Note : Les descriptions sont présentées dans la langue officielle dans laquelle elles ont été soumises.
CA 02759029 2011-10-17
WO 2010/121253 PCT/US2010/031611
1
CRYOGENICALLY COOLED SUPERCONDUCTOR GRADIENT COIL MODULE FOR MAGNETIC
RESONANCE IMAGING
RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims the benefit of US Provisional Application
No. 61/170,135, filed April 17, 2009, which is incorporated herein by
reference in its
entirety for purposes of each PCT member state and region in which such
incorporation by reference is permitted or otherwise not prohibited.
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] The present invention relates generally to magnetic resonance imaging
and spectroscopy, and, more particularly, to magnetic resonance imaging and
spectroscopy apparatus employing superconductor components, and to methods for
manufacturing such apparatus.
BACKGROUND
[0003] Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) technology is commonly used
today in, larger medical institutions worldwide, and has led to significant
and unique
benefits in the practice of medicine. While MRI has been developed as a
well-established diagnostic tool for imaging structure and anatomy, it has
also been
developed for imaging functional activities and other biophysical and
biochemical
characteristics or processes (e.g., blood flow, metabolites/metabolism,
diffusion),
some of these magnetic resonance (MR) imaging techniques being known as
functional MRI, spectroscopic MRI or Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging
(MRSI), diffusion weighted imaging (DWI), and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI).
These magnetic resonance imaging techniques have broad clinical and research
applications in addition to their medical diagnostic value for identifying and
assessing
pathology and determining the state of health of the tissue examined.
[0004] During a typical MRI examination, a patient's body (or a sample object)
is placed within the examination region and is supported by a patient support
in an
MRI scanner where a substantially constant and uniform primary (main) magnetic
field is provided by a primary (main) magnet. The magnetic field aligns the
nuclear
magnetization of precessing atoms such as hydrogen (protons) in the body. A
gradient coil assembly within the magnet creates a small variation of the
magnetic
CA 02759029 2011-10-17
WO 2010/121253 PCT/US2010/031611
2
field in a given location, thus providing resonance frequency encoding in the
imaging
region. A radio frequency (RF) coil is selectively driven under computer
control
according to a pulse sequence to generate in the patient a temporary
oscillating
transverse magnetization signal that is detected by the RF coil and that, by
computer
processing, may be mapped to spatially localized regions of the patient, thus
providing an image of the region-of-interest under examination.
[0005] In a common MRI configuration, the static main magnetic field is
typically produced by a solenoid magnet apparatus, and a patient platform is
disposed in the cylindrical space bounded by the solenoid windings (i.e. the
main
magnet bore). The windings of the main field are typically implemented as a
low
temperature superconductor (LTS) material, and are super-cooled with liquid
helium
in order to reduce resistance, and, therefore, to minimize the amount of heat
generated and the amount of power necessary to create and maintain the main
field.
The majority of existing LTS superconducting MRI magnets are made of a niobium-
titanium (NbTi) and/or Nb3Sn material which is cooled with a cryostat to a
temperature of 4.2 K.
[0006] As is known to those skilled in the art, the magnetic field gradient
coils
generally are configured to selectively provide linear magnetic field
gradients along
each of three principal Cartesian axes in space (one of these axes being the
direction of the main magnetic field), so that the magnitude of the magnetic
field
varies with location inside the examination region, and characteristics of the
magnetic resonance signals from different locations within the region of
interest,
such as the frequency and phase of the signals, are encoded according to
position
within the region (thus providing for spatial localization). Typically, the
gradient fields
are created by current passing through coiled saddle or solenoid windings,
which are
affixed to cylinders concentric with and fitted within a larger cylinder
containing the
windings of the main magnetic field. Unlike the main magnetic field, the coils
used to
create the gradient fields typically are common room temperature copper
windings.
The gradient strength and field linearity are of fundamental importance both
to the
accuracy of the details of the image produced and to the information on tissue
chemistry (e.g., in MRSI).
