Note : Les descriptions sont présentées dans la langue officielle dans laquelle elles ont été soumises.
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ENTROPY POOLS FOR VIRTUAL MACHINES
Background
[0001] Random numbers can be used in a variety of different computing
scenarios.
One common usage scenario is cryptography, where a cryptographic key and
cryptographic processes rely on generation of random numbers. The generation
of random
numbers oftentimes relies on the state of one or more hardware components in a
computer.
However, such reliance can be problematic when a virtual machine is running on
the
computer. A virtual machine abstracts the hardware components in a computer
and
presents them as virtual components to the operating system running in the
virtual
machine. Such virtual components can have less randomness, or entropy, than
their
corresponding hardware components, which can reduce the entropy of the
generated
numbers.
Summary
[0002] This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a
simplified
form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This
Summary is not
intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject
matter, nor is
it intended to be used to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter.
[0003] In accordance with one or more aspects, an entropy pool of a program
managed
by a virtual machine manager in a computing device is generated based at least
in part on
each of one or more hardware components of the computing device. The program
accesses the entropy pool and uses the entropy pool as a basis for generating
a random
number.
[0004] In accordance with one or more aspects, in a host operating system of a
computing device, entropy data is collected based at least in part on each of
one or more
hardware components of the computing device. An entropy pool is updated based
at least
in part on the collected entropy data, and is provided to a guest operating
system running
as a virtual machine of the computing device.
Brief Description of the Drawings
[0005] The same numbers are used throughout the drawings to reference like
features.
[0006] Fig. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an example computing device
implementing the entropy pools for virtual machines in accordance with one or
more
embodiments.
[0007] Fig. 2 is a flowchart illustrating an example process for obtaining and
providing entropy for a virtual machine in accordance with one or more
embodiments.
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[0008] Fig. 3 is a block diagram illustrating an example guest operating
system
implementing the entropy pools for virtual machines in accordance with one or
more
embodiments.
[0009] Fig. 4 is a flowchart illustrating an example process for a guest
operating
system using sequence counters in accordance with one or more embodiments.
[0010] Fig. 5 illustrates an example computing device that can be configured
to
implement the entropy pools for virtual machines in accordance with one or
more
embodiments.
Detailed Description
[0011] Entropy pools for virtual machines is discussed herein. An entropy pool
based
on hardware components in a computing device is generated and updated by the
host
operating system of the computing device. A virtual machine running a guest
operating
system can also be run on the computing device. The guest operating system has
an
entropy pool that is generated based at least in part on the host operating
system entropy
pool, providing the guest operating system an entropy pool based at least in
part on
hardware components even though the guest operating system is running in a
virtual
machine.
[0012] Additionally, a sequence counter value can be maintained by the guest
operating system. Each time a copy or clone of a guest operating system is
made, the
sequence counter value of one of the guest operating systems is incremented.
Additionally, each time a value based on an entropy pool of the guest
operating system is
obtained, a record of the obtained value and the current sequence counter
value of the
guest operating system at the time the value is obtained is stored. When a
value based on
the entropy pool of the guest operating system is used, the stored sequence
counter value
for the value is compared to the current sequence counter value of the guest
operating
system, and the value is used only if the two counter values are the same.
[0013] Fig. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an example computing device 100
implementing the entropy pools for virtual machines in accordance with one or
more
embodiments. Computing device 100 can be a variety of different types of
devices. For
example, computing device 100 can be a desktop computer, a mobile station, a
netbook,
an entertainment appliance, a set-top box communicatively coupled to a display
device, a
television, a cellular or other wireless phone, a game console, an automotive
computer,
and so forth. Thus, computing device 100 may range from a full resource device
with
substantial memory and processor resources (e.g., personal computers, game
consoles) to a
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low-resource device with limited memory and/or processing resources (e.g.,
traditional
set-top boxes, hand-held game consoles).
[0014] Computing device 100 includes a host operating system 102 and a virtual
machine manager 104. Host operating system 102 manages access to the
functionality
provided by one or more components 108. Components 108 can be a variety of
different
input/output (1/0) components as well as other components or devices. For
example,
components 108 can include one or more of memory components, storage devices,
communication components, and so forth. Various other components or modules
running
on computing device 100, including virtual machine manager 104, can access
this
functionality managed by host operating system 102 even though such components
or
modules may not access a component 108 directly.
