Note : Les descriptions sont présentées dans la langue officielle dans laquelle elles ont été soumises.
CA 02776977 2012-04-05
09XK 0161USP
Krecke - Monaco -
LOW-ENERGY BUILDING, ESPECIALLY SELF-SUFFICIENT ZERO-ENERGY
HOUSE
Specification
Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a low energy house, in particular a
self-sufficient zero-energy house which can be configured to
be completely independent of any external energy supply.
Low- or zero-energy houses, in particular with fluid channels
in the walls of the building are known, for example from
German Patent Application DE 2980495 Al and from DE
102005034970.
The system developed by the inventor, graduated engineer and
physicist Edmond D. Krecke, includes inter alia pipe-in-pipe
conduits which are routed through an underground heat storage
and a cold storage. Using a multi-directional valve the
direction of air flow can be reversed to allow to charge the
underground heat storage in summer, and to discharge it in
winter and use the energy for room heating.
Furthermore, the system developed by graduated engineer and
physicist Edmond D. Krecke comprises core zones in the outer
walls through which fluid conduits extend. By means of these
core zones, temperatures below room temperature can be used
to maintain a building at a desired target temperature. A
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special advantage of this air-conditioning system is the fact
that it guarantees a uniform temperature in summer as well as
in winter.
Object of the invention
With respect to the approaches described above, it is an
object of the invention to further simplify provision of a
low-energy building, in particular a zero-energy building.
Moreover, according to another aspect of the invention the
use of the heat, cold and temperature barrier developed by
graduated engineer and physicist Edmond D. Krecke shall be
facilitated in densely built-up areas.
Summary of the Invention
The invention, on the one hand, relates to a building with a
ventilation system which has at least one conduit which
includes a first pipe arranged in a second pipe so that
supply and exhaust air are guidable through the conduit in
counterflow. The invention thus relates to the pipe-in-pipe
system already developed by the inventor in which heat and/or
cold is extracted from the exhaust air.
According to the invention, the conduit is disposed in a
first zone beneath the building and in a second zone in the
ground adjacent to the building, preferably without being
guided via a directional valve.
The inventor has found that by suitably dimensioning the
pipe-in-pipe system, a reversal of the air flow for
summer/winter operation can be dispensed with, depending on
the climate zone.
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Preferably, 30 to 60% of the length of the conduit are
arranged in each of the first and second zones.
In cold zones, it has been found advantageous to arrange the
larger part of the length, in particular about 60% of the
length of the conduit, beneath the building, whereas in warm
zones the distribution is vice versa.
In this way, a zone of lower temperature, for example from 9
to 16 C, can be formed adjacent to the building, and a zone
with higher temperature, for example from 17 to 22 C, can be
formed beneath the building.
Generally, in summer energy can be transferred from the
supply air to the ground. In winter, by contrast, the supply
air may be preheated by energy absorption from the ground.
Through geothermal energy, the energy gain may be multiplied.
Because of its high efficiency, the system does not require
large exhausters.
In a refinement of the invention, the building comprises
walls having a core zone which is formed as a temperature
barrier through which fluid conduits extend which allow a
heat exchange with the first and/or second zones.
Preferably, water carrying PP pipes are laid in the walls,
whereby the temperature inside the wall can be raised in the
cold season with respect to the outside temperature.
So already low temperatures of 20 C and optionally less can
be used to keep the building at room temperature, even in
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winter. A heat pump or heating with fossil fuels is not
necessary, rather the low temperature of the underground heat
storage in the region of the first and/or second zones alone
is sufficient.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, a solar absorber
is provided, for example formed as solar absorber pipes that
are arranged under the roof skin, through which the first or
second zone can be heated.
By means of the solar absorber especially the first zone
arranged beneath the house can are brought to temperatures
which exceed normal air temperatures in summer.
In a refinement of the invention, the solar absorber
comprises fluid conduits which are filled with an antifreeze
containing liquid. Via a heat exchanger, the solar absorber
is coupled with further fluid conduits which extend through
the core zone within the walls of the building and through
the underground heat storage. So an antifreeze containing
liquid has to be used only for the relatively small circuit
of the solar absorber, whereas in the zones of the
underground heat storage and in the walls which never reach a
temperature below 0 C, the use of an antifreeze can be
dispensed with. Rather, pure water is sufficient.
Preferably a pipe-in-pipe heat exchanger is used as a heat
exchanger. In particular, with a pipe-in-pipe stainless steel
heat exchanger high performances can be achieved in a very
simple way. To increase storage capacity, a heat storage may
be provided beneath the building and a cooling storage may be
provided outside the building. Furthermore, it is suggested
to couple at least one low-temperature latent heat storage,
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for example with sodium hydrogen phosphate as a storage
medium, into the system.
In a refinement of the invention, the direction of air flow
is reversible through a ventilator/exhauster. In summer, when
temperatures are above room temperature, the fresh air can
initially flow through the zone beneath the building and
already deliver energy for storage while being cooled down a
bit. Then, the fresh air flows through the second zone next
to the building and is directed into the building at a
temperature below room temperature. By counterflow principle,
the exhaust air is first passed through the second zone in
the ground and then through the first zone beneath the
building.
In a refinement of the invention, the building comprises
fluid conduits for supplying fresh air, wherein at least
sections of these fluid conduits for supplying fresh air
extend through an underground heat storage (cooling or warm
storage).
Preferably, the building is equipped such that it has fluid
conduits which extend through a core zone of the walls, as a
temperature barrier, and which are filled with a liquid.
In summer, the underground heat storage can be heated through
these fluid conduits. In winter, this heat can be used to
bring the building to a sufficient temperature.
It has been found that, depending on the climate zone, for
example sudden airing may lower the interior temperature of
the building such that it is uncomfortably cold for a period
of several hours. This problem can be resolved according to
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the invention by supplying the fresh air via fluid conduits
which has sections that extend through the storages.
Especially stainless steel conduits are used, via which the
fresh air required for the building is sucked in. While in
winter the air introduced into the building can be heated in
this way, in summer the underground heat storage can be used
for pre-cooling the air that is introduced into the building.
It is conceivable here that in summer and winter operation
the air is passed though different zones of the two storages,
i.e. warm and cold storage.
The invention further relates to a building, wherein walls
and/or roof are provided with a core zone formed as a
temperature barrier. Fluid conduits which are preferably
filled with a liquid, extend through the core zone. According
to the invention the fluid conduits may be connected to a
heat pump, for extreme conditions.
Such a heat pump mainly serves in times of extreme cold for
rapidly heating the building, for example, when the residents
return after a vacation period during which the interior
temperature of the building had been reduced. The heat pump
ensures that the building can be brought to a desired
interior temperature in a very short time. Preferably, the
fluid conduits are also connected to an underground heat
storage (warm and/or cold storage). This ensures that even at
very low external temperatures the heat pump can be supplied
with a fluid of sufficient temperature so that it operates
with good efficiency.
The invention further relates to a building, in particular a
building as described above, which has walls or a roof that
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include a core zone which is formed as a temperature barrier
through which fluid conduits extend.
According to the invention, individual segments of the fluid
conduits are associated to individual rooms of the building.
That means, the invention suggests to lay a plurality of
separate fluid circuits each of which is associated to a
single room. In this way, by using room thermostats, it is
possible to bring the individual rooms to different
temperatures, independently from each other. It is quite
conceivable here that within an underground heat storage
(warm or cold storage) the fluid conduits of the individual
rooms overlap, so that the underground heat storage has a
substantially uniform temperature. Separate regulations for
each room allow to independently call up energy in each room.
In contrast to e.g. an internal distribution within the
building by means of control valves, a segment-wise provision
of individual circuits allows for a much simpler design. For
example, it suffice to open or close the individual fluid
circuits.
Furthermore, the invention relates to a building comprising a
pipe-in-pipe counterflow system wherein the conduit extends
through a heat storage, in particular an underground heat
storage. An underground heat storage, in the simplest case,
is understood as a pipe-in-pipe system which is laid in the
ground, so that a temperature exchange takes place between
the air carried in the pipe-in-pipe system and the ground.
According to the invention, the system comprises a first
compressor for conveying air into the building, and a second
compressor for conveying air out of the building. The
compressors are preferably configured as fans/exhausters.
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The inventor has found that by combining adjustable air
extraction and adjustable air supply, the system can be used
for extracting moisture and bad odors as well as smoke. For
example, in normal operation extraction of air may be
performed with about 40% (volume/time), and supply of air
with 60%. So a slight overpressure prevails in the building.
If now the air inside the building is deteriorated, for
example by smoking people, a cooking place, etc., the system
can be readjusted so that it extracts with 80% and feeds with
only 20%. Due to the previously existing overpressure, inter
alia, a very rapid exchange of the air inside the building
takes place.
In a refinement of the invention, the building comprises an
alarm system including an air pressure sensor. Thus, for
example, the empty building can be set under positive or
negative pressure. As soon as a door or window is opened by a
housebreaker, the air pressure drops immediately and an alarm
signal can be triggered.
The air pressure sensor is preferably connected to a control
unit which at the same time forms part of an air-conditioning
system. So an air-conditioning system can be provided with an
additional alarm function in a particularly simple way. In
fact, the only means necessary is a sensor for measuring the
air pressure, which sensor may however be used at the same
time for controlling the air-conditioning system, and small
additional electronics.
