Note : Les descriptions sont présentées dans la langue officielle dans laquelle elles ont été soumises.
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USE OF BUPROPION AND DEXTROMETHORPHAN COMBINATIONS FOR TREATING NEUROLOGICAL
DISORDERS
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[1] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Prov. App. Nos. 63/002,132,
filed March 30,
2020; 63/016,178, filed April 27, 2020; and 63/032,517, filed May 29, 2020;
this application is also
a continuation-in-part of U.S. Pat. App. No. 16/894,713, filed June 5, 2020;
all of these priority
documents are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.
SUMMARY
[2] Some embodiments include a method of increasing dextronnethorphan
plasma levels
in a human being, comprising co-administering bupropion, hydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of
any of these
compounds with dextronnethorphan.
[3] Some embodiments include a method of increasing dextronnethorphan
plasma levels
in a human being, comprising co-administering erythrohydroxybupropion or a
prodrug thereof,
with dextronnethorphan to the human being, wherein the erythrohydroxybupropion
or a prodrug
thereof is administered in an amount that results in an AUC0_12 of
dextronnethorphan that is at
least about 40 ng=hr/nnL.
[4] Some embodiments include a method of increasing dextronnethorphan
plasma levels
in a human being, comprising co-administering erythrohydroxybupropion or a
prodrug thereof,
with dextronnethorphan to the human being, wherein the erythrohydroxybupropion
or a prodrug
thereof is administered in an amount that results in a Cmax of
dextronnethorphan that is at least
about 6 ng/nnL.
[5] Some embodiments include a method of increasing dextronnethorphan
plasma levels
in a human being, comprising co-administering erythrohydroxybupropion or a
prodrug thereof,
with dextronnethorphan to the human being, wherein the erythrohydroxybupropion
or a prodrug
thereof is administered in an amount that results in a Cavg of
dextronnethorphan, over the period
between two separate and consecutive administrations of dextronnethorphan,
that is at least
about 5 ng/nnL.
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[6] Some embodiments include a method of increasing the metabolic lifetime
of
dextronnethorphan, comprising administering threohydroxybupropion, or a
prodrug thereof, to a
human being in need of treatment with dextronnethorphan, wherein the human
being is an
extensive nnetabolizer of dextronnethorphan, and wherein dextronnethorphan is
present in the
body of the human being at the same time as threohydroxybupropion.
[7] Some embodiments include a method of reducing an adverse event
associated with
treatment by dextronnethorphan, comprising co-administering
threohydroxybupropion, or a
prodrug thereof, and dextronnethorphan to a human patient in need of
dextronnethorphan
treatment, wherein the human patient is at risk of experiencing the adverse
event as a result of
being treated with dextronnethorphan.
[8] Some embodiments include an oral sustained release delivery system for
dextronnethorphan, comprising bupropion, hydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion,
threohydroxybupropion, or a prodrug of any of these compounds,
dextronnethorphan, and a
water soluble vehicle.
[9] Some embodiments include a method of decreasing the number of doses of
dextronnethorphan that can be administered without loss of efficacy,
comprising orally
administering an effective amount of bupropion, hydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion,
threohydroxybupropion, or a prodrug of any of these compounds, to a human
being in need of
treatment with dextronnethorphan.
[10] Some embodiments include a method of decreasing dextrorphan plasma
levels
comprising co-administering threohydroxybupropion, or a prodrug thereof, and
dextronnethorphan to a human being in need of treatment with
dextronnethorphan, wherein the
threohydroxybupropion, or a prodrug thereof, is administered on the first day
of at least two days
of treatment with dextronnethorphan, wherein a decrease in the dextrorphan
plasma level occurs
on the first day that threohydroxybupropion, or a prodrug thereof, and
dextronnethorphan are co-
administered, as compared to the same amount of dextronnethorphan administered
without
threohydroxybupropion or a prodrug thereof.
[11] Some embodiments include a method of decreasing dextrorphan plasma
levels
comprising co-administering hydroxybupropion, or a prodrug thereof, and
dextronnethorphan to a
human being in need of treatment with dextronnethorphan, wherein the
hydroxybupropion, or a
prodrug thereof, is administered on the first day of at least two days of
treatment with
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dextronnethorphan, wherein a decrease in the dextrorphan plasma level occurs
on the first day
that hydroxybupropion, or a prodrug thereof, and dextronnethorphan are co-
administered, as
compared to the same amount of dextronnethorphan administered without
hydroxybupropion or
a prodrug thereof.
[12] Some embodiments include a method of decreasing dextrorphan plasma
levels
comprising co-administering bupropion and dextronnethorphan to a human being
in need of
treatment with dextronnethorphan, wherein the bupropion is administered on the
first day of at
least two days of treatment with dextronnethorphan, wherein a decrease in the
dextrorphan
plasma level occurs on the first day that bupropion and dextronnethorphan are
co-administered,
as compared to the same amount of dextronnethorphan administered without
bupropion.
[13] Some embodiments include a method of decreasing dextrorphan plasma
levels
comprising co-administering erythrohydroxybupropion, or a prodrug thereof, and
dextronnethorphan to a human being in need of treatment with
dextronnethorphan, wherein the
erythrohydroxybupropion, or a prodrug thereof, is administered on the first
day of at least two
days of treatment with dextronnethorphan, wherein a decrease in the
dextrorphan plasma level
occurs on the first day that erythrohydroxybupropion, or a prodrug thereof,
and
dextronnethorphan are co-administered, as compared to the same amount of
dextronnethorphan
administered without erythrohydroxybupropion or a prodrug thereof.
[14] Some embodiments include a method of decreasing dextrorphan plasma
levels
comprising co-administering bupropion and dextronnethorphan, for at least
eight consecutive
days, to a human being in need of treatment with dextronnethorphan, wherein,
on the eighth day,
the dextrorphan plasma level is lower than the dextrorphan plasma level that
would have been
achieved by administering the same amount of dextronnethorphan administered
without
bupropion for eight consecutive days.
[15] Some embodiments include a method of decreasing dextrorphan plasma
levels
comprising co-administering hydroxybupropion, or a prodrug thereof, and
dextronnethorphan, for
at least eight consecutive days, to a human being in need of treatment with
dextronnethorphan,
wherein, on the eighth day, the dextrorphan plasma level is lower than the
dextrorphan plasma
level that would have been achieved by administering the same amount of
dextronnethorphan
administered without hydroxybupropion, or a prodrug thereof, for eight
consecutive days.
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[16] Some embodiments include a method of decreasing dextrorphan plasma
levels
comprising co-administering erythrohydroxybupropion, or a prodrug thereof, and
dextronnethorphan, for at least eight consecutive days, to a human being in
need of treatment
with dextronnethorphan, wherein, on the eighth day, the dextrorphan plasma
level is lower than
the dextrorphan plasma level that would have been achieved by administering
the same amount
of dextronnethorphan administered without erythrohydroxybupropion, or a
prodrug thereof, for
eight consecutive days.
[17] Some embodiments include a method of decreasing dextrorphan plasma
levels
comprising co-administering threohydroxybupropion, or a prodrug thereof, and
dextronnethorphan, for at least eight consecutive days, to a human being in
need of treatment
with dextronnethorphan, wherein, on the eighth day, the dextrorphan plasma
level is lower than
the dextrorphan plasma level that would have been achieved by administering
the same amount
of dextronnethorphan administered without threohydroxybupropion, or a prodrug
thereof, for
eight consecutive days.
[18] Some embodiments include a method of decreasing dextrorphan plasma
levels
comprising co-administering bupropion and dextronnethorphan, for at least nine
consecutive days,
to a human being in need of treatment with dextronnethorphan, wherein, on the
ninth day, the
dextrorphan plasma level is lower than the dextrorphan plasma level that would
have been
achieved by administering the same amount of dextronnethorphan administered
without
bupropion for nine consecutive days.
[19] Some embodiments include a method of decreasing dextrorphan plasma
levels
comprising co-administering hydroxybupropion, or a prodrug thereof, and
dextronnethorphan, for
at least nine consecutive days, to a human being in need of treatment with
dextronnethorphan,
wherein, on the ninth day, the dextrorphan plasma level is lower than the
dextrorphan plasma
level that would have been achieved by administering the same amount of
dextronnethorphan
administered without hydroxybupropion, or a prodrug thereof, for nine
consecutive days.
[20] Some embodiments include a method of decreasing dextrorphan plasma
levels
comprising co-administering erythrohydroxybupropion, or a prodrug thereof, and
dextronnethorphan, for at least nine consecutive days, to a human being in
need of treatment
with dextronnethorphan, wherein, on the ninth day, the dextrorphan plasma
level is lower than
the dextrorphan plasma level that would have been achieved by administering
the same amount
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of dextronnethorphan administered without erythrohydroxybupropion, or a
prodrug thereof, for
nine consecutive days.
[21] Some embodiments include a method of decreasing dextrorphan plasma
levels
comprising co-administering threohydroxybupropion, or a prodrug thereof, and
dextronnethorphan, for at least nine consecutive days, to a human being in
need of treatment
with dextronnethorphan, wherein, on the ninth day, the dextrorphan plasma
level is lower than
the dextrorphan plasma level that would have been achieved by administering
the same amount
of dextronnethorphan administered without threohydroxybupropion, or a prodrug
thereof, for
nine consecutive days.
[22] Some embodiments include a method of decreasing dextrorphan plasma
levels
comprising co-administering bupropion and dextronnethorphan, for at least nine
consecutive days,
to a human being in need of treatment with dextronnethorphan, wherein, on the
ninth day, the
dextrorphan plasma level is lower than the dextrorphan plasma level that would
have been
achieved by administering the same amount of dextronnethorphan administered
without
bupropion for nine consecutive days.
[23] Some embodiments include a method of decreasing dextrorphan plasma
levels
comprising co-administering hydroxybupropion, or a prodrug thereof, and
dextronnethorphan, for
at least nine consecutive days, to a human being in need of treatment with
dextronnethorphan,
wherein, on the ninth day, the dextrorphan plasma level is lower than the
dextrorphan plasma
level that would have been achieved by administering the same amount of
dextronnethorphan
administered without hydroxybupropion, or a prodrug thereof, for nine
consecutive days.
[24] Some embodiments include a method of decreasing dextrorphan plasma
levels
comprising co-administering erythrohydroxybupropion, or a prodrug thereof, and
dextronnethorphan, for at least nine consecutive days, to a human being in
need of treatment
with dextronnethorphan, wherein, on the ninth day, the dextrorphan plasma
level is lower than
the dextrorphan plasma level that would have been achieved by administering
the same amount
of dextronnethorphan administered without erythrohydroxybupropion, or a
prodrug thereof, for
nine consecutive days.
[25] Some embodiments include a method of decreasing dextrorphan plasma
levels
comprising co-administering threohydroxybupropion, or a prodrug thereof, and
dextronnethorphan, for at least nine consecutive days, to a human being in
need of treatment
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with dextronnethorphan, wherein, on the ninth day, the dextrorphan plasma
level is lower than
the dextrorphan plasma level that would have been achieved by administering
the same amount
of dextronnethorphan administered without threohydroxybupropion, or a prodrug
thereof, for
nine consecutive days.
[26] Some embodiments include a method of decreasing dextrorphan plasma
levels
comprising co-administering bupropion and dextronnethorphan, for at least nine
consecutive days,
to a human being in need of treatment with dextronnethorphan, wherein, on the
ninth day, the
dextrorphan plasma level is lower than the dextrorphan plasma level that would
have been
achieved by administering the same amount of dextronnethorphan administered
without
bupropion for nine consecutive days.
[27] Some embodiments include a method of decreasing dextrorphan plasma
levels
comprising co-administering hydroxybupropion, or a prodrug thereof, and
dextronnethorphan, for
at least nine consecutive days, to a human being in need of treatment with
dextronnethorphan,
wherein, on the ninth day, the dextrorphan plasma level is lower than the
dextrorphan plasma
level that would have been achieved by administering the same amount of
dextronnethorphan
administered without hydroxybupropion, or a prodrug thereof, for nine
consecutive days.
[28] Some embodiments include a method of decreasing dextrorphan plasma
levels
comprising co-administering erythrohydroxybupropion, or a prodrug thereof, and
dextronnethorphan, for at least nine consecutive days, to a human being in
need of treatment
with dextronnethorphan, wherein, on the ninth day, the dextrorphan plasma
level is lower than
the dextrorphan plasma level that would have been achieved by administering
the same amount
of dextronnethorphan administered without erythrohydroxybupropion, or a
prodrug thereof, for
nine consecutive days.
[29] Some embodiments include a method of decreasing dextrorphan plasma
levels
comprising co-administering threohydroxybupropion, or a prodrug thereof, and
dextronnethorphan, for at least nine consecutive days, to a human being in
need of treatment
with dextronnethorphan, wherein, on the ninth day, the dextrorphan plasma
level is lower than
the dextrorphan plasma level that would have been achieved by administering
the same amount
of dextronnethorphan administered without threohydroxybupropion, or a prodrug
thereof, for
nine consecutive days.
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[30] Some embodiments include a method of decreasing dextrorphan plasma
levels
comprising co-administering bupropion and dextronnethorphan, for at least ten
consecutive days,
to a human being in need of treatment with dextronnethorphan, wherein, on the
tenth day, the
dextrorphan plasma level is lower than the dextrorphan plasma level that would
have been
achieved by administering the same amount of dextronnethorphan administered
without
bupropion for ten consecutive days.
[31] Some embodiments include a method of decreasing dextrorphan plasma
levels
comprising co-administering hydroxybupropion, or a prodrug thereof, and
dextronnethorphan, for
at least ten consecutive days, to a human being in need of treatment with
dextronnethorphan,
wherein, on the tenth day, the dextrorphan plasma level is lower than the
dextrorphan plasma
level that would have been achieved by administering the same amount of
dextronnethorphan
administered without hydroxybupropion, or a prodrug thereof, for ten
consecutive days.
[32] Some embodiments include a method of decreasing dextrorphan plasma
levels
comprising co-administering erythrohydroxybupropion, or a prodrug thereof, and
dextronnethorphan, for at least ten consecutive days, to a human being in need
of treatment with
dextronnethorphan, wherein, on the tenth day, the dextrorphan plasma level is
lower than the
dextrorphan plasma level that would have been achieved by administering the
same amount of
dextronnethorphan administered without erythrohydroxybupropion, or a prodrug
thereof, for ten
consecutive days.
[33] Some embodiments include a method of decreasing dextrorphan plasma
levels
comprising co-administering threohydroxybupropion, or a prodrug thereof, and
dextronnethorphan, for at least ten consecutive days, to a human being in need
of treatment with
dextronnethorphan, wherein, on the tenth day, the dextrorphan plasma level is
lower than the
dextrorphan plasma level that would have been achieved by administering the
same amount of
dextronnethorphan administered without threohydroxybupropion, or a prodrug
thereof, for ten
consecutive days.
[34] Antidepressant
compounds, such as bupropion, hydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of
any of these
compounds, can be used to improve the therapeutic properties, such as in the
treatment of
neurological disorders, of dextronnethorphan.
Bupropion, hydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of
any of these
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compounds, regardless of stereochennistry, can be effective in inhibiting or
reducing the
metabolism of dextronnethorphan in some human beings. This may be accomplished
by co-
administering bupropion, hydroxybupropion, erythrohydroxybupropion,
threohydroxybupropion,
or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds, and dextronnethorphan.
[35] Some embodiments include a method of treating a neurological disorder
comprising
administering: 1) dextronnethorphan, or 2) a combination of an antidepressant
compound and
dextronnethorphan to a human being in need thereof, wherein the human being is
an extensive
nnetabolizer of dextronnethorphan.
[36] Some embodiments include a method of increasing dextronnethorphan
plasma levels
in a human being in need of treatment with dextronnethorphan, wherein the
human being is an
extensive nnetabolizer of dextronnethorphan, comprising co-administering
bupropion with
dextronnethorphan to the human being.
[37] Some embodiments include a method of inhibiting the metabolism of
dextronnethorphan, comprising administering bupropion to a human being,
wherein the human
being is an extensive nnetabolizer of dextronnethorphan, and wherein
dextronnethorphan is
present in the body of the human being at the same time as bupropion.
[38] Some embodiments include a method of increasing the metabolic lifetime
of
dextronnethorphan, comprising administering bupropion to a human being in need
of treatment
with dextronnethorphan, wherein the human being is an extensive nnetabolizer
of
dextronnethorphan, and wherein dextronnethorphan is present in the body of the
human being at
the same time as bupropion.
[39] Some embodiments include a method of correcting extensive metabolism
of
dextronnethorphan, comprising administering bupropion to a human being in need
thereof.
[40] Some embodiments include a method of improving the antitussive
properties of
dextronnethorphan comprising administering bupropion in conjunction with
administration of
dextronnethorphan to a human being in need of treatment for cough.
[41] Some embodiments include a method of treating cough comprising
administering a
combination of bupropion or another active compound and dextronnethorphan to a
human being
in need thereof.
[42] Some embodiments include a method of treating a neurological disorder
comprising
administering 1) dextronnethorphan, or 2) bupropion and dextronnethorphan to a
human being in
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need thereof, wherein the 1) dextronnethorphan, or 2) bupropion and
dextronnethorphan are
administered at least once a day for at least 8 days, at least 9 days, or at
least 10 days.
[43] Some embodiments include a method of treating a neurological disorder
comprising
administering about 150 mg/day to about 300 mg/day of bupropion and about 15
mg/day to
about 60 mg/day of dextronnethorphan to a human being in need thereof.
[44] Some embodiments include a method of increasing dextronnethorphan
plasma levels
in a human being in need of treatment with dextronnethorphan, wherein the
human being is an
extensive nnetabolizer of dextronnethorphan, comprising co-administering
hydroxybupropion, or a
prodrug thereof, with dextronnethorphan to the human being.
[45] Some embodiments include a method of increasing dextronnethorphan
plasma levels
in a human being in need of treatment with dextronnethorphan, wherein the
human being is an
extensive nnetabolizer of dextronnethorphan,
comprising co-administering
erythrohydroxybupropion, or a prodrug thereof, with dextronnethorphan to the
human being.
[46] Some embodiments include a method of increasing dextronnethorphan
plasma levels
in a human being in need of treatment with dextronnethorphan, wherein the
human being is an
extensive nnetabolizer of dextronnethorphan,
comprising co-administering
threohydroxybupropion, or a prodrug thereof, with dextronnethorphan to the
human being.
[47] Some embodiments include a method of inhibiting metabolism of
dextronnethorphan, comprising administering bupropion to a human being,
wherein the human
being is an extensive nnetabolizer of dextronnethorphan, and wherein
dextronnethorphan is
present in the body of the human being at the same time as bupropion.
[48] Some embodiments include a method of inhibiting metabolism of
dextronnethorphan, comprising administering hydroxybupropion, or a prodrug
thereof, to a
human being, wherein the human being is an extensive nnetabolizer of
dextronnethorphan, and
wherein dextronnethorphan is present in the body of the human being at the
same time as
hydroxybupropion.
[49] Some embodiments include a method of inhibiting metabolism of
dextronnethorphan, comprising administering erythrohydroxybupropion, or a
prodrug thereof, to
a human being, wherein the human being is an extensive nnetabolizer of
dextronnethorphan, and
wherein dextronnethorphan is present in the body of the human being at the
same time as
erythrohydroxybupropion.
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[50] Some embodiments include a method of inhibiting metabolism of
dextronnethorphan, comprising administering threohydroxybupropion, or a
prodrug thereof, to a
human being, wherein the human being is an extensive nnetabolizer of
dextronnethorphan, and
wherein dextronnethorphan is present in the body of the human being at the
same time as
threohydroxybupropion.
[51] Some embodiments include a method of increasing the metabolic lifetime
of
dextronnethorphan, comprising administering hydroxybupropion, or a prodrug
thereof, to a
human being in need of treatment with dextronnethorphan, wherein the human
being is an
extensive nnetabolizer of dextronnethorphan, and wherein dextronnethorphan is
present in the
body of the human being at the same time as hydroxybupropion.
[52] Some embodiments include a method of increasing the metabolic lifetime
of
dextronnethorphan, comprising administering erythrohydroxybupropion, or a
prodrug thereof, to
a human being in need of treatment with dextronnethorphan, wherein the human
being is an
extensive nnetabolizer of dextronnethorphan, and wherein dextronnethorphan is
present in the
body of the human being at the same time as erythrohydroxybupropion.