[0015] Host operating system 102 also includes an entropy pool 110. Generally,
an
entropy pool is a set of data or bits that provides a source of randomness to
computing
device 100. The entropy pool is generated based on data collected from one or
more
entropy sources, and is drawn from by a random number generator and/or other
component as a source of randomness.
[0016] One or more virtual machine (VM) managers can be run on host operating
system 102. A virtual machine manager allows one or more additional programs
to run on
computing device 100. These programs can be operating systems, each referred
to as a
guest operating system, or alternatively other programs. The virtual machine
manager
presents to the guest operating system a virtualized hardware system in which
the guest
operating system runs. Accordingly, the guest operating system running in the
virtualized
hardware system is also referred to as a virtual machine. The guest operating
system runs
on this virtualized hardware system oftentimes without knowledge that its
hardware
resources are virtualized. Virtual machines support various usage scenarios,
including
allowing I/O components to be presented to the guest operating system in
different
manners (e.g., emulated, synthetic, virtual, passthrough, as different
components, with
different communication protocols, and so forth).
[0017] In Fig. 1, virtual machine manager 104 includes a virtual machine
control
module 120 and one or more virtualized components 122. Virtual machine control
module 120 manages the virtualized hardware system, communicating with guest
operating system 132. Virtualized components 122 are virtualized hardware
components
that are presented by virtual machine control module 120 to guest operating
system 132 as
hardware components. Virtualized components 122 can be the same types of
components
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as components 108, or alternatively different types of components. Guest
operating
system 132 communicates with control module 120 and/or virtualized component
122 as if
guest operating system 132 were communicating with the physical hardware of
computing
device 100. Although computing device 100 is discussed herein with reference
to guest
operating system 132, alternatively other programs other than operating
systems can be
run in the virtual machine.
[0018] Guest operating system 132 includes a random number generator 134 and
an
entropy pool 136. Entropy pool 136 is discussed herein as being used by random
number
generator 134, although it is to be appreciated that entropy pool 136 can
alternatively be
used by other components of guest operating system 132. Random number
generator 134
is a deterministic system designed to imitate or approximate a true random
generator.
Accordingly, random number generator 134 can also be referred to as a pseudo-
random
number generator. Random number generator 134 can generate random numbers in
one or
more of a variety of different manners. In one or more embodiments, random
number
generator 134 generates random numbers based on data referred to as a seed
value
obtained from entropy pool 136. Random number generator 134 can apply a
variety of
different algorithms to the seed value to obtain random numbers, such as a one
of the
Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA) functions (e.g., SHA-512), a standard symmetric
cryptographic algorithm (e.g., an Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)), and so
forth.
[0019] The data stored as an entropy pool (e.g., entropy pool 136 or entropy
pool 110)
is generated based on the values from one or more entropy sources. An entropy
source is
a source of data or values having some amount of randomness. A variety of
different
sources can be used as entropy sources for an entropy pool. For example,
system
information such as various system clocks or timers, how many page faults have
occurred,
how much free RAM is available, occupied disk drive space, free disk drive
space, system
lookaside information, system interrupt information, and so forth can each be
an entropy
source. Network information such as numbers of packets received or sent,
network packet
timings, addresses from which network packets are received, and so forth can
each be an
entropy source. The timing or content of mouse movements, keystrokes, voice
inputs, and
other similar events can each be an entropy source.
[0020] Existing hardware sources on a computing system can also serve as
entropy
sources. The data from a sound or video input with (or without) a source
plugged into it
can be entropy sources. Disk drives may have small random fluctuations in
their
rotational speed due to chaotic air turbulence that can be measured by low
level disk seek
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time instrumentation and used as an entropy source. Unique (or nearly unique)
hardware
IDs and serial numbers, including hard drive serial numbers and BIOS firmware
tables,
can be used as an entropy source.
[0021] A hardware random number generator included in, or coupled to, device
100
can also be an entropy source. A hardware random number generator refers to a
special-
purpose hardware component that produces a random output. For example, such a
hardware random number generator can be based on amplified noise generated by
an
electronic circuit, environmental acoustic noise, quantum effects in a
semiconductor,
timing of radioactive decays, and so forth.
