Note : Les descriptions sont présentées dans la langue officielle dans laquelle elles ont été soumises.
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FLAME SCANNER WITH PHOTODIODE
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The subject matter disclosed herein relates generally to the field of
flame
scanners, and more particularly, to a flame scanner having a photodiode for
flame detection.
BACKGROUND
[0002] Flame scanners are used to detect the presence of a flame in equipment
such as
furnaces, boilers, etc. Many existing flame scanners use an ultraviolet (UV)
tube to sense the
presence of a flame. The UV tube generates a pulsed output, where the pulse
frequency is
proportional to the intensity of the UV light that hits the UV tube. The
pulses are used by a
controller as an indicator of flame presence or not.
[0003] The use of a UV tube in a flame scanner has several drawbacks. One
drawback is that the UV tube has a short life span (1-10 years). Another
drawback is that the
UV tube can have an unsafe failure mode. A common failure mode is "runaway"
triggering,
which indicates a flame is present where there is not a flame present.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION
[0004] According to one embodiment, a flame scanner includes terminals for
connection to a controller, the flame scanner comprising: a photodiode to
generate a detection
signal; and a signal conditioner coupled to the photodiode, the signal
conditioner to generate
an output signal across the terminals, the output signal emulating an output
of an ultraviolet
tube flame scanner.
[0005] In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an
alternative,
further embodiments may include wherein the signal conditioner comprises a
pulse generator,
the pulse generator generating the output signal in response to the detection
signal.
[0006] In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an
alternative,
further embodiments may include wherein the signal conditioner comprises an
amplifier to
receive the detection signal and generate a voltage in response to the
detection signal.
[0007] In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an
alternative,
further embodiments may include the signal conditioner comprises a voltage-to-
frequency
converter to receive the voltage and generate a waveform in response to the
voltage.
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[0008] In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an
alternative,
further embodiments may include wherein the pulse generator generates the
output signal in
response to the waveform.
[0009] In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an
alternative,
further embodiments may include wherein the pulse generator comprises a
switching element
that opens and closes in response to the waveform, the switching element
connected across
the terminals.
[0010] In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an
alternative,
further embodiments may include wherein the pulse generator comprises a
voltage limiting
element to control voltage across the terminals.
[0011] In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an
alternative,
further embodiments may include wherein the signal conditioner comprises a
voltage
converter to convert a voltage from the terminals to a supply voltage for the
amplifier and
voltage-to-frequency converter.
[0012] In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an
alternative,
further embodiments may include wherein the output signal oscillates between a
high value
and a low value with a frequency proportional to an intensity of flame sensed
at the
photodiode.
[0013] In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an
alternative,
further embodiments may include wherein the signal conditioner operates on a
high voltage
applied across the terminals.
[0014] In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an
alternative,
further embodiments may include wherein the high voltage is about 300 volts.
[0015] In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an
alternative,
further embodiments may include wherein the high voltage is substantially the
same voltage
used for the ultraviolet tube flame scanner.
[0016] In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an
alternative,
further embodiments may include wherein the signal conditioner draws a low
current when a
flame is not present at the photodiode.
[0017] In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an
alternative,
further embodiments may include wherein the low current is about 100
microamps.
[0018] In addition to one or more of the features described above, or as an
alternative,
further embodiments may include wherein the low current is lower than a flame
presence
trigger limit of the controller.
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[0019] Technical effects of embodiments of the disclosure include a flame
scanner
that includes a photodiode for detecting flame presence and a signal
conditioner that
generates an output signal that is similar to that of a UV tube flame scanner.
[0020] These and other advantages and features will become more apparent from
the
following description taken in conjunction with the drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0021] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a flame sensing system in an embodiment;
and
[0022] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a flame scanner in an embodiment.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0023] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a flame sensing system 10 in an
embodiment.
The flame sensing system 10 includes a flame scanner 12 including a photodiode
14 and a
signal conditioner 20. The photodiode 14 generates a detection signal in the
presence of a
flame. The photodiode 14 may be implemented using known photodiodes (e.g.,
silicon,
silicon carbide, indium gallium arsenide, etc.). The photodiode 14 may
selectively generate a
detection signal in response to certain wavelengths of light, such that the
photodiode 14 only
generates a detection signal when a flame is present.
[0024] The signal conditioner 20 receives the detection signal from the
photodiode 14
and generates an output signal that is used by controller 50 to determine the
presence of a
flame. The signal conditioner 20 receives power from the controller 50 and
operates on
substantially the same high voltage that would be typically provided to a UV
tube (e.g., about
300 volts AC or DC). The signal conditioner 20 also generates an output signal
that is similar
to the output signal of a UV tube. Therefore, the flame scanner 12 can replace
an existing
UV tube without any modifications to controller 50.
