Note : Les descriptions sont présentées dans la langue officielle dans laquelle elles ont été soumises.
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Description
CAN MANUFACTURE
Technical Field
[0001] This invention relates to the production of metal cups and in
particular (but
without limitation) to metal cups suitable for the production of "two-piece"
metal containers.
Background Art
[0002] US 4095544 (NATIONAL STEEL CORPORATION) 20/06/1978 details
conventional Draw & Wall Ironing (DWI) and Draw & Re-Draw (DRD)
processes for manufacturing cup-sections for use in making two-piece
metal containers. [Note that in the United States of America, DWI is
instead commonly referred to as D&I.] The term "two-piece" refers to i) the
cup-section and ii) the closure that would be subsequently fastened to the
open end of the cup-section to form the container.
[0003] In a DWI (D&I) process (as illustrated in figures 6 to 10 of US
4,095,544),
a flat (typically) circular blank stamped out from a roll of metal sheet is
drawn though a drawing die, under the action of a punch, to form a shallow
first stage cup. This initial drawing stage does not result in any intentional
thinning of the blank. Thereafter, the cup, which is typically mounted on
the end face of a close fitting punch or rain, is pushed through one or more
annular wall-ironing dies for the purpose of effecting a reduction in
thickness of the sidewall of the cup, thereby resulting in an elongation in
the sidewall of the cup. By itself, the ironing process will not result in any
change in the nominal diameter of the first stage cup.
[0004] Figure 1 shows the distribution of metal in a container body resulting
from
a conventional DWI (D&I) process. Figure 1 is illustrative only, and is not
intended to be precisely to scale. Three regions are indicated in figure 1:
= Region 1 represents the un-ironed material of the base. This remains
approximately the same thickness as the ingoing gauge of the blank,
i.e. it is not affected by the separate manufacturing operations of a
conventional DWI process.
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= Region 2 represents the ironed mid-section of the sidewall. Its
thickness (and thereby the amount of ironing required) is determined
by the performance required for the container body.
= Region 3 represents the ironed top-section of the sidewall. Typically in
can making, this ironed top-section is around 50-75% of the thickness
of the ingoing gauge.
[0005] In a DRD process (as illustrated in figures 1 to 5 of US 4,095,544),
the
same drawing technique is used to form the first stage cup. However,
rather than employing an ironing process, the first stage cup is then
subjected to one or more re-drawing operations which act to progressively
reduce the diameter of the cup and thereby elongate the sidewall of the
cup. By themselves, most conventional re-drawing operations are not
intended to result in any change in thickness of the cup material.
However, taking the example of container bodies manufactured from a
typical DRD process, in practice there is typically some thickening at the
top of the finished container body (of the order of 10% or more). This
thickening is a natural effect of the re-drawing process and is explained by
the compressive effect on the material when re-drawing from a cup of
large diameter to one of smaller diameter.
[0006] Note that there are alternative known DRD processes which achieve a
thickness reduction in the sidewall of the cup through use of small or
compound radii draw dies to thin the sidewall by stretching in the draw and
re-draw stages.
[0007] Alternatively, a combination of ironing and re-drawing may be used on
the
first stage cup, which thereby reduces both the cup's diameter and
sidewall thickness. For example, in the field of the manufacture of
two-piece metal containers (cans), the container body is typically made by
drawing a blank into a first stage cup and subjecting the cup to a number
of re-drawing operations until arriving at a container body of the desired
nominal diameter, then followed by ironing the sidewall to provide the
desired sidewall thickness and height.
[0008] However, DWI (D&I) and DRD processes employed on a large commercial
scale have a serious limitation in that they do not act to reduce the
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thickness (and therefore weight) of material in the base of the cup. In
particular, drawing does not result In reduction In thickness of the object
being drawn, and ironing only acts on the sidewalls of the cup.
Essentially, for known DWI (D&I) and DRD processes for the manufacture
of cups for two-piece containers, the thickness of the base remains
broadly unchanged from that of the ingoing gauge of the blank. This can
result in the base being far thicker than required for performance
purposes.