[0022] The data from an entropy source can be incorporated into an entropy
pool (e.g.,
entropy pool 110 or 136) in a variety of different manners. In one or more
embodiments,
the data from an entropy source is hashed to generate a hash value that is
incorporated into
the entropy pool, or alternatively the data itself from the entropy source can
be
incorporated into the entropy pool. The incorporation of the data into the
entropy pool can
be performed, for example, by concatenating the data to the entropy pool,
inserting at least
a portion of the data into one or more locations of the entropy pool, and so
forth.
[0023] Host operating system 102 obtains data from one or more entropy sources
and
incorporates the obtained data into entropy pool 110. Host operating system
102 obtains
the data based on components 108. Accordingly, entropy pool 110 is based on
hardware
entropy sources.
[0024] Entropy pool 136 is included in guest operating system 132, which is
running
in a virtual machine. Virtual machine control module 120 accesses entropy pool
110 and
makes at least part of the data from entropy pool 110 available to entropy
pool 136. The
data from entropy pool 110 can be made available to entropy pool 106 in a
variety of
different manners, as discussed in more detail below. Thus, even though
entropy pool 136
is part of a guest operating system in a virtual machine, entropy pool 136 is
still based on
hardware entropy sources.
[0025] In one or more embodiments, host operating system 102 provides data
from
entropy pool 110 to guest operating system 132 via a virtualized component
122. When
guest operating system 132 is booted or otherwise begins running, host
operating system
102 obtains data from entropy pool 110. This data obtained from entropy pool
110 is
stored in a virtualized component 122, such as by mapping the data into a
memory space
of a virtualized component 122. The virtualized component 122 in turn is
accessed by
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guest operating system 132 and used as (or added to) entropy pool 136.
Accordingly,
guest operating system 132 has an entropy pool 136 based on hardware entropy
sources.
[0026] The amount of data from entropy pool 110 that is provided by host
operating
system 102 can vary. For example, the amount of data from entropy pool 110
that is
provided by host operating system 102 can be a predetermined number of bits, a
predetermined percentage or amount of entropy pool 110, all the data in
entropy pool 110,
and so forth.
[0027] In one or more embodiments, the virtualized component 122 in which the
data
from entropy pool 110 is stored is a BIOS (basic input/output system) table
that is
accessed by guest operating system 132. Host operating system 102 maps the
data from
entropy pool 110 into particular memory space of virtual machine manager 104,
this
memory space being the memory space where the BIOS table that guest operating
system
132 uses is stored. Accordingly, in addition to the data typically included in
the BIOS
table, the entropy data from entropy pool 110 is also included in the BIOS
table. It is to be
appreciated, however, that the use of a BIOS table is only an example, and
that the data
from entropy pool 110 can be stored in a variety of different virtualized
components.
[0028] The memory space of a virtualized component 122 where the data from
entropy pool 110 is stored is typically a part of the virtualized component
122 that is
otherwise not used by or need by the virtualized component 122 or guest
operating system
132 for proper functioning. For example, a portion of the BIOS table that is
irrelevant for
the guest operating system 132 to function properly can be used as the part of
the BIOS
table into which the data from entropy pool 110 is stored.
[0029] Host operating system 102 continues to collect entropy data based on
components 108 and adds the entropy data to entropy pool 110. This collection
of entropy
data by host operating system 102 continues independently of the collection
and/or use of
entropy data by guest operating system 132.
[0030] In addition to, or alternatively in place of, providing data from entry
pool 110
to guest operating system 132 when guest operating system 132 is booted, data
from
entropy pool 110 can be provided to guest operating system 132 while guest
operating
system 132 is running. In such situations, virtual machine control module 120
supports a
communication interface between guest operating system 132 and host operating
system
102 allowing data from entropy pool 110 to be provided to entropy pool 136.
This allows
the data in entropy pool 136 to be updated based on hardware entropy sources
after guest
operating system 132 is booted.
