Note : Les descriptions sont présentées dans la langue officielle dans laquelle elles ont été soumises.
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CONTROL METHODS AND SYSTEMS USING OUTSIDE TEMPERATURE AS A
DRIVER FOR CHANGING WINDOW TINT STATES
CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This International Application claims benefit of
and priority to U.S. Provisional
Patent Application No. 62/891,102, titled "OUTSIDE TEMPERATURE AS A DRIVER FOR
CHANGING WINDOW TINT STATE" and filed on August 23, 2019; this International
Application is also a continuation-in-part of International Application
PCT/U52019/023268,
titled "CONTROL METHODS AND SYSTEMS USING EXTERNAL 3D MODELING AND
SCHEDULE-BASED COMPUTING" (designating the United States) and filed on Match
20,
2019; this International Application is also a continuation-in-part of U.S.
Patent Application
16/013,770, filed on June 20, 2018 and titled "CONTROL METHOD FOR TINTABLE
WINDOWS;" International Application PC1/U52019/023268 claims benefit of and
priority to
U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/646,260, filed on March 21,2018 and
titled
"METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR CONTROLLING TINTABLE WINDOWS WITH CLOUD
DETECTION," and to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/666,572, filed
on May 3,
2018 and titled "CONTROL METHODS AND SYSTEMS USING EXTERNAL 3D
MODELING AND SCHEDULE-BASED COMPUTING;" International PCT application
PCT/U52019/023268 is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. Patent Application
16/013,770, titled
"CONTROL METHOD FOR TINTABLE WINDOWS" and filed on June 20, 2018, which is a
continuation of U.S. Patent Application 15/347,677, titled "CONTROL METHOD FOR
TINTABLE WINDOWS," and filed on November 9, 2016, which is a continuation-in-
part of
International Application PCT/US15/29675 (designating the United States),
titled "CONTROL
METHOD FOR 'TINTABLE WINDOWS" and filed on May 7, 2015, which claims priority
to
and benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/991,375, titled
"CONTROL
METHOD FOR TINTABLE WINDOWS" and filed on May 9, 2014; U.S. Patent Application
15/347,677 is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. Patent Application No.
13/772,969, titled
"CONTROL METHOD FOR TINTABLE WINDOWS" and filed on February 21, 2013; U.S.
Patent Application 16/013,770 is a continuation of U.S. Patent Application No.
15/347,677,
titled "CONTROL METHOD FOR TINTABLE WINDOWS" and filed on November 9, 2016,
which is a continuation-in-part of International Patent Application No.
PCT/US15/29675
(designating the United States), titled "CONTROL METHOD FOR TINTABLE WINDOWS"
and filed on May 7, 2015, which claims priority to and benefit of U.S.
Provisional Patent
Application No. 61/991,375, titled "CONTROL METHOD FOR TINTABLE WINDOWS" and
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filed on May 9, 2014; U.S. Patent Application No. 15/347,677 is also a
continuation-in-part of
U.S. Patent Application No. 13/772,969 (issued on May 2, 2017 as U.S. Patent
No. 9,638,978),
titled "CONTROL METHOD FOR TINTABLE WINDOWS" and filed on February 21,2013;
each of these applications is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety
and for all purposes.
FIELD
[0002] The embodiments disclosed herein relate
generally to window controllers and related
control logic for implementing methods of controlling tint and other functions
of tintable
windows (e.g., electrochromic windows).
BACKGROUND
[0003] Electrochromism is a phenomenon in which a
material exhibits a reversible
electrochemically-mediated change in an optical property when placed in a
different electronic
state, typically by being subjected to a voltage change. The optical property
is typically one or
more of color, transmittance, absorbance, and reflectance. One well known
electrochromic
material is tungsten oxide (W03). Tungsten oxide is a cathodic electrochromic
material in which
a coloration transition, transparent to blue, occurs by electrochemical
reduction.
[0004] Electrochromic materials may be incorporated
into, for example, windows for home,
commercial and other uses. The color, transmittance, absorbance, and/or
reflectance of such
windows may be changed by inducing a change in the electrochromic material,
that is,
electrochromic windows are windows that can be darkened or lightened
electronically. A small
voltage applied to an electrochromic device of the window will cause them to
darken; reversing
the voltage causes them to lighten. This capability allows control of the
amount of light that
passes through the windows, and presents an opportunity for electrochromic
windows to be used
as energy-saving devices.
[0005] While electrochromism was discovered in the
1960s, electrochromic devices, and
particularly electrochromic windows, still unfortunately suffer various
problems and have not
begun to realize their full commercial potential despite many recent advances
in electrochromic
technology, apparatus and related methods of making and/or using
electrochromic devices.
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SUMMARY
[0006] In one embodiment, the one or more tintable
windows include only all solid state and
inorganic electrochromic devices.
[0007] Certain aspects pertain to a method of
determining a tint level for each zone of
tintable windows of a building based on output from glare and reflection
models of the building
site. The method initializes and assigns attributes to a 3D model of the
building site. The method
also generates one or more three-dimensional occupancy regions in the 3D model
and generates
glare and reflection models based on the 3D model. In addition, the method
determines an
intersection of a three-dimensional occupancy region with three-dimensional
light projections
through tintable windows of each zone in the clear sky glare or reflection
models, evaluates
whether one or more conditions exists based on the determined intersection,
and determines a
tint state for each zone based on the evaluation. In one implementation, the
3D model resides on
a on a cloud-based 3D modelling platform.
[0008] Certain aspects pertain to a system for
generating a 3D model of a building site and
determining a schedule of tint states for each zone of tintable windows of a
building at the
building site. The system comprises a network with computer readable medium
and one or more
processors in communication with the computer readable medium. The system
further comprises
a clear sky logic module stored on the computer readable medium, the clear sky
logic module
configured to generate a glare model and a reflection model based on the 3D
model, determine a
tint state for each zone at each time interval based on output from the glare
model and/or the
reflection model, and push, via a communication network, the schedule of tint
states for each
zone to a network of window controllers at the building. The network of window
controllers is
configured to control the tint state of each of the one or more zones of
tintable windows of the
building based on a minimum of the tint state from the schedule and a weather-
based tint state
based on one or both of infrared sensor readings and photosensor readings. In
one
implementation, the network is a cloud network.
[0009] Certain aspects pertain to a system for
customizing spaces of a 3D model of a
building site and controlling tinting of one or more zones of tintable windows
of a building at the
building site. The system comprises a network with one or more processors and
computer
readable medium in communication with the one or more processors, a
communications
interface configured to receive input for customizing spaces of the 3D model
from one or more
users and to output visualizations to the one or more users, a 3D modelling
system configured to
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customize the 3D model based on the input received from the one or more users,
and a clear sky
logic module stored on the computer readable medium, the clear sky logic
module configured to
generate a glare model and a reflection model based on the customized 3D
model, determine a
tint state for each zone at each time interval based on output from the glare
model and/or the
reflection model, and provide a visualization of the customized 3D model to
the one or more
users via the communications interface. In one implementation, the network is
a cloud network
and the 3D modelling system resides on the cloud network.
[0010] Certain aspects pertain to a method of
controlling tint of one or more zones of tintable
windows of a building at a building site. The method includes receiving
schedule information
with a clear sky tint level for each of the zones, the schedule information
derived from clear sky
glare and reflection models of the building site, determining a cloud
condition using one or both
of photosensor readings and infrared sensor readings, calculating a weather-
based tint level using
the determined cloud condition, and communicating tint instructions over a
network to a window
controller to transition tint of the zone of tintable windows to the minimum
of the clear sky tint
level and the weather-based tint level. In one implementation, the clear sky
glare and reflection
models of the building site reside on a cloud network
[0011] One aspect pertains to a method of controlling
tint of one or more tintable windows
located between an interior and an exterior of a building. The method
comprises determining a
position of the sun with respect to a first tintable window and determining,
using the determined
position of the sun with respect to the first tintable window, a default tint
state for the first
tintable window. The method also comprises determining that an outside
temperature is at or
above a threshold temperature (e.g., at least about 40 C) and using the
determination that the
outside temperature is at or above the threshold temperature to determine a
modified tint state
that is darker than the default lint state for the first tintable window. In
addition, the method
comprises providing instructions to transition the first tintable window to
the modified tint state.
[0012] One aspect pertains to a system of controlling
tint of one or more tintable windows
located between an interior and an exterior of a building. The system includes
one or more
processors and a controller in communication with the one or more processors
and with the
tintable window. The one or more processors are configured to determine a
position of the sun
with respect to a first tintable window and determine, using the determined
position of the sun
with respect to the first tintable window, a default tint state for the first
tintable window. The
one or more processors are also configured to determine that an outside
temperature is at or
above a threshold temperature, use the determination that the outside
temperature is at or above
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the threshold temperature to determine a modified tint state that is darker
than the default tint
state for the first tintable window, and provide instructions to transition
the first tintable window
to the modified tint state. The controller is configured to apply commands to
transition the first
tintable window to the modified tint state.
[0013] One aspect pertains to a method of determining a
tint state of a tintable window
located between an interior and an exterior of a building. The method includes
determining a
default tint state for the tintable window, determining that an outside
temperature is above a
threshold temperature, using the determination that the outside temperature is
above the
threshold temperature to determine a modified tint state that is darker than
the default tint state
for the tintable window, and providing instructions to transition the tintable
window to the
modified tint state.
[0014] One aspect pertains to a system for controlling
tint of a tintable window located
between an interior and an exterior of a building. The system includes one or
more processors
and a controller in communication with the one or more processors and with the
tintable
window. The one or more processors are configured to determine a default tint
state for the
tintable window, determine that an outside temperature is above a threshold
temperature, use the
determination that the outside temperature is above the threshold temperature
to determine a
modified tint state that is darker than the default tint state for the
tintable window, and provide
instructions to transition the tintable window to the modified tint state. The
controller is
configured to apply commands to transition the tintable window to the modified
tint state.
[0015] One aspect pertains to a method of determining
of controlling tint state of at least one
tintable window. The method includes determining a baseline tint state for the
at least one
tintable window using one or more tint decision modules. The method also
includes
[0016] if it is determined that an outside temperature
is (i) at or above a first threshold
temperature and/or (ii) at or below a second threshold temperature,
determining a modified tint
state that is a predefined amount darker than the baseline tint state and
providing instructions to
transition the at least one tintable window to the modified tint state.
[0017] One aspect pertains to a system for controlling
tint of a tintable window located
between an interior and an exterior of a building. The system includes one or
more processors
and a controller in communication with the one or more processors and with the
tintable
window. The one or more processors are configured to determine a baseline tint
state for the at
least one tintable window using one or more tint decision modules, and if it
is determined that an
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outside temperature is (i) at or above a first threshold temperature and/or
(ii) at or below a
second threshold temperature, determine a modified tint state that is a
predefined amount darker
than the baseline tint state and provide instructions to transition the at
least one tintable window
to the modified tint state. The controller is configured to apply commands to
transition the
tintable window to the modified tint state.
[0018] These and other features and embodiments will be
described in more detail below
with reference to the drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0019] FIGS. 1A-1C show schematic diagrams of
electrochromic devices formed on glass
substrates, i.e., electrochromic lites.
[0020] FIGS. 2A and 2B show cross-sectional schematic
diagrams of the electrochromic
lites as described in relation to FIGS. 1A-1C integrated into an insulated
glass unit.
[0021] FIG. 3A depicts a schematic cross-section of an
electrochromic device.
[0022] FIG. 3B depicts a schematic cross-section of an
electrochromic device in a bleached
state (or transitioning to a bleached state).
[0023] FIG. 3C depicts a schematic cross-section of the
electrochromic device shown in
FIG. 3B, but in a colored state (or transitioning to a colored state).
[0024] FIG. 4 depicts a simplified block diagram of
components of a window controller.
[0025] HG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a room including
a tintable window and at least one
sensor, according to disclosed embodiments.
[0026] FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of an example of a
building and a building
management system (BMS), according to certain implementations.
[0027] HG. 7 is a block diagram of components of a
system for controlling functions of one
or more tintable windows of a building according to certain implementations.
[0028] FIG. 8A is schematic diagram depicting the
general system architecture of systems
and users involved in maintaining clear sky models on a cloud network and
controlling the
tintable windows of a building based on data derived from output from the
models, according to
various implementations.
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[0029] FIG. 8B is an illustrated example of the flow of
data communicated between some of
the systems of the system architecture shown in FIG. 8A.
[0030] FIG. 9 is an illustration of a 3D model of a
building site, according to one example.
[0031] FIG. 10 is an illustration of a visualization of
a glare/shadow model based on the 3D
model of FIG. 9 and showing the rays of direct sunlight from the sun at one
position in the sky
under clear sky conditions, according to one example.
[0032] FIG. 11 is an illustration of a visualization of
a reflection model based on the 3D
model of FIG. 9 and showing the rays of reflected sunlight off of buildings at
the site under clear
sky conditions, according to one example.
[0033] FIG. 12 is schematic illustration of an example
of logic operations of a clear sky
module in generating clear sky model schedule information, according to an
implementation.
[0034] FIG. 13 is schematic depiction of the model data
flow through the cloud-based
systems of the system architecture shown in FIG. Sit.
[0035] FIG. 14 is a flowchart of the general operations
involved in initializing the 3D model
on the 3D model platform, according to various implementations.
[0036] FIG. 15 is a flowchart of the general operations
involved in assigning attributes to the
3D model, generating the condition models, and other operations involved to
generate the clear
sky scheduling information, according to various implementations.
[0037] FIG. 16 is an example of a visualization of
window management on the 3D
modelling platform, according to various implementations.
[0038] FIG. 17A is an example of a visualization of
zone management on the 3D modelling
platform, according to various implementations.
[0039] FIG. 17B is an example of a visualization of
zone management on the 3D modelling
platform, according to various implementations.
[0040] FIG. 18 is an example of an interface that can
be used by a user in zone management,
according to various implementations.
[0041] FIG. 19 is an example of an interface that can
be used by a user in zone management
to review the properties assigned to each zone, according to various
implementations.
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[0042] FIG. 20A is an illustrated example of a two-
dimensional user location drawn on the
floor of a 3D model, according to an implementation.
[0043] FIG. 20B is an illustrated example of a three-
dimensional occupancy region
generated by extruding the two-dimensional object in FIG. 20A to an upper eye
level.
[0044] FIG. 21 is an illustrated example of using the
glare/shadow model that returned a no
glare condition based on the three-dimensional occupancy region shown in FIG.
20B.
[0045] FIG. 22 is an illustrated example of using the
direct reflection (one bounce) model
that returned a glare condition based on the three-dimensional occupancy
region shown in FIG.
20B.
[0046] FIG. 23 is a flowchart of the actions and
processes for implementing user input to
customize the clear sky 3D model of a building site, according to one aspect.
[0047] FIG. 24 is an example of a visualization of the
direct rays of sunlight on a zone of
five tintable windows to see how the sun is impacting glare on the windows,
according to one
aspect.
[0048] FIG. 25 is an example of a visualization of the
reflected (one bounce) rays of sunlight
off two buildings to a zone of five tintable windows on the building of
interest to see how the sun
is impacting reflected radiation, according to one aspect.
[0049] FIG. 26 is a flowchart depicting general control
logic implemented by the window
control system to control the one or more zones of tintable windows in a
building, according to
various implementations.
[0050] FIG. 27 is a flowchart depicting control logic
for making tint decisions based on
input from the clear sky model output, Module C, and Module D, according to
various
implementations.
[0051] FIG. 28 illustrates a flowchart depicting logic
of Module D, according to various
implementations.
[0052] FIG. 29 shows a schematic illustration depicting
the sun at different solar elevations
from sunrise to sunset, according to various implementations.
[0053] FIG. 30 depicts a flowchart of control logic for
making tinting decisions using either
infrared sensor and/or photosensor data depending on whether the solar
elevation is indicating
morning, daytime, or evening regions, according to implementations.
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[0054] FIG. 31 depicts a flowchart of control logic for a morning ER sensor
algorithm of
Module D, according to implementations.
[0055] .. HG. 32 depicts a flowchart of control logic for an evening ER sensor
algorithm of
Module D, according to implementations.
[0056] HG. 33 depicts a flowchart of control logic for a daytime algorithm
that can
implement a daytime ER sensor algorithm of Module C and/or a daytime
photosensor algorithm
of Module D, according to implementations.
[0057] .. HG. 34 shows a graph of filtered IR sensor values in millidegrees
Celsius vs time
during a 24 hour period, according to one implementation.
[0058] FIG. 35 is a flowchart depicting control logic for an example of
Module C for
determining a tint level for the one or more electrochromic windows.
[0059] HG. 36 depicts a flowchart of control logic for another example of a
Module C for
determining a tint level for the one or more electrochromic windows.
[0060] .. HG. 37 is a flowchart depicting tint control logic that utilizes
outside temperature in
tint decisions, according to certain implementations.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0061] In the following description, numerous specific details are set
forth in order to
provide a thorough understanding of the presented embodiments. The disclosed
embodiments
may be practiced without some or all of these specific details. In other
instances, well-known
process operations have not been described in detail to not unnecessarily
obscure the disclosed
embodiments. While the disclosed embodiments will be described in conjunction
with the
specific embodiments, it will be understood that it is not intended to limit
the disclosed
embodiments. It should be understood that while disclosed embodiments focus on
electrochromic windows (also referred to as smart windows), the aspects
disclosed herein may
apply to other types of tintable windows. For example, a tintable window
incorporating a liquid
crystal device or a suspended particle device, instead of an electrochromic
device could be
incorporated in any of the disclosed embodiments.
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I. Overview of Electrochromic Devices and Window
Controllers
[0062] In order to orient the reader to the embodiments
of systems and methods disclosed
herein, a brief discussion of electrochromic devices and window controllers is
provided. This
initial discussion is provided for context only, and the subsequently
described embodiments of
systems, window controllers, and methods are not limited to the specific
features and fabrication
processes of this initial discussion.
A. Electrochromic Devices
[0063] A particular example of an electrochromic lite
is described with reference to FIGS.
1A-1C, in order to illustrate embodiments described herein. FIG. 1A is a cross-
sectional
representation (see section cut X'-X' of FIG. 1C) of an electrochromic lite
100, which is
fabricated starting with a glass sheet 105. FIG. 1B shows an end view (see
viewing perspective
Y-Y' of FIG. 1C) of electrochromic The 100, and FIG. 1C shows a top-down view
of
electrochromic lite 100. FIG. 1A shows the electrochromic lite after
fabrication on glass sheet
105, edge deleted to produce area 140, around the perimeter of the Ike. The
electrochromic lite
has also been laser scribed and bus bars have been attached. The glass lite
105 has a diffusion
bather 110, and a first transparent conducting oxide layer (TCO) 115, on the
diffusion bather. In
this example, the edge deletion process removes both TCO 115 and diffusion
barrier 110, but in
other embodiments only the TCO is removed, leaving the diffusion barrier
intact. The TCO 115
is the first of two conductive layers used to form the electrodes of the
electrochromic device
fabricated on the glass sheet. In this example, the glass sheet includes
underlying glass and the
diffusion bather layer. Thus, in this example, the diffusion bather is formed,
and then the first
TCO, an electrochromic stack 125, (e.g., having electrochromic, ion conductor,
and counter
electrode layers), and a second TCO 130, are formed. In one embodiment, the
electrochromic
device (electrochromic stack and second TCO) is fabricated in an integrated
deposition system
where the glass sheet does not leave the integrated deposition system at any
time during
fabrication of the stack. In one embodiment, the first TCO layer is also
formed using the
integrated deposition system where the glass sheet does not leave the
integrated deposition
system during deposition of the electrochromic stack and the (second) TCO
layer. In one
embodiment, all of the layers (diffusion bather, first TCO, electrochromic
stack, and second
TCO) are deposited in the integrated deposition system where the glass sheet
does not leave the
integrated deposition system during deposition. In this example, prior to
deposition of
electrochromic stack 125, an isolation trench 120, is cut through TCO 115 and
diffusion bather
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110. Trench 120 is made in contemplation of electrically isolating an area of
TCO 115 that will
reside under bus bar 1 after fabrication is complete (see FIG. 1A). This is
done to avoid charge
buildup and coloration of the electrochromic device under the bus bar, which
can be undesirable.
[0064] After formation of the electrochromic device,
edge deletion processes and additional
laser scribing are performed. FIG. 1A depicts areas 140 where the device has
been removed, in
this example, from a perimeter region surrounding laser scribe trenches 150,
155, 160, and 165.
Trenches 150, 160 and 165 pass through the electrochromic stack and also
through the first TCO
and diffusion bather. Trench 155 passes through second TCO 130 and the
electrochromic stack,
but not the first TCO 115. Laser scribe trenches 150, 155, 160, and 165 are
made to isolate
portions of the electrochromic device, 135, 145, 170, and 175, which were
potentially damaged
during edge deletion processes from the operable electrochromic device. In
this example, laser
scribe trenches 150, 160, and 165 pass through the first TCO to aid in
isolation of the device
(laser scribe trench 155 does not pass through the first TCO, otherwise it
would cut off bus bar
2's electrical communication with the first TCO and thus the electrochromic
stack). The laser or
lasers used for the laser scribe processes are typically, but not necessarily,
pulse-type lasers, for
example, diode-pumped solid state lasers. For example, the laser scribe
processes can be
performed using a suitable laser from IMO Photonics (of Oxford,
Massachusetts), or from Ekspla
(of Vilnius, Lithuania). Scribing can also be performed mechanically, for
example, by a diamond
tipped scribe. One of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate that the
laser scribing processes
can be performed at different depths and/or performed in a single process
whereby the laser
cutting depth is varied, or not, during a continuous path around the perimeter
of the
electrochromic device. In one embodiment, the edge deletion is performed to
the depth of the
first TCO.
