Note : Les descriptions sont présentées dans la langue officielle dans laquelle elles ont été soumises.
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PRESSURE RELEASE DURING DRILLING
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] This
invention relates to drilling into rock formations, for example into
hydrocarbon-bearing rock formations.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] In the
process of drilling a well in rock, commonly a hollow drill string is
employed. At the distal end of the drill string is a so-called bottom hole
assembly
comprising various pieces of equipment, with a drill bit located at the
extreme distal end.
The bottom hole assembly ("BHA") normally has a diameter somewhat larger than
the
drill string, and the drill bit has a still larger diameter. As the wellbore
is drilled, an
annular space is therefore created between the BHA and the rock formation, and
a
somewhat larger annular space created between the drill pipe and the
formation.
[0003]
Drilling mud is circulated down through the hollow drill pipe and BHA, out
through the drill bit and back up to the surface through the annular space
between the
drill pipe and the rock formation. Drilling mud has a number of functions,
including
lubricating the drill bit and carrying rock cuttings up to the surface.
[0004] When
drilling, occasionally mud and rock cuttings can become compacted in
the annular space, most commonly around the BHA since the annulus is smaller,
forming
a plug which prevents circulation of mud. This can happen very suddenly and is
referred
to as a pack-off. If mud continues to be pumped from the surface, this can
lead to mud
entering the porous rock formation, overcoming the natural pressure in the
formation (so-
called "formation pressure"). This situation is referred to as "lost
circulation" and is
highly undesirable for many reasons. In addition to the loss of drilling
fluid, there will be
lost productive time and there may be issues with the control of the well.
[0005] A pack-
off like this can also cause the formation to become unstable due to
fractures in the formation being initiated. This again leads to a lot of non-
productive time.
[0006] Mud
loss to formation is a major contributor to non-productive time. It takes a
lot of time to recover from a mud loss situation. Sometimes recovery is not
possible at
all, which means the section will have to be re-drilled.
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[0007] The normal way to mitigate or avoid these problems is for the
driller to spot
increased pressure caused by a pack-off starting to form and reduce the flow
of mud.
However, this has to be done fast to avoid the pack-off, and often the driller
is unable to
react in time.
[0008] There is therefore a need for a system, apparatus or methodology
which will
mitigate the problem of pack-offs during drilling.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE
[0009] In an embodiment, a bottom hole assembly is provided for use in
drilling a
bore in a rock formation, e.g. a hydrocarbon bearing rock formation, the
assembly
comprising a generally cylindrical body having a distal and a proximal end and
an
internal cavity, a drill bit located at the distal end, a connection for a
drill pipe at the
proximal end, an inlet port communicating between the cavity and an exterior
of the
cylindrical body and an inlet valve associated with the inlet port. The inlet
valve is
arranged to open at either or both of a specified pressure difference between
the cavity
and the exterior of the body or a specified rate of increase of pressure
difference between
the cavity and the exterior of the body. An outlet port may be provided,
communicating
between the cavity and an exterior of the cylindrical body and located
proximally in
relation to the inlet port, whereby the cavity forms a channel between the
inlet and outlet
ports. The outlet port may have a one-way valve.
[0010] The inlet valve may be arranged to open at a pressure difference
between the
cavity and the exterior of the body of 10 to 1000 psi (69kPa to 6,900kPa)
greater than an
expected maximum normal pressure, optionally 30 to 500 psi (210 to 3,400 kPa
greater,
such as 50 to 200 psi (340 to 1,400 kPa greater, e.g. about 100 psi (690 kPa)
greater.
[0011] In another embodiment, a method of drilling into a rock formation
comprises
passing into the rock formation a drill string comprising a drill pipe, bottom
hole
assembly and drill bit, and thereby forming a wellbore in the rock formation,
circulating
drilling mud through the drill pipe, through a first channel in the bottom
hole assembly
and drill bit and back through an annular space defined between the drill
string and
wellbore and, in the event of an obstruction, or pack-off, forming or
beginning to form
between the bottom hole assembly and wellbore, passing drilling mud into an
internal
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cavity of the bottom hole assembly at a location distal to the obstruction, in
order to
relieve pressure. Drilling mud may be passed out of the cavity at a location
proximal to
the obstruction, whereby the mud passes into the annular space between drill
string and
wellbore at a location proximal to the obstruction.