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[0031] In one or more embodiments, guest operating system 132 requests
additional
entropy when desired. Guest operating system 132 can determine when additional
entropy
is desired in a variety of different manners, such as at regular or irregular
intervals, in
response to a determination that the available data in entropy pool 136 drops
below a
threshold amount, and so forth. When additional entropy is desired, guest
operating
system 132 sends a request to host operating system 102 (via virtual machine
manager
104) for additional entropy. In response to such a request, host operating
system 102
returns additional data from entropy pool 110. The amount of data from entropy
pool 110
that is returned can vary. For example, the amount of data from entropy pool
110 that is
returned can be a predetermined number of bits, a number of bits requested by
guest
operating system 132, all the data in entropy pool 110, and so forth.
[0032] In other embodiments, host operating system 102 sends entropy data to
guest
operating system 132 (via virtual machine manager 104) at regular or irregular
intervals.
This timing of when host operating system 102 sends the entropy can vary, such
as being
on a predetermined schedule (e.g., every ten minutes), in response to entropy
pool 110
containing a threshold amount of data, and so forth. The data sent to guest
operating
system 132 is stored in entropy pool 136, making the data available to random
number
generator 134 when desired without guest operating system 132 sending a
request for
additional entropy to host operating system 102.
[0033] The data in entropy pool 136 can be obtained entirely from entropy pool
110,
or alternatively can be obtained from other entropy sources as well. For
example, one or
more virtualized components 122 can be used as entropy sources by guest
operating
system 132, with data obtained from such entropy sources being incorporated
into entropy
pool 136.
[0034] Fig. 2 is a flowchart illustrating an example process 200 for obtaining
and
providing entropy for a virtual machine in accordance with one or more
embodiments.
Process 200 can be implemented in software, firmware, hardware, or
combinations
thereof Acts of process 200 illustrated on the left-hand side of Fig. 2 are
carried out by a
host operating system of a computing device, such as host operating system 102
of Fig. 1.
Acts of process 200 illustrated on the right-hand side of Fig. 2 are carried
out by a virtual
machine of the computing device, such as guest operating system 132 of Fig. 1.
Process
200 is shown as a set of acts and is not limited to the order shown for
performing the
operations of the various acts. Process 200 is an example process for
obtaining and
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providing entropy for a virtual machine; additional discussions of obtaining
and providing
entropy for a virtual machine are included herein with reference to different
figures.
[0035] In process 200, the host operating system collects entropy data based
on
hardware components (act 202). This entropy data can be collected from a
variety of
different entropy sources as discussed above.
[0036] The entropy pool of the host operating system is updated based on the
collected
entropy data (act 204). The collected entropy data can be incorporated into
the entropy
pool of the host operating system in a variety of different manners as
discussed above.
[0037] Acts 202 and 204 can be repeated multiple times, with the host
operating
system continually collecting new entropy data and updating the entropy pool
of the host
operating system based on that new entropy data. This collection and updating
in acts 202
and 204 can continue independently of whether the guest operating system is
accessing or
using the guest operating system entropy pool.
[0038] The host operating system provides data from the entropy pool of the
host
operating system to the guest operating system (act 206). The data from the
entropy pool
can be provided to the guest operating system when the operating system is
booted and/or
at other times while the guest operating system is running as discussed above.
[0039] The guest operating system generates the entropy pool of the guest
operating
system based at least in part on the entropy pool of the host operating system
(act 208).
The data from the host operating system entropy pool provided by the host
operating
system in act 206 can be used as, or added to, the guest operating system
entropy pool.
[0040] The guest operating system accesses the entropy pool of the guest
operating
system (act 210), which is based at least in part on the entropy pool updated
by the host
operating system in act 204. The entropy pool can also optionally include data
obtained
by the guest operating system from other entropy sources.
[0041] The guest operating system uses the entropy pool of the guest operating
system
as a basis for random number generation (act 212). The guest operating system
can also
use the entropy pool of the guest operating system for other operations and/or
to obtain
values where entropy is desired other than random number generation.
[0042] It should be noted that acts 206 and 208 can be repeated multiple times
while
the guest operating system is running, allowing the entropy pool of the guest
operating
system to be repeatedly updated with new entropy data.
[0043] Returning to Fig. 1, situations can arise where a virtual machine can
be cloned.
Cloning of a virtual machine refers to duplicating the virtual machine,
including any
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applications running on the virtual machine as well as data describing the
current state of
the virtual machine (e.g., various settings of the guest operating system).