[0065] After laser scribing is complete, bus bars are
attached. Non-penetrating bus bar 1 is
applied to the second TCO. Non-penetrating bus bar 2 is applied to an area
where the device was
not deposited (e.g., from a mask protecting the first TCO from device
deposition), in contact
with the first TCO or, in this example, where an edge deletion process (e.g.,
laser ablation using
an apparatus having a XY or XYZ galvanometer) was used to remove material down
to the first
TCO. In this example, both bus bar 1 and bus bar 2 are non-penetrating bus
bars. A penetrating
bus bar is one that is typically pressed into and through the electrochromic
stack to make contact
with the TCO at the bottom of the stack. A non-penetrating bus bar is one that
does not penetrate
into the electrochromic stack layers, but rather makes electrical and physical
contact on the
surface of a conductive layer, for example, a TCO.
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[0066] The TCO layers can be electrically connected
using a non-traditional bus bar, for
example, a bus bar fabricated with screen and lithography patterning methods.
In one
embodiment, electrical communication is established with the device's
transparent conducting
layers via silk screening (or using another patterning method) a conductive
ink followed by heat
curing or sintering the ink. Advantages to using the above described device
configuration include
simpler manufacturing, for example, and less laser scribing than conventional
techniques which
use penetrating bus bars.
[0067] After the bus bars are connected, the device is
integrated into an insulated glass unit
(IGU), which includes, for example, wiring the bus bars and the like. In some
embodiments, one
or both of the bus bars are inside the finished IOU, however in one embodiment
one bus bar is
outside the seal of the IOU and one bus bar is inside the IOU. In the former
embodiment, area
140 is used to make the seal with one face of the spacer used to form the IGU.
Thus, the wires or
other connection to the bus bars runs between the spacer and the glass. As
many spacers are
made of metal, e.g., stainless steel, which is conductive, it is desirable to
take steps to avoid short
circuiting due to electrical communication between the bus bar and connector
thereto and the
metal spacer.
[0068] As described above, after the bus bars are
connected, the electrochromic lite is
integrated into an IGU, which includes, for example, wiring for the bus bars
and the like. In the
embodiments described herein, both of the bus bars are inside the primary seal
of the finished
IGU.
[0069] FIG. 2A shows a cross-sectional schematic
diagram of the electrochromic window as
described in relation to FIGS. 1A-1C integrated into an IOU 200. A spacer 205
is used to
separate the electrochromic lite from a second lite 210. Second lite 210 in
LOU 200 is a non-
electrochromic lite, however, the embodiments disclosed herein are not so
limited. For example,
lite 210 can have an electrochromic device thereon and/or one or more coatings
such as low-E
coatings and the like. Lite 201 can also be laminated glass, such as depicted
in FIG. 2B (lite 201
is laminated to reinforcing pane 230, via resin 235). Between spacer 205 and
the first TCO layer
of the electrochromic lite is a primary seal material 215. This primary seal
material is also
between spacer 205 and second glass lite 210. Around the perimeter of spacer
205 is a secondary
seal 220. Bus bar wiring/leads traverse the seals for connection to a
controller. Secondary seal
220 may be much thicker that depicted. These seals aid in keeping moisture out
of an interior
space 225, of the IGU. They also serve to prevent argon or other gas in the
interior of the IGU
from escaping.
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[0070] FIG. 3A schematically depicts an electrochromic device 300, in cross-
section.
Electrochromic device 300 includes a substrate 302, a first conductive layer
(CL) 304, an
electrochromic layer (EC) 306, an ion conducting layer (IC) 308, a counter
electrode layer (CE)
310, and a second conductive layer (CL) 314. Layers 304, 306, 308, 310, and
314 are
collectively referred to as an electrochromic stack 320. A voltage source 316
operable to apply
an electric potential across electrochromic stack 320 effects the transition
of the electrochromic
device from, for example, a bleached state to a colored state (depicted). The
order of layers can
be reversed with respect to the substrate.
[0071] Electrochromic devices having distinct layers as described can be
fabricated as all
solid state devices and/or all inorganic devices. Such devices and methods of
fabricating them
are described in more detail in U.S. Patent Application Serial Number
12/645,111, entitled
"Fabrication of Low-Defectivity Electrochromic Devices," filed on December 22,
2009, and
naming Mark Kozlowski et al. as inventors, and in U.S. Patent Application
Serial Number
12/645,159, entitled, "Electrochromic Devices," filed on December 22, 2009 and
naming
Zhongchun Wang et al. as inventors, both of which are hereby incorporated by
reference in their
entireties. It should be understood, however, that any one or more of the
layers in the stack may
contain some amount of organic material. The same can be said for liquids that
may be present in
one or more layers in small amounts. It should also be understood that solid
state material may
be deposited or otherwise formed by processes employing liquid components such
as certain
processes employing sol-gels or chemical vapor deposition.
[0072] Additionally, it should be understood that the reference to a
transition between a
bleached state and colored state is non-limiting and suggests only one
example, among many, of
an electrochromic transition that may be implemented. Unless otherwise
specified herein
(including the foregoing discussion), whenever reference is made to a bleached-
colored
transition, the corresponding device or process encompasses other optical
state transitions such
as non-reflective-reflective, transparent-opaque, etc. Further, the term
"bleached" refers to an
optically neutral state, for example, uncolored, transparent, or translucent.
Still further, unless
specified otherwise herein, the "color" of an electrochromic transition is not
limited to any
particular wavelength or range of wavelengths. As understood by those of skill
in the art, the
choice of appropriate electrochromic and counter electrode materials governs
the relevant optical
transition.
[0073] .. In embodiments described herein, the electrochromic device
reversibly cycles
between a bleached state and a colored state. In some cases, when the device
is in a bleached
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state, a potential is applied to the electrochromic stack 320 such that
available ions in the stack
reside primarily in the counter electrode 310. When the potential on the
electrochromic stack is
reversed, the ions are transported across the ion conducting layer 308 to the
electrochromic
material 306 and cause the material to transition to the colored state. In a
similar way, the
electrochromic device of embodiments described herein can be reversibly cycled
between
different lint levels (e.g., bleached state, darkest colored state, and
intermediate levels between
the bleached state and the darkest colored state).
[0074] Referring again to FIG. 3A, voltage source 316
may be configured to operate in
conjunction with radiant and other environmental sensors. As described herein,
voltage source
316 interfaces with a device controller (not shown in this figure).
Additionally, voltage source
316 may interface with an energy management system that controls the
electrochromic device
according to various criteria such as the time of year, time of day, and
measured environmental
conditions. Such an energy management system, in conjunction with large area
electrochromic
devices (e.g., an electrochromic window), can dramatically lower the energy
consumption of a
building.
[0075] Any material having suitable optical,
electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties
may be used as substrate 302. Such substrates include, for example, glass,
plastic, and mirror
materials. Suitable glasses include either clear or tinted soda lime glass,
including soda lime float
glass. The glass may be tempered or untemperecl.
[0076] In many cases, the substrate is a glass pane
sized for residential window applications.
The size of such glass pane can vary widely depending on the specific needs of
the residence. In
other cases, the substrate is architectural glass. Architectural glass is
typically used in
commercial buildings, but may also be used in residential buildings, and
typically, though not
necessarily, separates an indoor environment from an outside environment. In
certain
embodiments, architectural glass is at least 20 inches by 20 inches, and can
be much larger, for
example, as large as about 80 inches by 120 inches. Architectural glass is
typically at least about
2 ram thick, typically between about 3 mm and about 6 mm thick. Of course,
electrochromic
devices are scalable to substrates smaller or larger than architectural glass.
Further, the
electrochromic device may be provided on a mirror of any size and shape.
[0077] On top of substrate 302 is conductive layer 304.
In certain embodiments, one or both
of the conductive layers 304 and 314 is inorganic and/or solid. Conductive
layers 304 and 314
may be made from a number of different materials, including conductive oxides,
thin metallic
coatings, conductive metal nitrides, and composite conductors. Typically,
conductive layers 304
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and 314 are transparent at least in the range of wavelengths where
electrochromism is exhibited
by the electrochromic layer. Transparent conductive oxides include metal
oxides and metal
oxides doped with one or more metals. Examples of such metal oxides and doped
metal oxides
include indium oxide, indium tin oxide, doped indium oxide, tin oxide, doped
tin oxide, zinc
oxide, aluminum zinc oxide, doped zinc oxide, ruthenium oxide, doped ruthenium
oxide and the
like. Since oxides are often used for these layers, they are sometimes
referred to as "transparent
conductive oxide" (TCO) layers. Thin metallic coatings that are substantially
transparent may
also be used, as well as combinations of TCOs and metallic coatings.
[0078] The function of the conductive layers is to
spread an electric potential provided by
voltage source 316 over surfaces of the electrochromic stack 320 to interior
regions of the stack,
with relatively little ohmic potential drop. The electric potential is
transferred to the conductive
layers though electrical connections to the conductive layers. In some
embodiments, bus bars,
one in contact with conductive layer 304 and one in contact with conductive
layer 314, provide
the electric connection between the voltage source 316 and the conductive
layers 304 and 314.
The conductive layers 304 and 314 may also be connected to the voltage source
316 with other
conventional means.
[0079] Overlaying conductive layer 304 is
electrochromic layer 306. In some embodiments,
electrochromic layer 306 is inorganic and/or solid. The electrochromic layer
may contain any
one or more of a number of different electrochromic materials, including metal
oxides. Such
metal oxides include tungsten oxide (W03), molybdenum oxide (Mo03), niobium
oxide
(Nb2O5), titanium oxide (TiO2), copper oxide (Cu0), iridium oxide (h203),
chromium oxide
(Cr203), manganese oxide (Mn203), vanadium oxide (V205), nickel oxide (Ni203),
cobalt
oxide (Co203) and the like. During operation, electrochromic layer 306
transfers ions to and
receives ions from counter electrode layer 310 to cause optical transitions.
[00801 Generally, the colorization (or change in any
optical property ¨ e.g., absorbance,
reflectance, and transmittance) of the electrochromic material is caused by
reversible ion
insertion into the material (e.g., intercalation) and a corresponding
injection of a charge
balancing electron. Typically some fraction of the ions responsible for the
optical transition is
irreversibly bound up in the electrochromic material. Some or all of the
irreversibly bound ions
are used to compensate "blind charge" in the material. In most electrochromic
materials, suitable
ions include lithium ions (Li+) and hydrogen ions (H+) (that is, protons). In
some cases,
however, other ions will be suitable. In various embodiments, lithium ions are
used to produce
the electrochromic phenomena. Intercalation of lithium ions into tungsten
oxide (W03-y (0 < y
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-0.3)) causes the tungsten oxide to change from transparent (bleached state)
to blue (colored
state).
[0081] Referring again to FIG. 3A, in electrochromic
stack 320, ion conducting layer 308 is
sandwiched between electrochromic layer 306 and counter electrode layer 310.
In some
embodiments, counter electrode layer 310 is inorganic and/or solid. The
counter electrode layer
may comprise one or more of a number of different materials that serve as a
reservoir of ions
when the electrochromic device is in the bleached state. During an
electrochromic transition
initiated by, for example, application of an appropriate electric potential,
the counter electrode
layer transfers some or all of the ions it holds to the electrochromic layer,
changing the
electrochromic layer to the colored state. Concurrently, in the case of NiWO,
the counter
electrode layer colors with the loss of ions.
[0082] In some embodiments, suitable materials for the
counter electrode complementary to
W03 include nickel oxide (NiO), nickel tungsten oxide (NiW0), nickel vanadium
oxide, nickel
chromium oxide, nickel aluminum oxide, nickel manganese oxide, nickel
magnesium oxide,
chromium oxide (Cr203), manganese oxide (Mn02), and Prussian blue.
[0083] When charge is removed from a counter electrode
310 made of nickel tungsten oxide
(that is, ions are transported from counter electrode 310 to electrochromic
layer 306), the counter
electrode layer will transition from a transparent state to a colored state.
[0084] In the depicted electrochromic device, between
electrochromic layer 306 and counter
electrode layer 310, there is the ion conducting layer 308. Ion conducting
layer 308 serves as a
medium through which ions are transported (in the manner of an electrolyte)
when the
electrochromic device transitions between the bleached state and the colored
state. Preferably,
ion conducting layer 308 is highly conductive to the relevant ions for the
electrochromic and the
counter electrode layers, but has sufficiently low electron conductivity that
negligible electron
transfer takes place during normal operation. A thin ion conducting layer with
high ionic
conductivity permits fast ion conduction and hence fast switching for high
performance
electrochromic devices. In certain embodiments, the ion conducting layer 308
is inorganic and/or
solid.
[0085] Examples of suitable ion conducting layers (for
electrochromic devices having a
distinct IC layer) include silicates, silicon oxides, tungsten oxides,
tantalum oxides, niobium
oxides, and borates. These materials may be doped with different dopants,
including lithium.
Lithium doped silicon oxides include lithium silicon-aluminum-oxide. In some
embodiments, the
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ion conducting layer comprises a silicate-based structure. In some
embodiments, a silicon-
aluminum-oxide (SiA10) is used for the ion conducting layer 308.
[0086] Electrochromic device 300 may include one or
more additional layers (not shown),
such as one or more passive layers. Passive layers used to improve certain
optical properties may
be included in electrochromic device 300. Passive layers for providing
moisture or scratch
resistance may also be included in electrochromic device 300. For example, the
conductive
layers may be treated with anti-reflective or protective oxide or nitride
layers. Other passive
layers may serve to hermetically seal electrochromic device 300.
[0087] FIG. 3B is a schematic cross-section of an
electrochromic device in a bleached state
(or transitioning to a bleached state). In accordance with specific
embodiments, an
electrochromic device 400 includes a tungsten oxide electrochromic layer (EC)
406 and a nickel-
tungsten oxide counter electrode layer (CE) 410. Electrochromic device 400
also includes a
substrate 402, a conductive layer (CL) 404, an ion conducting layer (IC) 408,
and conductive
layer (CL) 414.
[0088] A power source 416 is configured to apply a
potential and/or current to an
electrochromic stack 420 through suitable connections (e.g., bus bars) to the
conductive layers
404 and 414. In some embodiments, the voltage source is configured to apply a
potential of a
few volts in order to drive a transition of the device from one optical state
to another. The
polarity of the potential as shown in FIG. 3A is such that the ions (lithium
ions in this example)
primarily reside (as indicated by the dashed arrow) in nickel-tungsten oxide
counter electrode
layer 410
[0089] FIG. 3C is a schematic cross-section of
electrochromic device 400 shown in FIG. 3B
but in a colored state (or transitioning to a colored state). In FIG. 3C, the
polarity of voltage
source 416 is reversed, so that the electrochromic layer is made more negative
to accept
additional lithium ions, and thereby transition to the colored state. As
indicated by the dashed
arrow, lithium ions are transported across ion conducting layer 408 to
tungsten oxide
electrochromic layer 406. Tungsten oxide electrochromic layer 406 is shown in
the colored state.
Nickel-tungsten oxide counter electrode 410 is also shown in the colored
state. As explained,
nickel-tungsten oxide becomes progressively more opaque as it gives up
(deintercalates) lithium
ions. In this example, there is a synergistic effect where the transition to
colored states for both
layers 406 and 410 are additive toward reducing the amount of light
transmitted through the
stack and substrate.
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[0090] As described above, an electrochromic device may
include an electrochromic (EC)
electrode layer and a counter electrode (CE) layer separated by an ionically
conductive (IC) layer
that is highly conductive to ions and highly resistive to electrons. As
conventionally understood,
the ionically conductive layer therefore prevents shorting between the
electrochromic layer and
the counter electrode layer. The ionically conductive layer allows the
electrochromic and counter
electrodes to hold a charge and thereby maintain their bleached or colored
states. In
electrochromic devices having distinct layers, the components form a stack
which includes the
ion conducting layer sandwiched between the electrochromic electrode layer and
the counter
electrode layer. The boundaries between these three stack components are
defined by abrupt
changes in composition and/or microstructure. Thus, the devices have three
distinct layers with
two abrupt interfaces.
[0091] In accordance with certain embodiments, the
counter electrode and electrochromic
electrodes are formed immediately adjacent one another, sometimes in direct
contact, without
separately depositing an ionically conducting layer. In some embodiments,
electrochromic
devices having an interfacial region rather than a distinct IC layer are
employed. Such devices,
and methods of fabricating them, are described in U.S. Patent No. 8,300,298
and U.S. Patent
Application Serial Number 12/772, 075 filed on April 30, 2010, and U.S. Patent
Applications
Serial Numbers 12/814,277 and 12/814,279, filed on June 11, 2010 - each of the
three patent
applications and patent is entitled "Electrochromic Devices," each names
Zhongchun Wang et al.
as inventors, and each is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
B. Window Controllers
[0092] A window controller is used to control the tint
level of the electrochromic device of
an electrochromic window. In some embodiments, the window controller is able
to transition the
electrochromic window between two tint states (levels), a bleached state and a
colored state_ In
other embodiments, the controller can additionally transition the
electrochromic window (e.g.,
having a single electrochromic device) to intermediate tint levels. In some
disclosed
embodiments, the window controller is able to transition the electrochromic
window to four or
more tint levels. Certain electrochromic windows allow intermediate tint
levels by using two (or
more) electrochromic lites in a single IGU, where each lite is a two-state
lite. This is described in
reference to FIGS. 2A and 2B in this section.
[0093] As noted above with respect to FIGS. 2A and 2B,
in some embodiments, an
electrochromic window can include an electrochromic device 400 on one lite of
an IOU 200 and
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another electrochromic device 400 on the other lite of the IOU 200. If the
window controller is
able to transition each electrochromic device between two states, a bleached
state and a colored
state, the electrochromic window is able to attain four different states (tint
levels), a colored state
with both electrochromic devices being colored, a first intermediate state
with one
electrochromic device being colored, a second intermediate state with the
other electrochromic
device being colored, and a bleached state with both electrochromic devices
being bleached.
Embodiments of multi-pane electrochromic windows are further described in U.S.
Patent
Number 8,270,059, naming Robin Friedman et al. as inventors, titled "MULTI-
PANE
ELECTROCHROMIC WINDOWS," which is hereby incorporated by reference in its
entirety.
[0094] In some embodiments, the window controller is able to transition an
electrochromic
window having an electrochromic device capable of transitioning between two or
more tint
levels. For example, a window controller may be able to transition the
electrochromic window to
a bleached state, one or more intermediate levels, and a colored state. In
some other
embodiments, the window controller is able to transition an electrochromic
window
incorporating an electrochromic device between any number of tint levels
between the bleached
state and the colored state. Embodiments of methods and controllers for
transitioning an
electrochromic window to an intermediate tint level or levels are further
described in U.S. Patent
Number 8,254,013, naming Disha Mehtani et al. as inventors, titled
"CONTROLLING
TRANSITIONS IN OPTICALLY SWITCHABLE DEVICES," which is hereby incorporated by
reference in its entirety.
[0095] In some embodiments, a window controller can power one or more
electrochromic
devices in an electrochromic window. Typically, this function of the window
controller is
augmented with one or more other functions described in more detail below.
Window controllers
described herein are not limited to those that have the function of powering
an electrochromic
device to which it is associated for the purposes of control. That is, the
power source for the
electrochromic window may be separate from the window controller, where the
controller has its
own power source and directs application of power from the window power source
to the
window. However, it is convenient to include a power source with the window
controller and to
configure the controller to power the window directly, because it obviates the
need for separate
wiring for powering the electrochromic window.
[0096] .. Further, the window controllers described in this section are
described as standalone
controllers which may be configured to control the functions of a single
window or a plurality of
electrochromic windows, without integration of the window controller into a
building control
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network or a building management system (BMS). Window controllers, however,
may be
integrated into a building control network or a BMS, as described further in
the Building
Management System section of this disclosure.
[0097] FIG. 4 depicts a block diagram of some
components of a window controller 450 and
other components of a window controller system of disclosed embodiments. FIG.
4 is a
simplified block diagram of a window controller, and more detail regarding
window controllers
can be found in U.S. Patent Application Serial numbers 13/449,248 and
13/449,251, both
naming Stephen Brown as inventor, both titled "CONTROLLER FOR OPTICALLY-
SWITCHABLE WINDOWS," and both filed on April 17, 2012, and in U.S. Patent
Serial
Number 13/449,235, titled "CONTROLLING TRANSITIONS IN OPTICALLY
SWITCHABLE DEVICES," naming Stephen Brown et al_ as inventors and filed on
April 17,
2012, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.
[0098] In FIG. 4, the illustrated components of the
window controller 450 include a window
controller 450 having a microprocessor 455 or other processor, a pulse width
modulator 460, a
signal conditioning module 465, and a computer readable medium (e.g., memory)
having a
configuration file 475. Window controller 450 is in electronic communication
with one or more
electrochromic devices 400 in an electrochromic window through network 480
(wired or
wireless) to send instructions to the one or more electrochromic devices 400.
In some
embodiments, the window controller 450 may be a local window controller in
communication
through a network (wired or wireless) to a master window controller.