[53] Some embodiments include a method of increasing dextronnethorphan
plasma levels
comprising co-administering bupropion and dextronnethorphan to a human being
in need of
treatment with dextronnethorphan, wherein the bupropion is administered on the
first day of at
least two days of co-administration of bupropion with dextronnethorphan,
wherein an increase in
the dextronnethorphan plasma level occurs on the first day that bupropion and
dextronnethorphan
are co-administered, as compared to the same amount of dextronnethorphan
administered
without bupropion.
[54] Some embodiments include a method of increasing dextronnethorphan
plasma levels
comprising co-administering hydroxybupropion, or a prodrug thereof, and
dextronnethorphan to a
human being in need of treatment with dextronnethorphan, wherein the
hydroxybupropion, or a
prodrug thereof, is administered on the first day of at least two days of co-
administration of
hydroxybupropion, or a prodrug thereof, with dextronnethorphan, wherein an
increase in the
dextronnethorphan plasma level occurs on the first day that hydroxybupropion,
or a prodrug
thereof, and dextronnethorphan are co-administered, as compared to the same
amount of
dextronnethorphan administered without hydroxybupropion or a prodrug thereof.
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[55] Some embodiments include a method of increasing dextronnethorphan
plasma levels
comprising co-administering erythrohydroxybupropion, or a prodrug thereof, and
dextronnethorphan to a human being in need of treatment with
dextronnethorphan, wherein the
erythrohydroxybupropion, or a prodrug thereof, is administered on the first
day of at least two
days of co-administration of erythrohydroxybupropion, or a prodrug thereof,
with
dextronnethorphan, wherein an increase in the dextronnethorphan plasma level
occurs on the first
day that erythrohydroxybupropion, or a prodrug thereof, and dextronnethorphan
are co-
administered, as compared to the same amount of dextronnethorphan administered
without
erythrohydroxybupropion or a prodrug thereof.
[56] Some embodiments include a method of increasing dextronnethorphan
plasma levels
comprising co-administering threohydroxybupropion, or a prodrug thereof, and
dextronnethorphan to a human being in need of treatment with
dextronnethorphan, wherein the
threohydroxybupropion, or a prodrug thereof, is administered on the first day
of at least two days
of co-administration of threohydroxybupropion, or a prodrug thereof, with
dextronnethorphan,
wherein an increase in the dextronnethorphan plasma level occurs on the first
day that
threohydroxybupropion, or a prodrug thereof, and dextronnethorphan are co-
administered, as
compared to the same amount of dextronnethorphan administered without
threohydroxybupropion or a prodrug thereof.
[57] Some embodiments include a method of increasing dextronnethorphan
plasma levels
comprising co-administering bupropion and dextronnethorphan, for at least five
consecutive days,
to a human being in need of treatment with dextronnethorphan, wherein, on the
fifth day, the
dextronnethorphan plasma level is higher than the dextronnethorphan plasma
level that would
have been achieved by administering the same amount of dextronnethorphan
administered
without bupropion for five consecutive days.
[58] Some embodiments include a method of increasing dextronnethorphan
plasma levels
comprising co-administering hydroxybupropion, or a prodrug thereof, and
dextronnethorphan, for
at least five consecutive days, to a human being in need of treatment with
dextronnethorphan,
wherein, on the fifth day, the dextronnethorphan plasma level is higher than
the
dextronnethorphan plasma level that would have been achieved by administering
the same
amount of dextronnethorphan administered without hydroxybupropion, or a
prodrug thereof, for
five consecutive days.
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[59] Some embodiments include a method of increasing dextronnethorphan
plasma levels
comprising co-administering erythrohydroxybupropion, or a prodrug thereof, and
dextronnethorphan, for at least five consecutive days, to a human being in
need of treatment with
dextronnethorphan, wherein, on the fifth day, the dextronnethorphan plasma
level is higher than
the dextronnethorphan plasma level that would have been achieved by
administering the same
amount of dextronnethorphan administered without erythrohydroxybupropion, or a
prodrug
thereof, for five consecutive days.
[60] Some embodiments include a method of increasing dextronnethorphan
plasma levels
comprising co-administering threohydroxybupropion, or a prodrug thereof, and
dextronnethorphan, for at least five consecutive days, to a human being in
need of treatment with
dextronnethorphan, wherein, on the fifth day, the dextronnethorphan plasma
level is higher than
the dextronnethorphan plasma level that would have been achieved by
administering the same
amount of dextronnethorphan administered without threohydroxybupropion, or a
prodrug
thereof, for five consecutive days.
[61] Some embodiments include a method of increasing dextronnethorphan
plasma levels
comprising co-administering bupropion and dextronnethorphan, for at least six
consecutive days,
to a human being in need of treatment with dextronnethorphan, wherein, on the
sixth day, the
dextronnethorphan plasma level is higher than the dextronnethorphan plasma
level that would
have been achieved by administering the same amount of dextronnethorphan
administered
without bupropion for six consecutive days.
[62] Some embodiments include a method of increasing dextronnethorphan
plasma levels
comprising co-administering hydroxybupropion, or a prodrug thereof, and
dextronnethorphan, for
at least six consecutive days, to a human being in need of treatment with
dextronnethorphan,
wherein, on the sixth day, the dextronnethorphan plasma level is higher than
the
dextronnethorphan plasma level that would have been achieved by administering
the same
amount of dextronnethorphan administered without hydroxybupropion, or a
prodrug thereof, for
six consecutive days.
[63] Some embodiments include a method of increasing dextronnethorphan
plasma levels
comprising co-administering erythrohydroxybupropion, or a prodrug thereof, and
dextronnethorphan, for at least six consecutive days, to a human being in need
of treatment with
dextronnethorphan, wherein, on the sixth day, the dextronnethorphan plasma
level is higher than
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the dextronnethorphan plasma level that would have been achieved by
administering the same
amount of dextronnethorphan administered without erythrohydroxybupropion, or a
prodrug
thereof, for six consecutive days.
[64] Some embodiments include a method of increasing dextronnethorphan
plasma levels
comprising co-administering threohydroxybupropion, or a prodrug thereof, and
dextronnethorphan, for at least six consecutive days, to a human being in need
of treatment with
dextronnethorphan, wherein, on the sixth day, the dextronnethorphan plasma
level is higher than
the dextronnethorphan plasma level that would have been achieved by
administering the same
amount of dextronnethorphan administered without threohydroxybupropion, or a
prodrug
thereof, for six consecutive days.
[65] Some embodiments include a method of reducing a trough effect of
dextronnethorphan comprising, co-administering bupropion with
dextronnethorphan to a human
patient in need of treatment with dextronnethorphan, wherein dextronnethorphan
has a plasma
level 12 hours after co-administering bupropion with dextronnethorphan that is
at least twice the
plasma level that would be achieved by administering the same amount of
dextronnethorphan
without bupropion.
[66] Some embodiments include a method of reducing a trough effect of
dextronnethorphan comprising, co-administering hydroxybupropion, or a prodrug
thereof, with
dextronnethorphan to a human patient in need of treatment with
dextronnethorphan, wherein
dextronnethorphan has a plasma level 12 hours after co-administering
hydroxybupropion, or a
prodrug thereof, with dextronnethorphan that is at least twice the plasma
level that would be
achieved by administering the same amount of dextronnethorphan without
hydroxybupropion or
a prodrug thereof.
[67] Some embodiments include a method of reducing a trough effect of
dextronnethorphan comprising, co-administering erythrohydroxybupropion, or a
prodrug thereof,
with dextronnethorphan to a human patient in need of treatment with
dextronnethorphan,
wherein dextronnethorphan has a plasma level 12 hours after co-administering
erythrohydroxybupropion, or a prodrug thereof, with dextronnethorphan that is
at least twice the
plasma level that would be achieved by administering the same amount of
dextronnethorphan
without erythrohydroxybupropion or a prodrug thereof.
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[68] Some embodiments include a method of reducing a trough effect of
dextronnethorphan comprising, co-administering threohydroxybupropion, or a
prodrug thereof,
with dextronnethorphan to a human patient in need of treatment with
dextronnethorphan,
wherein dextronnethorphan has a plasma level 12 hours after co-administering
threohydroxybupropion, or a prodrug thereof, with dextronnethorphan that is at
least twice the
plasma level that would be achieved by administering the same amount of
dextronnethorphan
without threohydroxybupropion or a prodrug thereof.
[69] Some embodiments include a method of reducing an adverse event
associated with
treatment by dextronnethorphan, comprising co-administering bupropion and
dextronnethorphan
to a human patient in need of dextronnethorphan treatment, wherein the human
patient is at risk
of experiencing the adverse event as a result of being treated with
dextronnethorphan.
[70] Some embodiments include a method of reducing an adverse event
associated with
treatment by dextronnethorphan, comprising co-administering hydroxybupropion,
or a prodrug
thereof, and dextronnethorphan to a human patient in need of dextronnethorphan
treatment,
wherein the human patient is at risk of experiencing the adverse event as a
result of being treated
with dextronnethorphan.
[71] Some embodiments include a method of reducing an adverse event
associated with
treatment by dextronnethorphan, comprising co-administering
erythrohydroxybupropion, or a
prodrug thereof, and dextronnethorphan to a human patient in need of
dextronnethorphan
treatment, wherein the human patient is at risk of experiencing the adverse
event as a result of
being treated with dextronnethorphan.
[72] Some embodiments include a method of reducing an adverse event
associated with
treatment by bupropion, comprising co-administering dextronnethorphan and
bupropion to a
human patient in need of bupropion treatment, wherein the human patient is at
risk of
experiencing the adverse event as a result of being treated with bupropion.
[73] Some embodiments include a method of correcting extensive metabolism
of
dextronnethorphan, comprising administering hydroxybupropion, or a prodrug
thereof, to a
human being in need thereof.
[74] Some embodiments include a method of correcting extensive metabolism
of
dextronnethorphan, comprising administering erythrohydroxybupropion, or a
prodrug thereof, to
a human being in need thereof.
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[75] Some embodiments include a method of correcting extensive metabolism
of
dextronnethorphan, comprising administering threohydroxybupropion, or a
prodrug thereof, to a
human being in need thereof.
[76] Some embodiments include a method of improving antitussive properties
of
dextronnethorphan comprising administering bupropion in conjunction with
administration of
dextronnethorphan to a human being in need of treatment for cough.
[77] Some embodiments include a method of improving antitussive properties
of
dextronnethorphan comprising administering hydroxybupropion, or a prodrug
thereof, in
conjunction with administration of dextronnethorphan to a human being in need
of treatment for
cough.
[78] Some embodiments include a method of improving antitussive properties
of
dextronnethorphan comprising administering erythrohydroxybupropion, or a
prodrug thereof, in
conjunction with administration of dextronnethorphan to a human being in need
of treatment for
cough.
[79] Some embodiments include a method of improving antitussive properties
of
dextronnethorphan comprising administering threohydroxybupropion, or a prodrug
thereof, in
conjunction with administration of dextronnethorphan to a human being in need
of treatment for
cough.
[80] Some embodiments include a method of treating cough comprising
administering a
combination of hydroxybupropion, or a prodrug thereof, and dextronnethorphan
to a human
being in need thereof.
[81] Some embodiments include a method of treating cough comprising
administering a
combination of erythrohydroxybupropion, or a prodrug thereof, and
dextronnethorphan to a
human being in need thereof.
[82] Some embodiments include a method of treating cough comprising
administering a
combination of threohydroxybupropion, or a prodrug thereof, and
dextronnethorphan to a human
being in need thereof.
[83] Some embodiments include a method of treating a neurological disorder
comprising
administering bupropion and dextronnethorphan to a human being in need
thereof, wherein the
bupropion and dextronnethorphan are administered at least once a day for at
least 8 days, at least
9 days, or at least 10 days.
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[84] Some embodiments include a method of treating a neurological disorder
comprising
administering hydroxybupropion, or a prodrug thereof, and dextronnethorphan to
a human being
in need thereof, wherein the bupropion and dextronnethorphan are administered
at least once a
day for at least 8 days, at least 9 days, or at least 10 days.
[85] Some embodiments include a method of treating a neurological disorder
comprising
administering erythrohydroxybupropion, or a prodrug thereof, and
dextronnethorphan to a
human being in need thereof, wherein the erythrohydroxybupropion and
dextronnethorphan are
administered at least once a day for at least 8 days, at least 9 days, or at
least 10 days.
[86] Some embodiments include a method of treating a neurological disorder
comprising
administering threohydroxybupropion, or a prodrug thereof, and
dextronnethorphan to a human
being in need thereof, wherein the threohydroxybupropion and dextronnethorphan
are
administered at least once a day for at least 8 days, at least 9 days, or at
least 10 days.
[87] Some embodiments include a pharmaceutical composition, dosage form, or
medicament comprising a therapeutically effective amount of dextronnethorphan,
a
therapeutically effective amount of an antidepressant, such as bupropion,
hydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of
any of these
compounds, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
[88] Some embodiments include a method of reducing a risk of seizure
associated with
use of bupropion to treat depression, comprising orally administering a
dextronnethorphan-
bupropion combination twice a day, wherein the method is: 1) at least as
effective in treating
depression, and 2) reduces the risk of seizure to the human being, as compared
to orally
administering 150 mg of the bupropion alone twice a day to the human being for
the same
number of days.
[89] Some embodiments include a method of improving the therapeutic effect
of
bupropion in treating depression, comprising orally co-administering a
dextronnethorphan with a
bupropion, twice a day, to a human being suffering from depression, wherein
the method is more
effective than treating the depression of that human being by orally
administering 150 mg of the
bupropion alone twice a day to the human being for five weeks.
[90] In some embodiments, the combination of the dextronnethorphan and the
bupropion
is more effective than independently orally administering the same amount of
the
dextronnethorphan or the bupropion alone.
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[91] Some embodiments include a method of improving the efficacy of
bupropion in
treating depression, comprising orally administering about 90 mg to about 125
mg of a bupropion
in combination with about 0.3 mg/kg to about 1 mg/kg of a dextronnethorphan,
once or twice a
day for at least 23 days, to a human being suffering from depression, wherein
orally administering
the bupropion in combination with the dextronnethorphan is more effective in
treating depression
than orally administering the same dosage regimen of bupropion without
dextronnethorphan.
[92] Some embodiments include a method of treating treatment-resistant
depression
comprising: selecting a human being suffering from depression who has
previously been
unsuccessfully treated with at least one antidepressant; and orally
administering a
dextronnethorphan-bupropion combination treatment once or twice a day to the
human being for
at least about five weeks; wherein the dextronnethorphan-bupropion combination
treatment
comprises about 40 mg to about 70 mg of a dextronnethorphan and about 100 mg
to about 140
nng of a bupropion.
[93] Some embodiments include a method of rapidly relieving the symptoms of
depression, comprising administering a combination of bupropion and
dextronnethorphan once
daily or twice daily to a human being in need thereof, wherein the human being
experiences a
therapeutic effect within 2 weeks of the first day that the combination of
bupropion and
dextronnethorphan is administered.
[94] Some embodiments include a method of treating depression, comprising
administering a combination of bupropion and dextronnethorphan once daily or
twice daily to a
human being in need thereof, wherein the human being is of Asian descent.
[95] Some embodiments include a method of treating nicotine addiction
associated with
smoking tobacco comprising administering a combination of a bupropion and a
dextronnethorphan daily for at least 21 consecutive days to a person suffering
from nicotine
addiction, wherein the person is an ad-lib tobacco smoker, wherein a total
amount of 200 mg to
250 mg of bupropion and 80 mg to 140 mg of dextronnethorphan are administered
to the person
daily, and wherein the method is more effective than administering the same
amount of
bupropion alone.
[96] In some embodiments involving treating nicotine addiction,
administration of the
combination of the bupropion and the dextronnethorphan results in at least 20%
greater
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reduction in an intensity of the nicotine self-administration as compared to
bupropion alone as
measured by the reduction in the average number of cigarettes smoked per day.
[97] In some embodiments involving treating nicotine addiction,
administration of the
combination of the bupropion and the dextronnethorphan results in at least 10%
greater
reduction in expired carbon monoxide levels as compared to bupropion alone.
[98] In some embodiments involving treating nicotine addiction,
administering the
combination of the bupropion and the dextronnethorphan twice a day in 2 equal
divided doses
results in a greater reduction in intensity of nicotine self-administration at
a particular tinnepoint,
such as 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, or another tinnepoint recited
herein, than would have
resulted from administering one of the 2 divided doses for the same amount of
time, or than
would have resulted from not administering the combination.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[99] FIG. 1 is a plot of the mean plasma concentrations of
dextronnethorphan over time
after dosing on Day 8 for subjects administered dextronnethorphan alone or
dextronnethorphan
and bupropion.
[100] FIG. 2 depicts mean AUC0_12 of dextronnethorphan on Day 8 for
subjects administered
dextronnethorphan alone or dextronnethorphan and bupropion.
[101] FIG. 3 depicts mean AUC0_24 of dextronnethorphan on Day 8 for
subjects administered
dextronnethorphan alone or dextronnethorphan and bupropion.
[102] FIG. 4 depicts mean AUC0_1f of dextronnethorphan on Day 8 for
subjects administered
dextronnethorphan alone or dextronnethorphan and bupropion.
[103] FIG. 5 depicts the fold changes in AUCs of dextronnethorphan on Day 8
for subjects
administered dextronnethorphan alone as compared to dextronnethorphan and
bupropion.
[104] FIG. 6 depicts mean AUC0_12 of dextronnethorphan on Day 1 and Day 8
for subjects
administered dextronnethorphan alone or dextronnethorphan and bupropion.
[105] FIG. 7 depicts mean dextronnethorphan trough plasma concentrations
for subjects
administered dextronnethorphan alone or dextronnethorphan and bupropion.
[106] FIG. 8 depicts mean dextronnethorphan maximum plasma concentrations
on Day 1
and Day 8 for subjects administered dextronnethorphan alone or
dextronnethorphan and
bupropion.
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[107] FIG. 9 is a plot of the mean plasma concentrations of dextrorphan
over time after
dosing on Day 8 for subjects administered dextronnethorphan alone or
dextronnethorphan and
bupropion.
[108] FIG. 10 depicts mean dextrorphan maximum plasma concentrations on Day
1 and Day
8 for subjects administered dextronnethorphan alone or dextronnethorphan and
bupropion.
[109] FIG. 11 depicts mean AUC0_12 of dextrorphan on Day 1 and Day 8 for
subjects
administered dextronnethorphan alone or dextronnethorphan and bupropion.
[110] FIG. 12 depicts the potency of various antidepressant compounds for
inhibition of the
metabolism of dextronnethorphan in human liver nnicrosonnes.
[111] FIG. 13 is a plot of the average MADRS total score change from
baseline over time
during the 6-week dosing period for subjects administered bupropion alone or
the combination of
dextronnethorphan and bupropion.
[112] FIG. 14 depicts the percent of subjects achieving remission (MADRS
10) over time
during the 6-week dosing period for subjects administered bupropion alone or
the combination of
dextronnethorphan and bupropion.
[113] FIG. 15 is a plot of the reduction in MADRS total score over time for
the subjects
described in Example 6.
[114] FIG. 16 is a plot of the percentage of responders over time for the
subjects described
in Example 6.
[115] FIG. 17 is a plot of the percentage of subjects in remission over
time for the subjects
described in Example 6.
[116] FIG. 18 is a plot of the MADRS total score change from baseline over
time for the
subjects described in Example 7.
[117] FIG. 19 is a plot of the QIDS-SR-16 total score change from baseline
over time for the
subjects described in Example 7.
[118] FIG. 20 is a plot of the percentage of subjects in remission (QIDS-SR-
16 Score 5) over
time for the subjects described in Example 7.
[119] FIG. 21 is a plot of the Cognitive Items of MGH-CPFQ change from
baseline over time
for the subjects described in Example 7.
[120] FIG. 22 is a plot of the CMAI total score change from baseline over
time for the
subjects described in Example 8.
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[121] FIG. 23 is a plot of the percent CMAI reduction from baseline over
time for the
subjects described in Example 8.
[122] FIG. 24 is a plot of is a plot of the percentage of responders with
CMAI reduction
30% from baseline over time for the subjects described in Example 8.
[123] FIG. 25 depicts the reduction in MADRS Score from baseline from the
clinical trial of
DM/BU in Example 10 as compared to the combination of dextronnethorphan and
quinidine
(DM/Q) as reported in Murrough (Journal of Affective Disorders 218 (2017) 277-
283, Figure 3A).
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[124] Some embodiments include a method of treating neurological disorders
comprising
administering a therapeutically effective amount of dextronnethorphan and a
therapeutically
effective amount of an antidepressant, such as bupropion, hydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of
any of these
compounds, to a person in need thereof.
[125] Some embodiments include a method of enhancing the therapeutic
properties of
dextronnethorphan in treating neurological disorders, comprising co-
administering
dextronnethorphan and an antidepressant, such as bupropion, hydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of
any of these
compounds.