[0012] The
drilling mud may be passed into the cavity through an inlet valve in the
bottom hole assembly in which case the inlet valve may be opened at a
specified pressure
of drilling mud distal of the said obstruction. The pressure may be from 10 to
1000 psi
(69kPa to 6,900kPa) greater than an expected maximum normal pressure,
optionally 30 to
500 psi (210 to 3,400 kPa greater, such as 50 to 200 psi (340 to 1,400 kPa
greater, e.g.
about 100 psi (690 kPa) greater.
[0013]
Alternatively, or in addition, the inlet valve may open in response to a
predetermined rate of increase of pressure of drilling mud distal of the said
obstruction,
or to a predetermined pattern of pressure characteristic of the imminent
formation of a
pack-off.
[0014] In
another embodiment, a method of drilling into a rock formation comprises
passing into the rock formation a drill string comprising a drill pipe, bottom
hole
assembly and drill bit, and thereby forming a wellbore in the rock formation,
circulating
drilling mud through the drill pipe, through a first channel in the bottom
hole assembly
and drill bit and back through an annular space defined between the drill
string and
wellbore and, in the event of an increase of pressure in the region of the
bottom hole
assembly above a predetermined maximum (indicative of a pack-off forming or
having
formed, or of the risk of a pack-off forming), or of a rate of increase of
pressure in the
region of the bottom hole assembly above a specified maximum (indicative of a
pack-off
forming or having formed, or of the risk of a pack-off forming), opening a
valve of an
inlet port in the bottom hole assembly to allow drilling mud to pass into a
cavity within
the bottom hole. Drilling mud may pass out of the cavity through an outlet
port at a
location proximal to the inlet port.
[0015] The
specified maximum may be from 10 to 1000 psi (69kPa to 6,900kPa)
greater than an expected maximum normal pressure, optionally 30 to 500 psi
(210 to
3,400 kPa greater, such as 50 to 200 psi (340 to 1,400 kPa) greater, e.g.
about 100 psi
(690 kPa) greater.
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[0016]
Examples and various features and advantageous details thereof are explained
more fully with reference to the exemplary, and therefore non-limiting,
examples
illustrated in the accompanying drawings and detailed in the following
description.
Descriptions of known starting materials and processes can be omitted so as
not to
unnecessarily obscure the disclosure in detail. It should be understood,
however, that the
detailed description and the specific examples, while indicating the preferred
examples,
are given by way of illustration only and not by way of limitation. Various
substitutions,
modifications, additions and/or rearrangements within the spirit and/or scope
of the
underlying inventive concept will become apparent to those skilled in the art
from this
disclosure.
[0017] As used
herein, the term "distal" means remote from the surface end of the
drill string when it is in use, in terms of distance as measured along the
drill string, or
more remote from the surface relative to another part of the drill string
(including BHA
and drill bit). "Proximal" means near or nearer to the surface, as measured
along the
length of the drill string (including BHA and drill bit), when in use.
[0018] As used
herein, the terms "comprises," "comprising," "includes," "including,"
"has," "having" or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-
exclusive
inclusion. For example, a process, product, article, or apparatus that
comprises a list of
elements is not necessarily limited only those elements but can include other
elements not
expressly listed or inherent to such process, process, article, or apparatus.
Further, unless
expressly stated to the contrary, "or" refers to an inclusive or and not to an
exclusive or.
For example, a condition A or B is satisfied by any one of the following: A is
true (or
present) and B is false (or not present), A is false (or not present) and B is
true (or
present), and both A and B are true (or present).