100091 The metal packaging industry is fiercely competitive, with weight
reduction
being a primary objective because it reduces transportation and raw
material costs. By way of example, around 65% of the costs of
manufacturing a typical two-piece metal food container derive from raw
material costs.
[0010] There is therefore a need for improved light-weidhting of metal cup-
sections in a cost-effective manner. Note that in this document, the terms
"cup-section" and "cup" are used interchangeably.
Disclosure of Invention
[0011] Accordingly, in a first aspect of the invention there is
provided a method for manufacture of a metal cup from a metal sheet, the
method comprising the following operations:
i. a drawing operation comprising drawing the metal sheet into a cup
having a sidewall and an integral base;
ii. a stretching operation performed on the cup, the operation
comprising clamping an annular region on the base of the cup to define an
enclosed portion, and deforming and stretching at least part of the base
that lies within the enclosed portion to thereby increase the surface area
and reduce the thickness of the base, the annular clamping adapted to
restrict or prevent metal flow from the clamped region into the enclosed
portion during this stretching operation;
the drawing and stretching operations performed in a common press.
[0012] In a second aspect of the invention there is provided a
press for manufacture of a metal cup from a metal sheet, the press
comprising:
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i. means for drawing the metal sheet into a cup having a sidewall and an
integral base;
ii. a clamping element for clamping the drawn cup during a stretching
operation, the clamping element adapted to clamp an annular region on the
base of the drawn cup to define an enclosed portion;
iii. a stretch tool adapted to deform and stretch at least part of the base
that
lies within the enclosed portion in the stretching operation to thereby
increase
the surface area and reduce the thickness of the base, the clamping element
further adapted to restrict or prevent metal flow from the clamped region into
the enclosed portion during the stretching operation.
[0012a] According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a
method for
manufacture of a metal cup from a metal sheet, the method comprising the
following operations: i. a drawing operation comprising drawing the metal
sheet into the cup having a sidewall and an integral base; ii. a stretching
operation performed on the cup, the drawing and stretching operations
performed in a common press, the stretching operation comprising clamping
an annular region on the base of the cup to define an enclosed portion, and
deforming and stretching at least part of the base that lies within the
enclosed
portion to thereby increase a surface area and reduce a thickness of the
base, the annular clamping adapted to restrict or prevent metal flow from the
clamped annular region into the enclosed portion during this stretching
operation; and subsequently, either or a combination of re-drawing and
ironing the cup to induce a staged reduction in cup diameter and/or
increasing the height of the sidewall of the cup respectively.
[0012b] According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a
press for
manufacture of a metal cup from a metal sheet, the press comprising: i.
means for drawing the metal sheet into the cup having a sidewall and an
integral base; ii. a clamping element for clamping the drawn cup during a
stretching operation, the clamping element adapted to clamp an annular
region on the base of the drawn cup to define an enclosed portion; iii. a
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stretch tool adapted to deform and stretch at least part of the base that lies
within the enclosed portion in the stretching operation to thereby increase a
surface area and reduce a thickness of the base, the clamping element
further adapted to restrict or prevent metal flow from the clamped annular
region into the enclosed portion during the stretching operation; and iv. a re-
drawing and/or ironing means for optimizing the cup diameter and sidewall
thickness subsequent to engagement of the cup by the stretch tool.
[0013] The method and apparatus of the different aspects of the invention have
the
advantage (over known processes/apparatus) of achieving manufacture of a
cup having a base which is thinner than the ingoing gauge of the metal sheet,
without requiring loss or waste of metal. This is achieved by use of a single
press, thereby simplifying the manufacturing process. When applied to the
manufacture of two-piece containers, the invention enables cost savings to
be made of the order of several dollars per 1,000 containers relative to
existing manufacturing techniques.
