from the ceramic, polymer, or glass material. A more
detailed explanation of the ROC process and suitable equipment for the
practice
thereof is provided by U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,094,709, 4,233,720, 4,341,557,
4,526,748,
4,547,337, 4,562,990, 4,596,694, 4,597,730, 4,656,002 4,744,943 and 5,232,522.
The CERACONTM process, which is similar to the aforementioned ROC
process, may also be adapted for use in the present invention to fully sinter
brown
structures to a final density. In the CERACONTM process, the brown structure
is
coated with a ceramic coating such as alumina, zirconium oxide, or chrome
oxide.
Other similar, hard, generally inert, protective, removable coatings may also
be
used. The coated brown structure is fully consolidated by transmitting at
least
substantially isostatic pressure to the coated brown structure using ceramic
particles
instead of a fluid media as in the ROC process. A more detailed explanation of
the
CERACONTM process is provided by U.S. Pat. No. 4,499,048.
Furthermore, in embodiments of the invention in which tungsten carbide is
used in a particle-matrix composite bit body, the sintering processes
described
herein also may include a carbon control cycle tailored to improve the
stoichiometry
of the tungsten carbide material. By way of example and not limitation, if the
tungsten carbide material includes WC, the sintering processes described
herein may
include subjecting the tungsten carbide material to a gaseous mixture
including
hydrogen and methane at elevated temperatures. For example, the tungsten
carbide
material may be subjected to a flow of gases including hydrogen and methane at
a
temperature of about 1,000 C.
After sintering a green bit body 300 or a brown bit body 302 to a desired
final density, cutting elements (such as the cutting elements 20 shown in FIG.
1)
may be secured within the cutter pockets 304 of the bit body by, for example,
brazing the cutting elements within the cutting element pockets.
In additional embodiments of the present invention, two or more portions of
a body of an earth-boring tool may be separately molded as previously
described
herein to form two or more separately formed green components. The separately
formed green components then may be assembled together and sintered to bond
the
green components together to form a body of an earth-boring tool. In other
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embodiments, the separately formed green components may be partially sintered
to
form two or more separately formed brown components, and the separately formed
brown components then may be assembled together and sintered to bond the brown
components together to form a body of an earth-boring tool. As a non-limiting
example, a bit body of a fixed-cutter earth-boring rotary drill bit, like the
bit body 12
of the drill bit 10 shown in FIG. 1, may be formed by separately forming a
green or
brown central core component and green or brown blades (such as the blades 26
shown in FIG. 1) using molding processes as previously described herein. The
separately formed green or brown blades then may be assembled together with
the
green or brown central core, and the assembled structure may be sintered to
bond the
blades to the central core, thereby forming the bit body 12 of the drill bit
10.
In such embodiments, the central core may be formed with a powder
mixture 100 having a first composition, and the blades may be formed from a
powder mixture 100 having a second, different composition. For example, the
central core may be formed from a powder mixture 100 having a composition that
will cause the central core to exhibit a relatively higher toughness relative
to the
blades, and the blades may be formed from a powder mixture 100 having a
composition that will cause the blades to exhibit relatively higher wear
resistance,
relatively higher erosion resistance, or both relatively higher wear
resistance and
relatively higher erosion resistance relative to the central core.
Although embodiments of methods of the present invention have been
described hereinabove with reference to bit bodies of earth-boring rotary
drill bits, the
methods of the present invention may be used to form bodies of earth-boring
tools
other than fixed-cutter rotary drill bits including, for example, component
bodies of
roller cone bits (including bit heads, bit legs, and roller cones),
impregnated diamond
bits, core bits, eccentric bits, bicenter bits, reamers, mills, and other such
tools and
structures known in the art.
While the present invention has been described herein with respect to certain
embodiments, those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize and appreciate
that it is
not so limited. Rather, many additions, deletions and modifications to the
described
embodiments may be made without departing from the scope of the invention as
hereinafter claimed, including legal equivalents. In addition, features from
one
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embodiment may be combined with features of another embodiment while still
being
encompassed within the scope of the invention as contemplated by the
inventors.