[0007] Since MRI's inception, there has been a relentless pursuit for
improving
MRI quality and capabilities, such as by providing higher spatial resolution,
higher
CA 02759029 2011-10-17
WO 2010/121253 PCT/US2010/031611
3
spectral resolution (e.g., for MRSI), higher contrast, and faster acquisition
speed.
For example, increased imaging (acquisition) speed is desired to minimize
imaging
blurring caused by temporal variations in the imaged region during image
acquisition,
such as variations due to patient movement, natural anatomical and/or
functional
movements (e.g., heart beat, respiration, blood flow), and/or natural
biochemical
variations (e.g., caused by metabolism during MRSI). Similarly, for example,
because in spectroscopic MRI the pulse sequence for acquiring data encodes
spectral information in addition to spatial information, minimizing the time
required for
acquiring sufficient spectral and spatial information to provide desired
spectral
resolution and spatial localization is particularly important for improving
the clinical
practicality and utility of spectroscopic MRI.
[0008] Several factors contribute to better MRI image quality in terms of high
contrast, resolution, and acquisition speed. An important parameter impacting
image
quality and acquisition speed is the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Increasing
SNR by
increasing the signal before the preamplifier of the MRI system is important
in terms
of increasing the quality of the image. One way to improve SNR is to increase
the
magnetic field strength of the magnet as the SNR is proportional to the
magnitude of
the magnetic field. In clinical applications, however, MRI has a ceiling on
the field
strength of the magnet (the US FDA's current ceiling is 3T (Tesla)). Other
ways of
improving the SNR involve, where possible, reducing sample noise by reducing
the
field-of-view (where possible), decreasing the distance between the sample and
the
RF coils, and/or reducing RF coil noise.
[0009] Despite the relentless efforts and many advancements for improving
MRI, there is nevertheless a continuing need for yet further improvements in
MRI,
such as for providing greater contrast, improved SNR, higher acquisition
speeds,
higher spatial and temporal resolution, and/or higher spectral resolution.
[0010] Additionally, a significant factor affecting further use of MRI
technology
is the high cost associated with high magnetic field systems, both for
purchase and
maintenance. Thus, it would be advantageous to provide a high quality MRI
imaging
system that is capable of being manufactured and/or maintained at reasonable
cost,
permitting MRI technology to be more widely used.
CA 02759029 2011-10-17
WO 2010/121253 PCT/US2010/031611
4
SUMMARY OF INVENTION
[0011] Various embodiments of the present invention provide a
superconducting gradient coil module configured for cryogenic cooling,
comprising:
a vacuum thermal isolation housing comprising a double wall hermetically
sealed
jacket that (i) encloses a hermetically sealed interior space under a vacuum
condition, and (ii) substantially encloses an interior chamber region that is
separate
from the hermetically sealed interior space and is configured to be evacuated
to a
vacuum condition; at least one superconductor gradient coil disposed in said
interior
chamber region and configured for generating one or more magnetic field
gradients
for at least one of magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance
spectroscopy; a thermal sink member disposed in said interior chamber region
and
in thermal contact with said at least one superconductor gradient coil; and a
port
configured for cryogenically cooling at least the thermal sink member.
[0012] In some embodiments, the port is coupled to a cryocooler that is
thermally coupled to at least the thermal sink member. The coupling of the
cryocooler to the port may provide for sealing the interior chamber region
such that
the interior chamber region is under a vacuum condition.
[0013] The hermetically sealed jacket may be sealedly joined to a chamber
having an interior space that is coextensive with and is configured to be
evacuated to
substantially the same vacuum condition as the interior chamber region,
wherein the
port is provided in said chamber. The chamber may be configured as a double
walled chamber (e.g., a double-walled stainless steel chamber) that encloses a
hermetically sealed intra-wall cavity that is under vacuum.