This duplicating
results in two identical copies of the virtual machine. Cloning can be
performed at various
times, such as when the virtual machine is dormant (not running) or when the
virtual
machine is running. Cloning can also be used to save a copy of the virtual
machine,
referred to as a snapshot, allowing computing device 100 to be rolled back to
those saved
settings. Cloning can be performed in response to requests from a user and/or
from other
components or modules in computing device 100.
[0044] Allowing virtual machines to be cloned, however, can present problems
with
entropy pool 136. Situations can arise where, after cloning, two virtual
machines have the
same entropy pool, which can result in reduced randomness or introduce
predictability of
random numbers due to re-use of the numbers generated by random number
generator
134. In one or more embodiments, a sequence counter is used to distinguish
different
virtual machines as discussed in more detail below.
[0045] Fig. 3 is a block diagram illustrating an example guest operating
system 300
implementing the entropy pools for virtual machines in accordance with one or
more
embodiments. Guest operating system 300 can be, for example, a guest operating
system
132 of Fig. 1. Guest operating system 300 runs as a virtual machine in a
virtualized
hardware system, analogous to guest operating system 132 of Fig. 1.
[0046] Guest operating system 300 includes a random number generator 302, an
entropy pool 304, a sequence counter 306, a sequence manager module 308, and a
value
tagging module 310. Random number generator 302 generates a random number
based on
entropy pool 304, analogous to random number generator 134 and entropy pool
136 of
Fig. 1.
[0047] Sequence counter 306 is a counter value that distinguishes the guest
operating
system 300 from other guest operating systems resulting from cloning in the
same family
tree branch as guest operating system 300 (e.g., which are children or other
descendants of
guest operating system 300, or parents or other ancestors of guest operating
system 300).
In one or more embodiments, sequence counter 306 has a numeric value, although
values
in other lists of known order can also be used.
[0048] When a guest operating system is cloned, the sequence counter 306 of
one of
the guest operating systems is incremented while the sequence counter 306 of
the other
guest operating system is kept unchanged. If one of the copies of the
operating system
keeps running after the cloning then that operating system is the operating
system having
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its sequence counter keep its value; otherwise, either operating system copy
can have its
sequence counter incremented. For example, if a snapshot of a running guest
operating
system were to be taken, then the running guest operating system keeps its
sequence
counter value while the saved snapshot copy has its sequence counter value
incremented
(e.g., by 1). By way of another example, if a clone of a dormant guest
operating system
were made, then one of the two copies of the guest operating system would have
its
sequence counter incremented (e.g., by 1) while the other keeps its sequence
counter
value.
[0049] Sequence counter 306 of one of the guest operating systems can be
incremented in a variety of different manners. In one or more embodiments, the
host
operating system or other component managing the cloning of the guest
operating system
increments the sequence counter 306 of one of the guest operating systems. In
other
embodiments, one of the guest operating system increments its own sequence
counter 306.
For example, the host operating system or other component managing the cloning
of the
guest operating system can set a flag or other indicator that the guest
operating system has
been cloned. This flag or other indicator can be detected by a copy of the
guest operating
system the next time it is booted, causing the guest operating system to
update its
sequence counter 306.
[0050] Sequence manager module 308 and value tagging module 310 use sequence
counter 306 to ensure that the randomness of values generated based on entropy
pool 304
is not compromised due to cloning. Value tagging module 310 obtains the
current value
of sequence counter 306 each time a value based on entropy pool 304 is
generated.
Examples of such generated values include random numbers generated by random
number
generator 302, cryptographic keys generated based on a random number, and so
forth.
Each time a value based on entropy pool 304 is generated, module 310 stores
with that
generated value the current value of sequence counter 306. Accordingly, stored
with each
generated value is an associated indication of the sequence counter value for
which it is
valid.
[0051] When a value generated based on entropy pool 304 is used, sequence
manager
module 308 retrieves the stored sequence counter value for that generated
value. The
stored sequence counter value is compared to the current value of sequence
counter 306.
If the stored sequence counter value is the same as the current value of
sequence counter
306, then the value generated based on entropy pool 304 can be used. However,
if the
stored sequence counter value is not the same as (e.g., is less than) the
current value of
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sequence counter 306, then the value generated based on entropy pool 304 is
not to be
used.