Furthermore, the invention relates to a building which is
connected to an underground heat storage which comprises
fluid conduits arranged in the ground. According to the
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invention, substances for improving heat transfer are added
to the ground adjoining the fluid conduits.
By this invention, the efficiency of an underground heat
storage can be improved significantly.
For example, hydrophilic chemicals or water-retaining
substances may be used. Additionally or alternatively, metal
chips or salts may be used.
The invention furthermore relates to a building comprising a
pipe-in-pipe system which includes a section for water
condensation arranged in the conduit.
Preferably, this section for water condensation is provided
as a cross-sectional enlargement.
For example, the moist exhaust air flows through the pipe-in-
pipe system and is thereby cooled.
In a region of enlarged cross-section the flow rate is
lowered and thus condensation is improved. Preferably,
cooling fins or cooling plates are additionally arranged in
this section.
The water condensate may, for example, be used to supply
water to the building. For this purpose, preferably, the
section for water condensation is connected, through a
conduit, to the water supply system of the building. In
particular, the condensate is especially useful for the
operation of washing machines and dishwashers, since the
condensate usually includes minerals, in particular lime, in
only small amounts, if any.
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The conduit is preferably made of stainless steel. Stainless
steel can especially be processed as a coiled pipe. Moreover,
when using stainless steel no aluminum ions are emitted into
the water.
The invention furthermore relates to a heat storage for a
building which comprises a substantially cylindrical concrete
body, wherein at least two telescoped pipes are arranged in
the concrete body.
The inventor has found that highly efficient underground heat
storages can be realized even in densely built-up areas, in a
small space.
To this end, a vertical bore may be placed into the ground.
The outer pipe is introduced into the bore, and the adjacent
space is filled with concrete. Then the inner pipe is
inserted. The inner pipe is not placed on the bottom of the
concrete body so that, for example, air from the inner pipe
can flow downwards into the body and can then outflow between
the inner pipe and the outer pipe.
The bores can be placed up to great depths, for example up to
a depth of more than 50 m. In this case, an additional
geothermal effect can be used.
In summer time, warm air is directed through the heat storage
into the building. The air thereby cools off to about 16 to
18 C and ensures that the building does not overheat.
In winter, cold air can be directed through this storage,
even at temperatures well below 0 C, and can thereby warm up
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to a temperature between 16 and 18 C.
The residual heat that might be necessary to heat the
building can be obtained by a heat pump, depending on the
climate zone. Furthermore, the building may comprise a solar
collector to cover the additional heat demand of the
building.
For supply of electricity, the building preferably comprises
a photovoltaic system. Additionally, a hydrogen battery can
be used to power the building.
Moreover, the building may comprise a waste water treatment
system which separates thin and viscous/solid components of
the waste water to provide them to separate further
utilization. The viscous/solid component of a toilet facility
is used in pellet form as a fertilizer. Thin liquid
components may be fed directly to the roots of the plants in
the ground, via a drainage. Preferably the supply of the thin
liquid components is effected through the ground, without
exposure to the surface.
The invention moreover relates to an improved directional
valve for the supply and exhaust air of a building, which
valve comprises a first and a second level with a deflection
shutter arranged both in the first level as well as in the
second level and being actuable by a single mechanism.
By means of such a deflection shutter with two levels, the
flow of supply air and exhaust air can be reversed
simultaneously to direct, for example at low temperatures,
the inlet air first through a cold zone of the underground
heat storage and then through a warm zone and then into the
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building, while the exhaust air, in counterflow principle,
takes the opposite direction.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the directional
valve is switchable by means of a thermostat. In many cases a
sophisticated control system can be dispensed with, even
purely mechanical solutions are often sufficient.
The invention further relates to a directional valve for the
supply and exhaust air of a building, which comprises an
inner plastic tube arranged in an outer plastic tube, wherein
the inner and outer tubes each have at least three ports for
supply and exhaust air, and wherein a deflection shutter is
arranged in the inner pipe.
The inventor has found that very inexpensive and well-
functioning directional valves can be provided using tubular
injection molded parts, such as of polyethylene, which can be
used in the context of the invention for regulating the
supply and exhaust air of the building.
The invention moreover relates to a building which comprises
a pipe-in-pipe system for the supply and exhaust air which
operates according to the counterflow principle, wherein at
least sections of the pipe-in-pipe conduit extend through an
underground heat storage having a warm and a cold zone.
The air flow directions in the warm and cold zones are
reversible by means of a directional valve.
According to the invention the building comprises a second
directional valve by which air from the warm zone, air from
the cold zone and/or supply air can be mixed.
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So, for example in summer cool night air can be added to the
circulation, since otherwise in high summer the temperatures
in the warm zone of the underground heat storage and in the
cold zone would be so high that the building can no longer be
cooled sufficiently by the air-conditioning system without
having recourse to air-conditioners.
The invention furthermore relates to a building which
comprises a pipe-in-pipe system for the supply and exhaust
air which operates according to the counterflow principle,
and wherein an aerosol can be admixed to the supply air.
In particular, it is suggested to add a flavoring agent, a
coolant, or a disinfectant. In this manner, for example, the
inlet air can be cooled further at very high temperatures. In
times of risks of epidemics, especially during influenza
epidemics, a disinfectant may be added to the inlet air.
Especially preferred, the inlet air can be disinfected using
UV light. In particular, it is suggested to provide a system
for cleaning the air, in which first an oxidatively acting
aerosol is sprayed and then a UV treatment is performed. In
this way radicals are produced that have a particular
effective germicidal effect, while avoiding to have the
aerosol added in an unhealthy amount.
Thus, a self-sufficient zero-energy building can be provided.
The invention also relates to a building which comprises a
temperature, heat, and/or cold barrier, especially for or in
means for air-conditioning buildings, and to buildings and
building parts equipped with such barriers.
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When constructing modern buildings, in particular
commercially or industrially used buildings, more and more
glass facades or glass fronts are used, which are
architecturally attractive and interesting from a design
point of view and can give the residents or users a pleasant
sense of space.
These advantages, however, usually go hand in hand with
disadvantages such as a temperature increase in the
associated interior spaces caused by the penetrating
radiation, and possible energy losses when heating the
buildings, due to an increased heat loss through the
transparent surfaces or building fronts.
While there exist laminated glass panes having two or more
successively arranged glass plates which are intended to
mitigate these disadvantages, such panes, however, only
reduce the input and output of energy, but cannot use the
absorbed energy.
Also, blackout facilities are known, such as roller shutters,
venetian blinds, and awnings which are intended to prevent an
increased energy input, however, especially in case of large
window, door, or wall surfaces, the absorbed energy is not
provided for another positive utilization.
Another object of the invention is to provide a temperature,
heat, and/or cold barrier which is easily retrofitted in
existing buildings, especially at building facades.
The invention comprises a temperature, heat, and/or cold
barrier, in particular a temperature or heat barrier which
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comprises an at least partially transparent pane or sheet,
and a preferably at least partially transparent substantially
planar fluid guide, with a carrier medium for thermal energy,
in particular a heat carrier medium, arranged between the
pane and the fluid guide, which is suitable to absorb
radiation, in particular thermal radiation, and wherein the
carrier medium for thermal energy is moveable relative to the
pane and the fluid guide, by convection and/or externally.
A planar fluid guide in the context of the invention is to be
understood as a means which enables to form an interspace
behind the pane in order to guide a fluid through that
interspace. Thus, the fluid guide is arranged at the inner
side of and typically in parallel to the pane, so that the
interspace is provided between the pane and the fluid guide.
The temperature, heat, and/or cold barrier is especially
intended for tempering buildings as well as for energy
exploitation. When used as a heat barrier, the interspace is
brought to a temperature which is at least higher than the
outdoor temperature. A supply of cold, in the sense of the
invention, is understood as a removal of heat. In this way, a
building can be air-conditioned according to the invention,
i.e. heat is discharged, or cold is supplied.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the planar fluid
guide is a pane, preferably a transparent pane.
Alternatively, one or more curtains can be used as planar
fluid guide, in particular transparent or translucent
curtains. Such curtains are usually part of the interior
design, anyway. Moreover, a curtain can easily be retrofitted
in existing buildings. Also, cleaning of the outer pane is
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made possible by simply pulling back the curtain or curtains.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, at least a
portion of the planar fluid guide is formed to be
substantially transparent. Thus, the temperature, heat,
and/or cold barrier can be used as a window.
In a refinement of the invention, at least a portion of the
planar fluid guide is substantially configured to reflect
light and/or thermal radiation. According to the invention,
there are provided fluid guides that reflect in a partial
range of the spectrum, such as in the infrared range, as well
as fluid guides which are not transparent and also reflect a
large proportion of the visible light to the outside.
In a refinement of the invention, at least one further planar
fluid guide is provided.
Preferably, the at least one further planar fluid guide
is removable from the pane and/or at least partially movable
away therefrom. Thus, different fluid guides can be used
alternatively. In summer, a fluid guide may be used which
predominantly reflects visible light and so reduces heating
of the room. In winter, by contrast, a substantially
transparent fluid guide may be used to allow plenty of light
into the room and to increase direct energy input into the
room.
In particular, a curtain which has an outside reflection
layer is provided as a reflecting planar fluid guide.
When configured as a curtain, the fluid guides may be mounted
to a building wall or the ceiling by means of a guidance so
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that they are movably suspended.
According to the invention, support members such as Halfen
rails may be concreted into the ceiling for mounting facade
elements, such as glass facades.