[0014] In accordance with some embodiments, the module may also comprise
at least one radiofrequency coil disposed within said interior chamber region,
wherein the at least one radiofrequency coil is configured for at least one of
generating and receiving a radiofrequency signal for at least one of magnetic
resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy. One or more of the at
least one radiofrequency coil may be and in thermal contact with the thermal
sink
member. One or more of the at least one radiofrequency coil may comprise a
superconductor material, which may be a high temperature superconductor (HTS)
material.
CA 02759029 2011-10-17
WO 2010/121253 PCT/US2010/031611
[0015] Some embodiments of the present invention may comprise a method
for magnetic resonance imaging, comprising applying at least one magnetic
field
gradient within an examination region using at least one respective
superconducting
gradient field coil that is disposed in an interior chamber region of a
superconducting
5 gradient coil module that comprises: a vacuum thermal isolation housing
comprising
a double wall hermetically sealed jacket that (i) encloses a hermetically
sealed
interior space under a vacuum condition, and (ii) substantially encloses the
interior
chamber region that is separate from the hermetically sealed interior space
and is
under a vacuum condition; a thermal sink member disposed in the interior
chamber
region and in thermal contact with the at least one superconductor gradient
coil; and
a port configured for cryogenically cooling at least the thermal sink member
to
thereby cryogenically cool the at least one respective superconducting
gradient field
coil that is in thermal contact with said thermal sink member.
[0016] The method may further comprise transmitting or receiving, or both
transmitting and receiving, radio frequency signals to and/or from the
examination
region using at least one RF coil that is disposed within said module and is
configured for cooling and comprises at least one of (i) a non-superconducting
material that when cooled to a temperature below room temperature has a
conductivity higher than that of copper at said temperature and (ii) a
superconducting
material. At least one of the at least one RF coil may be in thermal contact
with the
thermal sink member.
[0017] It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the foregoing
brief
description and the following detailed description are exemplary and
explanatory of
the present invention, but are not intended to be restrictive thereof or
limiting of the
advantages which can be achieved by this invention. Additionally, it is
understood
that the foregoing summary of the invention is representative of some
embodiments
of the invention, and is neither representative nor inclusive of all subject
matter and
embodiments within the scope of the present invention. Thus, the accompanying
drawings, referred to herein and constituting a part hereof, illustrate
embodiments of
this invention, and, together with the detailed description, serve to explain
principles
of embodiments of the invention. Aspects, features, and advantages of
embodiments of the invention, both as to structure and operation, will be
understood
and will become more readily apparent when the invention is considered in the
light
CA 02759029 2011-10-17
WO 2010/121253 PCT/US2010/031611
6
of the following description made in conjunction with the accompanying
drawings, in
which like reference numerals designate the same or similar parts throughout
the
various figures.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0018] Aspects, features, and advantages of embodiments of the invention,
both as to structure and operation, will be understood and will become more
readily
apparent when the invention is considered in the light of the following
description
made in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like reference
numerals designate the same or similar parts throughout the various figures,
and
wherein:
[0019] FIGS. 1A and 1 B schematically depict orthogonal views of an
illustrative cryogenically cooled superconducting gradient coil module, in
accordance
with some embodiments of the present invention;
[0020] FIG. 2A schematically depicts gradient coils corresponding to gradient
coils of the cryogenically cooled superconductor gradient coil module of FIGS.
1A
and 1 B, in accordance with some embodiments of the present invention;
[0021] FIG. 2B schematically illustrates a portion of a cylindrical x-gradient
support of FIG 2A depicted in a plan view, showing a coil which is one quarter
of the
overall x-gradient coil, in accordance with some embodiments of the present
invention;
[0022] FIG. 3 schematically depicts a cross-sectional view of an illustrative
MRI system that comprises the gradient coil module of FIGS. 1A and 113, in
accordance with some embodiments of the present invention;
[0023] FIG. 4 schematically depicts a cross-sectional view of a cryogenically
cooled superconducting gradient coil module comprising at least one RF coil
disposed therein, in accordance with some embodiments of the present
invention;
and
[0024] FIG. 5 schematically illustrates a glass dewar portion of a
cryogenically
cooled superconducting gradient coil module designed for use in a magnetic
CA 02759029 2011-10-17
WO 2010/121253 PCT/US2010/031611
7
resonance imaging system dedicated to head imaging, in accordance with some
embodiments of the present invention.
DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION
[0025] As will be understood by those skilled in the art in view of the
ensuing
description, cryogenically cooled superconducting gradient coil modules (e.g.,
inserts) according to various embodiments of the present invention may be
implemented in myriad magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy systems,
such as systems employing conventional copper RF coils, systems employing
superconducting RF coils (e.g., such as in systems disclosed in US Patent
Application No. 12/416,606, filed April 1, 2009, which is hereby incorporated
by
reference), whole body systems, dedicated systems (e.g., limb-only, head-only,
pet,
infant), systems with a vertically or horizontally oriented main magnetic
field, open or
closed systems, etc. Similarly, it will also be understood by those skilled in
the art
that while various portions of the ensuing description may be set forth in the
context
of an MRI system that may be used for structural examination of a patient,
cryogenically cooled superconducting gradient coil modules according to
various
embodiments of the present invention may be employed in connection with
magnetic
resonance (MR) systems operated and/or configured for other modalities, such
as
functional MRI, diffusion weighted and/or diffusion tensor MRI, MR
spectroscopy
and/or spectroscopic imaging, etc. Additionally, as used herein, MRI includes
and
embraces magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging, diffusion tensor imaging
(DTI), as well as any other imaging modality based on nuclear magnetic
resonance.
[0026] FIGS. 1A and 1 B schematically depict orthogonal views of an
illustrative cryogenically cooled superconducting gradient coil module 10
having a
generally cylindrical shape, in accordance with some embodiments of the
present
invention. More specifically, FIG. 1A is a cross-sectional view along the
longitudinal
axis, whereas FIG. 1 B is generally a plan or end-on view, viewed from the
left-hand
side of FIG. 1A, but showing a cut-away or cross-section of stainless steel
chamber 8 to reveal the portion of cryocooler 7 within the chamber 8.
[0027] As depicted in FIGS. 1A and 113, in some embodiments cryogenically
cooled superconducting gradient coil module 10 includes (i) a double-walled
Dewar 1
made of glass and/or other non-conductive, mechanically strong materials, such
as
G10, RF4, plastic, and/or ceramic; (ii) a non-metallic thermal conductor 2,
such as a
CA 02759029 2011-10-17
WO 2010/121253 PCT/US2010/031611
8
high thermal conductivity ceramic, such as sapphire or alumina;(iii)
superconductor
gradient coils 3 (i.e., three gradients generating B-field variations in
orthogonal x-, y-,
z- directions) that are in good thermal contact with thermal conductor 2 and
made of,
for example, low temperature superconductor (STS) wire, such as NbTi, Nb3Sn,
etc.,
or high temperature superconductor (HTS) tape, such as YBCO, BSCCO, etc.; (iv)
a
double-walled stainless steel chamber 8 that is sealably coupled to double-
walled
Dewar 1; and (v) a cryocooler 9 thermally coupled to thermal conductor 2 and
sealably mounted to a flange of stainless steel chamber 8.