[126] Some embodiments include a method of increasing dextronnethorphan
plasma levels
in a human being that is an extensive nnetabolizer of dextronnethorphan,
comprising co-
administering an antidepressant compound, such as bupropion, and
dextronnethorphan to the
human being.
[127] Some embodiments include a method of inhibiting the metabolism of
dextronnethorphan, comprising administering an antidepressant compound, such
as bupropion, to
a human being, wherein the human being is an extensive nnetabolizer of
dextronnethorphan, and
wherein dextronnethorphan is present in the body of the human being at the
same time as the
antidepressant.
[128] Some embodiments include a method of increasing the metabolic
lifetime of
dextronnethorphan, including increasing the elimination half-life (11/2) of
dextronnethorphan.
These embodiments may comprise administering an antidepressant compound, such
as
bupropion, to a human being, wherein the human being is an extensive
nnetabolizer of
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dextronnethorphan, and wherein dextronnethorphan is present in the body of the
human being at
the same time as the antidepressant compound.
[129] Some embodiments include a method of correcting extensive metabolism
of
dextronnethorphan, comprising administering an antidepressant compound, such
as bupropion, to
a human being in need thereof, such as a human being in need of treatment for
pain.
[130] Some embodiments include a method of improving the therapeutic
properties of
dextronnethorphan in treating neurological disorders comprising administering
an antidepressant
compound, such as bupropion, in conjunction with administration of
dextronnethorphan to a
human being in need of treatment for a neurological disorder.
[131] Some embodiments include a method of treating neurological disorders
comprising
administering a combination of an antidepressant compound, such as bupropion,
and
dextronnethorphan to a human being in need thereof.
[132] Co-administration of an antidepressant compound, such as bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion, erythrohydroxybupropion, or a prodrug
of the
antidepressant compound, with dextronnethorphan may occur one or more times
for a single day,
or for 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21,
22, 23, 24, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45,
50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 100, or more consecutive days. In some
embodiments, co-
administration is at least daily for at least two consecutive days.
[133] In some embodiments, co-administration of an antidepressant compound,
such as
bupropion, hydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion, erythrohydroxybupropion,
or a prodrug
of the antidepressant compound, with dextronnethorphan may occur once a day
for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
or 7 days, prior to co-administration twice a day.
[134] Dextronnethorphan has the structure shown below.
H3C-N
OCH3
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[135] Dextronnethorphan is used as a cough suppressant. According to the
FDA's
dextronnethorphan product labeling requirement under the OTC Monograph
[21CFR341.74],
dextronnethorphan should be dosed 6 times a day (every 4 hours), 4 times a day
(every 6 hours),
or 3 times a day (every 8 hours). The OTC Monograph [21CFR341.74] also states
that "the dosage
is equivalent to dextronnethorphan hydrobronnide...[o]ral dosage is 10 to 20
milligrams every 4
hours or 30 milligrams every 6 to 8 hours, not to exceed 120 milligrams in 24
hours, or as directed
by a doctor."
[136] Dextronnethorphan is rapidly metabolized in the human liver. This
rapid hepatic
metabolism may limit systemic drug exposure in individuals who are extensive
nnetabolizers.
Human beings can be: 1) extensive nnetabolizers of dextronnethorphan ¨ those
who rapidly
metabolize dextronnethorphan; 2) poor nnetabolizers of dextronnethorphan ¨
those who only
poorly metabolize dextronnethorphan; or 3) intermediate nnetabolizers of
dextronnethorphan ¨
those whose metabolism of dextronnethorphan is somewhere between that of an
extensive
nnetabolizer and a poor nnetabolizer. Extensive nnetabolizers can also be
ultra-rapid nnetabolizers.
Extensive nnetabolizers of dextronnethorphan are a significant portion of the
human population.
Dextronnethorphan can, for example, be metabolized to dextrorphan.
[137] When given the same oral dose of dextronnethorphan, plasma levels of
dextronnethorphan are significantly higher in poor nnetabolizers or
intermediate nnetabolizers as
compared to extensive nnetabolizers of dextronnethorphan. The low plasma
concentrations of
dextronnethorphan can limit its clinical utility as a single agent for
extensive nnetabolizers, and
possibly intermediate nnetabolizers, of dextronnethorphan.
Some therapeutically active
compounds, including antidepressants such as bupropion, inhibit the metabolism
of
dextronnethorphan, and raise the plasma concentration of dextronnethorphan,
and can thus
improve its therapeutic efficacy. Similarly, antidepressants may allow
dextronnethorphan to be
given less often, such as once a day instead of twice a day, once a day
instead of three times a
day, once a day instead of four times a day, twice a day instead of three
times a day, or twice a
day instead of four times a day, without loss of therapeutic efficacy.
[138] Co-administration of an antidepressant such as bupropion,
hydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of
any of these
compounds, with dextronnethorphan or dextrorphan may enhance the mechanisms of
action, or
pharmacological properties of dextronnethorphan and dextrorphan. Mechanisms of
action of
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dextronnethorphan and dextrorphan can include sigma-1 agonist and NMDA
antagonist
properties, calcium channel blockade, nnuscarinic binding, serotonin
transporter (5H11) inhibition,
and mu receptor potentiation.
[139] Some embodiments include co-administration of an antidepressant such
as
bupropion, hydroxybupropion, erythrohydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion,
or a
metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds, with dextronnethorphan or
dextrorphan to
agonize, antagonize, or modulate a sigma-1 receptor, or an NMDA receptor; to
block a calcium
channel; to bind to a nnuscarinic receptor; to inhibit a serotonin transporter
(5H11); or to
potentiate a mu receptor.
[140] Pharmacological properties of dextronnethorphan and dextrorphan can
include
NMDA high-affinity site, NMDR-2A, and functional NMDR-2B receptor antagonism,
sigma-1
stimulation, putative nnTOR activation (by sigma-1 stimulation, mu
potentiation, beta
adrenoreceptor stimulation, and 5H11 inhibition), putative AMPA receptor
trafficking (by nnTOR
activation, PCP antagonism, sigma-1 stimulation, beta stimulation, mu
potentiation, and 5H11
inhibition), and dendritogenesis, spinogenesis, synaptogenesis, and neuronal
survival by NMDA
antagonism and sigma-1 and nnTOR signaling. Some embodiments include co-
administration of an
antidepressant such as bupropion, hydroxybupropion, erythrohydroxybupropion,
threohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds,
with
dextronnethorphan or dextrorphan to bind to, agonize, antagonize, stimulate,
activate, inhibit,
influence the trafficking of, or modulate an NMDA high-affinity site, NMDR-2A,
a functional
NMDR-2B receptor, sigma-1 receptor, a putative nnTOR receptor (such as by
stimulating sigma-1,
potentiating a mu receptor, stimulating a beta adrenoreceptor, or inhibiting a
5H11), or a
putative AMPA receptor (such as by activating nnTOR, antagonizing PCP
activity, stimulating a
sigma-1 receptor, stimulating a beta adrenergic receptor, potentiating a mu
receptor, or inhibiting
5H11). Some embodiments include co-administration of an antidepressant such as
bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, erythrohydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion, or a
metabolite or
prodrug of any of these compounds, with dextronnethorphan or dextrorphan to
cause, increase,
decrease, or otherwise modulate dendritogenesis, spinogenesis, or
synaptogenesis. Some
embodiments include co-administration of an antidepressant such as bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, erythrohydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion, or a
metabolite or
prodrug of any of these compounds, with dextronnethorphan or dextrorphan to
cause, increase,
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decrease, or otherwise modulate neuronal survival by NMDA antagonism and/or
sigma-1 and/or
nnTOR signaling.
[141] Pharmacological properties of dextronnethorphan and dextrorphan can
include 5H1T
and norepinephrine transporter inhibition, sigma-1 stimulation, NMDA and PCP
antagonism, and
possible serotonin 5HT1b/d receptor stimulation. Some embodiments include co-
administration
of an antidepressant such as bupropion, hydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion,
threohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds,
with
dextronnethorphan or dextrorphan to bind to, agonize, antagonize, stimulate,
activate, inhibit,
influence the trafficking of, or modulate the 5H11 and/or norepinephrine
transporter, the sigma-1
receptor, NMDA and/or PCP receptor, and/or to stimulate the serotonin 5HT1b/d
receptor.
[142] Additional properties for dextronnethorphan and dextrorphan can
include possible
presynaptic alpha-2 adrenoreceptor antagonism or postsynaptic alpha-2
stimulation, beta
stimulation and possible nnuscarinic and mu antagonism. Some embodiments
include co-
administration of an antidepressant such as bupropion, hydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of
any of these
compounds, with dextronnethorphan or dextrorphan to bind to, agonize,
antagonize, stimulate,
activate, inhibit, influence the trafficking of, or modulate a presynaptic
alpha-2 adrenoreceptor,
postsynaptic alpha-2 receptor, beta adrenoreceptor, nnuscarinic receptor, or
mu receptor.
Dextronnethorphan and dextrorphan may be glial cell modulators. Some
embodiments include co-
administration of an antidepressant such as bupropion, hydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of
any of these
compounds, with dextronnethorphan or dextrorphan to modulate glial cells.
[143] Pain or other neurological disorders may be treated by enhancing
dextronnethorphan
plasma levels or increasing dextronnethorphan bioavailability, for example by
a method
comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of
dextronnethorphan and a
therapeutically effective amount of an antidepressant compound, such as
bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, erythrohydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion, or a
metabolite or
prodrug of any of these compounds, to a person in need thereof.
[144] Examples of neurological disorders that may be treated, or that may
be treated with
increased efficacy, by enhanced dextronnethorphan levels, such as those
achievable by a
combination of dextronnethorphan and an antidepressant such as bupropion,
hydroxybupropion,
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erythrohydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of
any of these
compounds, include, but are not limited to: affective disorders, psychiatric
disorders, cerebral
function disorders, movement disorders, dennentias, motor neuron diseases,
neurodegenerative
diseases, seizure disorders, and headaches.
[145] Affective disorders that may be treated by enhanced dextronnethorphan
levels or by
a combination of dextronnethorphan and an antidepressant such as bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, erythrohydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion, or a
metabolite or
prodrug of any of these compounds, include, but are not limited to,
depression, major depression,
treatment resistant depression and treatment resistant bipolar depression,
bipolar disorders
including cyclothynnia, seasonal affective disorder, mood disorders, chronic
depression
(dysthynnia), psychotic depression, postpartum depression, premenstrual
dysphoric disorder
(PMDD), situational depression, atypical depression, mania, anxiety disorders,
attention deficit
disorder (ADD), attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity (ADDH), and
attention
deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD), bipolar and manic conditions,
obsessive-compulsive
disorder, bulimia, obesity or weight-gain, narcolepsy, chronic fatigue
syndrome, premenstrual
syndrome, substance addiction or abuse, nicotine addiction, psycho-sexual
dysfunction,
pseudobulbar affect, and emotional lability.
[146] Depression may be manifested by depressive symptoms. These symptoms
may
include psychological changes such as changes in mood, feelings of intense
sadness, despair,
mental slowing, loss of concentration, pessimistic worry, agitation, anxiety,
irritability, guilt, anger,
feelings of worthlessness, reckless behavior, suicidal thoughts or attempts,
and/or self-
deprecation. Physical symptoms of depression may include insomnia, anorexia,
appetite loss,
weight loss, weight gain, decreased energy and libido, fatigue, restlessness,
aches, pains,
headaches, cramps, digestive issues, and/or abnormal hormonal circadian
rhythms.
[147] Some patients, even after treatment with medications such as
antidepressants, may
have an inadequate or no response to the treatment. Treatment resistant
depression (TRD), or
treatment-refractory depression, is a condition generally associated with
patients who have failed
treatment with at least two antidepressants. Part of the diagnosis for TRD is
for the patient to
have had an inadequate response to treatment with the antidepressants after an
adequate dose
and adequate course, e.g. in the current depressive episode. TRD may be more
difficult to treat
due to the connorbidity of other medical or psychological illnesses, such as
drug/alcohol abuse or
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eating disorders, or TRD being misdiagnosed. Some TRD patients have had an
inadequate
response to 1, 2, 3, or more adequate antidepressant treatment trials or have
failed or had an
inadequate response to 1, 2, 3, or more prior antidepressant treatments. In
some embodiments,
a patient being treated for treatment resistant depression has failed
treatment with at least 1, 2,
3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more antidepressant therapies.
[148] Measures of treatment effect that may be improved by treatment with
enhanced
bioavailability or plasma levels of dextronnethorphan, or by a combination of
dextronnethorphan
and an antidepressant, such as bupropion, hydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion,
threohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds,
include, but are
not limited to: Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), Quality of
Life Enjoyment
and Satisfaction Questionnaire Short Form, Range of Impaired Functioning Tool,
Sheehan
Disability Scale, Patient Rated Inventory of Side Effects (PRISE), Columbia-
Suicide Severity Rating
Scale (C-SSRS), Quick Inventory of Depressive Synnptonnatology, Self-Report
(QIDS-SR), Clinical
Global Impression (CGI) scale, Massachusetts General Hospital Cognitive and
Physical Functioning
Questionnaire (CPFQ), 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D17),
Massachusetts
General Hospital Antidepressant Treatment Response Questionnaire (MGH ATRQ),
16-item Quick
Inventory of Depressive Synnptonnatology - Self Report (QIDS-5R16), Sheehan
Disability Scale
(SDS), Clinical Global Impression of Severity of Illness (CGI-S), Clinical
Global Impression of Change
(CGI-C), EuroQ0L 5 Dimension 5 Level (EQ-5D-5L), Patient Global Impression of
Change (PGIC), 7-
item Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7), Clinical Global Impressions-
Improvement (CGI-1).
Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS). 16-item Quick Inventory of Depressive
Synnptonnatology - Self
Report (QIDS-5R16), Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A), Massachusetts General
Hospital Cognitive
and Physical Functioning Questionnaire (CPFQ), CPFQ-Cognitive subscales (Items
4 to 7), Brief
Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), etc.; Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST),
Rey Auditory Verbal
Learning Task (RAVLT), Trail Making Test (TMT), Stroop Colour Naming Test
(STROOP), Simple
Reaction Time (SRT), Choice Reaction Time (CRT). etc. In some embodiments,
treating a person
with a combination of dextronnethorphan and bupropion may improve (e.g.
reduce) the person's
score in one of the above assessments by at least about 10%, at least about
20%, at least about
30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, about 10-20%, about 20-30%, about
30-40%, about
40-50%, about 5-15%, about 15-25%, about 25-35%, about 35-45%, about 45-55%,
about 50-60%,
about 60-70%, about 70-80%, about 80-90%, about 90-100% as compared to
baseline or placebo.
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In some embodiments, the improvement is compared to baseline. In some
embodiments, the
improvement is compared to placebo.
[149] Administering a combination of bupropion and dextronnethorphan may
result in a
rapid treatment effect, e.g. within about 1 week, within about 2 weeks, within
about 3 weeks, or
within about 4 weeks of beginning the treatment. For example, an improvement
in any of the
assessments described herein, including, but not limited to MADRS, Quality of
Life Enjoyment and
Satisfaction Questionnaire Short Form, Range of Impaired Functioning Tool,
PRISE, C-SSRS, QIDS-
SR), CGI, CPFQ, HAM-D17, MGH ATRQ, CGI-S, CGI-C, EQ-5D-5L, PGIC, GAD-7, CGI-I,
SDS, QIDS-
5R16, HAM-A, CPFQ, CPFQ-Cognitive subscales (Items 4 to 7), BPRS, DSST,RAVLT,
TMT,
STROOP, SRI, CRT, etc., may be observed within those time periods.
[150] In some embodiments, an enhanced bioavailability of
dextronnethorphan, or a
combination of dextronnethorphan and an antidepressant such as bupropion,
hydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of
any of these
compounds, may have an onset of action within 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3
hours, 4 hours, 5
hours, 6 hours, 6-8 hours, 8-12 hours, 12 hours, a day, 1-7 days, 1 week, two
weeks, three weeks,
four weeks, six weeks, or eight weeks.
[151] Patients who may benefit from the treatments described herein include
pediatric
patients, such as patients under about 18 years of age, about 0-5 years of
age, about 5-10 years of
age, about 10-12 years of age, or about 12-18 years of age; adult patients,
such as patients having
an age of about 18-70 years, about 18-65 years, about 18-30 years, about 10-20
years, about 20-
30 years, about 30-40 years, about 40-50 years, about 50-60 years, about 60-70
years, about 70-
80 years, about 80-90 years, about 30-50 years, about 50-65 years; elderly
patients, such as
patients over 65 years of age, about 65-75 years of age, about 75-90 years of
age, or over 90 years
of age; and about 41 years of age or older.
[152] In some embodiments, the human being that is treated with a
combination of
dextronnethorphan and bupropion, e.g. for a type of depression, is, or is
selected for being, of
Asian descent. In some embodiments, the human being that is treated with a
combination of
dextronnethorphan and bupropion, e.g. for a type of depression, is, or is
selected for being, of
Japanese descent. In some embodiments, the human being that is treated with a
combination of
dextronnethorphan and bupropion, e.g. for a type of depression, is, or is
selected for being, of
Korean descent. In some embodiments, the human being that is treated with a
combination of
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dextronnethorphan and bupropion, e.g. for a type of depression, is, or is
selected for being, of
Chinese descent. The assignment of an individual as having Asian, Chinese,
Japanese, or Korean
descent may be based upon self-reporting by the individual. In these Asian
individuals, the
combination of dextronnethorphan and bupropion may be effective for treating
depression where
bupropion alone is not. This may be of particular importance because patients
of Asian descent
may suffer from more severe depression than those of other ethnic or cultural
groups.
[153] In some embodiments, the human being does not have, or is selected
for not having,
a depressive episode with psychotic or catatonic features.
[154] In some embodiments, the human being does not have, or is selected
for not having,
a manic, hyponnanic or mixed episode, including bipolar disorder (Type 1 or
Type 2) and
substance-induced (e.g. antidepressant-induced) manic, or a hyponnanic/nnixed
episode.
[155] In some embodiments, the human being does not have, or is selected
for not having
schizophrenia, schizoaffective, or another psychotic disorder.
[156] In some embodiments, the human being does not have, or is selected
for not having,
a panic disorder, with or without agoraphobia.
[157] In some embodiments, the human being does not have, or is selected
for not having
obsessive-compulsive disorder.
[158] In some embodiments, the human being does not have, or is selected
for not having
bulimia or anorexia nervosa.
[159] In some embodiments, the human being does not have, or is selected
for not having,
a persistent neurocognitive disorder.
[160] In some embodiments, the human being does not have, or is selected
for not having,
any anxiety disorder for the six months prior to treatment.
[161] In some embodiments, the human being that is treated with a
combination of
dextronnethorphan and bupropion, e.g. for a type of depression, has, or is
selected for having, a
diagnosis with major depressive disorder according to the Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR), the Structured
Clinical Interview for
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Clinical
Trials Version SCID-5-
CT. In some embodiments, the human being currently meets the DSM-5 criteria
for MDD without
psychotic features, based on the SCID-5-CT
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[162] In some embodiments, the human being that is treated with a
combination of
dextronnethorphan and bupropion, e.g. for a type of depression, is suffering
from, or is selected
for suffering from, a major depressive episode that has lasted between about 8
weeks and about
24 months, about 1-6 months, about 6-12 months, about 1-2 years, at least
about 1 week, at least
about 2 weeks, at least about 3 weeks, at least about 4 weeks, at least about
6 weeks, at least
about 2 months, at least about 3 months, at least about 4 months, at least
about 6 months, at
least about 9 months, at least about 1 year, at least about 18 months, at
least about 2 years,
about 1-12 weeks, about 3-6 months, about 6-9 months, about 9-12 months, about
12-18 months,
about 18-24 months, about 2-4 years, about 4-6 years, about 6-10 years, about
10-20 years or
longer.
[163] In some embodiments, the human being that is treated with a
combination of
dextronnethorphan and bupropion, e.g. for a type of depression, has, or is
selected having, about
1-100, or more, lifetime depressive episodes, such as a major depressive
episodes, including at
least 1, at least about 2, at least about 3, at least about 4, at least about
5, at least about 10, at
least about 15, at least about 20, at least about 30, at least about 40, at
least about 50, at least
about 60, at least about 70, at least about 80, at least about 90, at least
about 100, about 1-5,
about 5-10, about 10-20, about 20-30, about 30-40, about 40-50, about 50-60,
about 60-70, about
70-80, about 80-90, about 90-100, or about 4-7 lifetime depressive episodes.