[0099] In disclosed embodiments, a building may have at
least one room having an
electrochromic window between the exterior and interior of a building. One or
more sensors may
be located to the exterior of the building and/or inside the room. In
embodiments, the output
from the one or more sensors may be input to the signal conditioning module
465 of the window
controller 450. In some cases, the output from the one or more sensors may be
input to a BMS,
as described further in the Building Management Systems section. Although the
sensors of
depicted embodiments are shown as located on the outside vertical wall of the
building, this is
for the sake of simplicity, and the sensors may be in other locations, such as
inside the room or
on other surfaces to the exterior, as well. In some cases, two or more sensors
may be used to
measure the same input, which can provide redundancy in case one sensor fails
or has an
otherwise erroneous reading.
[0100] FIG. 5 depicts a schematic (side view) diagram
of a room 500 having an
electrochromic window 505 with at least one electrochromic device. The
electrochromic window
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505 is located between the exterior and the interior of a building, which
includes the room 500.
The room SOO also includes the window controller 450 of FIG. 4, which is
connected to and
configured to control the tint level of the electrochromic window 505. An
exterior sensor 510 is
located on a vertical surface in the exterior of the building. In other
embodiments, an interior
sensor may also be used to measure the ambient light in room 500. In yet other
embodiments, an
occupant sensor may also be used to determine when an occupant is in the room
500.
[0101] Exterior sensor 510 is a device, such as a
photosensor, that is able to detect radiant
light incident upon the device flowing from a light source such as the sun or
from light reflected
to the sensor from a surface, particles in the atmosphere, clouds, etc. The
exterior sensor 510
may generate a signal in the form of electrical current that results from the
photoelectric effect
and the signal may be a function of the light incident on the sensor 510. In
some cases, the
device may detect radiant light in terms of irradiance in units of watts/m2 or
other similar units.
In other cases, the device may detect light in the visible range of
wavelengths in units of foot
candles or similar units. In many cases, there is a linear relationship
between these values of
irradiance and visible light.
[0102] In some embodiments, exterior sensor 510 is
configured to measure infrared light. In
some embodiments, an exterior photosensor is configured to measure infrared
light and/or visible
light. In some embodiments, an exterior photosensor 510 may also include
sensors for measuring
temperature and/or humidity data. In some embodiments, intelligence logic may
determine the
presence of an obstructing cloud and/or quantify the obstruction caused by a
cloud using one or
more parameters (e.g., visible light data, infrared light data, humidity data,
and temperature data)
determined using an exterior sensor or received from an external network
(e.g., a weather
station). Various methods of detecting clouds using infrared sensors are
described in
International Patent Application No. PCT/US17/55631, titled "INFRARED CLOUD
DETECTOR SYSTEMS AND METHODS," and filed, October 6, 2017 which designates the
United States and is incorporated herein in its entirety.
[0103] Irradiance values from sunlight can be predicted
based on the time of day and time of
year as the angle at which sunlight strikes the earth changes. Exterior sensor
510 can detect
radiant light in real-time, which accounts for reflected and obstructed light
due to buildings,
changes in weather (e.g., clouds), etc. For example, on cloudy days, sunlight
would be blocked
by the clouds and the radiant light detected by an exterior sensor 510 would
be lower than on
cloudless days.
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[0104] In some embodiments, there may be one or more exterior sensors 510
associated with
a single electrochromic window 505. Output from the one or more exterior
sensors 510 could be
compared to one another to determine, for example, if one of exterior sensors
510 is shaded by
an object, such as by a bird that landed on exterior sensor 510. In some
cases, it may be desirable
to use relatively few sensors in a building because some sensors can be
unreliable and/or
expensive. In certain implementations, a single sensor or a few sensors may be
employed to
determine the current level of radiant light from the sun impinging on the
building or perhaps
one side of the building. A cloud may pass in front of the sun or a
construction vehicle may park
in front of the setting sun. These will result in deviations from the amount
of radiant light from
the sun calculated to normally impinge on the building.
[0105] Exterior sensor 510 may he a type of photosensor. For example,
exterior sensor 510
may be a charge coupled device (CCD), photodiode, photoresistor, or
photovoltaic cell. One of
ordinary skill in the art would appreciate that future developments in
photosensor and other
sensor technology would also work, as they measure light intensity and provide
an electrical
output representative of the light level.
[0106] In some embodiments, output from exterior sensor 510 may be input to
the signal
conditioning module 465. The input may be in the form of a voltage signal to
signal conditioning
module 465. Signal conditioning module 465 passes an output signal to the
window controller
450. Window controller 450 determines a tint level of the electrochromic
window 505, based on
various information from the configuration file 475, output from the signal
conditioning module
465, override values. Window controller 450 and then instructs the PWM 460, to
apply a voltage
and/or current to electrochromic window 505 to transition to the desired tint
level.
[0107] In disclosed embodiments, window controller 450 can instruct the
PWIvi 460, to
apply a voltage and/or current to electrochromic window 505 to transition it
to any one of four or
more different tint levels. In disclosed embodiments, electrochromic window
505 can be
transitioned to at least eight different tint levels described as: 0
(lightest), 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30,
and 35 (darkest). The tint levels may linearly correspond to visual
transmittance values and solar
heat gain coefficient (SHGC) values of light transmitted through the
electrochromic window
505. For example, using the above eight tint levels, the lightest tint level
of 0 may correspond to
an SHGC value of 0.80, the tint level of 5 may correspond to an SHGC value of
0.70, the tint
level of 10 may correspond to an SHGC value of 0.60, the tint level of 15 may
correspond to an
SHGC value of 0.50, the tint level of 20 may correspond to an SHGC value of
0.40, the tint level
of 25 may correspond to an SHGC value of 0.30, the tint level of 30 may
correspond to an
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SHGC value of 0.20, and the tint level of 35 (darkest) may correspond to an
SHGC value of
0.10.
[0108] Window controller 450 or a master controller in
communication with the window
controller 450 may employ any one or more predictive control logic components
to determine a
desired tint level based on signals from the exterior sensor 510 and/or other
input. The window
controller 450 can instruct the PWM 460 to apply a voltage and/or current to
electrochrontic
window 505 to transition it to the desired tint level.
¨ Building Management System (BMS)
[0109] The window controllers described herein also are
suited for integration with or are
within/part of a BMS. A BMS is a computer-based control system installed in a
building that
monitors and controls the building's mechanical and electrical equipment such
as ventilation,
lighting, power systems, elevators, fire systems, and security systems. A BMS
consists of
hardware, including interconnections by communication channels to a computer
or computers,
and associated software for maintaining conditions in the building according
to preferences set
by the occupants and/or by the building manager. For example, a BMS may be
implemented
using a local area network, such as Ethernet. The software can be based on,
for example, internet
protocols and/or open standards. One example is software from Tridium, Inc.
(of Richmond,
Virginia). One conimunications protocol commonly used with a BMS is BACnet
(building
automation and control networks).
[0110] A BMS is most common in a large building, and
typically functions at least to control
the environment within the building. For example, a BMS may control
temperature, carbon
dioxide levels, and humidity within a building. Typically, there are many
mechanical devices
that are controlled by a BMS such as heaters, air conditioners, blowers,
vents, and the like. To
control the building environment, a BMS may turn on and off these various
devices under
defined conditions. A core function of a typical modern BMS is to maintain a
comfortable
environment for the building's occupants while minimizing heating and cooling
costs/demand.
Thus, a modern BMS is used not only to monitor and control, but also to
optimize the synergy
between various systems, for example, to conserve energy and lower building
operation costs.
[0111] In some embodiments, a window controller is
integrated with a BMS, where the
window controller is configured to control one or more electrochromic windows
(e.g., 505) or
other tintable windows. In other embodiments, the window controller is within
or part of the
BMS and the BMS controls both the tintable windows and the functions of other
systems of the
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building. In one example, the BMS may control the functions of all the
building systems
including the one or more zones of tintable windows in the building.
[0112] .. In some embodiments, each tintable window of the one or more zones
includes at
least one solid state and inorganic electrochromic device. In one embodiment,
each of the
tintable windows of the one or more zones is an electrochromic window having
one or more
solid state and inorganic electrochromic devices. In one embodiment, the one
or more tintable
windows include at least one all solid state and inorganic electrochromic
device, but may include
more than one electrochromic device, e.g. where each lite or pane of an IGU is
tintable. In one
embodiment, the electrochromic windows are multistate electrochromic windows,
as described
in U.S. Patent Application, serial number 12/851,514, filed on August 5, 2010,
and entitled
"Multipane Electrochmmic Windows.."
[0113] FIG. 6 depicts a schematic diagram of an example of a building 601
and a BMS 605
that manages a number of building systems including security systems,
heating/ventilation/air
conditioning (fIVAC), lighting of the building, power systems, elevators, fire
systems, and the
like. Security systems may include magnetic card access, turnstiles, solenoid
driven door locks,
surveillance cameras, burglar alarms, metal detectors, and the like. Fire
systems may include fire
alarms and fire suppression systems including a water plumbing control.
Lighting systems may
include interior lighting, exterior lighting, emergency warning lights,
emergency exit signs, and
emergency floor egress lighting. Power systems may include the main power,
backup power
generators, and uninterrupted power source (UPS) grids.
[0114] Also, the BMS 605 manages a window control system 602. The window
control
system 602 is a distributed network of window controllers including a master
controller, 603,
network controllers, 607a and 60M, and end or leaf controllers 608. The end or
leaf controllers
608 may be similar to the window controller 450 described with respect to FIG.
4. For example,
the master controller 603 may be in close proximity to the BMS 605, and each
floor of building
601 may have one or more network controllers 607a and 607b, while each window
of the
building has its own end controller 608. In this example, each of the end of
leaf controllers 608
controls a specific electrochromic window of building 601. The window control
system 602 is in
communication with a cloud network 610 to received data. For example, the
window control
system 602 can receive tint schedule information from clear sky models
maintained on cloud
network 610_ Although, the master controller 603 is described in FIG. 6 as
separate from the
BMS 605, in another embodiment, the master controller 603 is part of or within
the BMS 605.
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[0115] Each of controllers 608 can be in a separate location from the
electrochromic window
that it controls, or can be integrated into the electrochromic window. For
simplicity, only ten
electrochromic windows of building 601 are depicted as being controlled by the
master window
controller 602. In a typical setting there may be a large number of
electrochromic windows in a
building controlled by the window control system 602. Advantages and features
of incorporating
window controllers as described herein with BMSs are described below in more
detail and in
relation to FIG. 6, where appropriate.
[0116] One aspect of certain disclosed embodiments is a BMS including a
multipurpose
window controller as described herein. By incorporating feedback from a window
controller, a
BMS can provide, for example, enhanced: 1) environmental control, 2) energy
savings, 3)
security, 4) flexibility in control options, 5) improved reliability and
usable life of other systems
due to less reliance thereon and therefore less maintenance thereof, 6)
information availability
and diagnostics, 7) effective use of, and higher productivity from, staff, and
various
combinations of these, because the electrochromic windows can be automatically
controlled. In
some embodiments, a BMS may not be present or a BMS may be present but may not
communicate with a master controller or may communicate at a high level with
the master
controller. In these cases, maintenance on the BMS would not interrupt control
of the
electrochromic windows.
[0117] According to certain disclosed examples, the systems of the BMS
(e.g., BMS 605) or
building network run according to daily, monthly, quarterly, or yearly
schedules. For example,
the lighting control system, the window control system, the HVAC, and the
security system may
operate on a 24-hour schedule accounting for when people are in the building
during the work
day. At night, the building may enter an energy savings mode, and during the
day, the building
systems may operate in a manner that minimizes the energy consumption of the
building while
providing for occupant comfort. As another example, the building systems may
shut down or
enter an energy savings mode over a holiday period or other time period with
low building
occupancy.
[0118] .. The BMS schedule may be combined with geographical information.
Geographical
information may include the latitude and longitude of the building.
Geographical information
also may include information about the direction that each side of the
building faces. Using such
information, different rooms on different sides of the building may be
controlled in different
manners. For example, for east-facing rooms of the building in the winter, the
window controller
may instruct the windows to have no tint in the morning so that the room warms
up due to
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sunlight shining in the room and the lighting control panel may instruct the
lights to be dim
because of the lighting from the sunlight. The west-facing windows may be
controllable by the
occupants of the room in the morning because the tint of the windows on the
west side may have
no impact on energy savings. However, the modes of operation of the east-
facing windows and
the west-facing windows may switch in the evening (e.g., when the sun is
setting, the west-
facing windows are not tinted to allow sunlight in for both heat and
lighting).
[0119] Described below is an example of a building, for example, like
building 601 in FIG.
6, including a building network or a BMS, tintable windows (e.g.,
electrochromic windows) for
the exterior windows of the building (i.e., windows separating the interior of
the building from
the exterior of the building), and a number of different sensors. Light
passing through exterior
windows of a building generally has an effect on the interior light level in
the building up to
about 20 feet to 30 feet from the windows. That is, any space in a building
that is more than
about 20 to 30 feet from an exterior window receives little light that might
pass through the
exterior window. Such spaces away from the exterior windows in a building are
mainly lit by
interior lighting systems of the building. Further, the temperature within a
building may be
influenced by exterior light and/or the exterior ambient temperature. For
example, on a cold day
and with the building being heated by a heating system, rooms closer to doors
and/or windows
will lose heat faster than the interior regions of the building and be cooler
compared to the
interior regions.
[0120] For buildings with exterior sensors, the exterior sensors may be on
the roof of the
building. Alternatively or additionally, the building may include an exterior
sensor associated
with each exterior window (e.g., exterior sensor 510 described in relation to
FIG. 5, room 500)
or an exterior sensor on each side of the building. An exterior sensor on each
side of the building
could track, e.g., the irradiance on a side of the building as the sun changes
position throughout
the day.
[0121] Regarding the methods described with respect to FIGS. 23, 26-36,
when a window
controller is integrated into a building network or a BMS, outputs from
exterior sensors may be
input to a building network of BMS and provided as input to the local window
controller. For
example, in some embodiments, output signals from any two or more sensors are
received_ In
some embodiments, only one output signal is received, and in some other
embodiments, three,
four, five, or more outputs are received. These output signals may be received
over a building
network or a BMS.
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[0122] In some embodiments, the output signals received
include a signal indicating energy
or power consumption by a heating system, a cooling system, and/or lighting
within the building.
For example, the energy or power consumption of the heating system, the
cooling system, and/or
the lighting of the building may be monitored to provide the signal indicating
energy or power
consumption. Devices may be interfaced with or attached to the circuits and/or
wiring of the
building to enable this monitoring. Alternatively, the power systems in the
building may be
installed such that the power consumed by the heating system, a cooling
system, and/or lighting
for an individual room within the building or a group of rooms within the
building can be
monitored.
[0123] Tint instructions can be provided to change to
tint of the tintable window to the
determined level of tint. For example, referring to FIG. 6, this may include
master controller 603
issuing commands to one or more network controllers 607a and 607b, which in
turn issue
conunands to end controllers 608 that control each window of the building. End
controllers 608
may apply voltage and/or current to the window to drive the change in tint
pursuant to the
instructions.
[0124] In some embodiments, a building including
tintable windows and a BMS may be
enrolled in or participate in a demand response program run by the utility or
utilities providing
power to the building. The program may be a program in which the energy
consumption of the
building is reduced when a peak load occurrence is expected. The utility may
send out a warning
signal prior to an expected peak load occurrence. For example, the warning may
be sent on the
day before, the morning of, or about one hour before the expected peak load
occurrence. A peak
load occurrence may be expected to occur on a hot summer day when cooling
systems/air
conditioners are drawing a large amount of power from the utility, for
example. The warning
signal may be received by the BMS of the building or by window controllers
configured to
control the tintable windows in the building. This warning signal can be an
override mechanism
that disengages the Modules A, B, and C as shown in FIG. 7. The BMS can then
instruct the
window controller(s) to transition the appropriate optically-switchable device
(e.g.,
electrochromic device) in the tintable windows 505 to a dark tint level aid in
reducing the power
draw of the cooling systems in the building at the time when the peak load is
expected.
[0125] In some embodiments, tintable windows for the
exterior windows of the building
(i.e., windows separating the interior of the building from the exterior of
the building), may be
grouped into zones, with tintable windows in a zone being instructed in a
similar manner. For
example, groups of tintable windows on different floors of the building or
different sides of the
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building may be in different zones. For example, on the first floor of the
building, all of the east
facing tintable windows may be in zone 1, all of the south facing tintable
windows may be in
zone 2, all of the west facing tintable windows may be in zone 3, and all of
the north facing
tintable windows may be in zone 4. As another example, all of the tintable
windows on the first
floor of the building may be in zone 1, all of the tintable windows on the
second floor may be in
zone 2, and all of the tintable windows on the third floor may be in zone 3.
As yet another
example, all of the east facing tintable windows may be in zone 1, all of the
south facing tintable
windows may be in zone 2, all of the west facing fineable windows may be in
zone 3, and all of
the north facing tintable windows may be in zone 4. As yet another example,
east facing tintable
windows on one floor could be divided into different zones. Any number of
tintable windows on
the same side and/or different sides and/or different floors of the building
may be assigned to a
zone. In embodiments where individual lineable windows have independently
controllable zones,
tinting zones may be created on a building façade using combinations of zones
of individual
windows, e.g. where individual windows may or may not have all of their zones
tinted.
[0126] In some embodiments, tintable windows in a zone
may be controlled by the same
window controller. In some other embodiments, tintable windows in a zone may
be controlled by
different window controllers, but the window controllers may all receive the
same output signals
from sensors and use the same function or lookup table to determine the level
of tint for the
windows in a zone.
[0127] In some embodiments, tintable windows in a zone
may be controlled by a window
controller or controllers that receive an output signal from a transmissivity
sensor. In some
embodiments, the transmissivity sensor may be mounted proximate the windows in
a zone. For
example, the transmissivity sensor may be mounted in or on a frame containing
an IOU (e.g.,
mounted in or on a mullion, the horizontal sash of a frame) included in the
zone. In some other
embodiments, tintable windows in a zone that includes the windows on a single
side of the
building may be controlled by a window controller or controllers that receive
an output signal
from a transmissivity sensor.
[0128] In some embodiments, a sensor (e.g.,
photosensor) may provide an output signal to a
window controller to control the tintable windows (at., eleetroehromie window
505) of a first
zone (e.g., a master control zone). The window controller may also control the
tintable windows
in a second zone (e.g., a slave control zone) in the same manner as the first
zone. In some other
embodiments, another window controller may control the tintable windows in the
second zone in
the same manner as the first zone.
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[0129] In some embodiments, a building manager,
occupants of rooms in the second zone, or
other person may manually instruct (using a tint or clear command or a command
from a user
console of a BMS, for example) the tintable windows in the second zone (i.e.,
the slave control
zone) to enter a tint level such as a colored state (level) or a clear state.
In some embodiments,
when the tint level of the windows in the second zone is overridden with such
a manual
command, the tintable windows in the first zone (i.e., the master control
zone) remain under
control of the window controller receiving output from the transmissivity
sensor. The second
zone may remain in a manual command mode for a period of time and then revert
back to be
under control of the window controller receiving output from the
transnaissivity sensor. For
example, the second zone may stay in a manual mode for one hour after
receiving an override
command, and then may revert back to be under control of the window controller
receiving
output from the transmissivity sensor.
[0130] In some embodiments, a building manager,
occupants of rooms in the first zone, or
other person may manually instruct (using a tint command or a command from a
user console of
a BMS, for example) the windows in the first zone (i.e., the master control
zone) to enter a tint
level such as a colored state or a clear state. In some embodiments, when the
tint level of the
windows in the first zone is overridden with such a manual command, the
tintable windows in
the second zone (i.e., the slave control zone) remain under control of the
window controller
receiving outputs from the exterior sensor. The first zone may remain in a
manual command
mode for a period of time and then revert back to be under control of window
controller
receiving output from the transmissivity sensor. For example, the first zone
may stay in a manual
mode for one hour after receiving an override command, and then may revert
back to be under
control of the window controller receiving output from the transmissivity
sensor. In some other
embodiments, the tintable windows in the second zone may remain in the tint
level that they are
in when the manual override for the first zone is received. The first zone may
remain in a manual
command mode for a period of time and then both the first zone and the second
zone may revert
back to be under control of the window controller receiving output from the
transmissivity
sensor.
[0131] Any of the methods described herein of control
of a tintable window, regardless of
whether the window controller is a standalone window controller or is
interfaced with a building
network, may be used control the tint of a tintable window.
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- Wireless or Wired Communication
[0132] In some embodiments, window controllers
described herein include components for
wired or wireless communication between the window controller, sensors, and
separate
conununication nodes. Wireless or wired conurtunications may be accomplished
with a
communication interface that interfaces directly with the window controller.
Such interface could
be native to the microprocessor or provided via additional circuitry enabling
these functions.
[0133] A separate communication node for wireless
communications can be, for example,
another wireless window controller, an end, intermediate, or master window
controller, a remote
control device, or a BMS. Wireless communication is used in the window
controller for at least
one of the following operations: 1) programming and/or operating the tintable
windows (e.g.,
electrochromic window 505), 2) collecting data from the tintable windows from
the various
sensors and protocols described herein, and 3) using the tintable window
windows as relay points
for wireless communication. Data collected from tintable windows may also
include count data
such as, e.g., the number of times an electrochromic device has been
activated, efficiency of the
electrochromic device over time, and the like. These wireless communication
features is
described in more detail below.