The window pane preferably made of glass, preferably has a
thickness from 1 to 20 mm, more preferably from 5 to 13 mm,
and most preferably from 8 to 9 mm.
To increase security, the pane can be made of safety glass.
According to the invention, due to the temperature, heat,
and/or cold barrier a window pane of single pane glass is
already sufficient. Expensive double-glazing can therefore be
dispensed with. When retrofitting appropriate temperature
barriers, the old windows may remain installed. Particularly
in buildings subject to a preservation order there is hardly
any need to intervene in the visible building substance.
The at least one planar fluid guide is spaced from the pane
by 2 to 50 cm, preferably by 3 to 25 cm, more preferably by 5
to 15 cm. The space can be varied depending on the
application. In case air is used as a carrier medium for
thermal energy, a space of about 10 cm has been found to be
particularly suitable.
Furthermore, the invention comprises means for absorbing
and/or releasing energy, in particular radiation or thermal
energy, in particular at or in buildings, and an air-
conditioning system which includes such a temperature, heat,
and/or cold barrier, and a building equipped with any of the
means mentioned above.
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Advantageously, the carrier medium for thermal energy
comprises a fluid, since the latter is provided circulating
in a fluid circuit and can be optimized in its heat
absorption and heat emission capabilities by use of
appropriate components that will be described in more detail
below.
In many cases it is very advantageous if the carrier medium
for thermal energy is in gaseous form, in particular when
using air as a heat carrier medium, since in this case it is
possible to provide not completely closed circuits which may
to a certain degree be in communication with the room air.
Given an appropriate layout of the partially open circuit,
this allows to supply air in defined manner and/or to
beneficially adjust the indoor climate by influencing the
moisture content of the air.
For such partially open circuits, transparent or non-
transparent blinds can be used advantageously. Preferably,
the second pane is a blind, in particular it may comprise a
metallic blind.
Further, in order to increase absorption the carrier medium
for thermal energy may advantageously contain C02r nitrogen,
and/or an infrared absorbing (IR absorbing) gas, which may
preferably be carried in a closed fluid circuit.
In closed fluid circuits, it may further be advantageous when
the fluid comprises water in liquid form, in form of
droplets, or as water vapor.
To improve absorption or for specifically adjusting the
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color, the carrier medium for thermal energy may comprise at
least one IR absorbing dye and/or other dyes effective in the
visible spectrum, in dissolved or particulate form.
Furthermore, it is very advantageous in terms of heat
absorption from radiation or from ambient heat if the carrier
medium for thermal energy exhibits a phase transition which
takes place at a defined first temperature and is suitable to
absorb heat, and if the phase transition involves the
absorption of evaporation heat.
In another embodiment according to the invention, the carrier
medium for thermal energy is supplied in liquid form to
nozzles which are arranged in front of or near the first
and/or second pane, and is atomized by these nozzles, and,
upon transition to the gaseous state, especially at a lower
pressure than in its liquid state, absorbs heat to a greater
extent. This embodiment is used in summer time.
The gaseous carrier medium for thermal energy may then be fed
to a heat storage whereat or wherein it may condense and emit
heat, preferably at elevated pressure.
To this end, the carrier medium for thermal energy may
include Freon and/or a CFC-free refrigerant or may form a
mixture therewith, and may be moved externally using a fluid
pump, in particular by applying a positive and/or negative
pressure.
In a refinement of the invention, at least one pipe with
openings, in particular a slotted pipe, is arranged between
the pane and the planar fluid guide, for discharging the
fluid. Such a pipe allows to selectively adjust the fluid
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flow.
Preferably, the pipe for discharging the fluid is
substantially arranged in the upper region of the
temperature, heat, and/or cold barrier, whereas a
corresponding pipe for supplying fluid is substantially
arranged in the lower region of the temperature, heat, and/or
cold barrier. In this way a uniform fluid flow from the
bottom to the top may be adjusted.
To this end, the pipe preferably extends substantially over
the entire width of the temperature or heat barrier.
Moreover, the first and/or second panes advantageously have
at least one coating.
In case the second pane is coated with at least one layer
which enhances IR reflectance, absorption may be further
increased by the reflected radiation component.
This is also successful when the second pane comprises at
least one IR absorbing dye, since the pane is in direct
contact with the carrier medium for thermal energy and may
release heat or cold thereto.
In the sense of the present invention, the term 'IR
absorbing' or 'infrared absorbing' comprises everything which
at wavelengths longer than 600 nm exhibits a higher
absorption than in the visible spectral range.
From an architectural point of view, it may be advantageous
if the second pane comprises at least one milk glass
comprising area and/or an opaque area, for example for design
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reasons, or in medical and sanitary facilities for protection
of privacy.
If the second pane is photochromic or comprises a
photochromic substance, not only can the absorption capacity
be increased by the color scheme, but self-regulating systems
can be provided which in case of excessive brightness hold
the latter in a desired range, which for example in
commercial environments brings vast advantageous for screen
workstations.
For implementing the invention, the first, second, and/or
third panes or sheets may comprise glass or plastics. It is
very advantageous, in particular for cleaning, repair, or
maintenance, if the first and/or second pane, a curtain, or a
portion of the first and/or second pane is arranged to be
movable or removable.
In a refinement of the invention, the planar fluid guide is
designed as a curtain, which is movable around at least one
roller. Thus, the curtain is easily opened or closed,
especially by electrical actuation. The roller for guiding
and/or moving the curtain is preferably disposed outside the
pane area in the upper and/or lower region of the
temperature, heat, and/or cold barrier.
In a refinement of the invention, solar cells are provided,
particularly printed, on the pane and/or the planar fluid
guide, at least in portions thereof. In particular,
substantially transparent solar cells are provided, which are
preferably formed of amorphous silicon. So panes having a
layer of amorphous silicon can be used, which layer provides
for a tint of the panes and at the same time is used as a
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solar cell to produce electricity. Alternatively or in
combination, solar cells can be arranged on a non-transparent
fluid guide.
Preferably, the solar cells are connected via substantially
transparent electrical conductors.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the planar fluid
guide is movable and is guided and/or maintained
substantially fluid-tight by magnets that are substantially
arranged at the edges thereof. This prevents the fluid from
flowing into the room in large quantities. At the same time,
the planar fluid guide may be mounted by means of a magnet
holder.
In an alternative according to the invention, the planar
fluid guides are attachable on at least one clamping strip.
According to the invention, the carrier medium for thermal
energy is preferably directed through another temperature,
heat, and/or cold barrier, or through a collector system, in
particular in the wall or roof of a building, and can deliver
heat it has collected there.
In another embodiment of the invention, the temperature,
heat, and/or cold barrier may be a part of a transparent
building roof or a part of an interior wall of a building.
In yet another embodiment of the invention, the temperature,
heat, and/or cold barrier may be a part of a window or a door
which is connected to the fluid circuit via flexible supply
and discharge pipes and thus can contribute to both cooling
in summer and heating in winter. This allows to avoid cold
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bridges in winter and "thermal bridges" in summer.
Especially in the winter or with colder outdoor temperatures,
a carrier medium for thermal energy brought to an elevated
temperature relative to an inner room may be passed through
the temperature, heat, and/or cold barrier, and used for
climate control.
Provided that the heat carrier medium supply and discharge
pipes to and/or from the temperature, heat, and/or cold
barrier are laid in a building floor, especially in the
screed, these pipes may also be used for room climate
control, especially for floor and wall air-conditioning.
Particularly preferred, the flow rate can be separately
controlled and/or regulated by means of bypass lines running
past the temperature, heat, and/or cold barrier and past the
supply and discharge pipes laid in the floor or screed, and
by associated valves, which permits selective partial cooling
as well as air-conditioning.
Laying supply and discharge pipes in a screed advantageously
allows for retrofitting existing buildings with the
temperature and heat barriers according to the invention.
Advantageously, such an air-conditioning system further
comprises a heat storage, in particular an underground
storage, and a fluid circulation system such as those
described in the air-conditioning system or energy system for
buildings in WO 97/10474, which is fully incorporated herein
by reference and is made subject matter of the present
disclosure and the present invention.
Also, the temperature, heat, and/or cold barrier may be
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arranged in front of the building facade of an existing
building, as a climate barrier which improves the energy
balance of the building in case of air-conditioning and
enables to consumption-optimize ventilation thereof.
For this purpose, in one embodiment of the invention the
temperature, heat, and/or cold barrier may advantageously be
arranged in front of the entire surface of both window and
wall sections in front of the building.
An alternative embodiment of the invention relates to a
temperature, heat, and/or cold barrier with at least one
partially transparent pane, wherein a carrier medium for
thermal energy can be passed along an inner and/or outer
surface of the pane, preferably the inner side of the pane.
The carrier medium for thermal energy is movable relative to
the pane, by convection or externally.
According to this embodiment, no second fluid guide is
provided, rather the carrier medium for thermal energy is
guided along the window as a curtain which forms a
temperature barrier.
With this embodiment of the invention, especially older
buildings can easily be retrofitted without great effort and
without excessive intervention in the building substance.
Preferably, means for removing and/or feeding the carrier
medium for thermal energy are arranged in the lower region or
below the pane, and in the upper region or above the pane.
Thus, the carrier medium for thermal energy may be guided
along the pane from bottom to top or from top to bottom.
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In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the temperature,
heat, and/or cold barrier is designed such that in summer
cold air is passed along the pane from top to bottom, and in
winter warm air is passed from bottom to top.