[0052] If the value generated based on entropy pool 304 is not to be used,
then a new
value is generated by guest operating system 300. Additionally, entropy pool
304 is
cleared and regenerated (e.g., based on the entropy pool of the host operating
system as
discussed above). It should be noted that entropy pool 304 can optionally be
cleared and
regenerated only once for guest operating system 300 for a particular sequence
counter
value. For example, if a first value generated based on entropy pool 304 is
attempted to be
used, but is not used because the stored sequence counter value is less than
the current
value of sequence counter 306, then the entropy pool 304 is cleared and
regenerated. If a
second value generated based on entropy pool 304 is attempted to be used but
is not used
because the stored sequence counter value is less than the current value of
sequence
counter 306, then entropy pool 304 need not be cleared and regenerated again
if the
current value of sequence counter 306 when the second value is attempted to be
used is the
same as the current value of sequence counter 306 when the first value is
attempted to be
used because entropy pool 304 has already been cleared and regenerated.
[0053] For example, assume that a random number has been generated by a guest
operating system in order to be used as an encryption key to provide a secure
communication channel. Further assume that the guest operating system has a
current
sequence counter value of 3 at the time the encryption key is generated. When
the
encryption key is generated, value tagging module 310 stores a record of the
sequence
counter value being 3 for the encryption key.
[0054] Continuing with this example, assume that a snapshot is then taken to
store a
copy of the guest operating system. The running guest operating system
maintains its
sequence counter value of 3, but the snapshot copy of the guest operating
system has its
sequence counter value incremented to 4. If the running guest operating system
were to
attempt to continue to use the encryption key to provide a secure
communication channel,
then the sequence counter value of the running guest operating system (which
is 3) is the
same as the sequence counter value recorded for the encryption key, so the
encryption key
can be used by the running guest operating system. However, if the snapshot
copy of the
guest operating system were to attempt to run and use the encryption key to
provide a
secure communication channel, then the sequence counter value recorded for the
encryption key (which is 3) is less than the sequence counter value of
snapshot copy of the
guest operating system being run (which is 4), so the encryption key would not
be used.
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[0055] It should be noted, however, that when the value generated based on
entropy
pool 304 is a key used for encryption and decryption, a record of the
generated value is
maintained even if the sequence counter value recorded for the encryption key
is less than
the sequence counter value of the snapshot copy of the guest operating system
being run.
By maintaining a record of the generated value, the generated value can still
be used to
decrypt data that was encrypted based on the generated value.
[0056] Fig. 4 is a flowchart illustrating an example process 400 for a guest
operating
system using sequence counters in accordance with one or more embodiments.
Process
400 is carried out by a guest operating system, such as guest operating system
300 of Fig.
3, and can be implemented in software, firmware, hardware, or combinations
thereof
Process 400 is shown as a set of acts and is not limited to the order shown
for performing
the operations of the various acts. Process 400 is an example process for a
guest operating
system using sequence counters; additional discussions of a guest operating
system using
sequence counters are included herein with reference to different figures.
[0057] In process 400, a value based on an entropy pool is generated (act
402). A
variety of different values can be generated in act 402, such as a random
number, a
cryptographic key, and so forth as discussed above.
[0058] A current sequence counter value of the guest operating system
implementing
process 400 is obtained (act 404), and a record of the generated value and the
current
sequence counter value is stored (act 406).
[0059] A request to use the generated value is subsequently received (act
408). The
request can be received from a component or module of the guest operating
system
implementing process 400, from another component or module, from a user, etc.
In
response to the request, the sequence counter value stored with the generated
value is
obtained (act 410). The current sequence counter value of the guest operating
system
implementing process 400 is also obtained (act 412).
[0060] The guest operating system then checks whether the current sequence
counter
value obtained in act 412 is the same as the stored sequence counter value
obtained in act
410 (act 414). If the two values are the same, then the generated value can be
used (act
416).
[0061] However, if the two values are not the same, then the entropy pool of
the guest
operating system is cleared and regenerated (act 418). The requested value is
regenerated
(act 420), and the regenerated value can be used (act 422).