[164] In some embodiments, the human being that is treated with a
combination of
dextronnethorphan and bupropion, e.g. for a type of depression, has, or is
selected for having, an
inadequate response to one or more prior antidepressant therapies, e.g. 1, 2,
3, 4, 5 or more prior
antidepressant therapies, including prior antidepressant therapies in the
current depressive
episode (e.g. the current major depressive episode).
[165] In some embodiments, the human being that is treated with a
combination of
dextronnethorphan and bupropion, e.g. for a type of depression, has had, or is
selected for having
had a background antidepressant therapy with, such as a selective serotonin
reuptake inhibitor
(SSRI), a serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI), or bupropion,
taken at an adequate
dose for at least 8 weeks, and at a stable dose for at least 4 weeks prior to
entering the double-
blind treatment period. In some embodiments, the antidepressant therapy is
continued in
conjunction with treatment with the combination of bupropion and
dextronnethorphan.
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[166] In some embodiments, the human being that is treated with a
combination of
dextronnethorphan and bupropion, e.g. for a type of depression, is, or is
selected for being male.
In some embodiments, the human being that is treated with a combination of
dextronnethorphan
and bupropion, e.g. for a type of depression, is, or is selected for being
female.
[167] In some embodiments, the human being that is treated with a
combination of
dextronnethorphan and bupropion, e.g. for a type of depression, has, or is
selected for having, a
body mass index of about 18-40 kg/m2, about 18.5 kg/m2, less than 18.5 kg/m2,
about 19 kg/m2,
about 19-24.9 kg/m2, about 25 kg/m2, about 25-29 kg/m2, about 29 kg/m2, more
than 29 kg/m2,
about 18-22 kg/m2, about 22-24 kg/m2, about 24-26 kg/m2, about 26-28 kg/m2,
about 28-30
kg/m2, about 30-32 kg/m2, about 32-34 kg/m2, about 34-36 kg/m2, about 36-38
kg/m2, about 38-
40 kg/m2, about 18-26 kg/m2, about 26-34 kg/m2, or about 34-40 kg/m2.
[168] The MADRS is a clinician-rated scale. The MADRS is used to assess
depressive
synnptonnatology during the previous week. Subjects are rated on 10 items to
assess feelings of
guilt, sadness, lassitude, pessimism, inner tension, suicidality, reduced
sleep or appetite, agitation,
anxiety, weight loss, somatic symptoms, difficulty concentrating and lack of
interest. Each item is
scored on a 7-point scale. A score of 0 indicates the absence of symptoms, and
a score of 6
indicates symptoms of maximum severity.
[169] In some embodiments, the human being that is treated with a
combination of
dextronnethorphan and bupropion, e.g. for a type of depression, has, or is
selected for having, a
MADRS score that is at least about 25, at least about 30, at least about 35,
at least about 40, at
least about 45, at least about 50, at least about 55, about 20-25, about 25-
30, about 30-35, about
35-40, about 40-45, about 45-50, about 50-55, about 55-60, about 25-35, about
35-45, about 45-
60, about 25-40, or about 40-60.
[170] In some embodiments, treatment with the combination of
dextronnethorphan and
bupropion results in the human being having a MADRS score that is reduced by
at least about
10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least
about 50%, about 10-
20%, about 20-30%, about 30-40%, about 40-50%, about 50-60%, about 60-80%,
about80-90%, or
about 90-100% as compared to baseline or placebo. In some embodiments, the
reduction is
compared to baseline. In some embodiments, the reduction is compared to
placebo.
[171] In some embodiments, treatment with the combination of
dextronnethorphan and
bupropion results in the human being having a MADRS score that is less than
34, about 20-34,
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about 7-19, about 0-6, about 30 or less, about 26 or less, about 25 or less,
about 20 or less, about
17 or less, about 14 or less, about 12 or less, about 10 or less, about 8 or
less, about 6 or less,
about 5 or less, about 4 or less, about 3 or less, about 2 or less, about 1 or
less, about 0, about 0.1-
6, about 0.1-1, about 1-2, about 2-3, about 3-4, about 4-5, about 5-6, about 6-
7, about 7-8, about
8-9, about 9-10, about 10-11, about 11-12, about 12-13, about 13-14, about 14-
15, about 15-16,
about 16-17, about 17-18, about 18-19, about 19-20, about 18-20, about 0.1-3,
about 3-6, about
6-9, about 9-12, about 12-14, about 12-15, or about 15-20.
[172] The subscale MADRS-6 is the sum of responses to six of the 10 MADRS
items that are
thought to represent the core symptoms of depression: reported sadness,
apparent sadness,
inner tension, lassitude, inability to feel, and pessimistic thoughts. MADRS
items not included in
the MADRS-6 score are reduced sleep, reduced appetite, concentration
difficulties, and suicidal
thoughts. Higher MADRS score indicates more severe depression, and each item
yields a score of
0 to 6. The overall score ranges from 0 to 60. The questionnaire includes
questions on the
following symptoms 1. Apparent sadness 2. Reported sadness 3. Inner tension 4.
Reduced sleep 5.
Reduced appetite 6. Concentration difficulties 7. Lassitude 8, Inability to
feel 9. Pessimistic
thoughts 10. Suicidal thoughts. Usual cutoff points are: a) 0 to 6 -
normal/symptom absent; b) 7
to 19 - mild depression; c) 20 to 34 - moderate depression; and d) >34 -
severe depression.
[173] In some embodiments, the human being that is treated with a
combination of
dextronnethorphan and bupropion, e.g. for a type of depression, has, or is
selected for haying, a
MADRS-6 score that is at least about 15, at least about 18, at least about 20,
at least about 21, at
least about 24, at least about 27, at least about 30, at least about 33, about
15-18, about 18-21,
about 21-24, about 24-27, about 27-30, about 30-33, about 30-34, about 33-36,
at least about 34,
about 7-19, about 15-19, about 15-24, about 24-30, about 20-34, or about 30-
36, prior to starting
the treatment.
[174] In some embodiments, treatment with the combination of
dextronnethorphan and
bupropion results in the human being haying a MADRS-6 score reduced by at
least about 10%, at
least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, or at least about
50%, about 10-20%,
about 20-30%, about 30-40%, about 40-50%, about 50-60%, about 60-80%, about 80-
90%, or
about 90-100% as compared to baseline or placebo. In some embodiments, the
reduction is
compared to baseline. In some embodiments, the reduction is compared to
placebo.
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[175] In some embodiments, treatment with the combination of
dextronnethorphan and
bupropion results in the human being having a MADRS-6 score that is about 17
or less, about 15
or less, about 10 or less, about 8 or less, about 6 or less, about 5 or less,
about 4 or less, about 3 or
less, about 2 or less, about 1 or less, about 0.1-6, about 0.1-1, about 1-2,
about 2-3, about 3-4,
about 4-5, about 5-6, about 6-7, about 7-8, about 8-9, about 9-12, about 12-
15, about 0.1-3, about
3-6, about 6-8, about 6-9, or about 9-15.
[176] In some embodiments, the human being that is treated with a
combination of
dextronnethorphan and bupropion, e.g. for a type of depression, has, or is
selected for having, a
score for item 1 (Apparent sadness) on the MADRS that is 2, 4, or 6, prior to
starting the
treatment.
[177] In some embodiments, treatment with the combination of
dextronnethorphan and
bupropion results in the human being having a reduction of the score for item
1 on the MADRS
that is at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least
about 40%, or at least
about 50% as compared to baseline or placebo. In some embodiments, the
reduction is
compared to baseline. In some embodiments, the reduction is compared to
placebo.
[178] In some embodiments, treatment with the combination of
dextronnethorphan and
bupropion results in the human being having a score on item 1 of the MADRS
that is about 2 or
less.
[179] Treatment effect may be assessed at any appropriate time, such as
during weeks 1-2,
weeks 1-3, weeks 1-4, weeks 1-6, weeks 4-6, weeks 6-8, weeks 8-12, weeks 12-
16, at the end of
week 1, at the beginning or at the end of week 2, at the beginning or at the
end of week 3, at the
beginning or at the end of week 4, at the beginning or at the end of week 5,
at the beginning or at
the end of week 6, at the beginning or at the end of week 7, at the beginning
or at the end of
week 8, at the beginning or at the end of week 9, at the beginning or at the
end of week 10, at the
beginning or at the end of week 11, at the beginning or at the end of week 12,
at the beginning or
at the end of week 13, at the beginning or at the end of week 14, at the
beginning or at the end of
week 15, at the beginning or at the end of week 16, or at any other time. In
some embodiments,
the treatment effect is assessed weekly using the MADRS.
[180] The CGI-S scale is a clinician-rated scale used to rate the severity
of the subject's
current state of mental illness compared with a subject population with MDD.
The subject is rated
on a scale from 1 to 7, with 1 indicating a "normal state" and 7 indicating
"among the most
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extremely ill subjects." The CGI-S may be administered by a person with
extensive professional
training and experience in assessing mental illness. Possible ratings are: 1)
Normal, not at all ill;
2) Borderline mentally ill; 3) Mildly ill; 4) Moderately ill; 5) Markedly ill;
6) Severely ill; and 7)
Among the most extremely ill patients.
[181] In some embodiments, the human being that is treated with a
combination of
dextronnethorphan and bupropion, e.g. for a type of depression, has, or is
selected for having, a
Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) score that is at least about 3, at
least about 4, at least
about 5, at least about 6, about 7, about 3-7, about 4-7, about 3-4, about 4-
5, about 5-6, or about
6-7.
[182] In some embodiments, administering the combination of
dextronnethorphan and
bupropion results in the human being having a reduction in the CGI-S score
that is at least about
10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, or at least
about 50% as
compared to baseline or placebo. In some embodiments, the reduction is
compared to baseline.
In some embodiments, the reduction is compared to placebo.
[183] In some embodiments, administering the combination of
dextronnethorphan and
bupropion results in the human being having a reduction in the CGI-S score
that is at least about
1, at least about 2, at least about 3, at least about 4, at least about 5,
about 0.1-6, about 0.1-1,
about 1-2, about 2-3, about 3-4, about 4-5, about 5-6, about 0.1-3, or about 3-
6. In some
embodiments, the reduction is compared to baseline. In some embodiments, the
reduction is
compared to placebo.
[184] Treatment effect may be assessed at any appropriate time, such as
during weeks 1-2,
weeks 1-3, weeks 1-4, weeks 1-6, weeks 2-6, weeks 4-6, weeks 6-8, weeks 8-12,
weeks 12-16, at
the beginning or at the end of week 1, at the beginning or at the end of week
2, at the beginning
or at the end of week 3, at the beginning or at the end of week 4, at the
beginning or at the end of
week 5, at the beginning or at the end of week 6, at the beginning or at the
end of week 7, at the
beginning or at the end of week 8, at the beginning or at the end of week 9,
at the beginning or at
the end of week 10, at the beginning or at the end of week 11, at the
beginning or at the end of
week 12, at the beginning or at the end of week 13, at the beginning or at the
end of week 14, at
the beginning or at the end of week 15, at the beginning or at the end of week
16, or at any other
time.
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[185] The 16-item QIDS-SR-16, a patient-rated scale, is an abbreviated
version of the 30-
item Inventory of Depressive Synnptonnatology (IDS) and is designed to assess
the severity of
depressive symptoms. The QIDS-SR-16 assesses criterion symptom domains to
diagnose a major
depressive episode.
[186] The QIDS-SR may be used to assess the subject's depressive
synnptonnatology over
the prior 7 days. Subjects report severity of symptoms on 10 items: sleep,
feelings of sadness,
appetite, weight change, concentration, self-regard, suicidality, general
interest level, energy
level, psychomotor retardation, and restlessness. Each item may be scored on a
4-point scale
with a score of 0 reflecting no symptoms and a score of 3 reflecting symptoms
of maximum
severity.
[187] Total QIDS scores range from 0 to 27, with scores of 5 or lower
indicative of no
depression, scores from 6 to 10 indicating mild depression, 11 to 15
indicating moderate
depression, 16 to 20 reflecting severe depression, and total scores greater
than 21 indicating very
severe depression.
[188] In some embodiments, the human being that is treated with a
combination of
dextronnethorphan and bupropion, e.g. for a type of depression, has, or is
selected for having, a
QIDS-SR-16 score that is at least about 16, at least about 18, at least about
21, at least about 24,
at least about 27, at least about 30, at least about 33, about 16-18, about 16-
19, about 16-20,
about 18-21, about 21-24, about 24-27, about 15-21, or about 21-27, prior to
starting the
treatment.
[189] In some embodiments, administering the combination of
dextronnethorphan and
bupropion results in the human being having a reduction in the QIDS-SR-16
score that is at least
about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, or at
least about 50% as
compared to baseline or placebo. In some embodiments, the reduction is
compared to baseline.
In some embodiments, the reduction is compared to placebo.
[190] In some embodiments, treatment with the combination of
dextronnethorphan and
bupropion results in the human being having a QIDS-SR-16 score that is about 6
or less, about 5 or
less, about 4 or less, about 3 or less, about 2 or less, about 1 or less,
about 0.1-6, about 0.1-5,
about 0.1-1, about 1-2, about 2-3, about 3-4, about 4-5, about 5-6, about 0.1-
3, or about 3-
6.Treatnnent effect may be assessed at any appropriate time, such as during
weeks 1-2, weeks 1-3,
weeks 1-4, weeks 1-5, weeks 1-6, weeks 4-6, weeks 6-8, weeks 8-12, weeks 12-
16, at the
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beginning or at the end of week 1, at the beginning or at the end of week 2,
at the beginning or at
the end of week 3, at the beginning or at the end of week 4, at the beginning
or at the end of
week 5, at the beginning or at the end of week 6, at the beginning or at the
end of week 7, at the
beginning or at the end of week 8, at the beginning or at the end of week 9,
at the beginning or at
the end of week 10, at the beginning or at the end of week 11, at the
beginning or at the end of
week 12, at the beginning or at the end of week 13, at the beginning or at the
end of week 14, at
the beginning or at the end of week 15, at the beginning or at the end of week
16, or at any other
time.
[191] The CGI-I scale is a clinician-rated scale that is used to rate total
improvement or
worsening of mental illness regardless of whether the Investigator considers
it to be a result of
drug treatment or not. The subject is rated on a scale from 1 to 7, with 1
indicating that the
subject is very much improved and 7 indicating that the subject is very much
worse. The CGI-I may
be administered by a person with extensive professional training and
experience in assessing
mental illness.
[192] In some embodiments, treatment with the combination of
dextronnethorphan and
bupropion results in the human being having a CGI-I score that is about 3 or
less, about 2 or less,
about 1, about 1-2, or about 2-3.
[193] Treatment effect may be assessed at any appropriate time, such as
during weeks 1-2,
weeks 1-3, weeks 1-4, weeks 1-5, weeks 1-6, weeks 4-6, weeks 6-8, weeks 8-12,
weeks 12-16, at
the beginning or at the end of week 1, at the beginning or at the end of week
2, at the beginning
or at the end of week 3, at the beginning or at the end of week 4, at the
beginning or at the end of
week 5, at the beginning or at the end of week 6, at the beginning or at the
end of week 7, at the
beginning or at the end of week 8, at the beginning or at the end of week 9,
at the beginning or at
the end of week 10, at the beginning or at the end of week 11, at the
beginning or at the end of
week 12, at the beginning or at the end of week 13, at the beginning or at the
end of week 14, at
the beginning or at the end of week 15, at the beginning or at the end of week
16, or at any other
time.
[194] The VAMS is a patient-rated mood scale consisting of a 100-mm line
with graphical,
schematic, or pictorial representations of extremes of mood, e.g. happiness
and sadness, at the
two ends of the line, such as a sad face at one end and a happy face at the
other. Each end of the
line may be further anchored by a word statement which describe the extremes
of mood. Subjects
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are asked to rate their mood as a mark on the line. The distance on the line
is measured and
calculated as a numerical score from 0 to 100. Subjects may be asked to
complete the VAMS daily.
[195] In some embodiments, the human being that is treated with a
combination of
dextronnethorphan and bupropion, e.g. for a type of depression, has, or is
selected for having, a
VAMS score that is at least about 40 mm, at least about 50 mm, at least about
60 mm, at least
about 70 mm, at least about 80 mm, at least about 90 mm, about 40-50 mm, about
50-60 mm,
about 60-70 mm, about 70-80 mm, about 80-90 mm, about 90-100 mm, about 40-60
mm, about
60-80 mm, or about 80-100 mm.
[196] In some embodiments, administering the combination of
dextronnethorphan and
bupropion results in the human being having a reduction in the VAMS score that
is at least about
10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, or at least
about 50% as
compared to baseline or placebo. In some embodiments, the reduction is
compared to baseline.
In some embodiments, the reduction is compared to placebo.
[197] In some embodiments, treatment with the combination of
dextronnethorphan and
bupropion results in the human being having a VAMS score that is less than
about 50 mm, less
than about 40 mm, less than about 30 mm, less than about 20 mm, less than
about 10 mm, about
0-10 mm, about 10-20 mm, about 20-30 mm, about 30-40 mm, about 40-50 mm, about
0-25 mm,
or about 25-50 mm.
[198] Treatment effect may be assessed at any appropriate time, such as
during weeks 1-2,
weeks 1-3, weeks 1-4, weeks 1-5, weeks 1-6, weeks 4-6, weeks 6-8, weeks 8-12,
weeks 12-16, at
the beginning or at the end of week 1, at the beginning or at the end of week
2, at the beginning
or at the end of week 3, at the beginning or at the end of week 4, at the
beginning or at the end of
week 5, at the beginning or at the end of week 6, at the beginning or at the
end of week 7, at the
beginning or at the end of week 8, at the beginning or at the end of week 9,
at the beginning or at
the end of week 10, at the beginning or at the end of week 11, at the
beginning or at the end of
week 12, at the beginning or at the end of week 13, at the beginning or at the
end of week 14, at
the beginning or at the end of week 15, at the beginning or at the end of week
16, or at any other
time.
[199] The Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) is a clinician-
rated instrument
that reports the severity of both suicidal ideation and behavior. Suicidal
ideation is classified on a
5-item scale: 1 (wish to be dead), 2 (nonspecific active suicidal thoughts), 3
(active suicidal
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ideation with any methods [not plan] without intent to act), 4 (active
suicidal ideation with some
intent to act, without specific plan), and 5 (active suicidal ideation with
specific plan and intent).
The C-SSRS also captures information about the intensity of ideation,
specifically the frequency,
duration, controllability, deterrents, and reasons for the most severe types
of ideation. Suicidal
behavior is classified on a 5-item scale: 0 (no suicidal behavior), 1
(preparatory acts or behavior), 2
(aborted attempt), 3 (interrupted attempt), and 4 (actual attempt). More than
1 classification can
be selected provided they represent separate episodes. For actual attempts
only, the actual or
potential lethality is classified for the initial, most lethal, and most
recent attempts.
[200] The C-SSRS may be administered each time a person being treated sees
a health
professional. The C-SSRS may be completed for the subject's lifetime history
of suicidal ideation
and behavior, along with a recent recall period.
[201] In some embodiments, administering the combination of
dextronnethorphan and
bupropion results in the human being having a reduction in the Columbia-
Suicide Severity Rating
Scale (C-SSRS) score that is at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least
about 30%, at least
about 40%, or at least about 50% as compared to baseline or placebo. In some
embodiments, the
reduction is compared to baseline. In some embodiments, the reduction is
compared to placebo.
[202] Treatment effect may be assessed at any appropriate time, such as
during weeks 1-2,
weeks 1-3, weeks 1-4, weeks 1-5, weeks 1-6, weeks 4-6, weeks 6-8, weeks 8-12,
weeks 12-16, at
the beginning or at the end of week 1, at the beginning or at the end of week
2, at the beginning
or at the end of week 3, at the beginning or at the end of week 4, at the
beginning or at the end of
week 5, at the beginning or at the end of week 6, at the beginning or at the
end of week 7, at the
beginning or at the end of week 8, at the beginning or at the end of week 9,
at the beginning or at
the end of week 10, at the beginning or at the end of week 11, at the
beginning or at the end of
week 12, at the beginning or at the end of week 13, at the beginning or at the
end of week 14, at
the beginning or at the end of week 15, at the beginning or at the end of week
16, or at any other
time.
[203] The Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS) is a self-rated instrument used to
measure the
effect of the patient's symptoms on the following three items: work/school,
social life, and
family/home responsibilities. For each of the three items, scores range from 0
through 10. The
number most representative of how much each area was disrupted by symptoms is
marked along
the line from 0 ( not at all) to 10 (extremely). The three items or domains
can be summarized to
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evaluate global functional impairment by adding the scores of each of the
three items or domains,
resulting in global SDS score ranges from 0 (unimpaired) to 30 (highly
impaired).