In this way the building can be air-conditioned. To this end,
preferably at least one heat storage is provided which is fed
at warm temperatures. At cold outdoor temperatures the air-
conditioning system can be switched. Heat energy is then
extracted from the storage, and warm air is passed upwards
along the pane.
In a particular embodiment of the invention, at least two
storages having different temperature ranges are provided for
temperature control.
The carrier medium for thermal energy is preferably supplied
and discharged through pipes that have at least one opening.
The pipes may have almost any shape. Preferably, the pipes
are slotted to allow the carrier medium for thermal energy to
flow in and out.
These slots preferably extend in the flow direction and may,
additionally, include flow conditioning extensions.
This allows for an essentially laminar flow of the carrier
medium for thermal energy. In this way a fluid curtain is
formed, and a deranging draught caused by fluid that flows
into the room as a result of turbulences is reduced.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the pane is part
of a window, which can be opened. Especially in summer a
cooling fluid curtain may be provided, even with the window
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open.
The invention also relates to a building, which comprises at
least one heat storage, in particular an underground heat
storage. The heat storage can store heat collected through
temperature, heat, and/or cold barriers. Especially in areas
with high average temperatures it is conceivable to cool down
the heat storage at night, and to cool the building during
the day, by means of the temperature, heat and/or cold
barrier.
In a refinement of the invention two heat storages are
provided for this purpose, which are maintained at different
temperature levels. In this case, one heat storage serves for
cooling and the other for heating.
Preferably, the building additionally comprises solar
absorber pipes and/or heat exchangers which, in one
particular embodiment of the invention, are fed at least
partially through the temperature, heat, and/or cold barrier.
Furthermore, the invention comprises a roof window which
comprises a temperature, heat, and/or cold barrier according
to the invention, and a modular roof. Such a roof can easily
be retrofitted, in particular during renovation works.
The invention also relates to a maneuvering area, in
particular a maneuvering area which is adapted as a take-off
or landing strip for aircrafts. According to the invention,
fluid conduits are provided beneath the maneuvering area
which are connected to an underground heat storage preferably
provided beneath the maneuvering area.
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The inventor has found that the aspects described above which
relate to tempering of buildings are also suitable to hold a
maneuvering area free of ice in winter. So, in summer heat
may be supplied to an underground heat storage via the fluid
conduits provided beneath the maneuvering area. In winter,
this energy is derived to heat the maneuvering area, and in
most climate zones the extremely laborious task of keeping
the maneuvering area free of ice using clearing vehicles, and
the application of environmentally harmful de-icing agents
can be dispensed with. By contrast, the establishing costs
for the system according to the invention are relatively
small, at least when building a new airport.
In a refinement of the invention, the fluid conduits are
coupled to an adjacent building, especially an airport
building. In particular, an airport building is provided
which comprises walls that are provided with a core zone
which comprises fluid conduits. So in summer time energy may
be taken away from the building, thereby generally
eliminating the need to air-condition the building by use of
refrigeration compressors. The energy accumulated in summer
can be used in winter to keep the maneuvering area free of
ice.
Accordingly, the invention is also applicable for sports
fields, recreational facilities, city parks, streets, and
bridges. In colder climate zones, areas of arable land and
greenhouses may likewise be air-conditioned according to the
invention in a very economical way.
At high outdoor temperatures, the asphalt of a maneuvering
area, a road, or a walkway is cooled through the fluid
conduits and the discharge of heat, and thus the wear
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resulting from high temperatures, especially by heavy
vehicles, is avoided.
The invention will now be described in more detail with
reference to preferred embodiments thereof and with reference
to the accompanying drawings.
In the drawings:
Fig. 1 schematically shows a pipe-in-pipe system arranged
underneath and adjacent the building;
Fig. la schematically shows one embodiment of a low-energy
building;
Figs. lb and 1c schematically show a maneuvering area and an
airport with a maneuvering area which are equipped
with fluid conduits and an underground heat
storage;
Fig. 2 schematically shows a pipe-in-pipe system with an
section for water condensation;
Fig. 3 schematically shows a heat storage which copes with
limited space;
Figs. 4a to 4h schematically illustrate various exemplary
embodiments of directional valves;
Figs. 5a to 5d schematically show one embodiment of the
invention in which the warm zone of an underground
heat storage is controlled via a directional valve;
Fig. 6 shows a wall including two temperature barriers, or
a temperature barrier and a solar absorber;
Fig. 7 shows a roofing including two temperature barriers,
or a temperature barrier and a solar absorber;
Fig. 11 is a cross-sectional view of a detail of a building
in which a first embodiment of the invention has
been realized wherein the temperature, heat, and/or
cold barrier is part of an outer wall of the
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building;
Fig. 12 is a cross-sectional view of a detail of a building
in which a second embodiment of the invention has
been realized, wherein the temperature, heat,
and/or cold barrier is part of an outer wall of the
building, and wherein the second pane has a
coating;
Fig. 13 is a cross-sectional view of a detail of a building
in which a third embodiment of the invention has
been realized, wherein the temperature, heat,
and/or cold barrier is part of an outer wall of the
building, and wherein an absorbing fluid carrier
medium for thermal energy is used which includes an
absorption enhancing dye;
Fig. 14 is a cross-sectional view of a detail of a building
in which a fourth embodiment of the invention has
been realized, wherein the temperature, heat,
and/or cold barrier is part of an outer wall of the
building, and wherein an absorbing fluid carrier
medium for thermal energy is used which passes
through a grid-like or sponge-like heat absorbing
structure;
Fig. 15 is a cross-sectional view of a detail of a building
in which a fifth embodiment of the invention has
been realized, wherein the temperature, heat,
and/or cold barrier is part of an outer wall of the
building, and wherein a fluid carrier medium for
thermal energy is used which can be atomized and
exhibits a phase transition to the gaseous state;
Fig. 16 is a schematic illustration of the fluid circuits
through a heat storage, in particular an
underground heat storage;
Fig. 17 is a cross-sectional view of a detail of a building
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including a portion of a floor thereof, in which
another embodiment of the invention has been
realized, wherein the temperature, heat, and/or
cold barrier is part of an outer wall of the
building and includes a thick glass;
Fig. 18 is a cross-sectional view of a detail of a building
including a portion of a floor thereof, in which
yet another embodiment of the invention has been
realized, wherein the temperature, heat, and/or
cold barrier is part of an outer wall of the
building and includes a double glass;
Fig. 19 is a cross-sectional view of a detail of a building
including a portion of a floor thereof, in which an
embodiment of the invention has been realized,
wherein the temperature, heat, and/or cold barrier
is part of an outer wall of the building, and
wherein supply and discharge conduits are laid in
the screed of the housing basement;
Fig. 20 is a cross-sectional view of a detail of a building
including a portion of a floor thereof, in which an
embodiment of the invention has been realized,
wherein the temperature, heat, and/or cold barrier
comprises a blind, in particular a metallic blind,
as a second pane;
Fig. 21 is a cross-sectional view of a detail of a building
including a portion of a floor thereof, in which an
embodiment of the invention has been realized,
wherein the second pane can be removed or opened,
at least partially;
Fig. 22 is a cross-sectional view of a detail of a building
including a portion of a floor thereof, in which an
embodiment of the invention has been realized,
wherein the temperature, heat, and/or cold barrier
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09XK 0161 USP
is part of an outer wall of the building, and
wherein the second and first panes can be removed
or opened, at least partially;
Figs. 23 and 24 are cross-sectional views of a detail of a
building in which an embodiment of the invention
has been realized, wherein the temperature, heat,
and/or cold barrier is part of an outer wall of the
building and wherein curtains are provided as
planar fluid guides;
Fig. 25 is a cross-sectional view of a detail of a building
in which an embodiment of the invention has been
realized, wherein the temperature, heat, and/or
cold barrier is part of an outer wall of the
building, and wherein a coated curtain is provided
as a planar fluid guide;
Fig. 26 is a cross-sectional view of a detail of a building
in which an embodiment of the invention has been
realized, wherein the temperature, heat, and/or
cold barrier is part of an outer wall of the
building, and wherein a coated second pane is
provided;
Fig. 27 is a cross-sectional view of a detail of a building
in which an embodiment of the invention has been
realized, wherein the temperature, heat, and/or
cold barrier is part of an outer wall of the
building, a second pane is provided, and slotted
pipes are provided for supplying and discharging
the fluid;
Fig. 28 is a cross-sectional view of a detail of a building
in which an embodiment of the invention has been
realized, wherein the temperature, heat, and/or
cold barrier is part of an outer wall of the
building, a second pane is provided, and a
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ventilation system is provided for passing the
fluid;
Fig. 29 is a cross-sectional view of a detail of a building
in which an embodiment of the invention has been
realized, wherein two curtains are provided as flat
fluid guides;
Fig. 30 is a cross-sectional view of a detail of a building
in which an embodiment of the invention has been
realized, wherein a fluid guide is provided with a
layer of amorphous solar cells;
Fig. 31 is a cross-sectional view of a detail of a building
in which an embodiment of the invention has been
realized, wherein the temperature, heat, and/or
cold barrier is part of an outer wall of the
building, and wherein another temperature, heat,
and/or cold barrier extends through the roof area
of the building;
Fig. 32 is a cross-sectional view of a detail of a building
in which an embodiment of the invention has been
realized, wherein the temperature, heat, and/or
cold barrier is formed as a substantially roller
blind-type curtain;
Figs. 33 and 34 are cross-sectional views of a detail of a
building in which an alternative embodiment of the
invention has been realized, wherein the
temperature, heat, and/or cold barrier does not
have a fluid guide, but the carrier medium for
thermal energy is directly passed along a pane; and
Fig. 35 shows, in an approximately horizontal cross-
sectional view, a detail of a building in which an
embodiment of the invention has been realized.