[0028] It will be understood that double-walled Dewar 1 may be constructed,
in a variety of ways, as a continuous, hermetically sealed glass housing
enclosing an
interior chamber (or cavity) 4 in which at least a low vacuum condition and,
in
accordance with some embodiments, preferably at least a high vacuum condition
(e.g., about 10-6 Torr or lower pressure) is maintained. For example, in
accordance
with some embodiments, double-walled Dewar 1 may be manufactured as follows:
(i) forming two generally cylindrical double-walled structures each having a
generally
U-shaped wall cross-section, the first corresponding to continuous glass wall
portion
1 a and the second corresponding to continuous wall portion 1 b, (ii) fitting
the
generally cylindrical continuous glass wall portion 1 b into the annular space
of
generally cylindrical continuous glass wall portion 1 a, possibly using glass
spacers
therebetween, and (iii) pumping the cavity 4 to a high vacuum and glass-
bonding,
fusing, or otherwise sealing the open end between 1 a and 1 b (i.e., the end
that is
later sealably mounted to stainless steel chamber 8) to hermetically seal
cavity 4
under high vacuum. It may be appreciated that the vacuum sealing step may be
performed in myriad ways. For example, it may be performed entirely within a
vacuum chamber, or the ends of 1 a and 1 b may be fused to each other except
for a
small region that is used as a vacuum pumping port and that is sealed after
pumping
the cavity to high vacuum therethrough. In various embodiments, double-walled
Dewar 1 may be implemented in accordance with, or similar to, the hermetically
sealed double-walled structures (and vacuum thermal isolation housing)
described in
US Application No. 12/212,122, filed September 17, 2008, and in US Application
No.
12/212,147, filed September 17, 2008, each of which is herein incorporated by
reference in its entirety.
CA 02759029 2011-10-17
WO 2010/121253 PCT/US2010/031611
9
[0029] By way of example, the joint between the hermetically sealed
double-walled Dewar 1 (e.g., glass) and the stainless steel chamber may be
formed
by epoxy bonding (e.g., epoxy bond/seal 6 in Fig. 1A), welding, or other
hermetically
sealed flange connection, providing a sufficient seal to maintain at least a
low
vacuum condition (e.g, about 10-2 to about 10"5 Torr) in the interior chamber
portion 5
that houses the gradient coils 3 and thermal conductor 2. Also by way of
example,
the vacuum seal between cryocooler 9 and the flange of stainless steel chamber
8
may be provided by an O-ring or other sealing mechanism (e.g., metal
gasket/knife-edge connection) to, similarly, maintain the at least low vacuum
condition in the interior chamber portion 5 that houses the gradient coils 3
and
thermal conductor 2. Those skilled in the art understand, however, that
chamber 8
may be made of materials other than stainless steel, e.g., aluminum or other
metallic
or other non-metallic material, such as glass, ceramic, plastics, or
combination of
these materials, and such other materials may be appropriately joined to Dewar
1
and cryocooler 9.
[0030] In various embodiments, cryocooler 9 may be implemented as any of
various single stage or multi-stage cryocoolers, such as, for example, a
Gifford
McMahon (GM) cryocooler, a pulse tube (PT) cooler, a Joule-Thomson (JT)
cooler, a
Stirling cooler, or other cryocooler. In various alternative embodiments, the
gradient
coil module 10 may be configured for cooling such that coils 3 are cooled by a
cryogen, such as liquid helium and liquid nitrogen.
[0031] Referring now to FIG. 2A, gradient coils 103, corresponding to gradient
coils 3 of illustrative cryogenically cooled superconductor gradient coil
module 10 of
FIGS. 1A and 1B, are depicted in more detail in an oblique view, in accordance
with
some embodiments of the present invention. In such embodiments, as depicted in
FIG. 2A, three independent gradient coils for creating magnetic field
variations along
three orthogonal directions are formed or otherwise provided on and/or within
the
surfaces of three respective coaxial cylindrical support structures, namely, x-
gradient
support 258, y-gradient support 262, and z-gradient support 264. In accordance
with
typical convention, x- and y- indicate the two orthogonal directions
perpendicular to
the main magnetic field (sometimes referred to as the transverse directions),
and z-
indicates the direction of the main magnetic field. Thus, the x-gradient
support 258,
y-gradient support 262, and z-gradient support 264 support respective gradient
coils
CA 02759029 2011-10-17
WO 2010/121253 PCT/US2010/031611
for providing magnetic field gradients along the x-, y-, and z- directions,
respectively.