[204] In some embodiments, the human being that is treated with a
combination of
dextronnethorphan and bupropion, e.g. for a type of depression, has, or is
selected for having, a
Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS) score that is: for each item SDS (0-10 scale)
at least about 4, at least
about 5, at least about 6, at least about 7, at least about 8, at least about
9; and for SDS total
score at least about 5, at least 10, at least about 20, about 10-15, about 15-
20, about 20-25, or
about 25-30.
[205] In some embodiments, administering the combination of
dextronnethorphan and
bupropion results in the human being having a reduction in the SDS score that
is at least about
10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, or at least
about 50% as
compared to baseline or placebo. In some embodiments, the reduction is
compared to baseline.
In some embodiments, the reduction is compared to placebo.
[206] Treatment effect may be assessed at any appropriate time, such as
during weeks 1-2,
weeks 1-3, weeks 1-4, weeks 1-5, weeks 1-6, weeks 4-6, weeks 6-8, weeks 8-12,
weeks 12-16, at
the beginning or at the end of week 1, at the beginning or at the end of week
2, at the beginning
or at the end of week 3, at the beginning or at the end of week 4, at the
beginning or at the end of
week 5, at the beginning or at the end of week 6, at the beginning or at the
end of week 7, at the
beginning or at the end of week 8, at the beginning or at the end of week 9,
at the beginning or at
the end of week 10, at the beginning or at the end of week 11, at the
beginning or at the end of
week 12, at the beginning or at the end of week 13, at the beginning or at the
end of week 14, at
the beginning or at the end of week 15, at the beginning or at the end of week
16, or at any other
time.
[207] The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D, HRSD, HDRS, or HAMD-
17) is a
clinician-rated, 17-item scale used to rate the subject's depressive state
based on feelings of
depression, guilt, suicidality, anxiety, agitation, level of insight, patterns
of insomnia, loss of
interest in work and other activities, weight loss, hypochondriasis, and
degree of psychomotor
retardation. It also can be used to identify genital, and somatic symptoms.
Items are rated either
on 0-2 scale or on 0-4 scale. A higher score is indicative of more severity.
For example, HAM-D
score level of depression of 10-13 is considered mild; 14-17 is considered
mild to moderate; and
>17 is considered moderate to severe.
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[208] In some embodiments, the human being that is treated with a
combination of
dextronnethorphan and bupropion, e.g. for a type of depression, has, or is
selected for having, a
HAM-D score that is at least about 16, at least about 19, at least about 21,
at least about 24, at
least about 27, at least about 30, at least about 33, at least about 36, about
16-19, about 18-21,
about 21-24, about 24-27, about 27-30, about 30-33, about 33-36, about 36-40,
about 15-24,
about 24-33, or about 33-40, or more than 40 prior to starting the treatment.
[209] In some embodiments, administering the combination of
dextronnethorphan and
bupropion results in the human being having a reduction in the HAM-D score
that is at least about
10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, or at least
about 50% as
compared to baseline or placebo. In some embodiments, the reduction is
compared to baseline.
In some embodiments, the reduction is compared to placebo.
[210] Treatment effect may be assessed at any appropriate time, such as
during weeks 1-2,
weeks 1-3, weeks 1-4, weeks 1-5, weeks 1-6, weeks 4-6, weeks 6-8, weeks 8-12,
weeks 12-16, at
the beginning or at the end of week 1, at the beginning or at the end of week
2, at the beginning
or at the end of week 3, at the beginning or at the end of week 4, at the
beginning or at the end of
week 5, at the beginning or at the end of week 6, at the beginning or at the
end of week 7, at the
beginning or at the end of week 8, at the beginning or at the end of week 9,
at the beginning or at
the end of week 10, at the beginning or at the end of week 11, at the
beginning or at the end of
week 12, at the beginning or at the end of week 13, at the beginning or at the
end of week 14, at
the beginning or at the end of week 15, at the beginning or at the end of week
16, or at any other
time. In some embodiments, the treatment effect is assessed weekly using the
HAM-D.
[211] Conversion from MADRS scores to HAM-D scores and vice versa may be
accomplished using the table below.
Total scores Change scores Percentage change scores
MADRS HAMD MADRS HAMD MADRS HAMD
-100 -98
-98 -94
-96 -92
3 3 -37 -27 -94 -90
4 4 -36 -26 -92 -88
4 -35 -25 -90 -86
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Total scores Change scores Percentage change scores
MADRS HAMD MADRS HAMD MADRS HAMD
6 5 -34 -25 -88 -84
7 6 -33 -24 -86 -83
8 7 -32 -23 -84 -81
9 7 -31 -23 -82 -80
8 -30 -22 -80 -79
11 9 -29 -22 -78 -77
12 9 -28 -21 -76 -75
13 10 -27 -20 -74 -74
14 11 -26 -20 -72 -73
12 - 25 - 19 - 70 - 72
16 12 - 24 - 18 - 68 - 70
17 13 - 23 - 18 - 66 - 67
18 14 -22 -17 -64 -65
19 15 -21 -16 -62 -62
16 - 20 - 16 - 60 - 61
21 16 -19 -15 -58 -59
22 17 - 18 - 14 - 56 - 57
23 18 - 17 - 14 - 54 - 56
24 19 -16 -13 -52 -54
19 -15 -12 -50 -52
26 20 -14 -12 -48 -50
27 21 -13 -11 -46 -48
28 22 -12 -10 -44 -47
29 23 -11 -9 -42 -45
23 -10 -9 -40 -43
31 24 -9 -8 -38 -41
32 25 -8 -7 -36 -39
33 25 -7 -6 -34 -37
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Total scores Change scores Percentage change scores
MADRS HAMD MADRS HAMD MADRS HAMD
34 26 -6 -6 -32 -35
35 27 -5 -5 -30 -33
36 28 -4 -4 -28 -31
37 29 -3 -3 -26 -29
38 29 -2 -2 -24 -27
39 30 -1 -1 -22 -25
40 31 0 -1 -20 -23
41 32 1 0 -18 -21
42 33 2 1 -16 -19
43 34 3 2 -14 -17
44 35 4 2 -12 -15
45 35 5 3 -10 -13
46 36 6 4 -8 -11
47 37 7 4 -6 -9
48 37 8 5 -4 -7
49 38 -2 -5
50 38 0 -3
51 39 2 0
52 40 4 1
53 40 6 2
8 4
10 5
12 7
14 9
16 10
18 11
20 13
22 15
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Total scores Change scores Percentage change scores
MADRS HAMD MADRS HAMD MADRS HAMD
24 17
26 18
28 19
30 20
32 21
34 22
36 24
38 26
40 28
Negative values mean improvement.
[212] The Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A) is a clinician-administered scale
which consists
of 14 items, each rated on a five point scale ranging from 0 (not present) to
4 (very severe). The
highest possible total score is 56, which represents the most severe form of
anxiety; the lowest
possible score is 0, which represents an absence of anxiety.
[213] In some embodiments, the human being that is treated with a
combination of
dextronnethorphan and bupropion, e.g. for a type of depression, has, or is
selected for having, a
Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A) score that is at least about 20, at least about
25, at least about
30, at least about 35, at least about 40, at least about 45, at least about
50, at least about 55,
about 20-25, about 25-30, about 30-35, about 35-40, about 40-45, about 45-50,
about 50-56,
about 25-35, about 35-45, about 45-56, about 25-40, or about 40-56.
[214] In some embodiments, administering the combination of
dextronnethorphan and
bupropion results in the human being having a reduction in the HAM-A score
that is at least about
10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, or at least
about 50% as
compared to baseline or placebo. In some embodiments, the reduction is
compared to baseline.
In some embodiments, the reduction is compared to placebo.
[215] Treatment effect may be assessed at any appropriate time, such as
during weeks 1-2,
weeks 1-3, weeks 1-4, weeks 1-5, weeks 1-6, weeks 4-6, weeks 6-8, weeks 8-12,
weeks 12-16, at
the beginning or at the end of week 1, at the beginning or at the end of week
2, at the beginning
or at the end of week 3, at the beginning or at the end of week 4, at the
beginning or at the end of
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week 5, at the beginning or at the end of week 6, at the beginning or at the
end of week 7, at the
beginning or at the end of week 8, at the beginning or at the end of week 9,
at the beginning or at
the end of week 10, at the beginning or at the end of week 11, at the
beginning or at the end of
week 12, at the beginning or at the end of week 13, at the beginning or at the
end of week 14, at
the beginning or at the end of week 15, at the beginning or at the end of week
16, or at any other
time.
[216] The Massachusetts General Hospital Cognitive and Physical Functioning
Questionnaire (CPFQ) is a 7-item patient-rated scale used to measure cognitive
and executive
dysfunction in mood and anxiety disorders and was developed to assess
clinically relevant
cognitive and physical symptoms that could emerge or persist during long-term
treatment for
depression. Subjects grade the perceived quality of their physical and
cognitive functioning. It is
scored from 1-6 with increasing severity that individually evaluates 7
distinct items:
motivation/enthusiasm, wakefulness/alertness, energy, focus/attention, recall,
ability to find
words, and sharpness/mental acuity. The physical dimension of the CPFQ
assesses sleepiness and
fatigue, and the cognitive dimension assesses apathy, inattention,
forgetfulness, word-finding
difficulties, and mental slowness. A higher score is indicative of more
impairment.
[217] In some embodiments, administering the combination of
dextronnethorphan and
bupropion results in the human being having a reduction in the CPFQ score that
is at least about
10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, or at least
about 50% as
compared to baseline or placebo. In some embodiments, the reduction is
compared to baseline.
In some embodiments, the reduction is compared to placebo.
[218] In some embodiments, administering the combination of
dextronnethorphan and
bupropion results in the human being having a reduction in the CPFQ-Cognitive
subscales (items
4-7) score that is at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%,
at least about 40%, or
at least about 50% as compared to baseline or placebo. In some embodiments,
the reduction is
compared to baseline. In some embodiments, the reduction is compared to
placebo.
[219] Treatment effect may be assessed at any appropriate time, such as
during weeks 1-2,
weeks 1-3, weeks 1-4, weeks 1-5, weeks 1-6, weeks 4-6, weeks 6-8, weeks 8-12,
weeks 12-16, at
the beginning or at the end of week 1, at the beginning or at the end of week
2, at the beginning
or at the end of week 3, at the beginning or at the end of week 4, at the
beginning or at the end of
week 5, at the beginning or at the end of week 6, at the beginning or at the
end of week 7, at the
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beginning or at the end of week 8, at the beginning or at the end of week 9,
at the beginning or at
the end of week 10, at the beginning or at the end of week 11, at the
beginning or at the end of
week 12, at the beginning or at the end of week 13, at the beginning or at the
end of week 14, at
the beginning or at the end of week 15, at the beginning or at the end of week
16, or at any other
time.
[220] The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) is a clinician-administered
scale developed
to measure psychiatric symptoms such as depression, anxiety, hallucinations
and unusual
behavior. Each symptom is rated from 1 (not present) to 7 (extremely severe).
Zero is entered if
the item is not assessed and will be excluded from the analysis. The scale
should be administered
by a clinician who is knowledgeable concerning psychotic disorders and able to
interpret the
constructs used in the assessment. Factor 1 (Reality Distortion) items are
Suspiciousness,
Hallucinatory Behavior and Unusual Thought Content.
[221] In some embodiments, the human being that is treated with a
combination of
dextronnethorphan and bupropion, e.g. for a type of depression, has, or is
selected for having, a
Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS)-Factor 1 score that is starting score:
at least about 3, at least
about 4, at least about 5, at least about 6, about 7, about 3-7, about 4-7,
about 4-5, about 5-6, or
about 6-7.
[222] In some embodiments, administering the combination of
dextronnethorphan and
bupropion results in the human being having a reduction in the BPRS-Factor 1
score that is at least
about 1, at least about 2, at least about 3, at least about 4, at least about
5, about 0.1-6, about
0.1-1, about 1-2, about 2-3, about 3-4, about 4-5, about 5-6, about 0.1-3, or
about 3-6 as
compared to baseline or placebo. In some embodiments, the reduction is
compared to baseline.
In some embodiments, the reduction is compared to placebo.
[223] Treatment effect may be assessed at any appropriate time, such as
during weeks 1-2,
weeks 1-3, weeks 1-4, weeks 1-5, weeks 1-6, weeks 4-6, weeks 6-8, weeks 8-12,
weeks 12-16, at
the beginning or at the end of week 1, at the beginning or at the end of week
2, at the beginning
or at the end of week 3, at the beginning or at the end of week 4, at the
beginning or at the end of
week 5, at the beginning or at the end of week 6, at the beginning or at the
end of week 7, at the
beginning or at the end of week 8, at the beginning or at the end of week 9,
at the beginning or at
the end of week 10, at the beginning or at the end of week 11, at the
beginning or at the end of
week 12, at the beginning or at the end of week 13, at the beginning or at the
end of week 14, at
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the beginning or at the end of week 15, at the beginning or at the end of week
16, or at any other
time.
[224] In some embodiments, the human being that is treated with a
combination of
dextronnethorphan and bupropion, e.g. for a type of depression, has, or is
selected for having, a
Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) score that is at least about 20, at least
about 25, at least about
30, at least about 35, at least about 40, at least about 45, at least about
50, at least about 55, at
least about 60, about 20-25, about 25-30, about 30-35, about 35-40, about 40-
45, about 45-50,
about 50-55, about 55-60, about 60-63, about 25-35, about 35-45, about 45-55,
about 55-63,
about 25-40, or about 40-63.
[225] The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI, BDI-1A, BDI-II) is a 21-question
multiple-choice
self-report inventory about how the subject has been feeling in the last week.
Each question had a
set of four possible responses, ranging in intensity. When the test is scored,
a value of 0 to 3 is
assigned for each answer and then the total score is compared to a key to
determine the
depression's severity. Higher total scores indicate more severe depressive
symptoms. The
standard cut-off scores were as follows: 0-9: indicates minimal depression;
1048: indicates mild
depression; 19-29: indicates moderate depression; and 30-63: indicates severe
depression.
[226] In some embodiments, administering the combination of
dextronnethorphan and
bupropion results in the human being having a reduction in the BDI score that
is at least about
10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, or at least
about 50% as
compared to baseline or placebo. In some embodiments, the reduction is
compared to baseline.
In some embodiments, the reduction is compared to placebo.
[227] Treatment effect may be assessed at any appropriate time, such as
during weeks 1-2,
weeks 1-3, weeks 1-4, weeks 1-5, weeks 1-6, weeks 4-6, weeks 6-8, weeks 8-12,
weeks 12-16, at
the beginning or at the end of week 1, at the beginning or at the end of week
2, at the beginning
or at the end of week 3, at the beginning or at the end of week 4, at the
beginning or at the end of
week 5, at the beginning or at the end of week 6, at the beginning or at the
end of week 7, at the
beginning or at the end of week 8, at the beginning or at the end of week 9,
at the beginning or at
the end of week 10, at the beginning or at the end of week 11, at the
beginning or at the end of
week 12, at the beginning or at the end of week 13, at the beginning or at the
end of week 14, at
the beginning or at the end of week 15, at the beginning or at the end of week
16, or at any other
time.
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[228] In some embodiments, the human being that is treated with a
combination of
dextronnethorphan and bupropion, e.g. for a type of depression, has, or is
selected for having, C
Reactive Protein (CRP) levels that are at least 0.5 mg/L, at least 1 mg/L, at
least 2 mg/L, or higher.
[229] In some embodiments, administering the combination of
dextronnethorphan and
bupropion results in the human being having an improvement in CRP level that
is at least about
10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, or at least
about 50% as
compared to baseline or placebo. In some embodiments, the reduction is
compared to baseline.
In some embodiments, the reduction is compared to placebo.
[230] Treatment effect may be assessed at any appropriate time, such as
during weeks 1-2,
weeks 1-3, weeks 1-4, weeks 1-5, weeks 1-6, weeks 4-6, weeks 6-8, weeks 8-12,
weeks 12-16, at
the beginning or at the end of week 1, at the beginning or at the end of week
2, at the beginning
or at the end of week 3, at the beginning or at the end of week 4, at the
beginning or at the end of
week 5, at the beginning or at the end of week 6, at the beginning or at the
end of week 7, at the
beginning or at the end of week 8, at the beginning or at the end of week 9,
at the beginning or at
the end of week 10, at the beginning or at the end of week 11, at the
beginning or at the end of
week 12, at the beginning or at the end of week 13, at the beginning or at the
end of week 14, at
the beginning or at the end of week 15, at the beginning or at the end of week
16, or at any other
time.
[231] Conversion between some of the scores in some of the assessments
above may be
done according to the tables below.
QIDS-
Severity IDS-C IDS-SR QIDS-C HRSD 17 HRSD21 HRSD24 MADRS BDI
SR
0 0-3 0-3 0 0 0 0-1 0-1 0 0
0 4-5 4-5 1 1 1-2 2 2
0 6 6 2 2 3 3 3-4
0 7-8 7-8 3 3 4 4 5
0 9-10 9-11 4 4 5-6 5-6 6-7
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QIDS-
Severity IDS-C IDS-SR QIDS-C HRSD 17 HRSD21 HRSD24 MADRS BDI
SR
0 11 12-13 5 5 7 7-8 8-9 6 9
1 12-15 14-16 6 6 8 9 10-11 7 10
1 16-17 17-18 7 7 9-10 10 12
1 18-20 19-21 8 8 11 11-12 13-14
1 21-22 22-23 9 9 12 13 15-16
1 23 24-25 10 10 13 14-15 17-18 19 18
2 24-27 26-28 11 11 14-15 16 19 20 19
2 28-29 29-30 12 12 16 17 20-21
2 30-32 31-33 13 13 17 18-19 22-23
2 33-35 34-36 14 14 18-19 24-25
20-21
2 36 37-38 15 15 18-19 22 26 34 29
3 37-39 39-40 16 16 20 23 27-28 35 30
3 40-41 41-43 17 17 21-22 24-25 29-30
3 42-43 44-45 18 18 23 26 31-32
3 44-45 46-47 19 19 24 27 33
3 46 48 20 20 25 28 34
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QIDS-
Severity IDS-C IDS-SR QIDS-C HRSD 17 HRSD21 HRSD24 MADRS BDI
SR
4 47-51 49-53 21 21 26-27 29-31 35-38
4 52-53 54-55 22 22 28 32 39
4 54-56 56-58 23 23 29 33-34 40-41
4 57-59 59-61 24 24 30-31 35-36 42-44
4 60-62 62-24 25 25 32 37-38 45-46
4 63-65 65-67 26 26 33-35 39-41 47-49
4 66-84 68-84 27 27 36-52 42-64 50-75 60 63
'Severity of Depression. 0=None, 1=Mild, 2=Moderate, 3=Severe, 4=Very Severe.
Severity IDS-SR QIDS-SR HRSD 17 HRSD21 HRSD24
0 0-3 0 0 0-1 0-1
0 4-5 1 1-2 2 2
0 6 2 3 3 3-4
0 7-8 3 4 4 5
0 9-11 4 5-6 5-6 6-7
0 12-13 5 7 7-8 8-9
1 14-16 6 8 9 10-11
1 17-18 7 9-10 10 12
1 19-21 8 11 11-12 13-14
1 22-23 9 12 13 15-16
1 24-25 10 13 14-15 17-18
2 26-28 11 14-15 16 19
2 29-30 12 16 17 20-21
2 31-33 13 17 18-19 22-23
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Severity IDS-SR QIDS-SR HRSD 17 HRSD21 HRSD24
2 34-36 14 18-19 20-21 24-25
2 37-38 15 18-19 22 26
3 39-40 16 20 23 27-28
3 41-43 17 21-22 24-25 29-30
3 44-45 18 23 26 31-32
3 46-47 19 24 27 33
3 48 20 25 28 34
4 49-53 21 26-27 29-31 35-38
4 54-55 22 28 32 39
4 56-58 23 29 33-34 40-41
4 59-61 24 30-31 35-36 42-44
4 62-24 25 32 37-38 45-46
4 65-67 26 33-35 39-41 47-49
4 68-84 27 36-52 42-64 50-75
'Severity of Depression. 0=N one, 1=Mild, 2=Moderate, 3=Severe, 4=Very Severe.