[0014] To ensure that the enclosed portion (and therefore the cup's base) is
stretched and thinned during the stretching operation, the base of the drawn
cup is clamped sufficiently to restrict or prevent metal flow from the clamped
region into the enclosed portion during the stretching operation. If the
clamping loads are insufficient, material from the clamped region (or from
outside of the clamped region) would merely be drawn into the enclosed
portion, rather than the enclosed portion (and the cup's base) undergoing any
thinning. It has been found that stretching and thinning can still occur when
permitting a limited amount of flow of material from the clamped region (or
from outside of the clamped region) into the enclosed portion, i.e. when metal
flow is restricted rather than completely prevented.
[0015] The method and apparatus of the invention is particularly suitable for
use in
the manufacture of metal containers, with the final resulting cup being used
for the container body. The final resulting cup may be formed into a closed
container by the fastening of a closure to the open end of the cup.
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For example, a metal can end may be seamed to the open end of the final
resulting cup. However, typically the cup resulting from the method of the
invention would be subjected to either or a combination of a re-drawing
operation and an ironing operation. The re-drawing operation may
comprise one or more stages, each stage having the effect of inducing a
staged reduction in cup diameter. The ironing operation would have the
benefit of increasing the height of the sidewall of the cup produced by the
method and apparatus of the invention. Preferably, the stretching
operation comprises deforming and stretching at least part of the base that
lies within the enclosed portion into a domed profile. In the field of metal
containers for carbonated beverages, it is common for the base of the
container body to be inwardly-domed to resist pressure generated by the
product. The "dome' provided by the method and apparatus of the
invention may serve as the inwardly-domed region of a beverage container
body. However, it is likely that the cup would undergo a later reforming
operation to provide the domed base of the cup with a desired fina/profile
necessary to resist in-can pressure.
[0016] The method of the invention is suitable for use on cups that are both
round
and non-round in plan. However, it works best on round cups.
[0017] One other way of minimising the amount of material in the base of cup-
sections produced using conventional DWI and DRD processes would be
to use thinner gauge starting stock. However, tinplate cost per tonne
increases as the gauge decreases. This increase is explained by
additional costs of rolling, cleaning and tinning the thinner steel. When
also taking account of material usage during manufacture of a two-piece
container, the variation in net overall cost to manufacture the container
versus ingoing gauge of material looks like the graph shown in figure 2.
This graph demonstrates that from a cost perspective, going for the
thinnest gauge material does not necessarily reduce costs. In essence,
there is a cheapest gauge of material for any container of a given sidewall
thickness. The graph also shows the effect of reducing the thickness of
the top and mid-wall sections of the container in driving down the cost
curve. Figure 3 shows the same graph based upon actual data for UK-
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supplied tinplate of the type commonly used in can-making. For the
material illustrated in figure 3, 0.285 mm represents the optimum thickness
on cost grounds, with the use of thinner gauge material increasing net
overall costs for can production. The graph of figure 3 shows the
percentage increase in overall cost per 1,000 cans when deviating from
the 0.285 mm optimum ingoing gauge thickness.
[0018] The final resulting cup of the invention has the benefits of a thinner
(and
therefore lighter) base.
[0019] The "metal sheet" can include a blank cut from a larger expanse of
metal
sheet.
[0020] By "annular clamping" or clamping an "annular region" is meant that the
base of the drawn cup is clamped either continuously or at spaced
intervals in an annular manner.
[0021] The clamping element may be in the form of a continuous annular sleeve;
alternatively, it may be a collection of discrete clamping elements
distributed in an annular manner to act against the metal sheet.
[0022] The method and apparatus of the invention are not limited to a
particular
metal. They are particularly suitable for use with any metals commonly
used in DWI (D&I) and DRD processes. Also, there is no limitation on the
end use of the cup that results from the method and apparatus of the
invention. Without limitation, the cups may be used in the manufacture of
any type of container, whether for food, beverage or anything else.
Brief Description of Figures in the Drawings
[0023] Figure 1 is a side elevation view of a container body of the background
art
resulting from a conventional DWI process. It shows the distribution of
material in the base and sidewall regions of the container body.