[0134] In one embodiment, wireless communication is
used to operate the associated
electrochromic windows (e.g., electrochromic window 505), for example, via an
infrared (IR),
and/or radio frequency (RF) signal. In certain embodiments, the controller
will include a wireless
protocol chip, such as Bluetooth, EnOcean, WiFi, Zigbee, and the like Window
controllers may
also have wireless communication via a network. Input to the window controller
can be manually
input by an end user at a wall switch, either directly or via wireless
communication, or the input
can be from a BMS of a building of which the electrochromic window is a
component.
[0135] In one embodiment, when the window controller is
part of a distributed network of
controllers, wireless communication is used to transfer data to and from each
of a plurality of
electrochromic windows via the distributed network of controllers, each having
wireless
communication components. For example, referring again to FIG. 6, master
controller 603,
conununicates wirelessly with each of the network controllers 607a and 607b,
which in turn
communicate wirelessly with end or leaf controllers 608, each associated with
an electrochromic
window. Master controller 603 may also communicate wirelessly with the BMS
605. In one
embodiment, at least one level of communication in the network of window
controllers is
performed wirelessly.
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[0136] In some embodiments, more than one mode of
wireless communication is used in the
window controller distributed network. For example, a master window controller
may
communicate wirelessly to intermediate controllers via WiFi or Zigbee, while
the intermediate
controllers communicate with end controllers via Bluetooth, Zigbee, EnOcean,
or other protocol.
In another example, window controllers have redundant wireless communication
systems for
flexibility in end user choices for wireless communication.
[0137] Wireless communication between, for example,
master and/or intermediate window
controllers and end or leaf window controllers offers the advantage of
obviating the installation
of hard communication lines. This is also true for wireless communication
between window
controllers and the BMS or a building network. In one aspect, wireless
communication in these
roles is useful for data transfer to and from electrochromic windows for
operating the window
and providing data to, for example, a BMS for optimizing the environment and
energy savings in
a building. Window location data as well as feedback from sensors are
synergized for such
optimization. For example, granular level (window-by-window) microclimate
information may
be fed to a BMS and used to determine control instructions for the building
systems in order to
optimize the building's various environments.
- Example of System for controlling functions of tintable windows
[0138] FIG. 7 is a block diagram of components of a
system 700 for controlling functions
(e.g., transitioning to different tint levels) of one or more tintable windows
of a building (e.g., the
building 601 shown in FIG. 6), according to embodiments. System 700 may be one
of the
systems managed by a BMS (e.g., the BMS 605 shown in FIG. 6) or may operate
independently
of a BMS.
[0139] The system 700 includes a window control system
702 having a network of window
controllers that can send control signals to the tintable windows to control
its functions. The
system 700 also includes a network 701 in electronic communication with the
master controller
703. The predictive control logic, other control logic and instructions for
controlling functions of
the tintable window(s), sensor data, and/or schedule information regarding
clear sky models can
be communicated to the master controller 703 through the network 701. The
network 701 can be
a wired or wireless network (e_g. a cloud network). In one embodiment, the
network 701 may be
in communication with a BMS to allow the BMS to send instructions for
controlling the tintable
window(s) through the network 701 to the tintable window(s) in a building.
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[0140] System 700 also includes electrochromic devices
780 of the tintable windows (not
shown) and optional wall switches 790, which are both in electronic
communication with the
master controller 703. In this illustrated example, the master controller 703
can send control
signals to electrochromic device(s) 780 to control the tint level of the
tintable windows having
the electrochromic device(s) 780. Each wall switch 790 is also in
communication with
electrochromic device(s) 780 and master controller 703. An end user (e.g.,
occupant of a room
having the tintable window) can use the wall switch 790 to input an override
tint level and other
functions of the tintable window having the electrochromic device(s) 780.
[0141] In FIG. 7, the window control system 702 is
depicted as a distributed network of
window controllers including a master controller 703, a plurality of network
controllers 705 in
communication with the master controller 703, and multiple pluralities of end
or leaf window
controllers 710. Each plurality of end or leaf window controllers 710 is in
communication with a
single network controller 705. The components of the system 700 in FIG. 7 may
be similar in
some respects to components described with respect to FIG. 6. For example,
master controller
703 may be similar to master controller 603 and network controllers 705 may be
similar to
network controllers 607a, 607h. Each of the window controllers in the
distributed network of
FIG. 7 includes a processor (e.g., microprocessor) and a computer readable
medium in electrical
communication with the processor.
[0142] In FIG. 7, each leaf or end window controller
710 is in communication with
electrochromic device(s) 780 of a single tintable window to control the tint
level of that tintable
window in the building. In the case of an IGU, the leaf or end window
controller 710 may be in
communication with electrochromic device(s) 780 on multiple lites of the IOU
control the tint
level of the IOU. In other embodiments, each leaf or end window controller 710
may be in
communication with a plurality of tintable windows, e.g., a zone of tintable
windows. The leaf or
end window controller 710 may be integrated into the tintable window or may be
separate from
the tintable window that it controls. Leaf and end window controllers 710 in
FIG. 7 may be
similar to the end or leaf controllers 608 in FIG. 6 and/or may also be
similar to window
controller 450 described with respect to FIG. 4.
[0143] Each wall switch 790 can be operated by an end
user (e.g., occupant of the room) to
control the tint level and other functions of the tintable window in
communication with the wall
switch 790. The end user can operate the wall switch 790 to communicate
control signals to the
EC device(s) 780 in the associated tintable window. These signals from the
wall switch 790 may
override signals from window control system 702 in some cases. In other cases
(e.g., high
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demand cases), control signals from the window control system 702 may override
the control
signals from wall switch 1490. Each wall switch 790 is also in communication
with the leaf or
end window controller 710 to send information about the control signals (e.g.
time, date, tint
level requested, etc.) sent from wall switch 790 back to master window
controller 703 e.g., to be
stored in memory. In some cases, the wall switches 790 may be manually
operated. In other
cases, the wall switches 790 may be wirelessly controlled by the end user
using a remote device
(e.g., cell phone, tablet, etc.) sending wireless communications with the
control signals, for
example, using infrared (IR), and/or radio frequency (RF) signals. In some
cases, wall switches
790 may include a wireless protocol chip, such as Bluetooth, EnOcean, WiFi,
Zigbee, and the
like. Although the wall switches 790 depicted in FIG. 7 are located on the
wall(s), other
embodiments of system 700 may have switches located elsewhere in the room.
[0144] In another embodiment, system 700 also includes
a multi-sensor device in electronic
communication with the one or more controllers via the communication network
701 in order to
communicate sensor readings and/or filtered sensor values to the
controller(s).
it General System Architecture
[0145] Actively maintaining and storing models of
shadows and reflections on a building can
be cumbersome and an inefficient use of computing resources at a building. The
system
architecture described herein does not require the window control system to
actively generate
these models of the building. Instead, models specific to the building site
are generated and
maintained on a cloud network or other network separate from the window
control system. Tint
schedule information derived from these models is pushed to the window control
system. The
window control system uses the lint schedule information derived from these
predefined models,
customized for the building, to make final tinting decisions implemented at
the tintable windows.
The models can be maintained, for example, on a cloud-based 3D modeling
platform. The
cloud-based 3D modeling platform can be used to generate visualizations of the
3D model of the
building site to allow users to manage input for setting up and customizing
the models of the
building site and the corresponding final tint states applied to the tintable
windows. With this
system architecture, once the lint schedule information is loaded into the
window control system,
there is no need for modeling calculations to tie up computing power of the
window control
system. Tint schedule information resulting from any changes to the models on
the cloud-based
3D modeling platform can be pushed to the window control system when and as
needed. It
would he understood that although the system architecture is generally
described herein with
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respect to controlling tintable windows, other components at the building
could additionally or
alternatively be controlled with this architecture.
[0146] In various implementations, the system
architecture includes cloud-based modules to
setup and customize a 3D model of the building site. For example, the system
architecture
includes a cloud-based 3D modelling system that initializes the 3D model of
the building site
using architectural model(s) data as input, for example, data from an Autodesk
ODRevit model or
other industry standard building model may be used. A 3D model in its simplest
form includes
exterior surfaces of structures of the building including window openings and
a stripped version
of the interior of the building with only floors and walls. More complex 3D
models may include
the exterior surfaces of objects surrounding the building as well as more
detailed features of the
interior and exterior of the building.
[0147] The system architecture also includes a cloud-
based clear sky module that assigns
reflective or non-reflective properties to the exterior surfaces of the
objects in the 3D model,
defines interior three-dimensional occupancy regions, assigns [Ds to windows,
and groups
windows into zones based on input from user(s). Time-varying simulations of
the resulting clear
sky 3D model (i.e. the 3D model with configuration data having the assigned
attributes) can be
used to determine the direction of sunlight at the different positions of the
sun in the sky under
clear sky conditions and taking into account shadows and reflections from the
objects at the
building site, sunlight entering into spaces of the building through windows
or other apertures,
and the intersection of 3D projections of sunlight though the windows with
three-dimensional
occupancy regions in the building. The clear sky module uses this information
to determine
whether certain conditions exist for particular occupancy regions (i.e. from
the perspective of the
occupant) such as, for example, a glare condition, direct and indirect
reflection condition, and
passive heat condition. The clear sky module determines a clear sky tint state
for each zone at
each time interval based on the existence of particular conditions at that
time, tint states assigned
to the conditions, and the priority of different conditions if multiple
conditions exist. Each zone
having one or more tintable windows. The clear sky tint schedule information
for each zone over
a period of time, typically for a year, is pushed to, e.g. a master controller
of, the window control
system at the building. The window control system determines a weather-based
tint state for each
zone at each time interval based on sensor data such as measurements from
infrared sensors
and/or photosensors or filtered sensor data such as a median/mean of rolling
sensor readings
taken over time. The window control system then determines the minimum of the
weather-based
tint state and the clear sky tint state or each zone to set the final tint
state and send tint
instructions to implement the final tint state at the zones of the tintable
windows. Thus window
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control systems described herein do not actively model the building or 3D
parameters around
and inside the building, that is done offline and therefore computing power of
the window
control system is primarily used to apply the tint states derived from the
model, depending upon
sensor or other inputs to the window control system.
[0148] FIG. 8A is a schematic illustration depicting a
general architecture 800 of systems
and users involved in initializing and customizing models maintained in a
cloud network 801 and
in controlling the tintable windows of a building based on output from the
models, according to
various implementations. The system architecture 800 includes a cloud-based 3D
modelling
system 810 in communication with a cloud-based clear sky module 820 and a
window control
system 840 in communication with one or both of these modules via the cloud
network. The
cloud-based 3D modelling system 810 can initialize and/or revise a 3D model of
a building site
and conununicate the data derived from the 3D model (e.g., a clear sky tint
schedule with tint
states for each zone over a period of time) to the cloud-based clear sky
module 820. In one
implementation, the 3D model initialized by the 3D modelling system includes
the exterior
surfaces of the surrounding structures and other objects at the building site
and the building
stripped of all but walls, floors, and exterior surfaces. The cloud-based
clear sky module 820 can
assign attributes to the 3D model to generate clear sky 3D models such as,
e.g., one or more of a
glare/shadow model, a reflection model, and a passive heat model. The cloud-
based systems are
in communication with each other and with other applications via the cloud
network 801 using
application program interfaces (APIs). Both the cloud-based 3D modelling
system 810 and the
clear sky module 820 include logic as described in more detail herein. It
would be understood
that the logic of these cloud-based modules and others are stored in computer
readable medium
(e.g. memory) of the cloud network and that one or more processors in the
cloud network are in
communication with the computer readable medium to execute instructions to
perform the
functions of the logic.
[0149]
Although many examples of the
control architecture and models are described
herein with the 3D model platform and various models residing on a cloud
network, in other
implementations, one or more of the 3D model platform, models, and control
modules do not
reside on a cloud network. For example, one or more of the 3D model platform,
models, and
control modules may reside on a standalone computer or other computing device
that is separate
from and in communication with the window control system (e.g., window control
system
840). Alternatively, in certain implementations, the control network may be an
edge cloud
network where the cloud is part of the window control system and/or BMS at the
building of
interest, at other building(s), or a combination of the building and other
buildings.
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[0150] Returning to FIG. 8A, the clear sky module 820
can use the 3D model of the
building site to generate simulations over time for different positions of the
sun under clear sky
conditions to determine shadows and reflections from objects at the building
site. For example,
the clear sky module 820 can generate a clear sky glare/shadow model and a
reflection model
and using a ray tracing engine, the clear sky module 820 can determine the
direction of sunlight
passing through the window openings of the building that accounts for shadows
and reflections
under clear sky conditions. The clear sky module 820 uses this shadow and
reflection based data
to determine the existence of glare, reflection, and passive heat conditions
at occupancy regions
(i.e. likely locations of occupants) of the building. The cloud-based clear
sky module 820
determines a yearly schedule (or other time period) of tint states for each of
the zones of the
building based on whether or not these conditions exist at different time
intervals over the year.
This schedule is also referred to herein as a "clear sky tint schedule." The
cloud-based clear sky
module 820 typically pushes the clear sky tint schedule information to the
window control
system 840. The window control system 840 includes a network of window
controllers such as,
e.g., the networks described in FIGS. 6 and 7. The window control system 840
is in
conununication with the zones of tintable windows in the building, depicted in
FIG. 8A as series
of zones from a zone 872 to an nth zone 874. The window control system 840
determines final
tint states and sends tint instructions to control the tint states of the
tintable windows. In certain
implementations, the final tint states are determined based on the clear sky
schedule information
and also based on sensor data, and/or weather data. As described above with
respect to the
illustrated system architecture 800, the window control system 840 does not
actively generate
models or otherwise waste computing power on modeling. The models, which are
specific to the
building site, are created, customized, and stored in the cloud network 801.
The predefined clear
sky tint schedule is pushed to the window control system 840 initially, and
then again only if
updates to the 3D model are made. For example, a 3D model may need to be
updated when there
are changes made to the building layout, new objects in the surrounding area,
or the like.
[0151] The system architecture 800 also includes a
graphical user interface (GUI) 890 for
conununicating with customers and other users to provide application services,
reports, and
visualizations of the 3D model and to receive input for setting up and
customizing the 3D model.
Visualizations of the 3D model (also referred to herein as "3D building site
visualizations") can
be provided to users and received from users through the GUI 890. The
illustrated users include
site operations 892 that are involved in troubleshooting at the building site
and have the
capability to review visualizations and edit the 3D model. The users also
include a Customer
Success Manager (CSM) 894 with the capability of reviewing visualizations and
on-site
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configuration changes to the 3D model. The users also include a customer(s)
configuration portal
898 in communication with various customers. Through the customer(s)
configuration portal
898, the customer(s) can review various visualizations of data mapped to the
3D model and
provide input to change the configuration at the building site. Some examples
of input from the
users include space configuration including e.g., occupancy areas in the
building, 3D object
definition at the building site, tint states for particular conditions, and
the priority of the
conditions at the building. Some examples of output provided to the users
include visualizations
of data on the 3D model such as visualization of tint states on the 3D model,
standard reporting,
and performance evaluation of the building. Certain users are depicted for
illustrative purposes.
It would be understood that other or additional users could be included.
[0152] FIG. 8B is an illustrated example of the flow of
data communicated between some of
the systems of the system architecture 800 shown in FIG. 8A. As shown, the
clear sky module
820 generates clear sky model schedule information and pushes that information
to the window
control system 840. The clear sky module 820 includes logic that generates a
tint state for each
time interval and zone by applying the priority data to the condition values.
The control logic of
the window control system 840 sets the final tint state for each zone. In this
example, the final
tint state is determined by the logic as the minimum between the clear sky
tint state and a
maximum weather tint state. The maximum weather tint state is the maximum tint
state between
a tint state determined by Module C and a tint state determined by Module D.
In other
implementations, the logic of the clear sky module 820 determines the final
tint states using
other methods.
A. Cloud-based 3D Modelling System
[0153] In various implementations, the system
architecture has a cloud-based 3D modelling
system that can generate a 3D model (e.g., solid model, surface model, or
wireframe model) of
the building site on a 3D modelling platforrn. Various commercially-available
programs can be
used as the 3D modelling platform. An example of such a commercially-available
program is
Rhino 3D software produced by McNe,e1 North America of Seattle Washington.
Another
example of a commercially-available program is Autocad computer-aided design
and drafting
software application by Autodesk of San Rafael, California.
The 3D model is a three-dimensional representation of the buildings and other
objects at the site
of the building with the tintable windows. A building site generally refers to
a region
surrounding the building of interest. The region is typically defined to
include all objects
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surrounding the building that would cause shadows or reflections on the
building. The 3D model
includes three-dimensional representations of the exterior surfaces of the
buildings and other
objects surrounding the building and also of the building stripped of all its
surfaces except walls,
floors, and exterior surfaces. The 3D modelling system can generate the 3D
model, for example,
automatically using a standard building model such as a Revit or other
industry standard building
model and stripping the modelled building of all its surfaces except walls,
floors, and exterior
surfaces with window openings. Any other object in the 3D model would be
automatically
stripped of all elements except exterior surfaces. As another example, the 3D
model can be
generated from scratch using 3D modelling software. An example of a 3D model
of a building
site 901 having three buildings is shown in FIG. 9.
B. Cloud-based Clear Sky Module
[0154] Recent installations of large numbers of
tintable windows such as electrocluomic
windows, sometimes referred to as "smart windows," in large-scale buildings
have created an
increased need for complex control and monitoring systems that can involve
extensive
computing resources. For example, a high number of tintable windows deployed
in a large-scale
building may have a huge number of zones (e.g., 10,000) would require complex
and memory-
intensive reflection and glare models. As these tintable windows continue to
gain acceptance
and are more widely deployed, they will require more sophisticated control
systems and models
that will involve storing and manipulating a large amount of data.
[0155] The system architecture described herein
implements cloud-based modules on a 3D
modelling platform to generate clear sky 3D models stored and maintained on a
cloud network.
These clear sky models include, for example, a glare/shadow model, a
reflection model, and a
passive heat model that are based on clear sky conditions at the building
site. An example of a
visualization of a glare/shadow model of the building site 901 in FIG. 9 with
the sun at one
position in the sky under clear sky conditions is shown in FIG. 10. The
glare/shadow model can
be used to determine the direct sunlight (not shadowed by surrounding objects)
that enters the
window openings of the building of interest at a particular time interval.
FIG. 11 is an example
of a visualization of a reflection model of the building under the same
conditions depicted in
FIG. 10. The glare and reflection models shown in FIGS. 10 and 11 are based on
a clear sky 3D
model of the building site 901 shown in FIG. 9 with attributes such as
reflective properties
assigned to the exterior surfaces of the three modeled buildings. The clear
sky module can use
the data from the simulation of the glare/shadow model shown in FIG. 10 to
determine a glare
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condition at that time interval. The clear sky module can use the data from
the simulation of the
reflection model shown in FIG. 11 to determine a direct reflection condition
at that time interval.
[0156]
The clear sky module includes
logic that can be implemented to assign attributes to
the 3D model to generate the clear sky 3D model. The clear sky module also
includes logic that
can be used to generate other models to determine various conditions such as,
for example, a
glare/shadow model, a reflection model, and a passive heat model. These models
of the building
site 901 can be used to generate a yearly schedule of tint states for the
zones of the building that
is pushed to the window control system at the building to make final tinting
decisions. With this
system architecture, most of the data is kept on the cloud network. Keeping
the models on the
cloud network allows for easy access to and customization by customers and
other users. For
example, visualizations of various models can be sent to the users to allow
them to review and
send input, for example, to setup and customize the models and/or override
final tint states in the
clear sky tint schedules or other systems functions at the building. For
example, the
visualizations can be used by users to manage input used to assign attributes
to the clear sky
model such as in zone management and window management as part of site set up
or
customization.
C. Graphical user interface (GUI) for Site Setup and
Customization
[0157]
The system architecture also
includes a GUI for interfacing with various customers
and other users. The GUI can provide application services or reports to the
users and receive
input for the various models from the users. The GUI can, for example, provide
visualizations of
various models to the users. The GUI can also provide an interface for zone
management,
window management, and occupancy region definition to set up the clear sky
model. The (JUL
can also provide an interface for entering priority data, reflective
properties of exterior surfaces,
override values, and other data. In addition, the users can use the GUI to
customize the spaces of
the 3D model, for example, after viewing visualizations of the clear sky model
of the building
site. Some examples of customizations include:
* re-structure the building site (move buildings, revise exterior surface
properties) to see
changes to reflection, glare, and heat conditions or to tinting of zones of
building
= re-structure internal structures (walls, floors) and external shell of
building to see how
changes will affect tint states
= manage zones of windows
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= change materials used in building to see changes to reflection properties
and
corresponding changes in reflection model and tint states
= change tinting priorities to see changes in tint states as mapped to 3D
model of building
= override tint states in schedule data
= revise buildings at building site
= add model of new condition
D. Window Control System
[0158] The system architecture described herein includes a window control
system that
includes a network of window controllers controlling the tint levels of the
zones of tintable
windows at the building. Some examples of controllers that may be included in
the window
control system of the system architecture are described with respect to FIGS.
6 and 7. Other
examples of window controllers that may be included in the window control
system are
described in U.S. Patent Application 15/334,835 filed on October 26, 2016 and
titled
"CONTROLLERS FOR OPTICALLY-SWITCHABLE DEVICES," which is hereby
incorporated by reference in its entirety.
[0159] The window control system includes control logic for making tinting
decisions and
sending tint instructions to change tint levels of the windows. In certain
embodiments, the
control logic includes logic of a Module C and a Module D that determine a
tint level for each
zone based on infrared sensor and/or photosensor measurements. As discussed
above, the clear
sky model schedule information is pushed to the window control system. In one
implementation,
the control logic of the window control system determines the final tint state
as the minimum
value between the lint state from the yearly schedule information and the
maximum tint state
from Module C/D.