QIDS-5R16 IDS-5R30 HAM-D24 HAM-D21 HAM-D17
0 0-3 0-1 0-1 0
1 4-5 2 2 1-2
2 6 3-4 3 3
3 7-8 5 4 4
4 9-11 6-7 5-6 5-6
12-13 8-9 7-8 7
6 14-16 10-11 9 8
7 17-18 12 10 9-10
8 19-21 13-14 11-12 11
9 22-23 15-16 13 12
24-25 17-18 14-15 13
11 26-28 19 16 14-15
12 29-30 20-21 17 16
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QIDS-SR16 IDS-SR30 HAM-D24 HAM-D21 HAM-D17
13 31-33 22-23 18-19 17
14 34-36 24-25 20-21 18-19
15 37-38 26 22 18-19
16 39-40 27-28 23 20
17 41-43 29-30 24-25 21-22
18 44-45 31-32 26 23
19 46-47 33 27 24
20 48 34 28 25
21 49-53 35-38 29-31 26-27
22 54-55 39 32 28
23 56-58 40-41 33-34 29
24 59-61 42-44 35-36 30-31
25 62-24 45-46 37-38 32
26 65-67 47-49 39-41 33-35
27 68-84 50-75 42-64 36-52
IDS-SR30 QIDS-SR16 HAM-D24 HAM-D21 HAM-D17
0-2 0 0 0 0
3 0 1 1 1
4-5 1 2-3 2 2
6 2 4 3 3
7 3 5 4 3
8 3 5 4 4
9 4 6 5 5
4 7 6 5
11 4 7 6 6
12 5 8 7 6
13 5 9 7 7
14 6 9 8 7
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IDS-SR30 QIDS-SR16 HAM-D24 HAM-D21 HAM-D17
15 6 10 9 8
16 6 11 9 9
17 7 12 10 9
18 7 12 10 10
19 8 13 11 10
20 8 14 12 11
21 8 15 12 11
22 9 15 13 12
23 9 16 13 12
24 10 17 14 13
25 10 17 15 13
26 11 18 15 14
27 11 19 16 14
28 11 20 16 15
29 12 20 17 15
30 12 21 17 16
31 13 22 18 16
32 13 22 19 17
33 13 23 19 17
34 14 24 20 18
35 14 25 20 19
36 14 25 21 19
37-38 15 26 22 20
39-40 16 27-28 23 20
41 17 29 24 21
42-43 17 30 25 22
44-45 18 31-32 26 23
46-47 19 33 27 24
48 20 34 28 25
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IDS-SR30 QIDS-SR16 HAM-D24 HAM-D21 HAM-D17
49-50 21 35 29 26
51-52 21 36-37 30 26
53 21 38 31 27
54-55 22 39 32 28
56-57 23 40 33 29
58 23 41 34 29
59 24 42-43 35 30
60-61 24 44 36 31
62 25 45 37 32
63-64 25 46 38 33
65 26 47 39 33
66 26 48 40 34
67 26 49 41 35
68 27 50 42 35
69-70 27 51 43 36
71 27 52 44 37
72 27 53-54 45 38
73-74 27 55 46 39
75-76 27 56 47-48 40
77-78 27 57-58 49-50 42-43
79-82 27 59-62 51-54 44-48
83-84 27 63-75 55-64 49-52
[232] In some embodiments, the combination of dextronnethorphan and
bupropion is a
novel and oral NMDA receptor antagonist with nnultinnodal activity for the
treatment of central
nervous system (CNS) disorders. The dextronnethorphan is a non-competitive N-
methyl-D-
aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, also known as a glutamate receptor
modulator, which is a
novel mechanism of action that works differently than currently available
therapies for
depression.
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[233] The dextronnethorphan is also a sigma-1 receptor agonist, nicotinic
acetylcholine
receptor antagonist, and inhibitor of the serotonin and norepinephrine
transporters. The
bupropion can increase the bioavailability of dextronnethorphan, and is a
norepinephrine and
dopamine reuptake inhibitor, and a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
antagonist. Both
dextronnethorphan and bupropion are nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
antagonists, a mechanism
that is relevant to nicotine dependence. Thus, the combination of
dextronnethorphan and
bupropion provides a potentially new mechanism of action for smoking cessation
treatment.
[234] In some embodiments, the combination of dextronnethorphan and
bupropion may be
used to treat nicotine addiction. In some embodiments, the combination of
dextronnethorphan
and bupropion may be administered once daily or twice daily to a human being.
In some
embodiments, the combination of dextronnethorphan and bupropion may be
administered twice
daily to a human being. In some embodiments, the combination of
dextronnethorphan and
bupropion may be administered once daily or twice daily to a human being for
at least 1 week, at
least 2 weeks, at least 3 weeks, at least 4 weeks, at least 5 weeks, at least
6 weeks, at least 1
month, at least 2 months, at least 3 months, at least 4 months, at least 5
months, at least 6-
months, about 6-12 months, about 1 year, about 2 years or longer. In some
embodiments, the
combination of dextronnethorphan and bupropion may be administered twice daily
to a human
being for at least 1 week, at least 2 weeks, at least 3 weeks, or longer.
[235] In some embodiments, the smoker may be, or may be selected for being,
an ad-lib
smoker. In some embodiments, the smoker may, or may be selected for, smoking
10 or more
cigarettes daily on average, such as about 10, about 10-15, about 10-17, about
10-20, about 11,
about 12, about 13, about 14, about is, about 16, about 17, about 18, about
19, about 20, about
20-25, about 25-30, about 30-40, about 40-50 cigarettes, or more, before
administration of the
combination of dextronnethorphan and bupropion.
[236] In some embodiments, the combination of dextronnethorphan and
bupropion may be
used to treat nicotine addiction, and the combination contains about 30-100
mg, about 30-40 mg,
about 40-50 mg, about 50-60 mg, about 60-70 mg, about 70-80 mg, about 80-90
mg, about 90-
100 mg, about 35 mg, about 35 mg, about 55 mg, about 65 mg, about 75 mg, about
85 mg, or
about 95 mg of dextronnethorphan in a free base form or a salt form. In some
embodiments, the
dextronnethorphan is in an HBr salt form.
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[237] In some embodiments, the combination of dextronnethorphan and
bupropion may be
used to treat nicotine addiction, wherein the combination contains about 100-
200 mg, about 100-
150 mg, about 150-200 mg, about 100-110 mg, about 110-120 mg, about 120-130
mg, about 130-
140 mg, about 140-150 mg, about 150-160 mg, about 160-170 mg, about 170-180
mg, about 180-
190 mg, about 190-200 mg, about 105 mg, about 115 mg, about 125 mg, about 135
mg, about 145
mg, about 150 mg, about 155-165 mg, about 165-175 mg, about 175-185 mg, or
about 185-195
mg of bupropion in a free base form or a salt form. In some embodiments, the
bupropion is in an
HCI salt form.
[238] In some embodiments, administration of the combination of
dextronnethorphan and
bupropion to human beings results in the reduction of smoking intensity as
measured using the
number of cigarettes smoked per day, assessed via daily smoking diaries.
[239] The treatment with the combination of dextronnethorphan and bupropion
to human
beings results in at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at
least 25%, about 5-10%,
about 10-15%, about 15-20%, about 20-25%, about 25-30%, 10-20%, about 20-30%,
about 30-
40%, about 40-50%, about 50-60%, about 60-80%, about 80-100%, about 20%, about
25% greater,
about 30%, or about 50% reduction in the average number of cigarettes smoked
per day as
compared to bupropion alone over a period of time, such as 1 week, 2 weeks, 3
weeks, 4 weeks, 5
weeks, 6 weeks, 7 weeks, 8 weeks, 9 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks, 12 weeks, 3
months, 4 months,
6 months, or longer.
[240] The treatment with the combination of dextronnethorphan and bupropion
to human
beings results in average reduction of at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at
least 4, at least 5, at least
6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20,
about 8-9, about 8-10, about
10-15, about 15-20, about 25, or more cigarettes per day.
[241] The treatment with the combination of dextronnethorphan and bupropion
to human
beings results in a greater proportion of smokers, such as at least 30%, at
least 35%, at least 40%,
at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least
70%, about 35%, about
50%, about 60%, about 60-80%, about 80-90%, about 90-100%, who experience a
more than 50%
reduction in expired carbon monoxide levels, a biochemical marker of smoking
intensity, as
compared to those treated with bupropion alone.
[242] The treatment with the combination of dextronnethorphan and bupropion
to human
beings results in at least 1, or about 1-2 cigarettes fewer on the day of
administration and at least
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1, at least 2, about 1-2, or about 2-3 cigarettes fewer on the following day
as compared to those
who missed one or both doses of the combination of dextronnethorphan and
bupropion.
[243] The treatment of smoking cessation with the combination of
dextronnethorphan and
bupropion to human beings results in the magnitude of improvement over
bupropion alone that is
similar to the improvement over placebo reported for the approved smoking
cessation treatment
varenicline in studies with a similar design.
[244] In some embodiments, an enhanced bioavailability of
dextronnethorphan, or a
combination of dextronnethorphan and an antidepressant such as bupropion,
hydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of
any of these
compounds, may be used as an adjunctive therapy for treatment of any condition
recited herein,
including TRD. For example, the adjunctive therapy could be used in
combination with another
antidepressant, such as bupropion, hydroxybupropion, erythrohydroxybupropion,
threohydroxybupropion, clonniprannine, doxepin, fluoxetine, nnianserin,
inniprannine, 2-
chloroinniprannine, annitriptyline, annoxapine, desiprannine, protriptyline,
trinniprannine,
nortriptyline, nnaprotiline, phenelzine, isocarboxazid, tranylcypronnine,
paroxetine, trazodone,
citaloprann, sertraline, aryloxy indanannine, benactyzine, escitaloprann,
fluvoxannine, venlafaxine,
desvenlafaxine, duloxetine, nnirtazapine, nefazodone, selegiline,
sibutrannine, nnilnacipran,
tesofensine, brasofensine, nnoclobennide, rasagiline, nialannide, iproniazid,
iproclozide, toloxatone,
butriptyline, dosulepin, dibenzepin, iprindole, lofeprannine, opiprannol,
norfluoxetine, dapoxetine,
ketannine, etc., or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds, or a
pharmaceutically
acceptable salt of any of these compounds.
[245] In some embodiments, TRD may be treated by enhanced bioavailability
or plasma
levels of dextronnethorphan, or by a combination of dextronnethorphan and an
antidepressant
such as bupropion, hydroxybupropion, erythrohydroxybupropion,
threohydroxybupropion, or a
metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds and may result in a reduction
of depressive
symptoms of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at
least about 30%, at
least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%,
at least about 80%, at
least about 90%, up to about 100%, or any other reduction in a range bounded
by any of these
values.
[246] Psychiatric disorders that may be treated by enhanced plasma levels
of
dextronnethorphan such as those achieved by a combination of dextronnethorphan
and an
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antidepressant such as bupropion, hydroxybupropion, erythrohydroxybupropion,
threohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds,
include, but are
not limited to, anxiety disorders, including but not limited to, phobias,
generalized anxiety
disorder, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia, obsessive-
compulsive disorder, and
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD); mania, manic depressive illness,
hyponnania, unipolar
depression, depression, stress disorders, sonnatofornn disorders, personality
disorders, psychosis,
schizophrenia, delusional disorder, schizoaffective disorder, schizotypy,
aggression, aggression in
Alzheimer's disease, agitation, and agitation in Alzheimer's disease.
[247] Agitation in Alzheimer's disease occurs as the disease progresses.
Agitation may
present itself as inappropriate verbal, emotional, and/or physical behaviors.
Inappropriate
behaviors may include, but are not limited to, incoherent babbling,
inappropriate emotional
response, demands for attention, threats, irritability, frustration,
screaming, repetitive questions,
mood swings, cursing, abusive language, physical outbursts, emotional
distress, restlessness,
shredding, sleeping disturbances, delusions, hallucinations, pacing,
wandering, searching,
rummaging, repetitive body motions, hoarding, shadowing, hitting, scratching,
biting,
combativeness, hyperactivity, and/or kicking.
[248] In some embodiments, agitation in Alzheimer's disease may be treated
by enhanced
plasma levels of dextronnethorphan or by a combination of dextronnethorphan
and an
antidepressant such as bupropion, hydroxybupropion, erythrohydroxybupropion,
threohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds
and may result in
a reduction of agitation-related symptoms of at least about 5%, at least about
10%, at least about
20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least
about 60%, at least about
70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, up to about 100%, or any other
reduction in a range
bounded by any of these values.
[249] Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder
characterized
by cognitive decline, and behavioral and psychological symptoms including
agitation. AD is the
most common form of dementia and afflicts an estimated 6 million individuals
in the United
States, a number that is anticipated to increase to approximately 14 million
by 2050. Agitation is
reported in up to 70% of patients with AD and is characterized by emotional
distress, aggressive
behaviors, disruptive irritability, and disinhibition. Managing agitation is a
priority in AD. Agitation
in patients with AD has been associated with increased caregiver burden,
decreased functioning,
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accelerated cognitive decline, earlier nursing home placement, and increased
mortality. There are
currently no therapies approved by the FDA for the treatment of agitation in
patients with AD.
[250] Measures of treatment effect that may be improved by treatment with
enhanced
bioavailability or plasma levels of dextronnethorphan, or by a combination of
dextronnethorphan
and an antidepressant such as bupropion, hydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion,
threohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prod rug of any of these compounds
include, but are
not limited to, Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Clinician (NPI-C) rating scale,
overall and all domains;
Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Clinician (NPI-C) rating scale Agitation domain;
Cohen-Mansfield
Agitation Inventory (CMAI); Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia (CSDD);
Neuropsychiatric
Inventory (NPI Agitation/Aggression Domain); Coconnitant Medications
(Frequency of using
concomitant medications); Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study - Activities
of Daily Living
Inventory (ADCS-ADL); Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) Individual Domains and
NPI Total Scores
(range 0-144), including NPI-C Apathy domain, NPI Agitation/Aggression
Caregiver Distress,
Modified Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study-Clinical Global Impression of
Change Agitation
(nnADCS-CGIC Agitation), Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC) (rated by
caregiver),
Dementia Quality of Life (DEMQOL), Quality of Life-Alzheimer's disease measure
(QoL-AD), Zarit
Burden Scale, Resource Utilization in Dementia (RUD), Alzheimer's Disease
Assessment Scale-
Cognitive Subscale (ADAS-Cog), Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE), Caregiver
Strain Index
(CSI), Individual Domain of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI), Total
Neuropsychiatric Inventory
(NPI) Score, Neuropsychiatric Inventory (Agitation/Aggression Domain of NPI),
Neuropsychiatric
Inventory (Caregiver Distress for NPI Domains), etc.
[251] Substance addiction abuse that may be treated by enhanced
bioavailability or plasma
levels of dextronnethorphan or by a combination of dextronnethorphan and an
antidepressant
such as bupropion, hydroxybupropion, erythrohydroxybupropion,
threohydroxybupropion, or a
metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds, includes, but is not limited
to, drug
dependence, addiction to cocaine, psychostinnulants (e.g., crack, cocaine,
speed, meth), nicotine,
alcohol, opioids, anxiolytic and hypnotic drugs, cannabis (marijuana),
amphetamines,
hallucinogens, phencyclidine, volatile solvents, and volatile nitrites.
Nicotine addiction includes
nicotine addiction of all known forms, such as smoking cigarettes, cigars
and/or pipes, and
addiction to chewing tobacco.
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[252] Cerebral function disorders that may be treated by enhanced
bioavailability or
plasma levels of dextronnethorphan, or by a combination of dextronnethorphan
and an
antidepressant such as bupropion, hydroxybupropion, erythrohydroxybupropion,
threohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds
include, but are
not limited to, disorders involving intellectual deficits such as senile
dementia, Alzheimer's type
dementia, memory loss, annnesia/annnestic syndrome, epilepsy, disturbances of
consciousness,
coma, lowering of attention, speech disorders, voice spasms, Parkinson's
disease, Lennox-Gastaut
syndrome, autism, hyperkinetic syndrome, and schizophrenia. Cerebral function
disorders also
include disorders caused by cerebrovascular diseases including, but not
limited to, stroke, cerebral
infarction, cerebral bleeding, cerebral arteriosclerosis, cerebral venous
thrombosis, head injuries,
and the like where symptoms include disturbance of consciousness, senile
dementia, coma,
lowering of attention, and speech disorders.
[253] Movement disorders that may be treated by enhanced bioavailability or
plasma levels
of dextronnethorphan, or by a combination of dextronnethorphan and an
antidepressant such as
bupropion, hydroxybupropion, erythrohydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion,
or a
metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds include, but are not limited
to, akathisia,
akinesia, associated movements, athetosis, ataxia, ballisnnus,
henniballisnnus, bradykinesia,
cerebral palsy, chorea, Huntington's disease, rheumatic chorea, Sydenhann's
chorea, dyskinesia,
tardive dyskinesia, dystonia, blepharospasnn, spasmodic torticollis, dopamine-
responsive dystonia,
Parkinson's disease, restless legs syndrome (RLS), tremor, essential tremor,
and burette's
syndrome, and Wilson's disease.
[254] Dennentias that may be treated by enhanced bioavailability or plasma
levels of
dextronnethorphan, or by a combination of dextronnethorphan and an
antidepressant such as
bupropion, hydroxybupropion, erythrohydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion,
or a
metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds include, but are not limited
to, Alzheimer's
disease, Parkinson's disease, vascular dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies,
mixed dementia,
fronto-temporal dementia, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, normal pressure
hydrocephalus,
Huntington's disease, Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome, and Pick's disease.
[255] Motor neuron diseases that may be treated by enhanced bioavailability
or plasma
levels of dextronnethorphan, or by a combination of dextronnethorphan and an
antidepressant
such as bupropion, hydroxybupropion, erythrohydroxybupropion,
threohydroxybupropion, or a
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metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds include, but are not limited
to, annyotrophic
lateral sclerosis (ALS), progressive bulbar palsy, primary lateral sclerosis
(PLS), progressive
muscular atrophy, post-polio syndrome (PPS), spinal muscular atrophy (SMA),
spinal motor
atrophies, Tay-Sach's disease, Sandoff disease, and hereditary spastic
paraplegia.
[256] Neurodegenerative diseases that may be treated by enhanced
bioavailability or
plasma levels of dextronnethorphan, or by a combination of dextronnethorphan
and an
antidepressant such as bupropion, hydroxybupropion, erythrohydroxybupropion,
threohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds
include, but are
not limited to, Alzheimer's disease, prion-related diseases, cerebellar
ataxia, spinocerebellar
ataxia (SCA), spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), bulbar muscular atrophy,
Friedrich's ataxia,
Huntington's disease, Lewy body disease, Parkinson's disease, annyotrophic
lateral sclerosis (ALS
or Lou Gehrig's disease), multiple sclerosis (MS), multiple system atrophy,
Shy-Drager syndrome,
corticobasal degeneration, progressive supranuclear palsy, Wilson's disease,
Menkes disease,
adrenoleukodystrophy, cerebral autosonnal dominant arteriopathy with
subcortical infarcts and
leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL), muscular dystrophies, Charcot-Marie-Tooth
disease (CMT),
familial spastic paraparesis, neurofibronnatosis, olivopontine cerebellar
atrophy or degeneration,
striatonigral degeneration, Guillain-Barre syndrome, and spastic paraplesia.
[257] Seizure disorders that may be treated by enhanced bioavailability or
plasma levels of
dextronnethorphan, or by a combination of dextronnethorphan and an
antidepressant such as
bupropion, hydroxybupropion, erythrohydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion,
or a
metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds include, but are not limited
to, epileptic
seizures, nonepileptic seizures, epilepsy, febrile seizures; partial seizures
including, but not limited
to, simple partial seizures, Jacksonian seizures, complex partial seizures,
and epilepsia partialis
continua; generalized seizures including, but not limited to, generalized
tonic-clonic seizures,
absence seizures, atonic seizures, nnyoclonic seizures, juvenile nnyoclonic
seizures, and infantile
spasms; and status epilepticus.
[258] Types of headaches that may be treated by enhanced bioavailability or
plasma levels
of dextronnethorphan, or by a combination of dextronnethorphan and an
antidepressant such as
bupropion, hydroxybupropion, erythrohydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion,
or a
metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds include, but are not limited
to, migraine,
tension, and cluster headaches.
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[259] Other neurological disorders that may be treated by enhanced
bioavailability or
plasma levels of dextronnethorphan, or by a combination of dextronnethorphan
and an
antidepressant such as bupropion, hydroxybupropion, erythrohydroxybupropion,
threohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds
include, Rett
Syndrome, autism, tinnitus, disturbances of consciousness disorders, sexual
dysfunction,
intractable coughing, narcolepsy, cataplexy; voice disorders due to
uncontrolled laryngeal muscle
spasms, including, but not limited to, abductor spasmodic dysphonia, adductor
spasmodic
dysphonia, muscular tension dysphonia, and vocal tremor; diabetic neuropathy,
chemotherapy-
induced neurotoxicity, such as nnethotrexate neurotoxicity; incontinence
including, but not
limited, stress urinary incontinence, urge urinary incontinence, and fecal
incontinence; and
erectile dysfunction.