The gradient supports 258, 262, and 264 may be made of, for example, G10 or
other
non-ferromagnetic, non-conductive (e.g., non-metallic, insulating) material.
In this
embodiment, the z- gradient coil is a solenoid coil, and the x- and y-
gradient coils
5 are saddle coils that each span or cover about half of their respective
cylindrical
supports in the circumferential direction. The y-gradient support 262 is
mounted in
good thermal contact to x-gradient support 258 and to z-gradient support 264,
which
is mounted in good thermal contact to thermal sink 110 (corresponding to
thermal
conductor 2 in FIGS. 1A and 1 B). In various alternative embodiments, a heat
sink
10 may be additionally or alternatively mounted in contact with x-gradient
support 258.
When implemented in addition to thermal sink 110 (thermal conductor 2), such a
heat sink in contact with x-gradient support 258 may be cooled either by the
same
cryocooler that cools thermal sink 110 (thermal conductor 2) or by a separate
cryocooler.
[0032] FIG. 2B schematically illustrates a portion of cylindrical x-gradient
support 258 of FIG 2A depicted in a plan view, showing a coil 268 which is one
quarter of the overall x-gradient coil that is supported by x-gradient support
258, in
accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The surface of the
x-gradient support 258 is usually recessed (e.g., etched or carved) where the
gradient coil 268 (wire) is located, and the gradient coil wire is fixed and
bonded in
the recess so the wire will not move when current conducts through the
gradient coil
wire in the magnetic field (e.g., resulting in a Lorentz force). The y-
oriented gradient
coil provided on y-gradient support 262 has essentially the same design and
construction as the x-oriented gradient coil 268 on x-gradient support 258,
except for
slight dimensional variations to account for the slightly smaller diameter of
the
y-gradient support compared to that of the x-oriented gradient support. The
center 260 of the x- gradient coil 268 is facing the x-direction as indicated
by
FIGS. 2A and 2B, and the y-gradient coil is displaced 90 circumferentially
relative to
the x-gradient coil. The solenoidal z- gradient coil (not shown in detail) is
similarly
fabricated on and/or within the surface of the z-gradient support 264, but
with the
z-gradient coil wound helically about the cylindrical axis of z-gradient
support 264,
with half of the coil along the cylindrical axis wound in the same direction
as the main
magnet winding such that the z-gradient coil increases the magnetic field
within this
half of the coil, and with the other half of the coil along the cylindrical
axis wound in
CA 02759029 2011-10-17
WO 2010/121253 PCT/US2010/031611
11
the opposite direction such that the z-gradient coil decreases the magnetic
filed
within this other half of the coil.
[0033] As will be understood by those skilled in the art, such a generally
cylindrically shaped gradient coil module 10 as depicted in FIGS. 1A and 1B
according to some embodiments of the present invention is well suited for use,
for
example, in an MRI system that employs a cylindrical, solenoid main magnet
structure that generates a substantially uniform, horizontal magnetic field.
For
example, such an MRI system is schematically depicted in FIG. 3 in
longitudinal
cross section, and includes cylindrical main magnet 17 having a bore in which
gradient coil module 10 is disposed, and which also includes RF coil(s) 13
(which
may be any of various types of RF coil(s) or coil array configurations for
whole-body,
dedicated body part (e.g., head or limb), infant, or pet, etc, imaging
applications. It
will be understood, however, that cryogenically cooled superconducting
gradient coil
module 10 may be implemented with main magnet configurations other than a
cylindrical, solenoid magnet that provides horizontal fields and/or, for
example, may
be implemented with open magnet, such as vertical magnet or a double-donut
magnet.