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[0062] Fig. 5 illustrates an example computing device 500 that can be
configured to
implement the entropy pools for virtual machines in accordance with one or
more
embodiments. Computing device 500 can be, for example, computing device 100 of
Fig.
1.
[0063] Computing device 500 includes one or more processors or processing
units
502, one or more computer readable media 504 which can include one or more
memory
and/or storage components 506, one or more input/output (I/O) devices 508, and
a bus 510
that allows the various components and devices to communicate with one
another.
Computer readable media 504 and/or one or more 1/0 devices 508 can be included
as part
of, or alternatively may be coupled to, computing device 500. Bus 510
represents one or
more of several types of bus structures, including a memory bus or memory
controller, a
peripheral bus, an accelerated graphics port, a processor or local bus, and so
forth using a
variety of different bus architectures. Bus 510 can include wired and/or
wireless buses.
[0064] Memory/storage component 506 represents one or more computer storage
media. Component 506 can include volatile media (such as random access memory
(RAM)) and/or nonvolatile media (such as read only memory (ROM), Flash memory,
optical disks, magnetic disks, and so forth). Component 506 can include fixed
media (e.g.,
RAM, ROM, a fixed hard drive, etc.) as well as removable media (e.g., a Flash
memory
drive, a removable hard drive, an optical disk, and so forth).
[0065] The techniques discussed herein can be implemented in software, with
instructions being executed by one or more processing units 502. It is to be
appreciated
that different instructions can be stored in different components of computing
device 500,
such as in a processing unit 502, in various cache memories of a processing
unit 502, in
other cache memories of device 500 (not shown), on other computer readable
media, and
so forth. Additionally, it is to be appreciated that the location where
instructions are stored
in computing device 500 can change over time.
[0066] One or more input/output devices 508 allow a user to enter commands and
information to computing device 500, and also allows information to be
presented to the
user and/or other components or devices. Examples of input devices include a
keyboard, a
cursor control device (e.g., a mouse), a microphone, a scanner, and so forth.
Examples of
output devices include a display device (e.g., a monitor or projector),
speakers, a printer, a
network card, and so forth.
[0067] Various techniques may be described herein in the general context of
software
or program modules. Generally, software includes routines, programs, objects,
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components, data structures, and so forth that perform particular tasks or
implement
particular abstract data types. An implementation of these modules and
techniques may be
stored on or transmitted across some form of computer readable media. Computer
readable media can be any available medium or media that can be accessed by a
computing device. By way of example, and not limitation, computer readable
media may
comprise "computer storage media" and "communications media."
[0068] "Computer storage media" include volatile and non-volatile, removable
and
non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of
information such as computer readable instructions, data structures, program
modules, or
other data. Computer storage media include, but are not limited to, RAM, ROM,
EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile
disks
(DVD) or other optical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic
disk storage
or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to
store the
desired information and which can be accessed by a computer.
[0069] "Communication media" typically embody computer readable instructions,
data
structures, program modules, or other data in a modulated data signal, such as
carrier wave
or other transport mechanism. Communication media also include any information
delivery media. The term "modulated data signal" means a signal that has one
or more of
its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information
in the signal.
By way of example, and not limitation, communication media include wired media
such as
a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media such as
acoustic, RF,
infrared, and other wireless media. Combinations of any of the above are also
included
within the scope of computer readable media.
[0070] Generally, any of the functions or techniques described herein can be
implemented using software, firmware, hardware (e.g., fixed logic circuitry),
manual
processing, or a combination of these implementations. The terms "module" and
"component" as used herein generally represent software, firmware, hardware,
or
combinations thereof. In the case of a software implementation, the module or
component
represents program code that performs specified tasks when executed on a
processor (e.g.,
CPU or CPUs). The program code can be stored in one or more computer readable
memory devices, further description of which may be found with reference to
Fig. 5. The
features of the entropy pools for virtual machines techniques described herein
are
platform-independent, meaning that the techniques can be implemented on a
variety of
commercial computing platforms having a variety of processors.
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[0071] Although the subject matter has been described in language specific to
structural features and/or methodological acts, it is to be understood that
the subject matter
defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific
features or acts
described above. Rather, the specific features and acts described above are
disclosed as
example forms of implementing the claims.