Fig. 1 schematically shows a pipe-in-pipe system which does
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not require any directional valve. The pipe-in-pipe system
comprises a pipe-in-pipe conduit 2 which is only shown as one
line in this schematic view. Conduit 2 is disposed beneath
the building 1 and also adjacent to the building. In winter
operation, fresh air indicated by arrows 3 is fed into the
building, and exhaust air indicated by arrows 4 is discharged
from the building. Fresh air 3 and exhaust air 4 are guided
past each other according to the counterflow principle.
By virtue of conduit 2, an underground heat storage is
provided under the building. The temperature of the heat
storage under the building is higher than adjacent to the
building.
Exhaust air 4 gradually releases heat and eventually is
directed out of the building.
Fig. la schematically shows a building which comprises an
underground heat storage 33 beneath the building which is
surrounded by an insulation layer 36 and thus forms a warm
zone.
The house is equipped with a pipe-in-pipe system by which
exhaust air is removed from and inlet air is supplied to the
house, according to the counterflow principle.
In summer, the warm air is first passed through the warm zone
of underground heat storage 33 where it gives off part of its
heat, then the air passes through a cold zone 37 provided
adjacent to the building, and is then directed into the
building 1. So on the one hand heat is withdrawn from the hot
air, which heat can be used for heating the house in winter,
on the other hand building 1 can be cooled at the same time.
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In winter, the cold air is directed into the house in the
opposite direction. First the air is preheated in cold zone
37, then heated further in warm zone 33, and then directed
into the house.
Control may for example be effected through schematically
illustrated directional valve 20.
Directional valve 20 is substantially cylindrical and
comprises a cover 30 via which the incoming air flows into
directional valve 20.
Then the inlet air passes two filters 32.
Below filters 32, a thermostat-controlled deflection shutter
26 is disposed which allows to switch over between winter and
summer operation.
Further, building 1 comprises a solar absorber 34 which is
arranged on the roof of building 1.
The walls of building 1 comprise a fluid carrying core zone
38 which serves as a temperature barrier.
Water pipes in core zone 38 lead to warm zone 33 and/or cold
zone 37. Through core zone 38, the relatively low
temperatures prevailing in the regions of the underground
heat storage can be used for tempering the building. Provided
there is an appropriate insulation at the inner surface of
core zone 38, temperatures below room temperature are
sufficient to keep the interior of building 1 at room
temperature.
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Solar absorber 34 is coupled to the water-carrying conduits of
core zone 38 via a pipe-in-pipe heat exchanger 35. Since in the
core zone and in the underground heat storage the temperature is
always above 0 C, through the use of the heat exchanger an
antifreeze has only to be added to the water circuit of solar
absorber 34.
Also, solar absorber 34 ensures the hot water supply for
building 1.
If, additionally, a photovoltaic system (not shown) is
provided, an energetically self-sufficient house can be
provided.
In an alternative constructional arrangement, not shown, the
fluid-carrying conduits for supplying the underground heat
storage are only disposed adjacent to the building.
Especially for larger multi-family buildings it has proven to
be particularly suitable to just dig a trench of a depth of
at least two, in particular three meters around the building,
and to introduce a heat insulating material, such as
Styrodur , into this trench in vertical alignment, as an
insulation. On the side of the so-formed insulation layer
which faces the building, fluid-carrying conduits are
installed which are connected to the temperature barrier
within the walls of the building. It has turned out that in
this way a large underground heat storage is formed
underneath the building, which can be brought to a
temperature of 23 C to 27 C and more, in summer. The heat
penetrates into deeper and colder layers, so that even in
winter much energy can be derived in the short term from the
underground heat storage by the reverse effect, since the
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underlying heat rises and a temperature of up to 20 C or
more will be maintained throughout the winter.
Fig. lb schematically shows a maneuvering area 70, which is
particularly adapted as a take-off and landing strip.
Underneath maneuvering area 70 fluid conduits 71 are laid in
a serpentine-like pattern through which the maneuvering area
can be kept free of ice.
The fluid conduits 71 are connected to an underground heat
storage (not shown) which may for example be arranged below
the maneuvering area. In preparing such a maneuvering area it
is usually necessary anyway to dig into the soil relatively
deeply to provide a sufficiently stable substructure for the
surface layer of the maneuvering area. Underneath the tarmac
structure, fluid carrying conduits can then be laid, which
together with the surrounding ground form an underground heat
storage. The system is regulated via distribution station 72.
For example, the maneuvering area may comprise temperature
sensors (not shown) through which the distribution station 72
detects when there is a risk of frost and then retrieves
energy from the underground heat storage disposed underneath
maneuvering area 70 in order to supply heat to the fluid
conduits 71 and to hold the maneuvering area 70 free of ice.
In summer, the distribution station 72 can see from the
temperature sensors (not shown) when the temperature in fluid
conduits 71 is above the temperature of the underground heat
storage and can then heat the underground heat storage.
In particular maneuvering areas covered with asphalt,
including roads, sidewalks, and bridges, for example, have a
very high level of solar energy per unit area.
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The system for keeping a maneuvering area free of ice may be
coupled with a system for controlling the temperature of a
building, in particular an airport building 73, as
schematically shown in Fig. lc. In this exemplary embodiment,
distribution station 72 of the maneuvering area 70 is
connected with an airport terminal 73 which comprises walls
with fluid-carrying conduits (not shown) to form a
temperature barrier. Especially in the summer months thermal
energy may be withdrawn from airport building 73 through the
energy barrier and may be fed into an underground heat
storage beneath maneuvering area 70. It will be appreciated
that another underground heat storage can be arranged beneath
or adjacent to the airport terminal 73.
The illustrated system allows to keep the maneuvering area 70
free of ice and to air-condition the airport terminal 73. It
only requires little electrical energy for operating the
control and for operating the pumps which circulate the
fluid. This energy can be obtained, for example, via solar
cells. In this way, the entire airport complex can be
supplied with energy in a climate-neutral manner, including
that for keeping the maneuvering area free of ice.
Fig. 2 schematically shows a pipe-in-pipe system with a
section for water condensation 7.
The pipe-in-pipe system consists of an inner pipe 5 and an
outer pipe 6.
In the section for water condensation 7 the cross-section of
both pipes is enlarged.
Moist air flowing into the inner pipe, due to its lower flow
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rate resulting from the larger cross-section, has enough time
for the water to condense.
Through a water outlet 8 the water is fed into the water
supply of the building.
For better condensation, additionally, cooling fins 9 are
arranged in the section for water condensation.
Fig. 3 schematically shows a heat storage 10 which can be
accommodated in small areas.
The heat storage comprises a cylinder 11 of concrete. An
outer pipe 13 and an inner pipe 12 are inserted into concrete
cylinder 11.
When manufacturing the heat storage 10, initially a bore is
drilled into the ground 14 to a depth of more than 10 meters,
preferably more than 50 meters.
Then outer pipe 13 is inserted and the space between outer
pipe 13 and ground 14 is filled with concrete.
Subsequently, inner pipe 12 is inserted. Suitable spacers
(not illustrated) prevent that inner pipe 12 touches the
bottom of heat storage 10. Thus, for example, air can flow
through the inner pipe from the top downwards into the heat
storage, reverse its flow direction at the bottom of heat
storage 10, and flow upwards and out. Preferably, a
surrounding insulation (not shown) is provided in the upper
pipe portion.
It will be appreciated that the heat storage at its top
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comprises a lid with ports for connection to an air-
conditioning system of a building.
Figs. 4a to 4h show a variety of embodiments of directional
valves which can be used in the context of the invention.
Fig. 4a shows a two-story directional valve 20 which includes
a lower level 21 and an upper level 22.
At both levels 21, 22, a deflection shutter 26 is provided by
which the air flow can be reversed simultaneously at the two
levels 21, 22.
In the illustrated view, directional valve 20 is switched to
summer operation.
The supply air is fed into directional valve 20 via port 23
which is connected to the outer pipe of a pipe-in-pipe
counterflow system.
Through chamber 25 the air flows into the upper level 22 and
is first fed into the warm zone 15, via deflection shutter 26
and another port, then passes through cold zone 16 arranged
adjacent to the building, then re-enters on the other side of
the upper chamber 22 and is directed into the building.
The flow direction of the exhaust air is controlled through
the lower chamber 21, the exhaust air exits directional valve
20 through port 24 which is coupled to the inner pipe of a
pipe-in-pipe system, and is expelled into the open air after
having passed warm zone 16 and cold zone 15.
Directional valve 20 may, for example, be formed of stainless
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steel or aluminum and allows particularly simple reversal of
the air flow of both supply air and exhaust air.
Fig. 4b schematically shows an alternative embodiment of a
directional valve in which injection molded polyethylene
parts may be used.
Directional valve 20 consists of an outer plastic tube 29, in
which an inner plastic tube (not shown) is inserted.
Directional valve 20 is closed by a lid 30.
On each of four sides of the directional valve, conduits 2
can be connected which comprise an inner pipe 27 and an outer
pipe 28. In the illustrated view, one of the conduits leads
into the adjacent ground 39.