[0025] The signal conditioner 20 draws low current (e.g., about 100 microamps)
when a flame is not present. The controller 50 will trigger and indicate a
flame is present if a
current exceeding a limit is drawn by the signal conditioner 20. Hence, the
signal conditioner
20 runs on a very small amount of current, so as not to cause a false trigger
at controller 50.
[0026] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the flame scanner 12 in an embodiment.
The
signal conditioner 20 includes an amplifier 22 which receives the detection
signal from the
photodiode 14. The amplifier 22 may be a transimpedance amplifier (i.e.,
current to voltage
converter) that generates a voltage in response to the detection signal (i.e.,
a current) from the
photodiode 14. The magnitude of the voltage output by amplifier 22 is
proportional to the
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current output by the photodiode 14. The output of amplifier 22 is provided to
a pulse
generator 30. The pulse generator 30 produces an output signal at terminals
32, which
connect the flame scanner 12 to the controller 50.
[0027] The pulse generator 30 includes a voltage-to-frequency converter 24
that
generates a waveform (e.g., sinusoid, square wave, etc.) having a frequency
proportional to
the voltage output by the amplifier 22. The flame scanner 12 is powered by
controller 50 at
terminals 32, receiving a high voltage (e.g., about 300 volts AC or DC) across
terminals 32
and drawing a low current (e.g., about 100 microamps). The pulse generator 30
includes a
switching element 34 (e.g., a transistor) that opens and closes in response to
the waveform
from the voltage-to-frequency converter 24. The switching element 34 is
connected across
terminals 32, so that the output signal at terminals 32 will oscillate between
a high value
when switching element 34 is open (e.g., about 300 AC or volts DC) to a low
value (e.g.,
about 170 volts AC or DC) when switching element 34 is closed. The frequency
of the
output signal at terminals 32 is proportional to the intensity of the flame
sensed at photodiode
14 (e.g., the larger the output current at photodiode 14, the higher the
frequency of the output
signal at terminals 32).
[0028] The voltage across terminals 32 is prevented from being zero by voltage
limiting elements, including a zener diode 36 and resistance 38. By selecting
values for the
zener diode 36 and resistance 38, the output signal at terminals 32 emulates
the output signal
of a UV tube flame scanner. An example UV tube flame scanner may produce
pulses that
oscillate between about 300 volts and about 170 volts. This pulse train is
emulated by the
pulse generator 30, so that the controller 50 does not require any
modification to work with
the flame scanner 12. Components of the pulse generator 30 may be adjusted to
emulate
different types of UV tubes.
[0029] The signal conditioner 20 includes a voltage converter 40 used to power
the
amplifier 22 and voltage-to-frequency converter 24. The voltage converter 40
receives input
power at terminals 32 (e.g., about 300 volts AC or DC) and converts the input
power to a
supply voltage suitable for use by the amplifier 22 and the voltage-to-
frequency converter 24
(e.g., 5 or 12 volts DC). The voltage converter 40 consumes low current (e.g.,
about 100
microamps). If excess current is drawn by the signal conditioner 20, the
controller 50 will
indicate this as the presence of a flame, resulting in a false trigger. The
current drawn by the
signal conditioner 20 should be lower than a flame presence trigger limit of
the controller 50.
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[0030] Embodiments provide a solid state flame scanner having a much longer
life
span than conventional UV tube flame scanners. If the photodiode fails, it
fails to produce a
detection signal, which means the flame scanner indicates that no flame is
present (i.e., safe
failure mode). The solid state flame scanner generates an output signal that
emulates a UV
tube flame scanner, and as such, no modifications are needed to the controller
to replace the
UV tube flame scanner with the solid state flame scanner.
[0031] While the disclosure has been described in detail in connection with
only a
limited number of embodiments, it should be readily understood that the
disclosure is not
limited to such disclosed embodiments. Rather, the disclosure can be modified
to incorporate
any number of variations, alterations, substitutions or equivalent
arrangements not heretofore
described, but which are commensurate with the spirit and scope of the
disclosure.
Additionally, while various embodiments of the disclosure have been described,
it is to be
understood that aspects of the disclosure may include only some of the
described
embodiments. Accordingly, the disclosure is not to be seen as limited by the
foregoing
description, but is only limited by the scope of the appended claims.