[0160] As mentioned above, the window control system of the system
architecture described
herein does not generate models. The models maintained by the control
architecture are specific
to the building site and are maintained in the cloud network by the cloud-
based modules.
E. General process of system architecture
[0161] As discussed above, FIG. 8B is an illustrated example of the flow of
data
communicated between some of the systems of the system architecture 800. As
shown, the clear
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sky module 820 generates clear sky model schedule information and pushes that
information to
the window control system 840. The clear sky module 820 includes logic that
generates a tint
state for each time interval and zone by applying the priority data to the
condition values. The
control logic of the window control system 840 sets the final tint state for
each zone. In this
example, the final tint state is determined by the logic as the minimum
between the clear sky tint
state and a maximum weather tint state. The maximum weather tint state is the
maximum tint
state between a tint state determined by Module C and a tint state determined
by Module D. In
other implementations, the logic of the clear sky module 820 determines the
final tint states
using other methods.
[0162] FIG. 12 is schematic illustration of an example
of certain logic operations
implemented by the clear sky module to generate tint schedule information
based on clear sky
conditions (also referred to herein as "clear sky tint schedule information").
In this illustrated
example, the clear sky module applies the tint state assigned to each
condition to the condition
values and then applies the priorities from the priority data to determine the
tint state for each
zone at a particular time. In another example, the clear sky module could
apply the priorities
from the priority data to the condition values to determine the condition that
applies and then
apply the tint state for that condition to determine a tint state for each
zone at a particular time
interval.
[0163] In FIG. 12, the top table ("Table 1") is an
example of a table of condition values
determined by the clear sky module including values of the glare condition,
the direct reflection
condition, and the passive heat condition for zone 1 of a building at
different time intervals
during the morning of a day. In this example, the condition values am binary
values (0 or 1) of
whether the condition exists at different times during day: "0 ¨ Condition
does not exist and 1 ¨
Condition does exist. FIG. 12 also includes a second table ("Table 2") that is
an example of tint
state assigned for each condition (glare, reflection, passive heat) to each
zone. For example, Zone
1 is assigned for a glare condition to Tint 4, Zone 1 is assigned for a
reflection condition to Tint
3, and Zone 1 is assigned for a passive heating condition to Tint 2. When a
condition is true, the
clear sky module assigns a tint state to apply for that condition. Priority
data generally refers to
the list of priorities for each of the conditions (glare, reflection, passive
heat) at each zone of the
building. Priority data can be configurable by a user in certain cases. The
third table ("Table 3")
illustrated in FIG. 12 is an example of a configurable priority table (e.g.
configurable by a user)
that assigns priority to conditions for each zone to let the clear sky module
know which
condition takes priority. In this example, priorities are given for glare
condition, direct reflection
condition, and passive heat condition for each zone of a building. FIG. 12
also includes a graph
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with four plotted curves. The first curve ("Zone 1 Glare") are the clear sky
tint states at zone 1
over a day based on applying the tint states assigned to the glare condition
in Table 2 to the
condition values Table 1 applied over a day. The second curve ("Zone 1
Reflection") are the
clear sky tint states at zone 1 over a day based on applying the tint states
as assigned to the
reflection condition in Table 2 to the condition values Table 1 applied over a
day. The third
curve ("Zone 1 Passive Heat") are the clear sky tint states at zone 1 over a
day based on applying
the tint states as assigned to the passive heat condition in Table 2 to the
condition values Table 1
applied over a day. The fourth curve ("Priority Constrained") are the clear
sky tint states at zone
1 over a day based on the priority data from Table 3 applied to the tint
states determined by
applying the tint states assigned to each condition (glare, reflection,
passive heat) in Table 2 to
the condition values Table 1 applied over a day.
[0164] FIG. 13 is schematic depiction of the model data
flow through the cloud-based
systems of the system architecture of an implementation. The 3D model is
generated on the 3D
platform. An illustrated example of a 3D model is shown in FIG. 9. The 3D
model includes a
3D version of the building of interest with window openings, walls and floors
defined. External
surfaces of surrounding objects and their reflective properties are added to
the 3D model on the
on the 3D platform. The window openings in the 3D model are grouped into zones
and given
names on the 3D platform. Information is received from the user, for example,
via the GUI. For
example, the user can highlight or otherwise identify the 2D areas of the
occupancy locations
and/or identify the desired lint states for these occupancy locations on the
floor of the spaces of
the 3D model of the building or in the architectural model used to generate
the 3D model. The
user can also use the GUI to define the tint state for each occupancy region
that is associated
with each condition such as, for example, the direct glare condition and the
reflection condition.
The user can also input a value for the user eye level. This value of the user
eye level can be
used to generate a 3D extrusion of the 2D area of the occupancy locations to
determine a 3D
volume of the occupancy region. The logic of the clear sky module can be used
to generate
various condition models including, for example, a glare/shadow model, a
reflection model, and
a heat model. Illustrated examples of a glare/shadow model and reflection
model are shown in
FIGS. 10 and 11 respectively. The condition models can be used to generate
clear sky tint
schedule information communicated to the window control system.
lit Clear Sky Module - Models Setup/Customizations and generating scheduling
information
[0165] The 3D model of a building site is initialized
during a site setup process. In some
implementations, the user is given the capability, e.g., through a GUI, of
revising the 3D model
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to customize the control of the tintable windows and/or other systems in the
building. These
customizations can be reviewed by the user through visualizations using the 3D
modelling
platform. For example, customers or other users can view what has been
designed for the
building site after customization and how it will operate on a given day and
provide "what if"
scenarios. Also, different users can review the same 3D model stored on the
cloud network to
compare and discuss options that will cater to multiple users. For example,
Customer Success
Managers (CSMs) can review user locations, tint states by condition,
priorities and expected
behavior during clear sky conditions with the facility managers. The site
setup process includes
generating a 3D model of the building site and assigning attributes to the
elements of the 3D
model. The 3D model platform is typically used to generate a 3D model of the
building site by
stripping away unnecessary features from an architectural model of the
building of interest and
creating external surfaces of objects surrounding the building.
[0166] FIG. 14 is a flowchart depicting the general
operations involved in initializing the 3D
model on the 3D model platform according to various implementations. In one
implementation,
the 3D model is generated automatically from an architectural model of the
building and/or the
surrounding structures by stripping the architectural model of all but the
structural elements
representing the window openings, walls, floors and exterior surfaces of the
building with the
tintable windows. For example, an Autodesk Revit model of a building may be
received and
stripped of all elements except walls, floors, and exterior surfaces including
window openings.
These operations may be implemented by the 3D modelling system. In FIG. 14,
the 3D
modelling system receives an architectural model for the building with the
tintable windows and
also data, possibly the same or different architectural model, for the
structures and other objects
surrounding the building at the building site (1410). At operation 1420, the
3D modelling system
strips out all but the structural elements representing the window openings,
walls, floors and
exterior surfaces of the building with the tintable windows. At operation
1430, the 3D modelling
system builds the exterior surfaces of buildings and other objects surrounding
the building or
removes all elements from the surrounding objects except the exterior
surfaces. The output of
operation 1430 is the 3D model of the building site. An example of a 3D model
of a building site
is shown in FIG. 9.
[0167] FIG. 15 is a flowchart depicting the general
operations involved in assigning
attributes to the 3D model, generating the condition models, and other
operations involved with
generation of the clear sky tint scheduling information, according to certain
implementations_
One or more of these operations may be implemented using logic of the clear
sky module. As
depicted, the input for the operations is the 3D model of the building site
from the 3D modelling
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system (e.g., 3D modelling system 810 in FIG. 8A). At operation 1510, the
reflective or non-
reflective properties are assigning to the surface elements of any objects
surrounding the building
in the 3D model of the building site. These reflective properties will be used
to generate the
reflective model to evaluate conditions.
[0168] At operation 1520, a unique window ID is
assigned to each window openings of the
building of interest in the 3D model. In this window management operation, the
window
openings are mapped to unique window/controller Ms. In one implementation,
these mappings
may be validated and/or revised based on input from commissioning of the
windows at
installation in the building.
[0169] At operation 1530, window openings in the 3D
model are grouped into zones and
zone IDs and/or names of the zones are assigned to the zones. In this zone
management
operation, window openings in the building of interest in the 3D model are
mapped to zones.
Each zone maps to one or more window openings.
[0170] At operation 1540, one or more 3D occupancy
regions in the building of interest in
the 3D model are determined. For example, the user may identify/define two-
dimensional (2D)
areas as occupancy areas on floors of the 3D model and also define an eye
level of the occupant
associated with each occupancy area. The logic of the clear sky module can
generate an
extrusion of each 2D occupancy area from the floor to the defined eye level to
generate a 3D
occupancy region in the 3D model.
[0171] At operation 1550, the clear sky models that
will be applied are determined and the
clear sky models are run to determine the 3D projections of sunlight through
the window
openings. In this model management operation, the various clear sky models,
e.g., glare/shadow
model and reflection model, are generated. The clear sky module includes a ray
tracing engine
that can be used to determine the directions of rays of sunlight based on
different positions of the
sun in the sky throughout a day of a year or other time period. The ray
tracing engine can also be
used to determine the reflection direction and intensity of the reflected
light from objects
surrounding the building of interest from the location and reflective
properties of the external
surfaces of the objects surrounding the building. From these determinations,
3D projections of
sunlight through the window openings in the 3D model can be determined.
[0172] At operation 1560, the amount and duration of
any intersection of the 3D projections
of sunlight through the window openings and the 3D occupancy region(s) is
determined. For
each time interval of the day, the clear sky models are run to determine the
3D projection of
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sunlight through the window openings and the amount of any intersection of the
determined 3D
projection with a 3D occupancy region(s). By determining amount of the
intersection at each
time interval, the duration of the intersection can be determined.
[0173] At operation 1570, the conditions are evaluated
based on the intersection properties
determined at operation 1560. For example, a value for a glare/condition for a
particular zone
can be determined based on the amount and duration of any intersection of the
determined 3D
projections through the window openings with 3D occupancy region(s) in that
zone.
[0174] At operation 1580, the priority data is applied
to the condition values evaluated at
operation 1570 to determine a tint state for each zone of the building over
time, e.g., in a yearly
schedule. For example, the process described with respect to FIG. 12 can be
used in one
implementation to determine tint states for each zone over a time period.
These tint states based
on clear sky conditions are communicated to the window control system to make
final tinting
decisions that are implemented at tintable windows.
A. Window Management
[0175] During set up of the 3D model of the building
site, each window opening is assigned
a unique window id that corresponds to a local window controller. Assigning
the window
opening to a window id maps the window opening to a single window controller.
Each window
id effectively represents each window controller that can be grouped into a
zone. Alternatively or
additionally, after installation of the windows and their controllers in a
building, commissioning
operations may be used to determined which window is installed in which
location and paired to
which window controller. These associations from the commissioning process can
then be used
to compare to and validate the mapping in the 3D model or update the mapping
in the
configuration data of the 3D model. An example of a commissioning process that
can be used to
determine such mappings is described in International application
PCT/US2017/062634, filed on
November 11,2017 and titled "AUTOMATED COMMISSIONING OF CONTROLLERS IN A
WINDOW NETWORK," which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
The mapping
of each window opening to a window ID may also be revised based on user
customizations.
[0176] In one implementation, the user can select
window openings in the 3D model on the
3D model platform and assign unique window ids. FIG. 16 is an example of such
an
implementation as applied to fourteen (14) window openings in a floor of a
building of interest
in a 3D model. As shown, the user has assigned these window openings the
window ids of 1-14.
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B. Zone Management
[0177] Each zone of a building includes one or more
tintable windows. The tintable windows
are represented as openings in the 3D model. The one or more tintable windows
in each zone
will be controlled to behave in the same way (e.g., transitioned to the same
end tint state). This
means that if the occupancy region(s) associated with one of the tintable
windows in a zone
experiences a particular condition, all the tintable windows will be
controlled to react to that
condition. The configuration data with attributes of the 3D model include zone
properties such as
one or more of a name of the zone, an SHGC value of a representative window of
the zone, and a
maximum value of internal radiation.
[0178] During zone management as part of site setup or
customization of the 3D model, a
user can define the window openings that will be grouped together in zones and
assign properties
to the defined zones. FIG. 17A is an illustrated example of a graphical
interface on the 3D
modelling platform that allows a user to select one or more window openings
from the fourteen
(14) window openings shown in FIG. 16 to group together as (map to) a zone and
to name the
zone. This can be done for any number of zones. In this example, window
openings 1, 2, and 3
are defined as "Zone 1," window openings 4-7 are defined as "Zone 2," and
window openings 8-
14 are defined as "Zone 3."
[0179] In one implementation, the user can select and
group together multiple zones so that
the multiple zones behave in the same way. FIG. 17B is an illustrated example
of a graphical
interface on the 3D modelling platform that allows a user to select and group
together "Zone 1"
and "Zone 2" from FIG. 17A. As shown, "Zone 1" and "Zone 2" are grouped
together and are
controlled in the same manner. Each of the zones grouped together retain their
zone name, ID,
and associated window IDs.
[0180] FIG. 18 is an example of an interface that can
be used by a user to map the unmapped
spaces of a 3D model to particular defined zones. As shown, the user has
selected the spaces of
"Office 1," "Office 2," "Office 3," and "Office 4" to be mapped to "Zone 1."
In this example, the
windows associated with these spaces will be associated with "Zone 1." In one
aspect, the user
can select the "review mapping" button to visualize the mapped windows of the
spaces in "Zone
1" on the 3D model of the building site.
[0181] During zone management, each zone is assigned
zone properties. Some examples of
zone properties include: zone name (user defined), zone id (system generated),
IDs of windows,
glass SHGC, maximum allowable radiation into the space in watts per meter
squared. FIG. 19 is
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an example of interface that can be used by review the properties assigned to
each zone of
window openings from the fourteen (14) window openings shown in FIG. 16. In
this example,
the user can select "Zone 1" to display that Zone ID, the Zone name, the IDs
of the windows in
the zone, the Glass SHGC values, and the maximum allowable radiation.
C. Generate 3D Occupancy regions
[0182] As used herein, an occupancy region refers to a three-dimensional
volume that is
likely to be occupied during a particular time period. Occupancy regions are
defined during site
setup and can be re-defined during customization. In certain implementations,
defining an
occupancy region involves defining a three-dimensional volume by extruding a
two-dimensional
occupancy area on a surface (e.g., a floor) to a vertical plane at the eye
level of an occupant, and
assigning properties to the 3D occupancy region. Some examples of properties
include
occupancy region name, glare tint state (tint state if glare condition
exists), direct reflection tint
state (tint states for different levels of direct reflection radiation), and
indirect reflection tint state
(tint states for different levels of indirect reflection radiation).
[0183] In certain implementations, an occupancy region is generated on the
3D modelling
platform. The user draws or otherwise defines the user location or area of
activity as a two-
dimensional shape (e.g., polygon) or shapes on the floor or other surface
(e.g., desktop) of the
3D model and also defines an occupant eye level. An example of a two-
dimensional four-sided
user location drawn on the floor of a 3D model is shown in FIG. 20A. The clear
sky module
defines the three-dimensional occupancy region as an extrusion of the two-
dimensional shape
from the surface to the occupant eye level (e.g., lower eye level or upper eye
level). An example
of a three-dimensional occupancy region generated by extruding the two-
dimensional object in
FIG. 20A to an upper eye level is shown in FIG. 20B.
D. Clear Sky Models
[0184] In certain implementations, a glare/shadow model, a direct
reflection model, and an
indirect reflection model are generated based on the 3D model of a building
site. These models
can be used to determine 3D projections of sunlight through the window
openings of the building
of interest in the 3D model over time based on clear sky conditions. A
raytracing engine is used
to simulate the directions of rays of sunlight at the location of the sun
during each time interval.
The simulations are run to evaluate different glare conditions in each of the
zones of a building
such as a basic glare condition (direct radiation intersecting an occupancy
region), direct
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reflection glare condition (single bounce reflection off a direct reflective
surface to an occupancy
region), indirect reflection glare condition (multiple bounce reflection off
an indirect reflective
surface(s) to an occupancy region). The simulations assume clear sky
conditions and take into
account shadowing on spaces and reflection by external objects surrounding the
building. The
simulations determine values of glare and other conditions in time intervals
over a year or other
time period. The clear sky lint schedule data includes values for each of the
conditions and/or tint
state for each time interval (e.g., every 10 minutes) over a time period such
as a year.
[0185] Generally, the clear sky module includes logic
to determine whether different
conditions (e.g., glare, reflection, passive heat) exist at each zone of the
building at each time
interval (e.g., every ten minutes) of a time period such as a year. The clear
sky module outputs
tint schedule information of values for these conditions and/or associated
tint states at each zone
for each time interval. The value of a condition may be, for example, a binary
value of 1
(condition does exist) or 0 (condition does not exist). In some cases, the
clear sky module
includes a raytracing engine that determines the direction of rays of sunlight
(direct or reflected)
based on the location of the sun at different times.
[0186] In one aspect, the glare condition is evaluated
based on multiple glare areas from the
models in a single occupancy region. For example, light projections can
intersect different
occupancy areas within a single occupancy region. In one aspect, the
conditions are evaluated
based on multiple elevations within in a single zone.
- Glare Control
[0187] In certain implementations, a determination of a
glare condition is made using the
intersection (also referred to as an "overlap") of a 3D projection of sunlight
from the glare
(absence of shadow) model and/or the direct reflection (one bounce) model with
a three-
dimensional (3D) occupancy region. A positive determination of basic glare
from the glare
model is a function of the percentage (%) of total intersection with the 3D
occupancy region
and the duration of the intersection. The determination of reflection glare
based on the reflection
model is a function of the duration of the intersection. The clear sky module
includes logic for
evaluating the existence (positive determination) of a glare condition based
on the glare (absence
of shadow) model and/or the direct reflection (one bounce) model based on
surrounding objects
to the building.
[0188] According to one implementation, for each zone,
the logic determines from the glare
model if 3D projections of direct sunlight through the window openings of the
zone intersect any
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of the three-dimensional occupancy regions in the zone. If the % intersection
is greater than the
minimum % of total Intersection (minimum threshold of overlap from the window
projection
into the occupancy region before glare condition is considered) and the
duration of the
intersection is greater than the minimum duration of intersection (minimum
amount of time the
intersection must occurs before it becomes significant), then a glare
condition value (e.g., 1) and
lint state associated with the glare condition is returned. If the logic
determines from the glare
model that a 3D projection of direct sunlight through the window openings does
not intersect any
of the three-dimensional occupancy regions in the zone, for example, zone is
in a shadow, then a
glare condition value (e.g., 0) and tint state associated with no glare
condition is returned_ The
logic takes the maximum tint state of the zones that may he linked together.
If there are no
intersections, a lowest tint state is returned (e.g., tint 1).
[0189] In another implementation, the logic determines for each time
interval, for each zone
of tintable windows (collection of window openings), if the sun is directly
intersecting any of the
three-dimensional occupancy regions. If any of the occupancy regions are
simultaneously
intersected, output is that the condition does exist. If none of the occupancy
regions are
intersected, the condition does not exist.
[0190] HG. 21 is an example of using a simulation of the glare/shadow model
that did not
return a glare condition based on basic glare. In this example, the simulation
generated a low
total intersection of glare with the 3D occupancy region and the glare was not
present long
throughout the day so that the clear sky module did not return a glare
condition.
[0191] HG. 22 is an example of using a simulation of the direct reflection
(one bounce)
model that returned a glare condition based on glare from direct one-bounce
reflection. In this
example, the simulation generated a high total intersection with the 3D
occupancy region and
extended periods of glare occurred on this day so that glare value was
returned.
- Reflected Radiation Control
[0192] The clear sky module includes logic for evaluating the existence of
a reflection
condition under clear sky conditions based on the models and for determining
the lowest state to
keep the internal radiation below the maximum allowable internal radiation.
The logic
determines a radiation condition based on the direct normal radiation hitting
the window
openings of a zone. The logic determines a tint state based on the clearest
tint state that can keep
the normal radiation below the defined threshold for that zone.
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[0193] The logic determines the external normal
radiation on the tintable window from the
3D model and calculates the internal radiation for each tint state by
multiplying the determined
level of external radiation by the glass SHGC. The logic compares the maximum
internal
radiation for the zone to the calculated internal radiation for each of the
tint states and chooses
the lightest calculated tint state that is below the maximum internal
radiation for that zone. For
example, the external normal radiation from the model is 800 and the maximum
internal
radiation is 200 and the Ti = 0.5, T2 = 0.25, and T3 = 0.1. The logic
calculated the internal
radiation for each tint state by multiplying the determined level of external
radiation by the glass
SHGC: Cale Ti (800)*0.5 = 400, Cale T2 (800)*0.25 = 200, and Cale T3 (800)*0.1
= 80. The
logic would select 122 since 122 is lighter than T3.
[0194] In another implementation, the logic determines
for each zone of windows (collection
of openings), if the sun has a single bounce off of the external objects. If
there is a reflection to
any of the occupancy regions, then the reflection condition does exist. If
reflection is not on any
of the occupancy regions, the reflection condition does not exist.