[0024] Figure 2 is a graph showing in general terms how the net overall cost
of
manufacturing a typical two-piece metal container varies with the ingoing
gauge of the sheet metal. The graph shows how reducing the thickness of
the sidewall region (e.g. by ironing) has the effect of driving down the net
overall cost.
[0025] Figure 3 is a graph corresponding to figure 2, but based on actual
price
data for UK-supplied tinplate.
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[0026] Embodiments of the invention are illustrated in the following drawings,
with
reference to the accompanying description:
[0027] Figure 4 is a cross-section through a press of the invention showing a
blank of metal sheet prior to the drawing and stretching operations.
[0028] Figure 5 is a cross-section through the press of figure 4, but after
the
drawing operation to draw the blank of metal sheet into a cup having a
sidewall and integral base.
[0029] Figure 6 is a cross-section through the press of figures 4 and 5, but
after
the stretching operation to deform and stretch the base of the drawn cup.
Mode(s) for Carrying Out the Invention
Drawing Operation
[0030] Figure 4 shows a combined drawing and stretching press 10. A blank of
metal sheet 5 is "slidably clamped" in position between the opposing
surfaces of a draw pad 11 and an end face of a draw die 12. A draw
punch 13 is located above the upper surface of the blank of metal sheet 5
Within the bore defined by the draw die 12 is a stretch punch 14 which is
radially-inwards of and surrounded by annular clamping element 15.
[0031] Once the blank 5 is "slidably clamped" between the draw pad 11 and the
draw die 12, the draw punch 13 is moved axially downwards (along
axis 16) until the peripheral annular region 17 of the end face of the punch
contacts a corresponding region on the blank 5 (see figure 5). The draw
punch 13 is urged downwards through the bore of the draw die 12 to
progressively draw the initially planar blank 5 into a cup 30 having a
sidewall 31 and integral base 32.
[0032] By "slidably clamping" is meant that the clamping load during drawing
is
selected so as to permit the metal sheet 5 to slide, relative to whatever
clamping means is used (in this case a "draw pad 11"), in response to the
deforming action of the draw punch 13 / draw die 12 on the metal sheet.
An intention of this slidable clamping is to prevent or restrict wrinkling of
the material during drawing.
Stretching Operation
[0033] Once the draw punch 13 reaches the end of its stroke, annular clamping
element 15 is moved axially upwards until an annular region 33 on the
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base 32 of the drawn cup is clamped between the annular clamping
element and the peripheral annular region 17 of the end face of the draw
punch 13 (see figure 5). The material of the cup's base enclosed by this
annular clamping is referred to as the "enclosed portion" 34.
[0034] Stretch punch 14 is then moved axially upwards (along axis 16) to
contact
the enclosed portion 34 (see figure 6). The stretch punch 14 is urged
upwards into the recess 18 defined within the end face of the draw
punch 13 to progressively deform and stretch the material of the enclosed
portion 34 of the cup 30 into a domed profile 35 (see figure 6). The
clamping load applied between the annular clamping element 15 and the
peripheral annular region 17 of the end face of the draw punch 13 is
sufficient to restrict or prevent metal flow from the clamped annular
region 33 into the enclosed portion 34 during this stretching operation. To
enhance the gripping effect, the end face of the annular clamping
element 15 may be textured (not shown in the figures) to thereby allow use
of a reduced clamping load compared to use of an annular clamping
element having a smooth polished end face.
[0035] As shown in figure 6, the cup that results from the stretching
operation
performed in press 10 has a reduced thickness in its base relative to the
ingoing gauge of the blank of metal sheet 5. As indicated above in the
general description of the invention, this cup may be used as a container
body, but would generally be subjected to either or a combination of re-
drawing and ironing operations to optimise the cup diameter and sidewall
thickness. As also indicated in the general description of the invention, the
domed region 35 may be particularly beneficial for containers intended for
pressurised products, such as carbonated beverages.