[260] In some embodiments, a combination of dextronnethorphan and an
antidepressant
such as bupropion, hydroxybupropion, erythrohydroxybupropion,
threohydroxybupropion, or a
metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds, may be used to treat pain,
joint pain, pain
associated with sickle cell disease, pseudobulbar affect, depression
(including treatment resistant
depression), disorders related to memory and cognition, schizophrenia,
Parkinson's disease,
annyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Rhett's syndrome, seizures, cough
(including chronic cough),
etc.
[261] In some embodiments, a combination of dextronnethorphan and an
antidepressant
such as bupropion, hydroxybupropion, erythrohydroxybupropion,
threohydroxybupropion, or a
metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds may be used to treat treatment
refractory
depression.
[262] In some embodiments, a combination of dextronnethorphan and an
antidepressant
such as bupropion, hydroxybupropion, erythrohydroxybupropion,
threohydroxybupropion, or a
metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds may be used to treat
allodynia.
[263] In some embodiments, a combination of dextronnethorphan and an
antidepressant
such as bupropion, hydroxybupropion, erythrohydroxybupropion,
threohydroxybupropion, or a
metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds may be used to treat treatment
refractory
hyperalgesia.
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[264] In some embodiments, a combination of dextronnethorphan and an
antidepressant
such as bupropion, hydroxybupropion, erythrohydroxybupropion,
threohydroxybupropion, or a
metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds may be used to treat
dermatitis.
[265] Pain relieving properties of dextronnethorphan may be enhanced by a
method
comprising co-administering dextronnethorphan and an antidepressant, such as
bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, erythrohydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion, or a
metabolite or
prodrug of any of these compounds, with dextronnethorphan.
[266] Pain relieving properties of bupropion may be enhanced by a method
comprising co-
administering dextronnethorphan with bupropion, hydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion,
threohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds.
[267] In some embodiments, ketannine or another NMDA receptor antagonist
may be
administered with an antidepressant, such as bupropion, hydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of
any of these
compounds.
[268] In some embodiments, dextronnethorphan and quinidine may be co-
administered
with an antidepressant, such as bupropion, hydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion,
threohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds.
[269] These methods may be used to treat, or provide relief to, any type of
pain including,
but not limited to, nnusculoskeletal pain, neuropathic pain, cancer-related
pain, acute pain,
nociceptive pain, inflammatory pain, arthritis pain, complex regional pain
syndrome, etc.
[270] In some embodiments, co-administering dextronnethorphan with
bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, erythrohydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion, or a
metabolite or
prodrug of any of these compounds may be used to treat or reduce inflammation
or inflammatory
conditions, such as Crohn's disease, including pain associated with
inflammation.
[271] In some embodiments, co-administering dextronnethorphan with
bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, erythrohydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion, or a
metabolite or
prodrug of any of these compounds may be used to treat psoriasis, cancer,
viral infection, or as an
adjuvant treatment for multiple nnyelonna.
[272] Examples of nnusculoskeletal pain include low back pain (i.e.
lunnbosacral pain),
primary dysnnenorrhea, and arthritic pain, such as pain associated with
rheumatoid arthritis,
juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, axial spondyloarthritis
including ankylosing
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spondylitis, pain associated with vertebral crush fractures, fibrous
dysplasia, osteogenesis
innperfecta, Paget's disease of bone, transient osteoporosis, and transient
osteoporosis of the hip,
etc.
[273] In some embodiments, a combination of dextronnethorphan and an
antidepressant,
such as bupropion, may be administered orally to relieve nnusculoskeletal pain
including low back
pain, and pain associated with rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile rheumatoid
arthritis, osteoarthritis,
erosive osteoarthritis, sero-negative (non-rheumatoid) arthropathies, non-
articular rheumatism,
peri-articular disorders, axial spondyloarthritis including ankylosing
spondylitis, Paget's disease,
fibrous dysplasia, SAPHO syndrome, transient osteoarthritis of the hip,
vertebral crush fractures,
osteoporosis, etc.
[274] In some embodiments, a combination of dextronnethorphan and an
antidepressant,
such as bupropion, may be administered to relieve inflammatory pain including
nnusculoskeletal
pain, arthritis pain, and complex regional pain syndrome.
[275] Arthritis refers to inflammatory joint diseases that can be
associated with pain.
Examples of arthritis pain include pain associated with osteoarthritis,
erosive osteoarthritis,
rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, sero-negative (non-
rheumatoid) arthropathies,
non-articular rheumatism, peri-articular disorders, neuropathic arthropathies
including Charcot's
foot, axial spondyloarthritis including ankylosing spondylitis, and SAPHO
syndrome.
[276] In some embodiments, a combination of dextronnethorphan and an
antidepressant,
such as bupropion, is used to treat chronic nnusculoskeletal pain.
[277] In some embodiments, a combination of dextronnethorphan and an
antidepressant,
such as bupropion, may be administered to relieve complex regional pain
syndrome, such as
complex regional pain syndrome type 1 (CRPS-I), complex regional pain syndrome
type II (CRPS-II),
CRPS-NOS, or another type of CRPS. CRPS is a type of inflammatory pain. CRPS
can also have a
neuropathic component. Complex regional pain syndrome is a debilitating pain
syndrome. It is
characterized by severe pain in a limb that can be accompanied by edema, and
autonomic, motor
and sensory changes.
[278] In some embodiments, a combination of dextronnethorphan and an
antidepressant,
such as bupropion, may be administered orally to relieve neuropathic pain.
[279] Examples of neuropathic pain include diabetic peripheral neuropathy,
post-herpetic
neuralgia, trigenninal neuralgia, nnonoradiculopathies, phantom limb pain,
central pain, etc. Other
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causes of neuropathic pain include cancer-related pain, lumbar nerve root
compression, spinal
cord injury, post-stroke pain, central multiple sclerosis pain, HIV-associated
neuropathy, and
radio- or chemo-therapy associated neuropathy, etc.
[280] In some embodiments, a combination of dextronnethorphan and an
antidepressant,
such as bupropion, may be administered to relieve fibronnyalgia.
[281] The term "treating" or "treatment" includes the diagnosis, cure,
mitigation,
treatment, or prevention of disease in man or other animals, or any activity
that otherwise affects
the structure or any function of the body of man or other animals.
[282] Any antidepressant may be used in combination with dextronnethorphan
to improve
the therapeutic properties of dextronnethorphan. Dextronnethorphan and the
antidepressant
compound may be administered in separate compositions or dosage forms or may
be
administered in a single composition or dosage form comprising both.
[283] A quinidine may be co-administered with dextronnethorphan to provide
enhanced
plasma levels of dextronnethorphan. For a combination of a quinidine and a
dextronnethorphan
(including deuterium-modified dextronnethorphan, e.g. d6-dextronnethorphan,
and non-
deuterium modified dextronnethorphan), a daily dose of about 1-1,000 mg, 1-10
mg, 10 mg, about
mg, about 4.5, about 1-3 mg, about 2-4 mg, about 3-5 mg, about 4-6 mg, about 5-
7 mg, about 6-
8 mg, about 7-9 mg, about 8-10 mg, about 9-11 mg, about 10-12 mg, about 4.5-5
mg, 20 mg, 30
mg, 30-100 mg, about 40 mg, about 50 mg, about 60 mg, about 70 mg, about 80
mg, about 90 mg,
about 10-30 mg, about 30-50 mg, about 50-70 mg, about 10-90 mg of the
quinidine, or any dose
in a range bounded by any of these values.
[284] Antidepressant compounds that can be co-administered with
dextronnethorphan
include, but are not limited to, bupropion, hydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion,
threohydroxybupropion, clonniprannine, doxepin, fluoxetine, nnianserin,
inniprannine, 2-
chloroinniprannine, annitriptyline, annoxapine, desiprannine, protriptyline,
trinniprannine,
nortriptyline, nnaprotiline, phenelzine, isocarboxazid, tranylcypronnine,
paroxetine, trazodone,
citaloprann, sertraline, aryloxy indanannine, benactyzine, escitaloprann,
fluvoxannine, venlafaxine,
desvenlafaxine, duloxetine, nnirtazapine, nefazodone, selegiline,
sibutrannine, nnilnacipran,
tesofensine, brasofensine, nnoclobennide, rasagiline, nialannide, iproniazid,
iproclozide, toloxatone,
butriptyline, dosulepin, dibenzepin, iprindole, lofeprannine, opiprannol,
norfluoxetine, dapoxetine,
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ketannine, etc., or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds, or a
pharmaceutically
acceptable salt of any of these compounds.
[285] For a combination of a ketannine and a dextronnethorphan (including
deuterium-
modified dextronnethorphan, e.g. d6-dextronnethorphan, and non-deuterium
modified
dextronnethorphan), a daily dose of about 0.01-0.2 mg, about 0.2-0.4 mg, about
0.4-0.6 mg, about
0.6-0.8 mg, about 0.8-1 mg, about 1-1.2 mg, about 1.2-1.4 mg, about 1.4-1.6
mg, about 1.6-1.8
mg, about 1.8-2 mg, about 2-2.2 mg, about 2.2-2.4 mg, about 2.4-2.6 mg, about
2.6-2.8 mg, about
2.8-3 mg, about 3-3.2 mg, about 3.2-3.4 mg, about 3.4-3.6 mg, about 3.6-3.8
mg, about 3.8-4 mg,
about 3.9-4.1 mg, about 4-4.2 mg, about 0.2-0.4 mg, about 0.2-0.6 mg, about
0.2-0.8 mg, about
0.2-1 mg, about 0.2-1.2 mg, about 0.2-1.4 mg, about 0.2-1.6 mg, about 0.2-1.8
mg, about 0.2-2.0
mg, 0.2-2.5 mg, about 0.2-3.0 mg, about 0.2-3.5 mg, about 0.2-4.0 mg, about 5-
10 mg, about 10-
15 mg, about 15-20 mg, about 20-25 mg, about 25-30 mg, about 30-40 mg, about
40-50 mg, about
50-60 mg, about 60-70 mg, about 70-80 mg, about 80-90 mg, about 90-100 mg,
about 100-120
mg, about 120-140 mg, about 140-150 mg, about 150-160 mg, about 160-180 mg,
about 180-200
mg, about 200-220 mg, about 220-240, about 10-500 mg, about 50-400 mg, about
50-300 mg,
about 100-250 mg, about 1-10 mg, about 10-200 mg, about 10-150 mg, about 10-
100 mg, about
10-180 mg, about 10-160 mg, about 10-140 mg, about 10-120 mg, about 10-100 mg,
about 10-20
mg, about 20-30 mg, about 30-40 mg, about 40-50 mg, about 50-60 mg, about 60-
70 mg, about
70-80 mg, about 80-90 mg, about 90-100 mg, about 100-120 mg, about 120-140 mg,
about 140-
160 mg, about 160-180 mg, about 180-200 mg, about 200-220 mg, about 220-240,
about 240-250
mg, about 250-260 mg, about 260-280 mg, about 280-300 mg, about 300-350 mg,
about 350-400
mg, about 25 mg, about 50 mg, about 100 mg, about 250 mg, of the ketannine, or
any dose in a
range bounded by any of these values, may be administered.
[286] For a combination of a tesofensine and a dextronnethorphan (including
deuterium-
modified dextronnethorphan, e.g. d6-dextronnethorphan, and non-deuterium
modified
dextronnethorphan), a daily dose of about 0.1-0.2 mg, about 0.1-0.3 mg, about
0.1-0.4 mg, about
0.1-0.5 mg, about 0.1-0.6 mg, about 0.1-0.7 mg, about 0.1-0.8 mg, about 0.1-
0.9 mg, about 0.1-0.1
mg, about 0.1-0.12 mg, 0.01-0.2 mg, about 0.1-0.3 mg, about 0.2-0.4 mg, about
0.3-0.5 mg, about
0.4-0.6 mg, about 0.5-0.7 mg, about 0.6-0.8 mg, about 0.7-0.9 mg, about 0.8-
1nng, about 0.9-1.1
mg, of the tesofensine, or any dose in a range bounded by any of these values,
may be
administered.
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[287] For a combination of a brasofensine and a dextronnethorphan
(including deuterium-
modified dextronnethorphan, e.g. d6-dextronnethorphan, and non-deuterium
modified
dextronnethorphan), a daily dose of about 0.01-0.2 mg, about 0.2-0.4 mg, about
0.4-0.6 mg, about
0.6-0.8 mg, about 0.8-1 mg, about 1-1.2 mg, about 1.2-1.4 mg, about 1.4-1.6
mg, about 1.6-1.8
mg, about 1.8-2 mg, about 2-2.2 mg, about 2.2-2.4 mg, about 2.4-2.6 mg, about
2.6-2.8 mg, about
2.8-3 mg, about 3-3.2 mg, about 3.2-3.4 mg, about 3.4-3.6 mg, about 3.6-3.8
mg, about 3.8-4 mg,
about 3.9-4.1 mg, about 4-4.2 mg, about 0.2-0.4 mg, about 0.2-0.6 mg, about
0.2-0.8 mg, about
0.2-1 mg, about 0.2-1.2 mg, about 0.2-1.4 mg, about 0.2-1.6 mg, about 0.2-1.8
mg, about 0.2-2.0
mg, 0.2-2.5 mg, about 0.2-3.0 mg, about 0.2-3.5 mg, about 0.2-4.0 mg, of the
brasofensine, or any
dose in a range bounded by any of these values, may be administered.
[288] For a combination of a clonniprannine and a dextronnethorphan
(including deuterium-
modified dextronnethorphan, e.g. d6-dextronnethorphan, and non-deuterium
modified
dextronnethorphan), a daily dose of about 10-500 mg, about 50-400 mg, about 50-
300 mg, about
100-250 mg, about 1-10 mg, about 10-200 mg, about 10-150 mg, about 10-100 mg,
about 10-180
mg, about 10-160 mg, about 10-140 mg, about 10-120 mg, about 10-100 mg, about
10-20 mg,
about 20-30 mg, about 30-40 mg, about 40-50 mg, about 50-60 mg, about 60-70
mg, about 70-80
mg, about 80-90 mg, about 90-100 mg, about 100-120 mg, about 120-140 mg, about
140-160 mg,
about 160-180 mg, about 180-200 mg, about 200-220 mg, about 220-240, about 240-
250 mg,
about 250-260 mg, about 260-280 mg, about 280-300 mg, about 300-350 mg, about
350-400 mg,
about 25 mg, about 50 mg, about 100 mg, about 250 mg, of the clonniprannine,
or any dose in a
range bounded by any of these values, may be administered.
[289] For a combination of a doxepin and a dextronnethorphan (including
deuterium-
modified dextronnethorphan, e.g. d6-dextronnethorphan, and non-deuterium
modified
dextronnethorphan), a daily dose of about 1-500 mg, about 1-10 mg, about 1-40
mg, about 1-30
mg, about 1-20 mg, about 1-18 mg, about 1-16 mg, about 1-14 mg, about 1-12 mg,
about 1-10
mg, about 10-150 mg, about 10-125 mg, about 10-100 mg, about 10-75 mg, about
10-70 mg,
about 10-60 mg, about 10-50 mg, about 10-40 mg, about 10-30 mg, about 10-20
mg, about 20-30
mg, about 30-40 mg, about 40-50 mg, about 50-60 mg, about 60-70 mg, about 70-
80 mg, about
80-90 mg, about 90-100 mg, about 100-120 mg, about 120-140 mg, about 140-160
mg, about 160-
180 mg, about 180-200 mg, about 200-220 mg, about 220-240, about 240-250 mg,
about 250-260
mg, about 260-280 mg, about 280-300 mg, about 300-320 mg, about 320-350 mg,
about 350-400
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mg, about 400-500 mg, about 25 mg, about 50 mg, about 75 mg, about 100 mg,
about 150 mg,
about 250 mg, about 300 mg, of the doxepin, or any dose in a range bounded by
any of these
values, may be administered.
[290] For a combination of a fluoxetine and a dextronnethorphan (including
deuterium-
modified dextronnethorphan, e.g. d6-dextronnethorphan, and non-deuterium
modified
dextronnethorphan), a daily dose of a daily dose of about 1-10 mg, about 5-15
mg, about 10-20
mg, about 20-30 mg, about 30-40 mg, about 40-50 mg, about 50-60 mg, about 60-
70 mg, about
70-80 mg, about 80-90 mg, about 90-100 mg, about 100-120 mg, about 120-140 mg,
about 140-
160 mg, about 160-180 mg, about 180-200 mg, about 10 mg, about 20 mg, about 60
mg, about
100 mg, about 150 mg, of the fluoxetine, or any dose in a range bounded by any
of these values,
may be administered.
[291] For a combination of a nnianserin and a dextronnethorphan (including
deuterium-
modified dextronnethorphan, e.g. d6-dextronnethorphan, and non-deuterium
modified
dextronnethorphan), a daily dose of about 1-300 mg, about 1-90 mg, about 1-60
mg, about 1-30
mg, about 1-25 mg, about 1-20 mg, about 1-15 mg, about 1-10 mg, about 10-20
mg, about 20-30
mg, about 30-40 mg, about 40-50 mg, about 50-60 mg, about 60-70 mg, about 70-
80 mg, about
80-90 mg, about 90-100 mg, about 100-120 mg, about 120-140 mg, about 140-160
mg, about 160-
180 mg, about 180-200 mg, about 30 mg, about 60 mg, about 90 mg, about 120 mg,
about 150
mg, of the nnianserin, or any dose in a range bounded by any of these values,
may be
administered.
[292] For a combination of a inniprannine and a dextronnethorphan
(including deuterium-
modified dextronnethorphan, e.g. d6-dextronnethorphan, and non-deuterium
modified
dextronnethorphan), a daily dose of about 1-10 mg, about 5-150 mg, about 5-125
mg, about 5-100
mg, about 5-75 mg, about 5-60 mg, about 5-50 mg, about 5-40 mg, about 5-30 mg,
about 5-25
mg, about 5-20 mg, about 5-15 mg, about 10-20 mg, about 20-25 mg, about 25-30
mg, about 30-
40 mg, about 40-50 mg, about 50-60 mg, about 60-70 mg, about 70-80 mg, about
80-90 mg, about
90-100 mg, about 100-120 mg, about 120-140 mg, about 140-160 mg, about 160-180
mg, about
180-200 mg, about 200-220 mg, about 220-240, about 240-250 mg, about 250-260
mg, about
260-280 mg, about 280-300 mg, about 300-320 mg, about 320-350 mg, about 350-
400 mg, about
400-500 mg, about 25 mg, about 50 mg, about 75 mg, about 100 mg, about 150 mg,
about 250
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mg, about 300 mg, of the inniprannine, or any dose in a range bounded by any
of these values, may
be administered.
[293] For a combination of a 2-chloroinniprannine and a dextronnethorphan
(including
deuterium-modified dextronnethorphan, e.g. d6-dextronnethorphan, and non-
deuterium modified
dextronnethorphan), a daily dose of about 0.1-0.25 mg, about 0.25-0.5 mg,
about 0.5-0.75 mg,
about 0.75-1 mg, about 1-5 mg, about 5-10 mg, about 10-15 mg, about 15-20 mg,
about 20-25
mg, about 25-30 mg, about 30-40 mg, about 40-50 mg, about 50-60 mg, about 60-
70 mg, about
70-80 mg, about 80-90 mg, about 90-100 mg, about 100-120 mg, about 120-140 mg,
about 140-
150 mg, about 150-160 mg, about 160-180 mg, about 180-200 mg, about 200-220
mg, about 220-
240, about 240-250 mg, about 250-260 mg, about 260-280 mg, about 280-300 mg,
about 300-320
mg, about 320-350 mg, about 350-400 mg, about 400-450 mgõ about 450-500 mg,
about 500-550
mg, about 550-600 mg, about 600-650 mg, about 650-700 mg, about 700-800 mg,
about 800-
1000 mg, about 25 mg, about 50 mg, about 75 mg, about 100 mg, about 150 mg,
about 250 mg,
about 300 mg, about 400 mg, about 600 mg, of the about 2-chloroinniprannine,
or any dose in a
range bounded by any of these values, may be administered.