- Passive Heat Control
[0195] In certain implementations, the clear sky module
includes logic for evaluating the
existence of a passive heat condition that sets a darker tinting state in the
windows of a zone
based on output from the clear sky models. The logic determines the external
solar radiation
hitting the tintable windows under clear sky conditions from the clear sky
models. The logic
determines the estimated clear sky heat entering the mom based on the external
radiation on the
tintable windows. If the logic determines that the estimated clear sky heat
entering the room is
greater than a maximum allowable value, then the passive heat conditions
exists and a darker lint
state is set to the zone based on the passive heat condition. The maximum
allowable value may
be set based on the external temperature to the building and/or user input. In
one example, if the
external temperature is low, the maximum allowable external radiation may be
set very high to
allow for an increased level of passive heat to enter the building space.
E. Building Site Clear Sky Model Customizations
[0196] FIG. 23 is a flowchart of the actions and
processes for implementing user input to
customize the clear sky 3D model of a building site, according to one aspect.
These site editing
operations can be implemented by logic on the clear sky module. The attributes
of the clear sky
model can be editable (customizable) and defined/redefined at any time. The
user can enter input
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via a GUI, for example. In the flowchart, the process starts by opening the 3D
model (2202). The
user then has the options of selecting a zone to edit or a user location to
edit (2210, 2220). If the
user selects to edit a zone, the user can regroup the windows defined to that
zone (2212), rename
the zone (2214), and/or edit the allowable internal radiation or other
property of the zone (2216).
If the If the user selects a user location to edit (2220), the user edit the
user preferences to select
a glare model or a reflection model to map to the user location (2222), and or
delete a user
location (2224) or add a user location (2226). Once the edit is made or edits
are made, the user
submits the changes to update the clear sky 3D model of the building site
(2230). The changes
are used to generate new schedule data based on the revised clear sky 3D model
and the schedule
data is exported and communicated to the window control module (2240).
F. Visualizations
[0197] In certain implementations, the system
architecture includes GUI that allows the user
to make changes to attributes of the clear sky model to see the changes to the
model and/or
changes to the schedule data in visualizations on the 3D modeling platform.
Visualizations of the
building site on the 3D modeling platform can be used for the purposes of
customization.
[0198] In one aspect, the user can see how that sun is
impacting glare on a zone or group of
zones by selecting the zone or group of zones and a date/time from the
glare/shadow clear sky
model. FIG. 24 is an example of a visualization of the direct rays of sunlight
on a zone of five
tintable windows at a particular date/time to see how the sun is impacting
glare on the windows.
In one example, the GUI can include a slider or other movable selector
interface that allows the
user to slide through different time intervals in the day to see the sun path
and impact of glare
from direct sunlight over the course of a day.
[0199] As another aspect, the user can see how that sun
is impacting reflection on a zone or
group of zones by selecting the zone or group of zones and a date/time from
the reflection model.
FIG. 25 is an example of a visualization of the reflected (one bounce) rays of
sunlight off two
buildings to a zone of five tintable windows on the building of interest to
see how the sun is
impacting reflected radiation at the particular date/time. In one example, the
GUI can include a
slider or other movable selector interface that allows the user to slide
through different time
intervals the day to see the sun path and impact of reflected radiation over
the course of a day.
[0200] In another aspect, the user can see how the is
impacting glare and reflection light on a
zone or group of zones by implementing both the reflection model and the
glare/shadow clear
sky model.
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M. Window control system
[0201] Examples logic modules based on infrared sensors
and photosensors are described in
international PCT application PCT/US17/55631, filed on October 6, 2017 titled
"INFRARED
CLOUD DETECTOR SYSTEMS AND METHODS, which is hereby incorporated by reference
in its entirety.
A. Control Method with Clear Sky Tint Schedule Data and
Modules C and D
[0202] HG. 26 includes flowchart 2600 depicting control
logic for a method of controlling
the one or more zones of tintable windows in a building, according to various
implementations.
This control logic determines a final tint level for each zone based on one or
more of a tint level
determined from the clear sky tint schedule data received from the clear sky
module, a tint level
determined by Module C, and a tint level determined by Module D. The window
control system
communicates tint instructions to transition each of the tintable windows in
the zone(s) to the
final tint level. For example, the window control system may include a master
controller that
implements this control logic to make tinting decisions and communicate the
final tint level for
each zone to the local window controller(s) controlling the tintable windows
of that zone. In one
implementation, the tintable windows are electrochromic windows, each
including at least one
electrochromic device. For example, each tintable window may be an insulated
glass unit with
two glass lites having an electrochromic device on at least one of these
lites. The instructions for
the control logic can be executed by one or more processors of window
controller or window
controllers and/or a multi-sensor device described herein. For example, a
processor of a multi-
sensor device may determine filtered sensor values and communicate these
filtered sensor values
to a window controller that determines the tint level based on the filtered
sensor values. In
another example, one or more processors of a window controller may determine
the filtered
sensor values and corresponding tint level based on sensor readings received
from the multi-
sensor device.
[0203] The operations of the illustrated iterative
control logic in FIG. 26 are run at lime
intervals as timed by a timer at operation 2610. The logic operations can be
performed at
constant time intervals in some aspects. In one case, the logic operations are
done every 2 to 5
minutes. In other cases, it may be desirable to perform the logic operations
on a less frequent
basis such as every 30 minutes or every 20 minutes such as for tint transition
for large pieces of
electrochromic lites (e.g. up to 6 feet x 10 feet) that can take up to 30
minutes or more to
transition.
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[0204] At operation 2620, the control logic sets a tint
level for a zone at a single instant in
time 4 based on one or more of a tint level calculated from the clear sky tint
schedule data
received from the clear sky module(s), a tint level calculated by logic Module
C, and a tint level
calculated by a tint level calculated by logic Module D. The control logic
also performs the
calculations to determine these tint levels. An example of calculations used
to determine these
tint levels is described in detail with respect to FIG. 27. Another example of
calculations that
can be used to determine tint levels from Modules C and D is described in
detail with respect to
FIG. 30. These calculations can be performed by one or more processors of a
window
controller(s) and/or a multi-sensor device. For example, a processor of a
multi-sensor device
may determine filtered sensor values and communicate these filtered sensor
values to a window
controller that determines the tint level based on the filtered sensor values.
In another example,
one or more processors of a window controller may determine the filtered
sensor values and
corresponding tint level based on sensor readings received from the multi-
sensor device.
[0205] In certain implementations, the control logic
implemented by the window control
system is predictive logic that calculates how the tintable window should
transition in advance of
the actual transition. In these cases, the determined tint levels are based on
a future time e.g.,
around or after transition is complete_ For example, the future time used in
the calculations may
be a time in the future that is sufficient to allow the transition to be
completed after receiving the
tint instructions. In these cases, the window controller can send tint
instructions in the present
time in advance of the actual transition. By the completion of the transition,
the tintable window
will have transitioned to a tint level that is desired for that future time.
[0206] Module C and Module D each determine a cloud
cover condition and a tint level
based on the determined cloud cover condition_ The operations of Module C
determine a cloud
cover condition based on raw photosensor readings or a filtered photosensor
value and determine
a tint level based on the determined cloud cover condition. The photosensor
readings/value can
be sent directly to Module C as input. Alternatively, Module C can query a
database for the
photosensor readings/value. The photosensor readings are measurements taken by
the plurality
of photosensor(s), for example, of a multi-sensor device. In one aspect, the
processor uses the
logic of Module C to determine the cloud cover condition by comparing the
photosensor
readings/value with a threshold value. In one implementation, Module C can
also calculate a
filtered photosensor value using the raw photosensor readings. Generally the
operations of
Module C determine a tint level that is the same or is lighter than the tint
level in the clear sky
tint schedule data from the clear sky model(s).
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[0207] In certain implementations, the logic of Module
D uses filtered infrared (IR) sensor
values (e.g., rolling average or median values of readings) to determine a
tint level for a zone of
one or more electrochromic windows in a building. Module D includes logic to
calculate the
filtered IR sensor values based on sky temperature readings (TA) and ambient
temperature
readings from local sensors (Tomb) or from weather feed (71õagather), and/or a
difference, delta (A),
between sky temperature readings and ambient temperature readings. The raw
sensor readings
are input directly to Module D or retrieved from a database in response to a
database query. The
ambient temperature readings are measurements taken by local ambient
temperature sensors,
Tamb, or ambient temperature readings from weather feed, flew'er. The sky
temperature readings
are generally taken by one or more infrared sensors. The ambient temperature
readings may be
received from various sources. For example, the ambient temperature readings
may be
communicated from one or more ambient temperature sensors located onboard an
infrared sensor
and/or a standalone temperature sensor of, for example, a multi-sensor device
at the building. As
another example, the ambient temperature readings may be received from weather
feed.
Generally the operations of Module D determine a tint level that is darker or
the same as the tint
level determined by Module C. In other implementations, the logic of Module D
uses raw
infrared (IR) sensor values to determine a tint level for a zone of one or
more electrochromic
windows in a building.
[0208] Returning to FIG. 26, at operation 2630, the
control logic determines whether there is
an override to allow for various types of overrides to disengage the logic. If
there is an override,
the control logic sets the final tint level for the zone to an override value
at operation 2640. For
example, the override may be input by a current occupant of the space that
would like to override
the control system and set the tint level. Another example an override is a
high demand (or peak
load) override, which is associated with a requirement of a utility that
energy consumption in the
building be reduced. For example, on particularly hot days in large
metropolitan areas, it may be
necessary to reduce energy consumption throughout the municipality in order to
not overly tax
the municipality's energy generation and delivery systems. In such cases, the
building
management may override the tint level from the control logic to ensure that
all tintable windows
have a high tint level. This override may override a user's manual override.
There may be levels
of priority in the override values.
[0209] At operation 2650, the control logic determines
whether a tint level for each zone of
the building being determined has been determined. If not, the control logic
iterates to determine
a final tint level for the next zone. If the tint state for the final zone
being determined is
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complete, the control signals for implementing the tint level for each zone
are transmitted over a
network to the power supply in electrical communication with the device(s) of
the tintable
windows of the zone to transition to the final tint level at operation 2660
and the control logic
iterates for the next time interval returning to operation 2610. For example,
the tint level may be
transmitted over a network to the power supply in electrical communication
with electrochromic
device(s) of the one or more electrochromic windows to transition the windows
to the tint level.
In certain embodiments, the transmission of tint level to the windows of a
building may be
implemented with efficiency in mind. For example, if the recalculation of the
tint level suggests
that no change in tint from the current tint level is required, then there is
no transmission of
instructions with an updated tint level. As another example, the control logic
may recalculate tint
levels for zones with smaller windows more frequently than for zones with
larger windows.
[0210] In one case, the control logic in FIG. 26
implements a control method for controlling
the tint level of all the electrochromic windows of an entire building on a
single device, for
example, on a single master window controller. This device can perform the
calculations for each
and every electrochromic window in the building and also provide an interface
for transmitting
tint levels to the electrochromic devices in individual ele,ctmchrornic
windows.
[0211] FIG. 26 includes flowchart 2600 depicting
control logic for making tint decisions for
a zone at a single instant in time ti based on input from the clear sky tint
schedule information
from the clear sky model(s), Module C, and Module D, according to an
implementation. At
operation 2610, the clear sky tint level for the zone is determined based on
the clear sky schedule
data output from the clear sky models. For example, the clear sky tint
schedule data may include
the clear sky tint states for different time intervals and the control logic
determines the clear sky
tint state for the zone at time r. The clear sky tint schedule data may
include clear sky tint states
for different time intervals over a day based on different conditions (e.g.,
glare condition,
reflection condition, passive heat condition), and/or priority data. For
example, the clear sky tint
schedule data may be in the form of clear sky tint states over different time
intervals based on
tint levels associated with different conditions as constrained by priority
data such as shown by
the priority constrained curve shown in the graph in FIG. 12. In this example,
the logic
determines a tint state based on the priority constrained curve at time t,. At
operation 2620, the
control logic uses logic Module C to determine a tint level for the zone. The
operations
performed by logic module C are described in detail with reference to FIG. 35.
At operation
2630, the control logic uses logic Module D to determine a tint level for the
zone. The operations
performed by logic Module D are described in detail with reference to FIG. 28,
30, 31, and 32.
At operation 2640, the control logic calculates the maximum tint level from
Module C and
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Module D. At operation 2650, the control logic calculates the minimum tint
level from the clear
sky tint level determined at operation 2610 and the maximum tint level from
Module C and D
determined at operation 2640.
[0212] Another example of control logic that can be
used to derive tint levels from Module C
and Module D is described with respect to FIG. 30.
[0213] Also, there may be certain adaptive components
of the control logic of embodiments.
For example, the control logic may determine how an end user (e.g. occupant)
tries to override
the algorithm at particular times of day and then makes use of this
information in a more
predictive manner to determine a desired tint level. For example, the end user
may be using a
wall switch to override the tint level provided by the control logic at a
certain time on each day
over a consecutive sequence of days to an override value. The control logic
may receive
information about these instances and change the control logic to introduce an
override value that
changes the tint level to the override value from the end user at that time of
day.
¨ Examples of Module D
[0214] In certain implementations, Module D uses
filtered infrared (1R) sensor values (e.g.,
rolling average or median values of readings) to determine a tint level for a
zone of one or more
electrochromic windows in a building. Module D includes logic to calculate the
filtered JR
sensor values using a Cloudy Offset value and sky temperature readings (Thy)
and ambient
temperature readings from local sensors (T,õõb) or from weather feed (T.,
eathe), and/or a
difference, delta (4), between sky temperature readings and ambient
temperature readings. The
Cloudy Offset value is a temperature offset that corresponds to the threshold
values that will be
used to determine the cloudy condition by the logic in Module D. The logic of
Module D may be
performed by the one or more processors of a network controller or a master
controller.
Alternatively, the logic of Module D may be performed by one or more
processors of a multi-
sensor device. In one case, the calculated filtered IR sensor values from
Module D are saved into
an IR sensor measurement database which is stored in memory. In this case, the
one or more
processors performing the calculations of Module D retrieves the IR sensor
values as input from
IR sensor measurement database.
[0215] FIG. 28 illustrates a flowchart 2800 depicting
logic of a Module D, according to
certain implementations. The logic of Module D may be performed by one or more
processors of
a local window controller, a network controller, a master controller, or a
multi-sensor device. At
operation 2810, the processor(s) performing the operations of Module D
receives as data
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associated with a current time. The sensor readings may be received via a
communication
network at the building, for example, from a rooftop multi-sensor device. The
received sensor
readings include sky temperature readings (Tsky) and ambient temperature
readings from local
sensors at the building (Tab) or from weather feed (T.
eathea and/or readings of the difference
between Lk, and Tamb (A). The ambient temperature readings from local sensors
at the building
(Tamb) are measurements taken by ambient temperature sensors located either
onboard an ER
sensor device or separate from the IR sensor device. The ambient temperature
sensor readings
can alternatively be from weather feed data.
[0216] In another implementation, the logic of Module D
receives and uses raw sensor
readings of measurements taken by two or more IR sensor devices at the
building (e.g., of a
rooftop multi-sensor device), each ER sensor device having an onboard ambient
temperature
sensor for measuring ambient temperature (Tõõ,b) and an onboard infrared
sensor directed to the
sky for measuring sky temperature (Tsky) based on infrared radiation received
within its field-of-
view. Two or more IR sensor devices are typically used to provide redundancy.
In one case, each
infrared sensor device outputs readings of ambient temperature (Ta,,,b) and
sky temperature (Tsky).
In another case, each infrared sensor device outputs readings of ambient
temperature (T.7õ1,), sky
temperature (Thy), and the difference between Tsky and Tans delta A. In one
case, each infrared
sensor device outputs readings the difference between Tsky and Tandy, delta A.
According to one
aspect, the logic of Module D uses raw sensor readings of measurements taken
by two Ilk sensor
devices at the building. In another aspect, the logic of Module D uses raw
sensor readings of
measurements taken by 1-10 ER sensor devices at the building.
[0217] In another implementation, the logic of Module D
receives and uses raw sky
temperature (Tay) readings taken by infrared sensors at the building and
directed to the sky to
received infrared radiation within its field-of-view and ambient temperature
readings from
weather feed data (T.
eather). The weather feed data is 'received from one or more weather services
and/or other data sources over a communication network. Weather feed data
generally includes
data associated with weather conditions such as, for example, cloud coverage
percentage,
visibility data, wind speed data, temperature data, percentage probability of
precipitation, and/or
humidity. Typically weather feed data is received in a signal through a
communication network
by a window controller. According to certain aspects, the window controller
can send a signal
with a request for the weather feed data through a communication interface
over the
communication network to one or more weather services. The request usually
includes at least
the longitude and latitude of the location of the window(s) being controlled.
In response, the one
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or more weather services send a signal with weather feed data through the
communication
network through a communication interface to the window controller. The
communication
interface and network may be in wired or wireless form. In some cases, a
weather service may be
accessible through a weather webs ite. An example of a weather website can be
found at
www.forecast.io. Another example is the National Weather Service (www.
weathergov). The
weather feed data may be based on a current time or may be forecasted at a
future lime. More
details regarding logic that uses weather feed data can be found in
international application
PCT/U516/41344, filed on July 7, 2016 and titled "CONTROL METHOD FOR TINTABLE
WINDOWS," which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
[0218] Returning to FIG. 28, at operation 2820, the
logic of Module D calculates a
temperature value (Teak) based on sky temperature readings from one or more
infrared sensors,
ambient temperature readings from either one or more local ambient temperature
sensors or from
weather feed, and a Cloudy Offset value. The Cloudy Offset value refers to a
temperature offset
which determines the first and second threshold values used to make a
determination of the cloud
condition in Module D. In one example, the Cloudy Offset value is -17
millidegrees Celsius. In
one aspect, the Cloudy Offset value of -17 millidegrees Celsius corresponds to
a first threshold
value of 0 millidegrees Celsius. In another example, the Cloudy Offset value
is in the range of -
30 millidegrees Celsius to 0 millidegrees Celsius.
[0219] In certain implementations, Module D calculates
the temperature value (Teak) based
on sky temperature readings from two or more pairs of thermal sensors. Each
pair of thermal
sensors having an infrared sensor and an ambient temperature sensor. In one
implementation, the
thermal sensors of each pair are integral components of an IR sensor device.
Each IR sensor
device has an onboard infrared sensor and an onboard ambient temperature
sensor. Two IR
sensor devices are typically used to provide redundancy. In another
implementation, the infrared
sensor and ambient temperature sensor are separate.
[0220] At operation 2820, the logic of Module D
calculates the temperature value (Teak)
using:
Teak = minimum (Tskyi, Tsky2,...)¨ minimum (Tambl, Tatrit,2t2,-) ¨ Cloudy
Offset (Eqn. 1)
where Tskyi, Tsicy2 , , are temperature readings taken by the multiple
infrared sensors and Tambi,
Tamb2,... are temperature readings taken the multiple ambient temperature
sensors. If two infrared
sensors and two ambient temperature sensors are used, Trak = minimum (Tsky,,
7:5=42)¨ minimum
(Tamb), Tamb2) ¨ Cloudy Offset. Minimums of the readings from multiple sensors
of the same type
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are used to bias the result toward lower temperature values that would
indicate lower cloud cover
and result in higher tint level in order to bias the result toward avoiding
glare.
[0221] In another implementation, the logic of Module D
may switch from using a local
ambient temperature sensor to using weather feed data when ambient temperature
sensor
readings become unavailable or inaccurate, for example, where an ambient
temperature sensor is
reading heat radiating from a local source such as from a rooftop. In this
implementation, the
temperature value (Teak) is calculated based on sky temperature readings and
ambient
temperature readings from weather feed data (T,,
who). In this implementation, the temperature
value is calculated as:
Teak = minimum (T sky 1, 72,¨) ¨ Twea ther ¨ Cloudy Offset
(Eqn. 2)
[0222] In another implementation, the temperature value
(Tcare) is calculated based on
readings of the difference, A, between sky temperature and ambient temperature
as measured by
two or more IR sensor devices, each having an onboard infrared sensor
measuring and ambient
temperature sensor. In this implementation, the temperature value is
calculated as:
Teak = minimum (cti, ¨ Cloudy Offset
(Eqn. 3)
where Ai, A2,... are readings of the difference, A, between sky temperature
and ambient
temperature measured by multiple IR sensor devices.
[0223] In implementations that use Eqn. 1 and Eqn. 3,
the control logic uses the difference
between the sky temperature and the ambient temperature to determine the IR
sensor value input
to determine a cloud condition. Ambient temperature readings tend to fluctuate
less than sky
temperature readings. By using the difference between sky temperature and
ambient temperature
as input to determine tint state, the tint states determined over time may
fluctuate to a lesser
degree and provide a more stable tinting of the window.
[0224] In another implementation, the control logic
calculates Talc based only on sky
temperature readings from two or more infrared sensors. In this
implementation, the IR sensor
value determined by Module D and input into Module D is based on sky
temperature readings
and not on ambient temperature readings. In this case, Module D determines a
cloud condition
based on sky temperature readings. Although the above described
implementations for
determining Teak are based on two or more redundant sensors of each type, it
would be
understood that the control logic may be implemented with readings from a
single sensor.
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[0225] At operation 2830, the processor updates the
short term box car and long term box car
with the Tut determined in operation 2820. To update the box cars, the most
recent sensor
reading is added to the box cars and the oldest sensor reading is dropped out
of the box cars.