[0019] The
term substantially, as used herein, is defined to be essentially conforming
to the particular dimension, shape or other word that substantially modifies,
such that the
component need not be exact. For example, substantially cylindrical means that
the object
resembles a cylinder, but can have one or more deviations from a true
cylinder.
[0020]
Additionally, any examples or illustrations given herein are not to be
regarded
in any way as restrictions on, limits to, or express definitions of, any term
or terms with
which they are utilized. Instead these examples or illustrations are to be
regarded as being
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described with respect to one particular example and as illustrative only.
Those of
ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that any term or terms with which
these examples
or illustrations are utilized encompass other examples as well as
implementations and
adaptations thereof which can or cannot be given therewith or elsewhere in the
specification and all such examples are intended to be included within the
scope of that
term or terms. Language designating such non-limiting examples and
illustrations
includes, but is not limited to: "for example," "for instance," "e.g.," "In
some examples,"
and the like.
[0021] Although the terms first, second, etc. can be used herein to
describe various
elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections, these elements,
components,
regions, layers and/or sections should not be limited by these terms. These
terms are only
used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer or section from
another. Thus,
a first element, component, region, layer or section discussed below could be
termed a
second element, component, region, layer or section without departing from the
teachings
of the present inventive concept.
[0022] While preferred examples of the present inventive concept have been
shown
and described herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that such
examples are
provided by way of example only. Numerous variations, changes, and
substitutions will
now occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the disclosure.
It should be
understood that various alternatives to the examples of the disclosure
described herein
can be employed in practicing the disclosure. It is intended that the
following claims
define the scope of the disclosure and that methods and structures within the
scope of
these claims and their equivalents be covered thereby.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0023] A more complete understanding of the present invention and benefits
thereof
may be acquired by referring to the following description taken in conjunction
with the
accompanying drawings in which:
[0024] Figure 1 is a schematic sectional drawing showing a wellbore with
drill string
including a conventional bottom hole assembly;
[0025] Figure 2 is a view similar to Figure 1 showing a bottom hole
assembly
according to the invention; and
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[0026] Figure 3 is a detail from figure 2.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0027] Turning now to the detailed description of the preferred arrangement
or
arrangements of the present invention, it should be understood that the
inventive features
and concepts may be manifested in other arrangements and that the scope of the
invention
is not limited to the embodiments described or illustrated. The scope of the
invention is
intended only to be limited by the scope of the claims that follow.
[0028] As shown in Figure 1, a conventional drill string is shown creating
a bore 1 in
a rock formation 2. The drill string comprises drill pipe 3 and a bottom hole
assembly, or
BHA 4, terminating in a drill bit 5. Arrow 6 shows drilling mud entering the
drill pipe at
the proximal end (at the surface). Arrows 13 in Figure 2 show the drilling mud
emerging
through the drill bit at the distal end of the drill string, to enter the
annulus 8 in the
narrower region 10 around the BHA 4. Returning mud flows through the annulus 8
and
includes drill cuttings 9. The returning mud finally exits the proximal end of
the annulus
8 at arrow 7.
[0029] Figure 2 shows a drill string including a BHA according to the
invention.
Where parts correspond, the same reference numerals are used as for Figure 1.
In Figure
2 a "pack-off' 11 is shown, comprising compacted drill cuttings and drilling
mud in a
region of the annulus around the proximal end of the BHA 4. Since mud is still
being
delivered under pressure into the pipe string at 6 and flowing through the
drill bit at 13,
pressure builds up rapidly in the annulus at 12. In a conventional drill
string, this may
result in mud overcoming the formation pressure and entering the rock
formation 2.
[0030] Ports including one-way, pressure actuated valves 14 are provided
towards the
distal end of the BHA 4, proximal of the drill bit 5. Once a certain pressure
is reached in
the annulus at 12 (or a certain pressure difference is reached between the
annulus and the
interior of the BHA), the valves 14 open to allow passage of mud into the BHA.