[0034] It will also be understood that while the embodiments shown in
FIGS. 1A-B and FIG. 3 are configured for use with one or more RF coils that
are
external to cryogenically cooled superconducting gradient coil module 10, in
accordance with some embodiments of the present invention one or more RF coils
may alternatively or additionally be disposed within the gradient coil module.
For
example, in accordance with some embodiments such as depicted in FIG. 4, RF
coil(s) 13 is/are disposed in good thermal contact with the same heat sink
(i.e.
thermal conductor 2) that is in thermal contact with superconductor gradient
coils 3.
In various embodiments, RF coil(s) 13 disposed in thermal contact with thermal
conductor 2, and thus subject to cryogenic cooling, may be implemented as one
or
more conventional copper coil and/or as one or more superconductor RF coil
(LTS
and/or HTS) and/or as one or more coils comprising a non-superconducting
material
that when cooled to a temperature below room temperature has a conductivity
higher
than that of copper at the temperature below room temperature (e.g., carbon
nano-
tube based materials and/or two-dimensional electron gas semiconductor
structures).
CA 02759029 2011-10-17
WO 2010/121253 PCT/US2010/031611
12
[0035] By way of example, a suitable form of an HTS RF coil for this
application is a superconductor tape made by, for example, Bismuth Strontium
Calcium Copper Oxides (BSCCO). For example, detailed teaching of fabricating
HTS RF coils from HTS tape is described in US Patent 6,943,550, the disclosure
of
which is incorporated herein by reference. In alternative embodiments, the
superconductor RF coil may be implemented as a superconductor thin film, such
as
a superconductor thin film comprising an HTS material such as Yttrium Barium
Copper Oxide (YBCO), Thallium- Barium-Calcium-Copper Oxide (TBCCO), MgB2, or
MB, wherein M is selected from the group consisting of Be, Al, Nb, Mo, Ta, Ti,
Hf, V,
and Cr. Detailed teaching of fabricating HTS film coil on a flat substrate is
described
in Ma et al, "Superconducting MR Surface Coils for Human Imaging," Proc. Mag.
Res. Medicine, 1, 171 (1999) and the disclosure of which is incorporated
herein by
reference in its entirety. Additional teachings concerning HTS coils are
described in
Ma et al., "Superconducting RF Coils for Clinical MR Imaging at Low Field,"
Academic Radiology, vol. 10, no., 9, Sept. 2003, pp. 978-987, and in Miller et
al.,
"Performance of a High Temperature Superconducting Probe for In Vivo
Microscopy
at 2.0 T," Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 41:72-79 (1999), the disclosures of
which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
[0036] As will be understood by those skilled in the art, regardless of
whether
RF coil 13 is within or without gradient module 10, RF coil 13 may be
implemented
as separate coils for the RF transmitter and the RF receiver, or as a common
coil for
both the transmitter and the receiver (i.e., a transceiver coil).
Additionally, in some
embodiments where the transmitter and receiver coils are separate coils, only
one of
the coils (e.g., the receiver coil) may be implemented as a superconducting
coil (e.g.,
the other coil may be implemented as a conventional copper coil disposed, for
example, external to gradient module 10, whereas the superconducting coil may,
for
example, be disposed on thermal conductor 2 within gradient module 10).
Additionally, in some embodiments, regardless of whether RF coil 13 is within
or
without module 10, it may be implemented as an RF coil array, which, in some
embodiments may be a superconductive RF coil array, such as an HTS coil array.