[0226] For Module D and other control logic described
herein, filtered sensor values are used
as input to making tinting decisions. Module D and other logic described
herein determine
filtered sensor values using short term and long term box cars (filters). A
short box car (e.g., box
car that employs sample values taken over 10 minutes, 20 minutes, 5 minutes,
etc.) is based on a
smaller number of sensor samples (e.g., n=1, 2, 3, ...10, etc.) relative to
the larger number of
sensor samples (e.g., n=10, 20, 30, 40, etc.) in a long box car (e.g., box car
that employs sample
values taken over 1 hour, 2 hours, etc.). A box car (illumination) value may
be based on a mean,
average, median or other representative value of the sample values in the box
car. In one
example, the short box car value is a median value of sensor samples and the
long box car value
is a median value of sensor samples. Module D typically uses a rolling median
value of sensor
samples for each of the short box car value and long box car value. In another
example, the short
box car value is a mean value of sensor samples and the long box car value is
a mean value of
sensor samples. Module C typically uses filtered photosensor values that are
determined from
short and/or long box car values based on mean value of sensor samples.
[0227] Since a short box car value is based on a
smaller number of sensor samples, short box
car values more closely follow the current sensor readings than long box car
values. Thus, short
box car values respond to rapidly changing conditions more quickly and to a
greater degree than
the long box car values. Although both the calculated short and long box car
values lag behind
the sensor readings, short box car values will lag behind to a lesser extent
than the long box car
values. Short box car values tend to react more quickly than long box car
values to current
conditions. A long box car can be used to smooth the response of the window
controller to
frequent short duration weather fluctuations like a passing cloud, while a
short box car does not
smooth as well but responds more quickly to rapid and significant weather
changes like overcast
conditions. In the case of a passing cloud condition, control logic using only
a long box car value
will not react quickly to the current passing cloud condition. In this case,
the long box car value
can be used in tinting decisions to determine an appropriate high tint level.
In the case of a fog
burning off condition, it may be more appropriate to use a short term box car
value in tinting
decisions. In this case, the short term box car reacts more quickly to a new
sunny condition after
the fog burns off. By using the short term box car value to make tinting
decisions, the tintable
window can quickly adjust to the sunny condition and keeps the occupant
comfortable as the fog
rapidly bums off.
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[0228] At operation 2840, the processor determines a
short box car value (Sboxcar value)
and the long box car value (Lboxcar value) based on the current sensor
readings in the box cars
updated at operation 2830. In this example, each box car value is calculated
by taking the median
value of the sensor readings in the box car after the last update made at
operation 2830. In
another implementation, each box car value is calculated by taking the mean
value of the current
sensor readings in each box car. In other implementations, other calculations
of the sensor
readings in each box car may be used.
[0229] In certain implementations, control logic
described herein evaluates the difference
between the short term box car value and the long term box car value to
determine which box car
value to implement in making decisions. For example, when the absolute value
of the difference
between the short term box car value and the long term box car value exceeds a
threshold value,
the short term box car value is used in the calculation. In this case, the
short box car value of the
sensor readings in the short term is larger by the threshold the value of the
long term sensor
readings which may indicate a short term fluctuation of a large enough
significance, e.g., a large
cloud that may suggest transitioning to a lower tint state. If the absolute
value of the difference
between the short and long box car values does not exceed the threshold value,
the long term box
car is used. Returning to FIG. 28, at operation 2850, the logic evaluates
whether the value of the
absolute value of the difference between the Sboxcar value and the Lboxcar
value is greater than
a delta threshold value (ISboxcar Value - Lboxcar Valuel > Delta Threshold).
In some cases, the
value of the Delta Threshold is in the range of 0 millidegrees Celsius to 10
millidegrees Celsius.
In one case, the value of the Delta Threshold is 0 millidegrees Celsius.
[0230] If the absolute value of the difference is above
the delta threshold value, the Sboxcar
value is assigned to the IR sensor value and the short term box car is reset
to empty its values
(operation 2860). If the absolute value of the difference is not above the
delta threshold value,
the Lboxcar value is assigned to the HZ sensor value and the long term box car
is reset to empty
its values (operation 2870). At operation 2880, the filtered IR sensor value
is saved to the IR
sensor Measurement database.
- Implementing Module C and/or Module D depending on solar elevation
[0231] In the morning and evening, sunlight levels are
low and readings taken by visible
light photosensors in, for example, a multi-sensor are low values that might
be considered
consistent with a cloudy condition. For this reason, visible light photosensor
readings taken
during the morning and evening might falsely indicate a cloudy condition. In
addition, any
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obstruction from a building or a hill/mountain may also result in a false
positive indication for a
cloudy condition based on visible light photosensor readings taken alone.
Moreover, visible light
photosensor readings taken before sunrise may result in a false positive
cloudy condition if taken
alone. Where control logic is predictive in determining a tint level at
sunrise in advance based on
visible light photosensor readings alone taken just before sunrise, a false
positive cloudy
condition might lead to transitioning an electrochromic window to a clear
state at sunrise
allowing glare in the room.
[0232] FIG. 29 shows a schematic illustration depicting
the sun at different solar elevations
from sunrise to sunset. The illustration shows that when the solar elevation
is greater than 0
degrees (sunrise) and less than 01 (where 01 is about 5 degrees, about 7
degrees, about 10
degrees, about 12 degrees, or in a range of 10-15 degrees) i.e. in the morning
region or the solar
elevation is less than about 02 (where 02 is about 5 degrees, about 7 degrees,
about 10 degrees,
about 12 degrees, in a range of 10-15 degrees) from 180 degrees (sunset), then
infrared sensor
readings values should be used to determine a cloudy condition, e.g., by
implementing Module
D. The illustration also shows that when the solar elevation is greater than
01 and more than 02
from 180 degrees, then it is in the daytime regime and the infrared and
photosensor readings or
photosensor readings should be used to determine a cloudy condition, e.g.,
using Module C/D.
[0233] HG. 30 depicts a flowchart 3000 with control
logic for making tinting decisions
using either infrared sensor and/or photosensor data depending on whether the
solar elevation is
indicating morning, daytime, or evening regions, according to implementations.
Depending on
the solar elevation, either Module C and/or Module D is implemented. The
control logic in FIG.
30 is an example of the logic determined in block 2620 of FIG. 26.
[0234] At operation 3022, the control logic determines
whether the calculated solar
elevation is less than 0 at a single instant in time ti. In one
implementation, the control logic also
determines the solar elevation based on the sun's position and calculates the
sun's position based
on the latitude and longitude of the building with the window(s) and the time
of day, ty, and the
day of the year (date). Publicly-available programs can provide the
calculations for determining
the sun's position.
[0235] If the solar elevation is determined to be less
than 0 at operation 3022, it is nighttime
and the control logic sets a nighttime tint state at operation 3024. An
example of a nighttime tint
state is a cleared tint level which is the lowest tint state. A cleared tint
level may be used as a
nighttime tint state, for example, to provide security by allowing security
personnel outside the
building to see inside lighted room(s) of the building through the cleared
windows. Another
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example of a nighttime tint state is a highest tint level, which can also
provide privacy and/or
security by not allowing others to see inside the building at nighttime when
the windows are in
the darkest tint state. If the solar elevation is determined to be less than
0, the control logic
returns the nighttime tint state.
[0236] At operation 3030, the control logic determines
whether the solar elevation is less
than or equal to a lower solar elevation threshold value, 01 (e.g., this about
5 degrees, about 12
degrees, about 10 degrees, in a range of 10-15 degrees) or greater than or
equal to an upper solar
elevation threshold value, 02 (where 02 is about 5 degrees, about 12 degrees,
about 10 degrees,
in a range of 10-15 degrees) from 180 degrees. If the solar elevation is in
this range, the control
logic determines that time ti is in the morning or evening.
[0237] If the solar elevation is not in this range, the
control logic determines whether the
solar elevation is increasing or decreasing at operation 3032. The control
logic determines
whether the solar elevation is increasing or decreasing by comparing the
calculated solar
elevation values over time. If the control logic determines that the solar
elevation is increasing, it
is determined to be morning and the control logic runs a morning 1R sensor
algorithm
implementation of Module D at operation 3034. An example of a morning 1R
sensor algorithm
that can be used is described with respect to the flowchart 3100 in FIG. 31.
[0238] If the control logic determines that the solar
elevation is not increasing (decreasing) at
operation 3032, it is determined to be evening and the control logic runs an
evening IR sensor
algorithm implementation of Module D at operation 3036. An example of an
evening ER sensor
algorithm that can be used is described with respect to the flowchart 3200
illustrated in FIG. 32.
After running either the morning or evening IR sensor algorithms of Module D
to determine a
tint level based on Module 13, the control logic determines the minimum value
of the Module D
tint level and the tint level from the clear sky tint schedule output from the
clear sky model(s) at
operation 3040 and returns the minimum value tint level.
[0239] If it is determined at operation 3030 that the
solar elevation is greater than the 01 and
less than 180-02, then it is during the daytime region and the control logic
runs a daytime
algorithm which implements Module C and/or Module D to determine a tint level
based on
photosensor and/or infrared sensor readings (operation 3040). The control
logic sets the tint
level to the minimum value of the Module C/D tint level and the tint level
from the clear sky tint
schedule output from the clear sky models at operation 3040 and returns the
minimum value tint
level.
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¨ Examples of Morning and Evening IR sensor algorithms of Module D
[0240] Module D queries an infrared sensor measurements
database for a filtered IR sensor
value and then determines a cloud condition and associated tint level based on
the filtered IR
sensor value. If the filtered IR sensor value is below a lower threshold
value, it is a "sunny"
condition and the tint level from Module D set to the highest tint level. If
the filtered IR sensor
value is above an upper threshold value, it is a "Cloudy" condition and the
tint level from
Module D is set to the lowest tint level. If the filtered IR sensor value is
less than or equal to the
upper threshold value and greater than or equal to the lower threshold value,
the tint level from
Module D is set to an intermediate tint level. The upper and lower threshold
values used in these
calculations are based on whether the morning IR sensor algorithm, evening IR
sensor algorithm,
or daytime algorithm is being implemented.
[0241] FIG. 34 shows a graph of filtered IR sensor
values in millidegrees Celsius vs time
during a 24 hour period. The graph shows three regions of ranges of filtered
IR sensor values.
The upper region above the upper threshold value is the "Cloudy" region. A
filtered 1R sensor
value above the upper threshold value is in the "Cloudy" region. The mid
region between the
upper threshold value and the lower threshold value is the "Intermittent
Cloudy" or "Partial
Cloudy" region. The lower region below the lower threshold value is the
"Clear" region also
referred to as "Sunny" region. A filtered IR sensor value below the upper
threshold value is in
the "Clear" or "Sunny" region. The graph has two curves of the calculated
filtered IR sensor
values based on readings taken over two 24 hour periods. The first curve 3430
shows the
calculated filtered IR sensor values taken during a first day with clouds in
the afternoon, The
second curve 3432 shows the calculated filtered IR sensor values taken during
a second day that
is sunny/clear all day_ The lower threshold value describes the lower boundary
between the mid
region and the lower region. The upper threshold value describes the upper
boundary between
the mid region and the upper region. The lower and upper threshold values used
during the
evening (evening lower threshold value and evening upper threshold value) are
typically higher
than the lower and upper threshold values used during the morning (morning
lower threshold
value and morning upper threshold value).
[0242] FIG. 31 depicts a flowchart 3100 of control
logic for a morning IR sensor algorithm
of Module D. The morning IR sensor algorithm can be implemented when tinting
control logic
determines that the current time is during a morning region. The morning IR
sensor algorithm is
an example of control logic that can be implemented at operation 3134 of the
flowchart shown
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in FIG. 31 when the control logic determines that the solar elevation angle is
less than an
elevation threshold value and the solar elevation angle is increasing.
[0243] The control logic of the flowchart 3100 starts at operation 3110 and
the filtered IR
sensor value is compared with a Morning Lower threshold value to determine
whether the
filtered IR sensor value is less than the Morning Lower threshold value. The
control logic of
Module D queries an infrared sensor measurements database or other database to
retrieve the
filtered IR sensor value. Alternatively, the control logic calculates the
filtered IR sensor value.
An example of control logic that can be used to calculate the filtered IR
sensor value and store
the value to the infrared sensor measurements database is the control logic of
Module D
described with reference to the flowchart in FIG. 28. The Morning Lower
threshold value is the
temperature value at the lower boundary of the filtered IR sensor values
between the lower
region ("Sunny" or "Clear" region) and the mid region ("Partly Cloudy" region)
that applies
during the morning region. In certain implementations, the Morning Lower
threshold value is in
the range of about -20 and about 20 millidegrees Celsius. In one example, the
Morning Lower
threshold value is about 1 degree Celsius.
[0244] If it is determined at operation 3110 that the filtered IR sensor
value is less than the
Morning Lower threshold value, the filtered IR sensor value is in a lower
region which is the
"Clear" or "Sunny" region. In this case, the control logic sets the tint level
from Module D to a
high tint state (e.g. tint level 4) and passes the tint level from Module D
(operation 3120).
[0245] If it is determined at operation 3110 that the filtered IR sensor
value is not less than
the Morning Lower threshold value, the control logic proceeds to determine
whether the filtered
IR sensor value is less than or equal to a Morning Upper threshold value and
greater than or
equal to a Morning Lower threshold value at operation 3130. The Morning Upper
threshold is
the temperature at the upper boundary of the filtered IR sensor values between
the mid region
("Partly Cloudy" region) and the upper region ("Cloudy" region) that applies
during the morning
region of the day. In certain implementations, the Morning Upper threshold
value is in the range
of -20 and 20 millidegrees Celsius. In one example, the Morning Upper
threshold value is 3
millidegrees Celsius.
[0246]
If it is determined at operation 3130 that the filtered IR
sensor value is less than or
equal to the Morning Upper threshold value and greater than or equal to the
Morning Lower
Threshold Value, the filtered IR sensor value is determined to be in a mid
region that is the
"Partial Cloudy" region (operation 3140). In this case, the control logic sets
the tint level of
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Module D to an intermediate tint state (e.g. tint level 2 or 3) and the tint
level from Module D is
passed.
[0247] If it is determined at operation 3130 that the
filtered IR sensor value is not less than
or equal to the Morning Upper threshold value and greater than or equal to the
Morning Lower
Threshold Value (i.e., the filtered sensor value is greater than the Morning
Upper threshold
value), the filtered IR sensor value is determined to be in an upper region
that is the "Cloudy" or
"Overcast" condition (operation 3150). hi this case, the control logic sets
the tint level of
Module D to a low tint state (e.g. tint level 2 or lower tint level) and the
tint level from Module D
is passed.
[0248] HG. 32 depicts a flowchart 3200 of control logic
for of an evening IR sensor
algorithm of Module D. The evening IR sensor algorithm can be implemented when
tinting
control logic determines that the current time is during an evening region.
The evening IR sensor
algorithm is an example of control logic that can be implemented at operation
3036 of the
flowchart shown in FIG. 30 when the control logic determines that the solar
elevation angle is
less than an elevation threshold value and the solar elevation angle is
decreasing.
[0249] The control logic of the flowchart 3200 starts
at operation 3210 and the filtered IR
sensor value is compared with an Evening lower threshold value to determine
whether the
filtered IR sensor value is less than the Evening Lower threshold value. The
control logic of
Module D queries an infrared sensor measurements database or other database to
retrieve the
filtered IR sensor value. Alternatively, the control logic calculates the
filtered IR sensor value.
An example of control logic that can be used to calculate the filtered IR
sensor value and store
the value to the infrared sensor measurements database is the control logic of
Module D
described with reference to the flowchart in FIG. 28. The Evening Lower
threshold value is the
temperature value at the lower boundary of the filtered IR sensor values
between the lower
region ("Sunny" or "Clear" region) and the mid region ("Partly Cloudy" region)
that applies
during the evening region. In certain implementations, the Evening Lower
threshold value is in
the range of -20 and 20 millidegrees Celsius. In one implementation, the
Evening Lower
threshold value is 2 millidegrees Celsius.
[0250] If it is determined at operation 3210 that the
filtered IR sensor value is less than the
Evening Lower threshold value, the control logic determines the filtered IR
sensor value is in a
lower region which is the "Clear" or "Sunny" region. In this case, the control
logic sets the tint
level from Module D to a high tint state (e.g. tint level 4) at operation 3220
and passes the tint
level from Module D.
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[0251] If it is determined at operation 3210 that the
filtered IR sensor value is not less than
the Evening Lower threshold value, the control logic proceeds to determine
whether the filtered
IR sensor value is less than or equal to an Evening Upper threshold value and
greater than or
equal to an Evening Lower threshold value at operation 3230. The Evening Upper
threshold is
the temperature at the upper boundary of the filtered IR sensor values between
the mid region
("Partly Cloudy" region) and the upper region ("Cloudy" region) that applies
during the evening
region of the day. In certain implementations, the Evening Upper threshold
value is in the range
of -20 and 20 rnillidegrees Celsius. In one example, the Evening Upper
threshold value is 5
millidegrees Celsius.
[0252]
If it is determined at operation
3230 that the filtered IR sensor value is less than or
equal to the Evening Upper threshold value and greater than or equal to the
Evening Lower
Threshold Value, the filtered IR sensor value is determined to be in a mid
region that is the
"Partial Cloudy" region (operation 3240). In this case, the control logic sets
the tint level of
Module D to an intermediate tint state (e.g. tint level 2 or 3) and the tint
level from Module D is
passed.
[0253] If it is determined at operation 3230 that the
filtered IR sensor value is not less than
or equal to the Evening Upper threshold value and greater than or equal to the
Evening Lower
Threshold Value (La, the filtered sensor value is greater than the Evening
Upper threshold
value), the filtered ER sensor value is determined to be in an upper region
that is the "Cloudy"
(operation 3250). In this case, the control logic sets the tint level of
Module D to a low tint state
(e.g. tint level 2 or lower tint level) and this tint level from Module D is
passed.
¨ Exampk of Daytime algorithm of Module C and/or Module D
[0254] During the daytime, temperature readings taken
by an infrared sensor can tend to
fluctuate if the local area around the infrared sensor is heated up_ For
example, an infrared sensor
located on a rooftop may be heated by the rooftop as it absorbs heat from the
midday sun. In
certain implementations, a daytime algorithm disables the use of IR sensor
readings in its tinting
decisions under certain circumstances and uses Module C to determine tint
level from
photosensor readings alone. In other circumstances, the daytime algorithm
determines a first tint
level based on IR sensor readings using Module D, determines a second tint
level based on
photosensor readings using Module C, and then sets the tint level to the
maximum of the first
and second tint levels.
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[0255] FIG. 33 illustrates a flowchart 3300 depicting
control logic of a daytime algorithm
that can implement a daytime ER sensor algorithm of Module C and/or a daytime
photosensor
algorithm of Module D. The daytime algorithm is used when tinting control
logic determines that
the current time is during a daytime region. The daytime algorithm is an
example of control logic
that can be implemented at operation 3040 of the flowchart shown in FIG. 30
when the solar
elevation angle is greater than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to the
elevation threshold.
[0256] At operation 3310, it is determined whether
using IR sensor readings is enabled. In
one case, the default setting for tinting control logic is to disable using
the IR sensor readings
unless photosensor readings are unavailable, for example, due to
malfunctioning photosensors.
In another case, the control logic disables using the IR sensor readings if
the IR sensor data is not
available, for example, due to malfunctioning IR sensors.
[0257] If it is determined at operation 3310 that the
using IR sensor readings is enabled, the
control logic runs both the daytime IR sensor algorithm of Module D and the
daytime
photosensor algorithm of Module C (operation 3320). In this case, the control
logic proceeds to
both operation 3330 and operation 3332. If it is determined at operation 3310
that the using IR
sensor readings is not enabled, the control logic runs the daytime photosensor
algorithm of
Module C (operation 3350).
[0258] At operation 3330, the logic of a daytime IR
sensor algorithm of Module D is run to
determine a first tint state. A filtered IR sensor value is retrieved from an
infrared sensor
measurements database or other database. Alternatively, the logic of the
daytime Ilk sensor
algorithm calculates the filtered IR sensor value. An example of logic that
can be used to
calculate the filtered Ilk sensor value and store the value to the infrared
sensor measurements
database is the control logic of Module D described with reference to the
flowchart in FIG. 28.
The logic of the daytime IR sensor algorithm compares the filtered IR sensor
value with a
daytime lower threshold to determine whether the filtered Ilk sensor value is
less than the
Daytime Lower threshold, greater than the Daytime Upper threshold, or between
the Daytime
Lower and Upper thresholds. The Daytime Lower threshold is the temperature at
the lower
boundary of the filtered IR sensor values between the lower region ("Sunny" or
"Clear" region)
and the mid region ("Partly Cloudy" region) that applies during the daytime
region_ In certain
implementations, the Daytime Lower threshold value is in the range of -20 and
20 millidegree,s
Celsius. In one example, the Daytime Lower threshold value is -1 millidegrees
Celsius. The
Daytime Upper threshold value is the temperature value at the upper boundary
of the filtered ER
sensor values between the mid region ("Partly Cloudy" region) and the upper
region ("Cloudy"
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region) that applies during the evening region of the day. hi certain
implementations, the
Daytime Upper threshold is in the range of -20 and 20 millidegrees Celsius. In
one example, the
Daytime Upper threshold is 5 rnillidegrees Celsius. If it is determined that
the filtered IR sensor
value is less than the Daytime Lower threshold value, the filtered ER sensor
value is in a lower
region which is the "Clear" or "Sunny" region. hi this case, the control logic
sets the first tint
level from Module D to a high tint state (e.g. tint level 4). If it is
determined that the filtered IR
sensor value is less than or equal to a Daytime Upper threshold value and
greater than or equal to
an Upper Daytime threshold value, the filtered IR sensor value is determined
to be in a mid
region that is the "Partial Cloudy" region. In this case, the control logic
sets the first lint level to
an intermediate tint state (e.g. tint level 2 or 3). If it is determined that
the filtered ER sensor
value is not less than or equal to the Daytime Upper threshold value and
greater than or equal to
the Daytime Lower Threshold Value (La, the filtered sensor value is greater
than the Daytime
Upper threshold value), the filtered IR sensor value is determined to be in an
upper region that is
the "Cloudy" region. In this case, the control logic sets the first tint level
of Module D to a low
lint state (e.g. tint level 2 or lower tint level).