The directional valve 20 should preferably be installed in a
depth of about 2 to 3 m.
Fig. 4c shows an alternative embodiment of a directional
valve 20 which comprises an internal rotary slide.
Preferably, this directional valve has also at least two
levels, whereby the flow direction of supply and exhaust air
can be reversed simultaneously, as with the directional valve
of Fig. 4a.
Fig. 4d shows another embodiment of a directional valve 20.
Deflection shutter 26 by means of which summer and winter
operation can be set, can be seen arranged in directional
valve 20. Deflection shutter 26 bears against sealing lips
31.
Fig. 4e shows a side view of double-level directional valve
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20 having a lower level 21 and an upper level 22.
The port of upper level 22 is slightly smaller, since it is
intended for the inner pipe of a pipe-in-pipe system, while
the outer pipe is connected to the port of lower level 21.
Referring to Fig. 4f, the figure illustrates that via a
directional valve fresh air can be supplied at the same time.
For this purpose, the deflection shutter 26 may take
intermediate positions in which the air can be mixed.
Fig. 4g shows another embodiment of a directional valve 20
which is additionally configured as an air inlet.
Directional valve 20 has a lid 30 through which the outside
air can flow into the directional valve 20.
A filter 32 which here comprises three filter layers is
arranged below lid 30, to filter the air which is supplied to
the building.
Below filter 32, a deflection shutter 26 is provided in order
to be able to switch between summer and winter operation.
Fig. 4h schematically shows a directional valve, which is
especially designed for large buildings.
This directional valve 20 comprises two deflection shutters,
26a and 26b, by which the air flow in the warm and cold
circuits is reversible.
Furthermore, locking flaps 40 are provided.
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Fig. 5a schematically shows an air-conditioning system in
summer operation.
According to the counterflow principle, the air first flows
through a cold zone 16, then arrives at the directional valve
20a. If the air has a temperature below the temperature of
the warm zone 15, for example, it may directly be directed
into the building. The warm zone 15 comprises conduits laid
in a serpentine-like pattern, preferably laid beneath the
building. When energetically thermo-retrofitting existing
buildings, the warm zone 15 may be laid adjacent to an
existing building.
Preferably the warm zone is insulated all around, for example
with Styrodur . Besides a prolonged storage of high
temperatures, this prevents the building from being heated
more than intended through the warm zone 15 which is arranged
under the building, in summer.
The cold zone 16 is preferably arranged adjacent to the
building and is insulated from the warm zone 15. Preferably,
the cold zone 16 also comprises conduits that are laid in a
serpentine-like or meandering pattern (not shown).
Via a second directional valve 20b which is formed as a
directional valve having two levels, outside air, for
example, can be supplied to directional valve 20a and mixed
in directional valve 20a with preheated air.
In the diagram of Fig. 5b, outer air is added to the room air
via directional valve 20b.
Fig. 5c schematically shows an alternative embodiment in
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which the second directional valve is omitted.
Shown is the summer operation in which the outside air first
passes through warm zone 15 and then through cold zone 16 of
the ground storage and then is directed into the interior of
the building via directional valve 20a. The air which has a
temperature above the room temperature, has thereby cooled
down.
Fig. 5d shows the winter operation in which the deflection
shutters of directional valve 20a are switched such that
outside air is first preheated in cold zone 16, then passes
through warm zone 15 beneath the house via directional valve
20a, and is then directed into the building via directional
valve 20a.
Fig. 6 shows an embodiment of the invention which comprises
two temperature barriers. Here, the wall has an inner
insulation 51. Adjacent thereto a temperature barrier layer
52 extends which comprises a concrete layer provided with
fluid conduits 53. This embodiment additionally comprises a
second temperature barrier 54 which is likewise equipped with
fluid conduits and is formed as an absorber layer which
preferably includes capillary tubes 55. Exterior plaster 56
is provided on the second temperature barrier 54; it will be
understood that depending on the climate zone another
insulation may be provided on the exterior surface to protect
the second temperature barrier against frost.
The fluid passages may be configured as plastic pipes or
capillary tube mats, for example. In this case, the pipes or
mats of the second temperature barrier function as a solar
collector. By use of additional absorber circuits (not shown)
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energy is stored in the summer. The insulation of the outer
wall may be reduced to 2 to 5 cm of insulation material, and
with an additional insulation between the temperature barrier
layer and the solar absorber layer a thin but highly
effective wall can are provided.
Fig. 7 schematically shows a roof area 60. Below the roof
rafters 61, oriented strand boards (OSB) (not shown) are
attached. A temperature barrier layer 52 is encapsulated
within a cladding material. The second temperature barrier 54
which is formed as an absorber layer comprises fluid conduits
62 laid between the roof rafters or capillary mats. Since the
fluid conduits 62 of the second temperature barrier 54 are
protected from the weather by a overlaid roofing 63, they do
not need to be embedded in a sealing compound, but can be
laid loose.
According to the invention, in particular the roof structure
with an absorber layer (not shown) is particularly simple. A
rafter roof is provided with wood fiber boards suitable for
wallpapering, below the rafters. Ideally, the space between
the rafters is one meter, so that Styropor insulation panels
can be inserted between the rafters without cropping. So
Styropor panels of a thickness of about 5 cm are placed on
the OSB boards, optionally foamed together, and fixed. Then,
a temperature barrier of plastic pipes is laid onto the
Styropor panels in a meandering pattern transversely to the
rafters, is guided until the roof ridge and then coupled, via
ventilation valves, to a closed circuit. Alternatively,
instead of the meandering plastic pipe, capillary tube mats
may be installed. The space between the rafters is then
sealed with a casting compound, and another Styropor
insulation layer of a thickness of 5 cm is applied. This
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Styropor insulation layer then combines with the still wet
casting compound. Then, further plastic pipes are laid onto
the second Styropor insulation layer in a meandering
pattern, as an absorber layer, and are connected. Since these
solar absorber pipes are protected against environmental
influences by the overlying roofing they do not necessarily
have to be embedded in a casting compound. In this way, the
techniques can be installed very easily, with extremely slim
roof insulation and optimal energetic efficiency, and can be
used for cooling and tempering attics.
Embodiments with both closed and at least partially open
fluid circuits will now be described below.
Closed systems correspond to the embodiments of Figs. 11 to
15 and Figs. 17 to 19, while at least temporarily partially
open systems are illustrated in the embodiments of Figs. 20
to 22.
In closed systems, there is substantially no communication of
the heat carrier medium with the interior, that means no
entry of the heat carrier medium into the interior space.
For example, completely closed fluid circuits may be provided
such as those described in WO 97/10474, and the temperature
and heat barrier may be part of the circuit described
therein, for example with water as a heat carrier medium
which in summer or on hot days heats an underground heat
storage and in winter or on cold days derives this heat for
heating purposes.
Furthermore, partially closed circuits may be provided for
the heat carrier medium, for example when air is used as a
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carrier medium for thermal energy, wherein the carrier medium
for thermal energy is guided in a manner substantially closed
towards the interior of the building, but is in communication
with the exterior of the building, as it is the case when
guiding the exhaust air relative to the inlet air according
to the counterflow principle.
Furthermore, the invention comprises partially open systems,
preferably with air as the heat carrier medium, wherein the
moving air can supply air-conditioned air and discharge
exhaust air, and wherein for discharging a selected negative
pressure can be set for the corresponding openings between
the interior and the fluid circuit, and wherein for supplying
a selected positive pressure can be set for the corresponding
openings between the interior and the fluid circuit, as
compared to the air pressure in the interior, respectively.
This positive and/or negative pressure may be adjusted in
predefined manner through fluid pumps, in particular fans
and/or exhausters, so that anytime a room climate is
adjustable at an optimum for the user. To this end,
appropriate humidification or de-humidification of the
supplied room air can be effected.
In the description below, the term 'fluid pump' is intended
to comprise fans, exhausters, liquid pumps, or pumps which
are suitable to convey gaseous and liquid components.
When implementing the invention, many embodiments thereof may
be incorporated into existing energy systems or air-
conditioning systems, in particular those as described in WO
97/10474, so that heat or cold bridges are completely
avoidable, especially in zones of large glass areas and of
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windows or doors.
In the detailed description which follows, first reference is
made to Fig. 11 which is a cross-sectional view of a detail
of a building generally designated by reference numeral 100,
in which a first embodiment of the invention has been
realized, wherein the temperature, heat, and/or cold barrier
200 is part of an outer wall 300 of the building.
The temperature, heat, and/or cold barrier 200 comprises a
first, at least partially transparent pane 400, and a second,
preferably at least partially transparent pane 500, with a
carrier medium for thermal energy 600 arranged between the
first and the second pane.
The first, at least partially transparent pane 400 is
retained in the housing wall 300 in fluid-tight manner, by
means of seals schematically indicated in Fig. 11. The
second, preferably at least partially transparent pane 500 is
disposed behind the first pane 400, and is also kept fluid-
tight by means of schematically indicated seals.
The carrier medium for thermal energy 600 is adapted to
absorb radiation, in particular heat radiation, and is moved
relative to the first and second panes 400, 500 by convection
and/or externally, whereby by means of this medium a heat
transfer of absorbed radiation or absorbed heat is effected
from the temperature, heat, and/or cold barrier 200 to a heat
storage, in particular an underground heat storage 1700 which
will described in more detail below with reference to Fig.
16.