[0037] Additionally, it will be understood that the dimensions and shape of a
cryogenically cooled superconducting gradient coil module may be modified
depending on the application. For example, FIG. 5 schematically illustrates,
in
CA 02759029 2011-10-17
WO 2010/121253 PCT/US2010/031611
13
accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, a glass dewar
portion
of a cryogenically cooled superconducting gradient coil module designed for
use in a
magnetic resonance imaging system dedicated to head imaging, wherein the glass
dewar components may have the following approximate dimensions, provided by
way of example only: cylinder 60 has an inner diameter, outer diameter, and
axial
length of 230 mm, 236 mm, and 254 mm, respectively; cylinder 62 has an inner
diameter, outer diameter, and axial length of 246 mm, 252 mm, and 254 mm,
respectively; cylinder 64 has an inner diameter, outer diameter, and axial
length of
280 mm, 286 mm, and 312 mm, respectively; cylinder 66 has an inner diameter,
outer diameter, and axial length of 296 mm, 302 mm, and 330 mm, respectively;
inner bottom plate (circular/cylindrical) 74 has a diameter of 236 mm and a
thickness
of 12.7 mm; outer bottom plate (circular/cylindrical) 76 has a diameter of 252
mm
and a thickness of 12.7 mm;; ring (annular) 66 has an inner diameter, outer
diameter, and thickness (axial) of 246 mm, 286 mm, and 12.7 mm, respectively;
ring
(annular) 68 has an inner diameter, outer diameter, and thickness (axial) of
230 mm,
302 mm, and 12.7 mm, respectively; and ring (annular) 72 has an inner
diameter,
outer diameter, and thickness (axial) of 280 mm, 302 mm, and 12.7 mm,
respectively. Also shown are two of eight small spacer disks 78, having an
approximate diameter of 5mm as well as a height that provides for a gap of
about
5 mm between the inner bottom plate 74 and outer bottom plate 76. In this
illustrative embodiment, a plug 70 seals off a standard vacuum port in ring 68
through which the intra-dewar cavity is evacuated.
[0038] It is further understood that while not shown in the drawings, a
cryogenically cooled superconductor gradient coil module (e.g., module 10) in
accordance with various embodiments of the present invention includes at least
one
electrical feedthrough (e.g., through chamber 8) to provide for coupling
electrical
signals into the module (e.g., for driving the gradient coils, for controlling
and/or
monitoring any sensors (e.g., pressure and/or temperature, etc.) that may be
provided in the module). It is also understood that in accordance with various
embodiments of the present invention, a gradient coil module (e.g., module 10)
having a glass dewar may include (i) a coating (e.g., plastic or polymer)
formed on
the glass to provide protection (e.g., against breaking, chipping, or
cracking) and/or
additional strength etc., and/or (ii) a rigid sleeve (e.g., formed of plastic
or G10) may
CA 02759029 2011-10-17
WO 2010/121253 PCT/US2010/031611
14
be provided into which the glass dewar fits to provide for such protection
and/or
additional strength.
[0039] The present invention has been illustrated and described with respect
to specific embodiments thereof, which embodiments are merely illustrative of
the
principles of the invention and are not intended to be exclusive or otherwise
limiting
embodiments. Accordingly, although the above description of illustrative
embodiments of the present invention, as well as various illustrative
modifications
and features thereof, provides many specificities, these enabling details
should not
be construed as limiting the scope of the invention, and it will be readily
understood
by those persons skilled in the art that the present invention is susceptible
to many
modifications, adaptations, variations, omissions, additions, and equivalent
implementations without departing from this scope and without diminishing its
attendant advantages. For instance, except to the extent necessary or inherent
in
the processes themselves, no particular order to steps or stages of methods or
processes described in this disclosure, including the figures, is implied. In
many
cases the order of process steps may be varied, and various illustrative steps
may
be combined, altered, or omitted, without changing the purpose, effect or
import of
the methods described. It is further noted that the terms and expressions have
been
used as terms of description and not terms of limitation. There is no
intention to use
the terms or expressions to exclude any equivalents of features shown and
described or portions thereof. Additionally, the present invention may be
practiced
without necessarily providing one or more of the advantages described herein
or
otherwise understood in view of the disclosure and/or that may be realized in
some
embodiments thereof. It is therefore intended that the present invention is
not limited
to the disclosed embodiments but should be defined in accordance with the
claims
that follow.