[0259] At operation 3332, the logic of a daytime photosensor sensor
algorithm of Module C
is run to determine a second tint level. Module C determines the second tint
level based on real-
time irradiance using photosensor readings. An example of control logic of
Module C that can be
used to determine the second tint level is described with respect to a
flowchart 3500 shown in
FIG. 35 in the section below.
[0260] .. At operation 3340, the logic of the daytime algorithm calculates the
maximum of the
first tint level using Module D based on ER sensor readings determined at
operation 3330 and the
second tint level using Module C based on photosensor readings determined at
operation 3332.
The tint level from the daytime algorithm is set to the maximum of the
calculated first tint level
and the calculated second tint level and the. The tint level from Module C or
D is returned.
[0261] If it is determined at operation 3310 that the using IR sensor
readings is not enabled,
the control logic runs the daytime photosensor algorithm of Module C
(operation 3350). At
operation 3350, the logic of the daytime photosensor sensor algorithm of
Module C is run to
determine the second tint level. In this case, the tint state from the daytime
algorithm is set to
second tint level based on photosensor readings and this tint level from
Module C is returned. An
example of control logic of Module C that can be used to determine the second
tint level is
described with respect to the flowchart shown in FIG. 35.
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- Examples of Module C and Module C'
[0262] .. FIG. 35 depicts a flowchart 3500 of control logic for an example of
a Module C for
determining a tint level for the one or more electrochromk windows. At
operation 3520, a
current filtered photosensor value is received reflecting conditions outside
the bulding and
thresholding is implemented to calculate a suggested tint level to apply. In
one example, the
current filtered photosensor value is a maximum value of of measurements taken
by a plurality
of photsensors (e.g, thirteen (13) photosensors of a multi-sensor device) at
one sample time. In
another example, the filtered photosensor value is a rolling mean or median of
multiple
photosensor readings taken at different sample times, where each reading is
the maximum
reading of all readings taken by a plurality of photsensors at a sample time.
In another example,
the filtered photosensor value is a rolling mean or median of multiple
photosensor readings taken
at different sample times by a single photosensor. An example of control logic
that can be used
to calculate a current filtered photosensor value is described in a flowchart
3600 in FIG. 36
which depicts control logic of a Module C. The logic of Module C may be
performed by one or
more processors of a local window controller, a network controller, a master
controller, and/or a
multi-sensor device.
[0263] At operation 3520, the control logic uses thresholding to calculate
the suggested tint
level by determining whether the current filtered photosensor value has
crossed one or more
thresholds over a period of time. The period of time may be, for example, the
time period
between the current time and the last sample time taken by the photosensors or
between the
current time and the first of multiple sample readings previously taken.
Photosensor readings
may be taken on a periodic basis such as once a minute, once every 10 seconds,
once every 10
minutes, etc.
[0264] In one implementation, thresholding involves using two threshold
values: a lower
photosensor threshold value and an upper photosensor threshold value. If it is
determined that the
photosensor value is higher than the upper photosensor threshold value, the
photosensor value is
in a higher region which is the "Clear" or "Sunny" region. In this case, the
control logic
determines the suggested tint level from Module C is a high tint state (e.g.
tint level 4). If it is
determined that the photosensor value is less than or equal to the Upper
photosensor threshold
value and greater than or equal to the Lower photosensor Threshold Value, the
photosensor value
is determined to be in a mid region that is the "Partial Cloudy" region. In
this case, the control
logic determines the suggested tint level from Module C is an intermediate
tint state (e.g. tint
level 2 or 3). If it is determined that the photosensor sensor value is
greater than the Evening
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Upper threshold value, the photo sensor value is determined to be in an upper
region that is the
"Cloudy" region. In this case, the control logic determines the suggested tint
level from Module
C to a low tint state (e.g. tint level 2 or lower tint level).
[0265] If the current time G is the instant in time after the lockout
period has ended, the
control logic calculates the suggested tint level at operation 3520 based on
the conditions
monitored during the lockout period. The suggested tint level calculated based
on the conditions
monitored during the lockout period is based on a statistical evaluation of
the monitored input.
Various techniques can be used for the statistical evaluation of the input
monitored during the
wait time. One example is tint level averaging during the wait time. During
the wait time, the
control logic implements an operation that monitors the input and calculates
tint levels
determined. The operation then averages the determined tint levels over the
wait time to
determine which direction is suggested for a one tint region transition.
[0266] At operation 3525, the control logic determines whether the current
time is during a
lockout period. If the current time is during a lockout period, Module C does
not change the tint
level. During the lockout period, photosensor values of outside conditions are
monitored. In
addition, the control logic monitors the suggested tint levels determined by
operation 3520
during the lockout period. If the current time is determined to not be during
a lockout period, the
control logic proceeds to operation 3530.
[0267] At operation 3530, the logic goes on to determine whether the
current information
suggests a tint transition. This operation 3530 compares the suggested tint
level determined in
operation 3520 with the current tint level applied to the one or more windows
to determine
whether the tint levels are different if the suggested tint level is not
different from the current
tint level, the tint level is not changed.
[0268] At operation 3550, if the suggested tint level is different from the
current tint level,
the logic sets a new tint level that is one tint level toward the suggested
tint level determined in
operation 3520 (even if the suggested tint level is two or more tint levels
from the current lint
level). For example, if the suggested tint region determined in operation 3520
is from a first tint
level to a third tint level, the tint level returned by Module C is to
transition one tint level to a
second tint level.
[0269] At operation 3570, a lock out period is set to lock out from
transitions to other tint
levels during the lockout period. During the lockout period, photosensor
values of outside
conditions are monitored. In addition, the control logic calculates a
suggested tint region during
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intervals based on the conditions monitored during the lockout period. The new
tint level passed
from Module C is determined at operation 3550 as one tint level toward the
suggested tint level
determined in operation 3520.
[0270] FIG. 36 illustrates a flowchart 3600 depicting logic of a Module C'
that can be used
to determine a filtered photosensor value and save the filtered photosensor
value to a database,
according to one implementation. The filtered photosensor value can then be
retrieved by the
Module C depicted in FIG. 35 at operation 3520. In one aspect, Module C
includes the logic
depicted in FIG. 35 and further includes the logic of Module C and performs
its operations prior
to operation 3520 in FIG. 35.
[0271] The logic of Module C1' may be performed by one or more processors
of a local
window controller, a network controller, a master controller, and/or a multi-
sensor device. At
operation 3110, the processor(s) performing the operations of Module Cl'
receives as input
photosensor readings at a current time. The photosensor readings may be
received via a
corttmunication network at the building, for example, from a rooftop multi-
sensor device. The
received photosensor readings are real-time irradiance readings.
[0272] At operation 3610, the processor(s) performing the logic operations
of Module C'
receives as input raw photosensor readings at a current time. The photosensor
readings may be
received via a communication network at the building, for example, from a
rooftop multi-sensor
device. The received photosensor readings are real-time irradiance readings.
[0273] At operation 3620, processor(s) performing the logic operations of
Module C'
calculates a photosensor value based on raw measurements taken by two or more
photosensors.
For example, the photosensor value may be calculated as the maximum value of
measurements
taken by the two or more photosensors at a single sample time.
[0274] At operation 3630, the processor(s) updates the short term box car
and long term box
car with the photosensor value determined in operation 3620. In Module C and
other control
logic described herein, filtered photosensor values are used as input to
making tinting decisions.
Module C and other logic described herein determines filtered sensor values
using short term and
long term box cars (filters). A short box car (e.g., box car that employs
sample values taken over
minutes, 20 minutes, 5 minutes, etc.) is based on a smaller number of sensor
samples (e.g.,
n=1, 2, 3, ...10, etc.) relative to the larger number of sensor samples (e.g.,
n=10, 20, 30, 40, etc.)
in a long box car (e.g., box car that employs sample values taken over 1 hour,
2 hours, etc.). A
box car (illumination) value may be based on a mean, average, median or other
representative
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value of the sample values in the box car. In one example, the short box car
value is a mean
value of sensor samples and the long box car value is a mean value of
photosensor samples.
[0275] At operation 3640, the processor(s) determines
the short box car value (Sboxcar
value) and the long box car value (Lboxcar value) based on the current
photosensor readings in
the box cars updated at operation 3630. In this example, each box car value is
calculated by
taking the mean value of the photosensor readings in the box car after the
last update made at
operation 3630. In another example, each box car value is calculated by taking
the median value
of the photosensor readings in the box car after the last update made at
operation 3630.
[0276] At operation 3650, the processor(s) performing
the logic operations of Module C'
evaluates whether the value of the absolute value of the difference between
the Sboxcar value
and the Lboxcar value is greater than a delta threshold value (ISboxcar Value -
Lboxcar Value! >
Delta Threshold). In some cases, the value of the Delta Threshold is in the
range of 0
millidegrecs Celsius to 10 millidegrees Celsius. In one case, the value of the
Delta Threshold is 0
millidegrees Celsius.
[0277] If the difference is above the delta threshold
value, the Sboxcar value is assigned to
the photosensor value and the short term box car is reset to empty its values
(operation 3660). If
the difference is not above the delta threshold value, the Lboxcar value is
assigned to the
photosensor value and the long term box ear is reset to empty its values
(operation 3670). At
operation 3680, the photosensor value is saved to a database.
[0278] In certain implementations, control logic
described herein uses filtered sensor values
based on temperature readings from one or more infrared sensors and from
ambient temperature
sensors to determine a cloud condition in the morning and evening and/or at a
time just before
sunrise. The one or more infrared sensors operate generally independent of
sunlight levels
allowing for the tinting control logic to determine a cloud condition before
sunrise and as the sun
is setting to determine and maintain a proper tint level during the morning
and evening. In
addition, the filtered sensor values based on the temperatures readings from
the one or more
infrared sensors can be used to determine a cloud condition even when the
visible light
photosensors are shaded or otherwise obstructed.
IV. Outside Temperature
[0279] Tint decision logic may operate by maintaining
or improving occupant comfort and
minimizing energy consumption. In some approaches, a glare condition from
penetration of
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direct sunlight into the building interior and/or the current cloud conditions
factor into decisions
made by the tint decision logic. However, for buildings exposed to
particularly hot outside
temperatures (e.g., at or above 40 C), additional measures may be advantageous
to achieve both
occupant comfort and limited energy consumption.
[0280] As indicated in the above-described embodiments,
tint decisions may be based on
information from various sources such as weather feed, sensors, clear sky
models, solar position
models, etc. However, in some embodiments presented in this section, such tint
decisions
additionally employ outside temperature information, particularly for tintable
windows that face
in directions where they are not receiving direct sunlight (e.g., the windows
oriented azimuthally
away from the sun's current position). For such tintable windows, the tint
decision logic might,
without using outside temperature information, determine that the tintable
windows should be in
the clearest lint state, e.g., tint state 1, because little if any solar
radiation is directly penetrating
into a room of a building. For example, baseline tint decision logic may
specify that a tintable
window clears if it is not in a direct line of sight with the sun. But if the
temperature outside is
very high, e.g., 40 C or higher, there may be so much infrared radiation
passing through such a
window that the temperature in the room becomes uncomfortably hot very
quickly. Therefore,
from an indoor temperature and/or air conditioning usage perspective, a
relatively clear tint state
is ineffective. In other words, while in a relatively clear tint state, either
the room may become
uncomfortably hot or it requires too much air conditioning to maintain a
comfortable temperature
in the room. Therefore, in accordance with some embodiments, when the outside
temperature is
over a defined threshold, the tint decision logic is configured to tint
electrochromic windows to a
higher tint state (lower optical transmissivity) than would otherwise be
required by baseline or
default tint decision logic.
[0281] Many electrochromic windows and other tintable
windows are relatively transparent
to infrared radiation. In other words, without tinting or in a relatively
clear tint state, these
windows may allow significant amounts of indirect, heat-producing solar
radiation, particularly
infrared radiation, to enter buildings. As an example, an electrochromic
window in a clear tint
state may have a transmissivity to near infrared radiation (at some
wavelengths close to the
visible spectrum) of about 50%.
[0282] In certain embodiments, temperature, and
particularly outside temperature, is used to
influence tint state decisions. In various embodiments, when the outside
temperature is
determined to exceed a particular threshold (or otherwise meet a set of
conditions), the outside
temperature is used to make the window tint state darker than it would be
otherwise. However,
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the tint decision logic may incorporate outside temperature in many different
ways. For
example, where the outside temperature is particularly low (as encountered in
the winter in
temperate climates, at night time, and/or in polar latitudes), the tint
decision logic may make the
window darker than otherwise specified. This can prevent some IR radiation
from escaping the
building.
[0283] The outside temperature used in such logic may be monitored in
various ways. One
approach employs an external source of information such as a local weather
station that provides
weather feed data with current outside temperatures in the vicinity of the
building. Another
approach employs one or more sensors at or on a building. One such example
employs a roof
top sensor, such as a sky sensor as described in U.S. Patent Application No.
14/998,019 filed
October 6, 2015, and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0284] The outside temperature override function may be implemented in
various ways. For
example, the tint decision override may be implemented as one or more
configuration files that
apply for particular buildings or portions of buildings that have been are
expected to be subject
to the problem of excessive infrared radiation penetration when the sun is not
in the line of sight
of building windows.
[0285] In various embodiments, the outside temperature override function
described in this
section may be used to override, or be used in conjunction with, tint decision
logic as described
in the sections above. For example, an outside temperature override may be
implemented at the
operation 2630 of FIG. 26_
1. Example of an outside temperature implementation
[0286] In this example, a separate temperature profile is created for each
location where
installation occurs, e.g., one for Las Vegas, Nevada, another for Phoenix,
Arizona, a third for
Anchorage, Alaska, another for Greensboro, North Carolina, etc. For each
location, a
temperature override profile may be created in which outside temperatures in
certain ranges or
above certain thresholds automatically cause the window to tint by some
predefined amount
beyond what the tint decision logic would otherwise set (e.g., based on a
glare condition from
solar penetration into the building, other information determined by clear sky
models including
reflection models, a cloud cover condition, etc.). This increase in tint state
can be particularly
defined for windows that would otherwise be in a relatively clear tint states
and/or for windows
that are outside the sun's line of sight.
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2. Example an outside temperature implementation
[0287] In this example, an outside temperature reading
overrides tint decision logic based on
occupant set preferences for particular outside temperatures in the occupants'
particular moms.
In some embodiments, the occupants have only limited power to adjust default
tint decision
logic. For example, if an occupant's preference would require an air
conditioning load
exceeding a pre-set maximum, the tint decision logic may force a darker tint
state the state that
would be set using the occupant's preference.
3. Example of an outside temperature implementation
[0288] In this example, the tint state logic considers
penetration of direct sunlight into a
region of a building having a tintable window for which a tint state must be
determined. For a
direct line of sight, and consequently some penetration of direct solar
radiation through the
window, the tint state logic employs a default tint state logic to determine a
baseline tint state
(also referred to as "default tint state") such as that employed in various
embodiments described
above. Only for tintable windows that do not have any penetration of solar
radiation directly
through the windows is the modified or override tint decision logic activated.
In such cases, the
outside temperature may be sufficiently high that the tint state control logic
determines that the
tint state of the window should be darker than that selected by the default
tint state logic. An
example of default tint state logic that can calculate penetration depth of
direct sunlight into a
room through a tintable window and considers the penetration depth in tint
decisions is described
in U.S. Patent Application No. 15/347,677 filed on November 9, 2016, which is
incorporated
herein by reference in its entirety.
[0289] HG. 37 is a flowchart 3700 depicting tint
control logic that utilizes outside
temperature in tint decisions, according to certain implementations. The
operations may be
implemented by one or more processors. In one case, the depicted operations
are performed as
an outside temperature override at operation 2630 of FIG. 26.
[0290] At operation 3710, a baseline or default tint
state is determined for one or more
tintable windows using baseline tint decision logic. Some examples of logic
that may be
included in baseline tint decision logic are, e.g., a clear sky model, Module
C, Module D, etc. In
one implementation, the baseline tint decision logic includes logic that
determines the baseline
tint state using a penetration depth of direct sunlight through a tintable
window. The penetration
depth may be calculated using the relative position of the sun with respect to
the tintable
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window. In another implementation, the baseline tint decision logic includes
logic that
determines a position of the sun and determines the baseline tint state using
the determined
position of the sun. In yet another implementation, the baseline tint logic
determines a baseline
tint state using a glare condition value determined from clear sky tint
schedule data generated by
a clear sky model. In yet another implementation, the baseline tint logic
determines a baseline
lint state using an irradiance value, e.g., determined using a predicted clear
sky irradiance and/or
from a signal received from one or more sensors.
[0291] At operation 3720, it is determined whether the outside temperature
is at or above a
first threshold temperature (e.g., at least about 40 C). In another
implementation, alternatively
or additionally, it is determined whether the outside temperature is at or
below a second
threshold temperature that is lower than the first threshold temperature.
[0292] If it is determined that the outside temperature is at or above a
first threshold
temperature at operation 3720, the determination is used to determine a
modified tint state that is
darker than the baseline tint state and tint instructions are provided, e.g.,
to a window controller,
to transition the tintable window to the modified tint state (operation 3730).
For example, the
baseline tint decision logic may provide a baseline clear tint state after
determining there is no
glare condition on a tintable windows that is outside the line of sight of
direct sunlight. If the
outside temperature is determined to be at or above a first threshold
temperature, e.g. , 40 C, it
may be determined to use a modified tint state that is one or two levels
higher than the clear tint
state. As another example, the baseline tint decision logic may provide a dark
tint state after
determining that the tintable window is in the line of sight of direct
sunlight and that sunlight
directly penetrates into the building interior through a tintable window and
overlaps an
occupancy region in the room with the tintable window. In this example, if the
outside
temperature is determined to be at or above a first threshold temperature,
e.g. , 40 C, it is
determined to maintain the baseline tint state.
[0293] If it is determined that the outside temperature is not at or above
a first threshold
temperature at operation 3720, the baseline or default tint state is
maintained (operation 3740).
Tint instructions may be provided to maintain the tintable window at the
default tint state.
[0294] In certain embodiments described herein, control logic determines
tint levels (states)
based on a condition that is likely to occur at a future time (also referred
to herein as a "future
condition"). For example, a tint level may be determined based on the
likelihood of the
occurrence of a cloud condition at a future time (e.g., tr = present time +
time duration such as
the transition time for the one or more electrochromic windows). The future
time used in these
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logic operations may be set to a time in the future that is sufficient to
allow the transition of the
window to the tint level to be completed after receiving the control
instructions. In these cases, a
controller can send instructions in the present time in advance of the actual
transition. By the
completion of the transition, the window will have transitioned to the tint
level that is desired for
that future time. In other embodiments, the disclosed control logic may be
used to determine tint
levels based on a condition occurring or likely to occur at present time,
e.g., by setting the time
duration to 0. For example, in certain electrochromic windows the transition
time to a new tint
level, e.g., to an intermediate tint level, may be very short so that sending
instructions to
transition to a tint level based on the present time would be appropriate.
[0295] It should be understood that techniques as described above can be
implemented in
the form of control logic using computer software in a modular or integrated
manner. Based on
the disclosure and teachings provided herein, a person of ordinary skill in
the art will know and
appreciate other ways and/or methods to implement the disclosed techniques
using hardware and
a combination of hardware and software.
[0296] Any of the software components or functions described in this
application, may be
implemented as software code to be executed by a processor using any suitable
computer
language such as, for example, Java, C++ or Python using, for example,
conventional or object-
oriented techniques. The software code may be stored as a series of
instructions, or commands
on a computer readable medium, such as a random access memory (RAM), a read
only memory
(ROM), a magnetic medium such as a hard-drive or a floppy disk, or an optical
medium such as
a CD-ROM. Any such computer readable medium may reside on or within a single
computational apparatus, and may be present on or within different
computational apparatuses
within a system or network.
[0297] Although the foregoing disclosed embodiments have been described in
some detail to
facilitate understanding, the described embodiments are to be considered
illustrative and not
limiting. It will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that certain
changes and
modifications can be practiced within the scope of the appended claims.
[0298] Although the foregoing disclosed embodiments for controlling
lighting received
through a window or a building's interior have been described in the context
of optically
switchable windows such as electrochromic windows, one can appreciate how the
methods
described herein may be implemented on appropriate controllers to adjust a
position of a window
shade, a window drapery, a window blind, or any other device that may be
adjusted to limit or
block light from reaching a building's interior space. In some cases, methods
described herein
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may be used to control both the tint of one or more optically switchable
windows and the
position of a window shading device. All such combinations are intended to
fall within the scope
of the present disclosure.
[0299] One or more features from any embodiment may be
combined with one or more
features of any other embodiment without departing from the scope of the
disclosure. Further,
modifications, additions, or omissions may be made to any embodiment without
departing from
the scope of the disclosure. The components of any embodiment may be
integrated or separated
according to particular needs without departing from the scope of the
disclosure.
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