For this transfer, the carrier medium for thermal energy
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comprises a fluid which can be moved by convection or
externally, using fluid pumps. According to the invention
'moved externally' is to be understood as any movement of the
fluid produced by an underpressure or an overpressure, in
particular by using supplying and/or discharging fluid pumps
that are adapted to produce this movement.
In the first embodiment of the invention, the carrier medium
for thermal energy 600 is gaseous and comprises air, C02r
nitrogen, and/or, as desired, another IR absorbing gas.
Reference is now made to Fig. 12, which is a cross-sectional
view of a detail of a building, in which a second embodiment
of the invention has been realized, wherein the temperature,
heat, and/or cold barrier is part of an outer wall of the
building, and wherein at least the second pane 500 has a
coating 700.
In this embodiment, the second pane 500 is coated with at
least one layer that increases IR reflectance, and may
further comprise at least one IR absorbing dye.
Furthermore, second pane 500 may have a milk glass comprising
and/or opaque area 800 which may extend over the entire
surface of second pane 500 or only over a portion thereof.
In another embodiment according to the invention, the second
pane may be photochromic or include a photochromic substance.
Reference is now made to Fig. 13, which is a cross-sectional
view of a detail of a building 100 in which a third
embodiment of the invention has been realized, wherein the
temperature, heat, and/or cold barrier 200 is likewise part
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of an outer wall of the building, and wherein a fluid carrier
medium for thermal energy 600 is used, in particular a water-
containing carrier medium which includes an absorption
enhancing dye.
Preferably, the carrier medium for thermal energy comprises
the at least one IR absorbing dye in dissolved form or as an
particulate admixture.
In this way, this embodiment of the temperature, heat, and/or
cold barrier 200 can be incorporated into the fluid circuit
of an energy system for buildings according to WO 97/10474.
Fig. 14 is a cross-sectional view of a detail of a building
100 in which a fourth embodiment of the invention has been
realized, wherein the temperature, heat, and/or cold barrier
200 is part of an outer wall 300 of the building, and wherein
an absorbing fluid carrier medium for thermal energy is used
which passes through a grid-like or sponge-like heat
absorbing structure 900.
The grid-like or sponge-like heat-absorbing structure 900
comprises an at least IR absorbing color at the surface
thereof or within the solid material, and thus considerably
increases absorption of the light that passes through the
first pane, and transfers the absorbed energy in form of heat
to the carrier medium for thermal energy 600 which flows
therethrough.
The structure 900 may comprise a firm grid of metal or
plastics, or alternatively metallic blinds which can be
opened or closed, preferably driven by a motor in a manner
that will be known to a person skilled in the art, and which
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can be moved in between or away from the first and second
panes 400, 500, likewise driven by a motor.
Fig. 15 is a cross-sectional view of a detail of a building
100 in which a fifth embodiment of the invention has been
realized, wherein the temperature, heat, and/or cold barrier
200 is part of an outer wall 300 of the building, and wherein
a fluid carrier medium for thermal energy 600 is used which
can be atomized and exhibits a phase transition to the
gaseous state.
In this embodiment, the carrier medium for thermal energy may
comprise, as a fluid, water in liquid form, in form of
droplets, or as water vapor, depending on the location within
the fluid circuit 1000.
Alternatively, the carrier medium for thermal energy 600 may
comprise Freon and/or a CFC-free refrigerant, or may
consist thereof.
Here, the carrier medium for thermal energy 600 exhibits a
phase transition which takes place at a defined first
temperature and is suitable to absorb heat, and the phase
transition involves the absorption of evaporation heat.
In the embodiment shown in Fig. 15, the carrier medium for
thermal energy 600 is supplied in liquid state and with
overpressure, via supply conduit 1100 of fluid circuit 1000,
to nozzles 1200 illustrated only schematically, and is
atomized by the nozzles. Thereby, mist 1300 is produced which
comprises very finely divided droplets, the entire surface of
the droplets being many times larger than the surface of the
liquid in supply conduit 1100, whereby evaporation of the
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heat carrier medium and extraction of evaporation heat are
strongly promoted.
Moreover, additionally a negative pressure can be generated
by means of discharge pipe 1400 of fluid circuit 1000, which
again strongly promotes evaporation.
During the transition to the gaseous state, in particular at
this lower pressure than in the liquid state, the carrier
medium for thermal energy 600 consequently absorbs
considerable heat.
The carrier medium for thermal energy 600 is moved by one or
more fluid pumps, in particular by applying a positive and/or
negative pressure along discharge pipe 1400 of fluid circuit
1000, so that it is directed to the heat storage 1700 in
which condensation can take place by increasing the pressure,
in particular by means of a fluid pump, so that condensation
heat is supplied. After this condensation, the carrier medium
for thermal energy 600 is again in liquid state and may again
be supplied to nozzles 1200 accordingly.
Reference is now made to Fig. 16, which is a schematic
illustration of the fluid circuits passing a heat storage
1700, in particular an underground heat storage, which is
crossed by the first fluid circuit 1000 and which comprises
at least one further fluid circuit 1500, to which circuits it
can emit heat or from which it can absorb heat.
In the further fluid circuit 1500, for example, another
temperature, heat, and/or cold barrier 1600 according to the
invention is arranged which may supply heat to the fluid
circuit 1500 or may extract heat therefrom for heating
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purposes.
Generally, a carrier medium for thermal energy heated to an
elevated temperature with respect to an inner room can be
circulated through temperature, heat, and/or cold barrier 200
and through temperature, heat, and/or cold barrier 1600,
which can be used as a heater.
Due to the separation of fluid circuits 1000 and 1500, the
heat supply to and heat extraction from the fluid circuits
can be controlled separately. So, simultaneously, heat can be
absorbed at a warmer side of the building and delivered to a
colder side of the building.
Or, when the outside temperatures are higher, heat may be
absorbed in all fluid circuits, or all fluid circuits may
deliver heat to temperature or heat barriers 200, 1600, for
air-conditioning purposes.
According to the invention, it is likewise possible to use
more than two separate and separately regulated and
controllable fluid circuits and more than one heat storage.
Advantageously, the supply pipes and/or discharge pipes 1100,
1400 for the heat carrier medium 600 to and/or from the
temperature, heat, and/or cold barriers 200, 2000 are laid in
a floor 1800 of a building or in a screed 1900, as
illustrated in Figs. 18 to 22, for example.
In this case, a carrier medium for thermal energy 600 heated
to an elevated temperature relative to an inner room can be
circulated through the temperature, heat, and/or cold
barriers 200, 1600, 2000 and through the supply and discharge
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pipes 1100, 1400 arranged in the floor, which in this way can
be used as a heater, especially for separately controllable
and/or adjustable floor and wall conditioning.
Fig. 17 is a cross-sectional view of a detail of a building
100 including a portion of a floor 1800 thereof, in which the
first pane 400 of the temperature, heat, and/or cold barrier
200, 2000 is part of an outer wall 300 of the building and
comprises a thick glass 2100.
Supply air and exhaust air pipes preferably extend through
the floor and/or the ceilings of the building. Depending on
the season, energy release to or energy absorption from floor
or ceiling already occurs in the supply air pipe or exhaust
air pipe; this effect is referred to as "concrete
activation."
Fig. 18 is a cross-sectional view of a detail of a building
100 including a portion of a floor 1800 thereof, in which the
first pane 400 of the temperature, heat, and/or cold barrier
200, 2000 is part of an outer wall 300 of the building and
comprises a double glass 2200.
Fig. 19 is a cross-sectional view of a detail of a building
100 including a portion of a floor 1800 thereof, in which an
embodiment of the invention has been realized, wherein the
temperature, heat, and/or cold barrier is part of an outer
wall of the building, and wherein supply and discharge
conduits are laid in the screed 1900 of a floor of the
housing 1800.
The first and/or second panes 400, 500 of the above
temperature or heat barriers 200, 1600, 2000 may comprise
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glass or plastics or may consist of these materials.
Advantageously, the first and/or second panes or a portion of
the first or second panes is arranged to be movable or
removable.
The panes may be arranged to be removable in such a manner
that they can be removed as a whole, for example with ledges
arranged in front thereof, which ledges can be latched or
bolted and, when mounted, ensure a secure fit of the panes
400, 500.
Fig. 20 is a cross-sectional view of a detail of a building
100 including a portion of a floor 1800 thereof, in which an
embodiment of the invention has been realized wherein the
temperature, heat, and/or cold barrier 200, 2000 each
comprises a blind, in particular a metallic blind 2300, 2400,
as a respective second pane 500.
These blinds 2300, 2400 may be moved down and up relative to
the first pane 400, as exemplified in Fig. 20 by the roller
3300 and the arrows near blinds 2300, 2400, whereby a
partially open fluid circuit 2500, 2600 is formed when blinds
2300, 2400 are lowered.
The partially open fluid circuit 2500, 2600 is preferably
provided with air as a carrier medium for thermal energy 600
and allows to remove more or less exhaust air from inner room
2700 of building 100 through a selective negative pressure,
for example in discharge pipe 1400.
Also, through a selective positive pressure, for example in
supply pipe 1100, the partially open fluid circuit 2500, 2600
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allows to feed more or less supply air, for example into
inner room 2800 of building 100.
If for example in this embodiment the first pane 400 is
adapted to be removable, when blind 2400 is drawn up an
enlarged passage to the outside can be provided, for example
to a balcony or a terrace.