The
mud is received in a cavity which is not shown in Figure 2 but which is
discussed in more
detail below with reference to Figure 3. The pressure or pressure difference
at which the
valves are designed to open can be set according to the drilling conditions,
including the
desired mud pressure. Expected drilling conditions can vary considerably
between jobs
and also between different phases of the same job or as drilling depth
increases in any
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given drilling job. The valves 14 are designed to open at 100 psi (689kPa)
above the
maximum expected normal mud pressure for the particular job, phase of job
and/or
drilling depth.
[0031] In an alternative embodiment, the valves 14 are design to open when
they
sense pressure increasing at above a certain rate which would indicate a pack-
off
occurring or to a pack-off beginning to occur or being likely to occur.
[0032] In a further alternative embodiment, a pressure pattern
characteristic of an
impending pack-off (somewhat like a "fingerprint") could also be used as
activation
mechanism.
[0033] Another option could be to have the two valves connected and the
differential
pressure between them being the activation mechanism, e.g. if the outlet valve
senses
4,500 psi (31,000 kPa) in annulus and inlet valve senses 4,600 psi (31,700
kPa) then both
valves open for bypass.
[0034] At the proximal end of the BHA 4, in a part of the wall of the BHA
which
faces generally axially with respect to the drill string and BHA, are exit
ports and valves
15. The exit ports communicate with the inlet ports/valves 14 to allow mud to
pass into
the wider part of the annulus 8 proximal of the BHA 4. The ports 15 include
one-way
valves.
[0035] The arrangement described above allows mud to continue to circulate
and
avoid a build up of excessive pressure in the region 12 of the annulus around
the BHA.
The flow path for the mud is nevertheless more restricted than normal and
there will be
some pressure increase. This manageable increase in pressure can be detected
at the
surface and action taken to remedy the pack off, which would normally be the
driller
slowing down mud pumps to reduce the pressure and avoid losses.
[0036] The BHA cavity between inlet and outlet ports 14, 15 will be cleaned
of
drilling mud before operations commenced. This is done by reducing pressure,
opening
the valves and allowing the cavity to drain. A flush with a high pressure gun
could
alternatively be carried out.
[0037] Figure 3 shows detail A from Figure 2, illustrating more internal
structure of
the BHA 4. Similar parts to figures 1 and 2 are designated with the same
reference
numerals.
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[0038] A
central bore 18 of the BHA carries mud from the drill pipe (arrow 16) down
to the drill bit (arrow 17), as conventional. Surrounding the bore 18 is an
annular cavity
19. Inlet port and one-way, pressure sensitive valve 14 are shown at the
distal end of
annular cavity 19, whilst outlet port and one-way valve 15 are shown at the
proximal end.
Arrows 20 indicate over-pressurized mud from region 12 entering the cavity 19
via
port/valve 14 and arrows 21 indicate the mud exiting via port/valve 15 and
thereby
bypassing the pack-off 11.
[0039] In a
modified embodiment, the outlet ports/valves 15 are omitted, in which
case the cavity 19 is simply a volume for pressurized mud to enter, thereby
providing
very short term relief of the over-pressure to give the operator time to
reduce mud
pressure at the surface before taking action to remove the pack-off. The
modified
embodiment is in all other respects the same as the embodiment shown in
Figures 2 and
3.
[0040] In
closing, it should be noted that the discussion of any reference is not an
admission that it is prior art to the present invention, especially any
reference that may
have a publication date after the priority date of this application. At the
same time, each
and every claim below is hereby incorporated into this detailed description or
specification as additional embodiments of the present invention.
[0041]
Although the systems and processes described herein have been described in
detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions, and
alterations can be
made without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the
following claims.
Those skilled in the art may be able to study the preferred embodiments and
identify
other ways to practice the invention that are not exactly as described herein.
It is the
intent of the inventors that variations and equivalents of the invention are
within the
scope of the claims while the description, abstract and drawings are not to be
used to
limit the scope of the invention. The invention is specifically intended to be
as broad as
the claims below and their equivalents.
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