Fig. 21 is a cross-sectional view of a detail of a building
100 including a portion of a floor 1800 thereof, wherein the
second pane 500 can be removed or opened, at least partially,
in a section 2900. A support 3900 is disposed in the ceiling
of the building, here provided as a Halfen rail embeddable in
concrete, to hold glass elements of the facade.
Fig. 22 is a cross-sectional view of a detail of a building
100 including a portion of a floor 1800 thereof, wherein the
first and second panes 400, 500 can be removed or opened, at
least partially, in sections 2900 and 3000, respectively.
Figs. 23 and 24 are cross-sectional views of a detail of a
building 100 in which an embodiment of the invention has been
realized, wherein the temperature, heat, and/or cold barrier
is part of an outer wall of the building, and wherein
curtains 3100, 3200 are provided as planar fluid guides. As
curtains, an inner curtain 3200 and an outer curtain 3100 are
provided. Outer curtain 3100 has a reflective coating and is
preferably closed in summer in case of strong sunlight. By
contrast, inner curtain 3200 is transparent. The curtains can
be moved around deflection rollers 3300 and pulled to the
side wall. At the top of the view of Fig. 23, outer curtain
3100 is opened. Fig. 24 shows both curtains 3100, 3200 closed
in summer.
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Fig. 25 is a cross-sectional view of a detail of a building
100, wherein the temperature, heat, and/or cold barrier is
part of an outer wall of the building, and wherein a coated
curtain 3400 is provided as a planar fluid guide. The coating
is a reflection layer which is only provided on the outer
side of curtain 3400 and so permits the inner side of the
coated curtain 3400 to be designed as desired. Coated curtain
3400 is mounted to building 100 using magnetic rails 4000.
Fig. 26 is a cross-sectional view of a detail of a building
100, wherein the temperature, heat, and/or cold barrier is
part of an outer wall of the building, and wherein a coated
second pane 3500 is provided instead of a coated curtain.
Fig. 27 is a cross-sectional view of a detail of a building
100 in which an embodiment of the invention has been
realized, wherein the temperature, heat, and/or cold barrier
is part of an outer wall of the building, a second pane is
provided, and slotted pipes 3600, 3700 are provided for
supplying and discharging the fluid. Slotted pipes 3600, 3700
are substantially arranged in the lower and upper region of
the temperature, heat and/or cold barrier. The fluid is
introduced through a lower slotted pipe 3600 and is
discharged through an upper slotted pipe 3700. Since the
pipes extend along substantially the entire width of the pane
a very uniform air flow can be achieved.
Fig. 28 is a cross-sectional view of a detail of a building
in which an embodiment of the invention has been realized,
wherein the temperature, heat, and/or cold barrier is part of
an outer wall of the building, a second pane is provided, and
a ventilation system is provided for passing the fluid. A
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fluid flow is produced by means of fans 3800 disposed between
first pane 400 and second pane 500.
It is not necessary for the temperature or heat barriers
described above to be formed as a part of the building,
rather they may likewise be arranged in front of the
building's facade, as a climate barrier, in which case the
supply and discharge conduits 1100, 1400 preferably are
arranged behind less transparent or non-transparent areas of
panes 500, 400 and the heat storage 1700 may be located in
front of the building 100. In this case, the temperature and
heat barrier according to the invention may, as an
alternative, be arranged in front of the entire area of both
window and wall sections of the building.
Also, the temperature, heat, and/or cold barrier may be part
of a transparent building roof, or part of an interior wall.
In a further embodiment of the invention, the temperature,
heat, and/or cold barrier may be part of a window or a door,
and the supply and discharge conduits are adapted to be
flexible, so that in each case fluid circulation can be
maintained even though mobile elements are arranged in the
circuit. For this purpose, the temperature, heat, and/or cold
barrier according to the invention may be formed either less
transparent or substantially completely transparent.
Fig. 29 is a cross-sectional view of a detail of a building,
in which an embodiment of the invention has been realized,
wherein two curtains are provided as flat fluid guides. An
upper curtain 4100 can be move downward electrically, around
a deflection roller 3300. Upper curtain 4100 is coated with a
reflective layer and can be lowered in case of strong
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sunlight. A lower curtain 4200, by contrast, is transparent.
As illustrated in the figure, the two curtains may be
partially lowered and raised, respectively, so that a planar
fluid guide is only provided in the upper region.
Fig. 30 substantially corresponds to Fig. 29. Upper curtain
4100 is formed as a type of a roller blind and has a layer of
solar cells of amorphous silicon 4300 instead of a reflective
layer. Thus, under solar irradiation upper curtain 4100
serves to produce electric current.
Fig. 31 is a cross-sectional view of a detail of a building
in which an embodiment of the invention has been realized,
wherein the temperature, heat, and/or cold barrier is part of
an outer wall of the building, and wherein another
temperature, heat, and/or cold barrier extends through the
roof zone 4500 of the building 100. Below roofing 4400, hoses
4600 are arranged, which serve as solar absorber pipes. Upon
solar irradiation, heated air is directed from the facade
into the roof zone where this heat, in addition to the heat
introduced through the roofing, can be dissipated via the
hoses and so can be supplied to a heat storage (not shown).
Fig. 32 is a cross-sectional view of a detail of a building
in which an embodiment of the invention has been realized,
wherein the temperature, heat, and/or cold barrier is
substantially formed as a type of a roller blind 2400 which
is guided along lateral guide channels 4800. The lateral
guide channels comprise magnets 4700 which ensure a
substantially fluid-tight engagement of the blind.
Figs. 33 and 34 are cross-sectional views of a detail of a
building 100 in which an embodiment of the invention has been
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realized, wherein the temperature, heat, and/or cold barrier
does not have a fluid guide, rather the carrier medium for
thermal energy is directly passed along a pane. In this
exemplary embodiment, the pane is formed as a window 4900.
Fig. 33 shows an example of the operation in winter. Windows
4900 are closed. Through slotted pipes 3600 arranged in the
lower region of windows 4900, warm air is introduced from a
heat storage (not shown). The outflow openings (not shown) of
slotted pipes 3600 are designed aerodynamically such that the
airflow is directed upwards. Through slotted pipes 3700
arranged in the upper region, the warm air is discharged. So
a kind of a curtain of hot air is produced, which forms a
heat barrier.
Fig. 34 shows the operation in the summer. Windows 4900 are
opened, for supply of fresh air. The flow direction is now
reversed: cool air is introduced through upper slotted pipes
3700 and is discharged through the lower slotted pipes.
Thereby the air heats up. Via a heat exchanger (not shown),
the so collected heat energy is supplied to a heat storage
(not shown).
Fig. 35 shows an approximately horizontal cross-sectional
view of a detail of a building in which an embodiment of the
invention has been realized which comprises an outer curtain
3100 and an inner curtain 3200 which are arranged behind a
pane 4900 that is arranged between outer walls 300. Outer
curtain 3100 is made of a substantially transparent plastic
material, and is stretched by means of magnetic rails (not
shown) which are arranged in the ceiling and in the floor.
Thus, the curtain forms a substantially transparent pane.
Inner curtain 3200 which is provided with a printed
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photovoltaic layer on the outward-facing side, especially
serves as light protection.
It will be understood that the subject matter of the
invention is not limited to a combination of the features of
the embodiments as described above, rather a person skilled
in the art will combine these features in any way, as
appropriate.
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List of reference numerals
1 building
2 conduit
3 fresh air
4 exhaust air
5 inner pipe
6 outer pipe
7 section for water condensation
8 water outlet
9 cooling fins
10 heat storage
11 concrete cylinder
12 inner pipe
13 outer pipe
14 ground
15 warm zone
16 cold zone
directional valve
20 21 lower level
22 upper level
23 port
24 port
chamber
25 26 deflection shutter
27 inner pipe
28 outer pipe
29 plastic tube
cover
30 31 sealing lip
32 filter
33 underground heat storage
34 solar absorbers
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35 heat exchanger
36 insulation
37 cold zone
38 core zone
39 underground heat storage
40 check valve
50 wall
51 insulation
52 temperature barrier
53 conduit
54 temperature barrier
55 capillary tube
56 exterior plaster
60 roof area
61 rafter
62 fluid conduit
63 roofing
70 maneuvering area
71 fluid conduit
72 distribution station
73 airport building
100 building
200 temperature, heat, and/or cold barrier
300 outer wall of building
400 first, at least partially transparent pane
500 second, preferably at least partially transparent pane
600 heat carrier medium
700 coating
800 milk glass and/or opaque area
900 grid-like or sponge-like heat-absorbing structure
1000 fluid circuit
1100 supply pipe
1200 nozzles
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1300 mist
1400 discharge pipe
1500 further fluid circuit
1600 further temperature or heat barrier
1700 heat storage, in particular underground heat storage
1800 floor
1900 screed
2000 temperature or heat barrier
2100 thick glass
2200 double glass
2300 blind, in particular a metallic blind
2400 blind, in particular a metallic blind
2500 partially open fluid circuit
2600 partially open fluid circuit
2700 inner room
2800 inner room
2900 section of pane 500
3000 section of pane
3100 outer curtain
3200 inner curtain
3300 deflection roller
3400 coated curtain
3500 coated pane
3600 lower slotted pipe
3700 upper slotted pipe
3800 fan
3900 support
4000 magnetic rail
4100 upper curtain
4200 lower curtain
4300 layer of amorphous silicon
4400 roofing
4500 roof zone
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4600 hose
4700 magnet
4800 guide channel
4900 window