[294] For a combination of an annitriptyline and a dextronnethorphan
(including deuterium-
modified dextronnethorphan, e.g. d6-dextronnethorphan, and non-deuterium
modified
dextronnethorphan), a daily dose of about 1-10 mg, about 5-100 mg, about 5-70
mg, about 5-60
mg, about 5-50 mg, about 5-40 mg, about 5-35 mg, about 5-30 mg, about 5-25 mg,
about 5-20
mg, about 10-20 mg, about 20-30 mg, about 30-40 mg, about 40-50 mg, about 50-
60 mg, about
60-70 mg, about 70-80 mg, about 80-90 mg, about 90-100 mg, about 100-120 mg,
about 120-140
mg, about 140-160 mg, about 160-180 mg, about 180-200 mg, about 200-220 mg,
about 220-240,
about 240-250 mg, about 250-260 mg, about 260-280 mg, about 280-300 mg, about
300-320 mg,
about 320-350 mg, about 350-400 mg, about 400-500 mg, about 10 mg, about 25
mg, about 50
mg, about 75 mg, about 100 mg, about 150 mg, about 250 mg, about 300 mg, of
the annitriptyline,
or any dose in a range bounded by any of these values, may be administered.
[295] For a combination of an annoxapine and a dextronnethorphan (including
deuterium-
modified dextronnethorphan, e.g. d6-dextronnethorphan, and non-deuterium
modified
dextronnethorphan), a daily dose of about 1-10 mg, about 10-20 mg, about 10-
300 mg, about 10-
250 mg, about 10-200 mg, about 10-150 mg, about 10-120 mg, about 10-100 mg,
about 10-80 mg,
about 10-60 mg, about 10-40 mg, about 20-25 mg, about 25-30 mg, about 30-40
mg, about 40-50
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mg, about 50-60 mg, about 60-70 mg, about 70-80 mg, about 80-90 mg, about 90-
100 mg, about
100-120 mg, about 120-140 mg, about 140-160 mg, about 160-180 mg, about 180-
200 mg, about
200-220 mg, about 220-240, about 240-250 mg, about 250-260 mg, about 260-280
mg, about
280-300 mg, about 300-320 mg, about 320-350 mg, about 350-400 mg, about 400-
500 mg, about
500-600 mg, about 600-700 mg, about 700-800 mg, about 25 mg, about 50 mg,
about 75 mg,
about 100 mg, about 150 mg, about 250 mg, about 300 mg, about 400 mg, of the
annoxapine, or
any dose in a range bounded by any of these values, may be administered.
[296] For a combination of a desiprannine and a dextronnethorphan
(including deuterium-
modified dextronnethorphan, e.g. d6-dextronnethorphan, and non-deuterium
modified
dextronnethorphan), a daily dose of about 1-10 mg, about 1-15 mg, about 10-20
mg, about 10-25
mg, about 10-30 mg, about 10-40 mg, about 10-50 mg, about 10-60 mg, about 10-
70 mg, about
10-80 mg, about 10-90 mg, about 10-100 mg, about 10-120 mg, about 10-140 mg,
about 10-150
mg, about 10-180 mg, about 10-200 mg, about 20-30 mg, about 20-40 mg, about 30-
40 mg, about
40-50 mg, about 40-60 mg, about 50-60 mg, about 60-70 mg, about 70-80 mg,
about 80-90 mg,
about 90-100 mg, about 90-110 mg, about 100-120 mg, about 120-140 mg, about
140-160 mg,
about 160-180 mg, about 180-200 mg, about 180-220 mg, about 200-220 mg, about
220-240,
about 240-250 mg, about 250-260 mg, about 260-280 mg, about 280-300 mg, about
280-320 mg,
about 300-350 mg, about 350-400 mg, about 100-200 mg, about 25-100 mg, about
25 mg, about
50 mg, about 100 mg, about 200 mg, about 250 mg, of the desiprannine, or any
dose in a range
bounded by any of these values, may be administered.
[297] For a combination of a protriptyline and a dextronnethorphan
(including deuterium-
modified dextronnethorphan, e.g. d6-dextronnethorphan, and non-deuterium
modified
dextronnethorphan), a daily dose of about 5-100 mg, about 2-5 mg, about 2-6
mg, about 2-7 mg,
about 2-8 mg, about 2-9 mg, about 2-10 mg, about 2-11 mg, about 2-12 mg, about
2-13 mg, about
2-14 mg, about 2-15 mg, about 2-20 mg, about 2-21 mg, about 2-22 mg, about 2-
23 mg, about 2-
24 mg, about 2-25 mg, about 2-26 mg, about 2-27 mg, about 2-28 mg, about 2-29
mg, about 2-30
mg, about 2-35 mg, about 2-40 mg, about 15-60 mg, about 1-5 mg, about 5-10 mg,
about 10-15
mg, about 15-20 mg, about 20-25 mg, about 25-30 mg, about 30-35 mg, about 35-
40 mg, about
40-45 mg, about 45-50 mg, about 50-55 mg, about 55-60 mg, about 60-65 mg,
about 65-70 mg,
about 70-80 mg, about 80-90 mg, about 90-100 mg, about 100-120 mg, about 120-
140 mg, about
140-160 mg, about 160-180 mg, about 180-200 mg, about 10 mg, about 20 mg,
about 30 mg,
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about 60 mg, about 100 mg, about 150 mg, of the protriptyline, or any dose in
a range bounded
by any of these values, may be administered.
[298] For a combination of a trinniprannine and a dextronnethorphan
(including deuterium-
modified dextronnethorphan, e.g. d6-dextronnethorphan, and non-deuterium
modified
dextronnethorphan), a daily dose of about 20-300 mg, about 1-10 mg, about 5-20
mg, about 5-25
mg, about 5-30 mg, about 5-35 mg, about 5-40 mg, about 5-45 mg, about 5-50 mg,
about 5-55
mg, about 5-60 mg, about 5-65 mg, about 5-70 mg, about 5-75 mg, about 5-100
mg, about 5-125
mg, about 5-150 mg, about 10-20 mg, about 20-30 mg, about 30-40 mg, about 40-
50 mg, about
50-60 mg, about 60-70 mg, about 70-80 mg, about 80-90 mg, about 90-100 mg,
about 100-120
mg, about 100-200 mg, about 120-140 mg, about 140-160 mg, about 160-180 mg,
about 180-200
mg, about 180-220 mg, about 200-220 mg, about 220-240 mg, about 240-250 mg,
about 250-260
mg, about 260-280 mg, about 280-300 mg, about 300-320 mg, about 320-350 mg,
about 350-400
mg, about 400-500 mg, about 10 mg, about 25 mg, about 50 mg, about 75 mg,
about 100 mg,
about 150 mg, about 250 mg, about 300 mg, of the trinniprannine, or any dose
in a range bounded
by any of these values, may be administered.
[299] For a combination of a nortriptyline and a dextronnethorphan
(including deuterium-
modified dextronnethorphan, e.g. d6-dextronnethorphan, and non-deuterium
modified
dextronnethorphan), a daily dose of about 1-5 mg, about 5-10 mg, about 5-20
mg, about 5-25 mg,
about 5-30 mg, about 5-35 mg, about 5-40 mg, about 5-45 mg, about 5-50 mg,
about 5-55 mg,
about 5-60 mg, about 5-65 mg, about 5-70 mg, about 5-75 mg, about 5-100 mg,
about 5-125 mg,
about 5-150 mg, about 10-15 mg, about 15-20 mg, about 20-25 mg, about 20-30
mg, about 25-30
mg, about 30-35 mg, about 30-50 mg, about 35-40 mg, about 40-45 mg, about 45-
50 mg, about
50-150 mg, about 50-55 mg, about 55-60 mg, about 60-65 mg, about 65-70 mg,
about 70-80 mg,
about 80-90 mg, about 80-120 mg, about 90-100 mg, about 100-120 mg, about 120-
140 mg,
about 140-160 mg, about 160-180 mg, about 180-200 mg, about 10 mg, about 20
mg, about 30
mg, about 60 mg, about 100 mg, about 150 mg, of the nortriptyline, or any dose
in a range
bounded by any of these values, may be administered.
[300] For a combination of a nnaprotiline and a dextronnethorphan
(including deuterium-
modified dextronnethorphan, e.g. d6-dextronnethorphan, and non-deuterium
modified
dextronnethorphan), a daily dose of about 1-5 mg, about 5-10 mg, about 5-20
mg, about 5-25 mg,
about 5-30 mg, about 5-35 mg, about 5-40 mg, about 5-45 mg, about 5-50 mg,
about 5-55 mg,
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about 5-60 mg, about 5-65 mg, about 5-70 mg, about 5-75 mg, about 5-100 mg,
about 5-125 mg,
about 5-150 mg, about 10-15 mg, about 10-250 mg, about 10-75 mg, about 10-50
mg, about 15-
20 mg, about 20-25 mg, about 25-30 mg, about 30-35 mg, about 35-40 mg, about
40-45 mg, about
45-50 mg, about 50-55 mg, about 55-60 mg, about 60-65 mg, about 60-90 mg,
about 65-70 mg,
about 70-75 mg, about 75-80 mg, about 80-85 mg, about 80-120 mg, about 85-90
mg, about 90-
100 mg, about 100-120 mg, about 100-150 mg, about 120-125 mg, about 125-140
mg, about 140-
150 mg, about 150-160 mg, about 160-180 mg, about 180-200 mg, about 200-225
mg, about 210-
240 mg, about 200-250 mg, about 10 mg, about 25 mg, about 30 mg, about 50 mg,
about 75 mg,
about 100 mg, about 150 mg, about 225 mg, of the nnaprotiline, or any dose in
a range bounded
by any of these values, may be administered.
[301] For a combination of a phenelzine and a dextronnethorphan (including
deuterium-
modified dextronnethorphan, e.g. d6-dextronnethorphan, and non-deuterium
modified
dextronnethorphan), a daily dose of about 1-5 mg, about 5-10 mg, about 5-20
mg, about 5-25 mg,
about 5-30 mg, about 5-35 mg, about 5-40 mg, about 5-45 mg, about 5-50 mg,
about 5-55 mg,
about 5-60 mg, about 5-65 mg, about 5-70 mg, about 5-75 mg, about 5-90 mg,
about 10-15 mg,
about 15-20 mg, about 20-25 mg, about 25-30 mg, about 30-35 mg, about 35-40
mg, about 40-45
mg, about 40-50 mg, about 45-50 mg, about 50-55 mg, about 50-70 mg, about 50-
200 mg, about
55-60 mg, about 60-65 mg, about 60-90 mg, about 65-70 mg, about 70-80 mg,
about 80-90 mg,
80-120 mg, about 90-100 mg, about 100-120 mg, about 100-150 mg, about 120-140
mg, about
140-160 mg, about 160-180 mg, about 180-200 mg, about 10 mg, about 15 mg,
about 30 mg,
about 60 mg, about 100 mg, about 150 mg, of the phenelzine, or any dose in a
range bounded by
any of these values, may be administered.
[302] For a combination of a isocarboxazid and a dextronnethorphan
(including deuterium-
modified dextronnethorphan, e.g. d6-dextronnethorphan, and non-deuterium
modified
dextronnethorphan), a daily dose of about 1-5 mg, about 2-5 mg, about 2-6 mg,
about 2-7 mg,
about 2-8 mg, about 2-9 mg, about 2-10 mg, about 2-11 mg, about 2-12 mg, about
2-13 mg, about
2-14 mg, about 2-15 mg, about 2-16 mg, about 2-17 mg, about 2-18 mg, about 2-
19 mg, about 2-
20 mg, about 2-21 mg, about 2-22 mg, about 2-23 mg, about 2-24 mg, about 2-25
mg, about 2-26
mg, about 2-27 mg, about 2-28 mg, about 2-29 mg, about 2-30 mg, about 2-35 mg,
about 2-40
mg, about 2-45 mg, about 2-50 mg, about 2-55 mg, about 2-60 mg, about 5-10 mg,
about 5-15
mg, about 10-15 mg, about 10-60 mg, about 15-20 mg, about 20-25 mg, about 25-
30 mg, about
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30-35 mg, about 30-50 mg, about 35-40 mg, about 40-45 mg, about 45-50 mg,
about 50-55 mg,
about 50-70 mg, about 55-60 mg, about 60-65 mg, about 65-70 mg, about 70-80
mg, about 80-90
mg, about 90-100 mg, about 100-120 mg, about 120-140 mg, about 140-160 mg,
about 160-180
mg, about 180-200 mg, about 10 mg, about 15 mg, about 30 mg, about 60 mg,
about 100 mg,
about 150 mg, of the isocarboxazid, or any dose in a range bounded by any of
these values, may
be administered.
[303] For a combination of a tranylcypronnine and a dextronnethorphan
(including
deuterium-modified dextronnethorphan, e.g. d6-dextronnethorphan, and non-
deuterium modified
dextronnethorphan), a daily dose of about 1-5 mg, about 1-30 mg, about 1-25
mg, about 1-20 mg,
about 2-5 mg, about 2-6 mg, about 2-7 mg, about 2-8 mg, about 2-9 mg, about 2-
10 mg, about 2-
11 mg, about 2-12 mg, about 2-13 mg, about 2-14 mg, about 2-15 mg, about 2-16
mg, about 2-17
mg, about 2-18 mg, about 2-19 mg, about 2-20 mg, about 2-21 mg, about 2-22 mg,
about 2-23
mg, about 2-24 mg, about 2-25 mg, about 2-26 mg, about 2-27 mg, about 2-28 mg,
about 2-29
mg, about 2-30 mg, about 2-35 mg, about 2-40 mg, about 2-45 mg, about 2-50 mg,
about 2-55
mg, about 2-60 mg, about 5-10 mg, about 10-15 mg, about 15-20 mg, about 20-25
mg, about 25-
30 mg, about 30-35 mg, about 35-40 mg, about 40-45 mg, about 45-50 mg, about
50-55 mg, about
55-60 mg, about 60-65 mg, about 65-70 mg, about 70-80 mg, about 80-90 mg,
about 90-100 mg,
about 100-120 mg, about 120-140 mg, about 140-160 mg, about 160-180 mg, about
180-200 mg,
about 10 mg, about 15 mg, about 30 mg, about 60 mg, about 100 mg, about 150
mg, of the
tranylcypronnine, or any dose in a range bounded by any of these values, may
be administered.
[304] For a combination of a paroxetine and a dextronnethorphan (including
deuterium-
modified dextronnethorphan, e.g. d6-dextronnethorphan, and non-deuterium
modified
dextronnethorphan), a daily dose of about 1-5 mg, about 1-50 mg, about 1-20
mg, about 1-15 mg,
about 1-10 mg, about 2-5 mg, about 2-6 mg, about 2-7 mg, about 2-8 mg, about 2-
9 mg, about 2-
mg, about 2-11 mg, about 2-12 mg, about 2-13 mg, about 2-14 mg, about 2-15 mg,
about 2-16
mg, about 2-17 mg, about 2-18 mg, about 2-19 mg, about 2-20 mg, about 2-30 mg,
about 2-40
mg, about 2-50 mg, about 5-10 mg, about 10-15 mg, about 15-20 mg, about 20-25
mg, about 25-
30 mg, about 30-35 mg, about 35-40 mg, about 40-45 mg, about 45-50 mg, about
50-55 mg, about
55-60 mg, about 60-65 mg, about 65-70 mg, about 70-80 mg, about 80-90 mg,
about 90-100 mg,
about 100-120 mg, about 120-140 mg, about 140-160 mg, about 160-180 mg, about
180-200 mg,
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about 10 mg, about 15 mg, about 20 mg, about 30 mg, about 60 mg, about 100 mg,
about 150 mg,
of the paroxetine, or any dose in a range bounded by any of these values, may
be administered.
[305] For a combination of a trazodone and a dextronnethorphan (including
deuterium-
modified dextronnethorphan, e.g. d6-dextronnethorphan, and non-deuterium
modified
dextronnethorphan), a daily dose of about 1-10 mg, about 10-20 mg, about 10-30
mg, about 10-40
mg, about 10-50 mg, about 10-60 mg, about 10-70 mg, about 10-80 mg, about 10-
90 mg, about
10-100 mg, about 10-120 mg, about 10-140 mg, about 10-150 mg, about 10-180 mg,
about 10-200
mg, about 10-250 mg, about 10-300 mg, about 20-25 mg, about 25-30 mg, about 30-
40 mg, about
40-50 mg, about 50-60 mg, about 60-70 mg, about 70-80 mg, about 80-90 mg,
about 90-100 mg,
about 100-120 mg, about 120-140 mg, about 140-150 mg, about 150-160 mg, about
160-180 mg,
about 180-200 mg, about 200-220 mg, about 220-240, about 240-250 mg, about 250-
260 mg,
about 260-280 mg, about 280-300 mg, about 300-320 mg, about 320-350 mg, about
350-400 mg,
about 400-450 mg, about 450-500 mg, about 500-550 mg, about 550-600 mg, about
600-650 mg,
about 650-700 mg, about 25 mg, about 50 mg, about 75 mg, about 100 mg, about
150 mg, about
250 mg, about 300 mg, about 400 mg, about 600 mg, of the trazodone, or any
dose in a range
bounded by any of these values, may be administered.
[306] For a combination of a citaloprann and a dextronnethorphan (including
deuterium-
modified dextronnethorphan, e.g. d6-dextronnethorphan, and non-deuterium
modified
dextronnethorphan), a daily dose of about 1-5 mg, about 1-20 mg, about 1-15
mg, about 1-10 mg,
about 2-5 mg, about 2-6 mg, about 2-7 mg, about 2-8 mg, about 2-9 mg, about 2-
10 mg, about 2-
11 mg, about 2-12 mg, about 2-13 mg, about 2-14 mg, about 2-15 mg, about 2-20
mg, about 2-25
mg, about 2-30 mg, about 2-35 mg, about 2-40 mg, about 5-10 mg, about 10-15
mg, about 15-20
mg, about 20-25 mg, about 25-30 mg, about 30-35 mg, about 35-40 mg, about 40-
45 mg, about
45-50 mg, about 50-55 mg, about 55-60 mg, about 60-65 mg, about 65-70 mg,
about 70-80 mg,
about 80-90 mg, about 90-100 mg, about 100-120 mg, about 120-140 mg, about 140-
160 mg,
about 160-180 mg, about 180-200 mg, about 10 mg, about 15 mg, about 20 mg,
about 30 mg,
about 40 mg, about 60 mg, about 100 mg, about 150 mg, of the citaloprann, or
any dose in a range
bounded by any of these values, may be administered.
[307] For a combination of a sertraline and a dextronnethorphan (including
deuterium-
modified dextronnethorphan, e.g. d6-dextronnethorphan, and non-deuterium
modified
dextronnethorphan), a daily dose of about 1-5 mg, about 1-50 mg, about 1-45
mg, about 1-40 mg,
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about 1-30 mg, about 1-20 mg, about 2-5 mg, about 2-6 mg, about 2-7 mg, about
2-8 mg, about 2-
9 mg, about 2-10 mg, about 2-11 mg, about 2-12 mg, about 2-13 mg, about 2-14
mg, about 2-15
mg, about 2-16 mg, about 2-17 mg, about 2-18 mg, about 2-19 mg, about 2-20 mg,
about 2-21
mg, about 2-22 mg, about 2-23 mg, about 2-24 mg, about 2-25 mg, about 2-26 mg,
about 2-27
mg, about 2-28 mg, about 2-29 mg, about 2-30 mg, about 2-35 mg, about 2-40 mg,
about 2-45
mg, about 2-50 mg, about 5-10 mg, about 10-15 mg, about 15-20 mg, about 20-25
mg, about 25-
30 mg, about 30-35 mg, about 35-40 mg, about 40-45 mg, about 45-50 mg, about
50-55 mg, about
55-60 mg, about 60-65 mg, about 65-70 mg, about 70-75 mg, about 75-80 mg,
about 80-85 mg,
about 85-90 mg, about 90-100 mg, about 100-120 mg, about 120-125 mg, about 125-
140 mg,
about 140-150 mg, about 150-160 mg, about 160-180 mg, about 180-200 mg, about
200-300 mg,
about 10 mg, about 25 mg, about 30 mg, about 50 mg, about 75 mg, about 100 mg,
about 150 mg,
about 200 mg, about 225 mg, of sertraline, or any dose in a range bounded by
any of these values,
may be administered.
[308] For a combination of an aryloxy indanannine and a dextronnethorphan
(including
deuterium-modified dextronnethorphan, e.g. d6-dextronnethorphan, and non-
deuterium modified
dextronnethorphan), a daily dose of about 0.1-0.25 mg, about 0.25-0.5 mg,
about 0.5-0.75 mg,
about 0.75-1 mg, about 1-5 mg, about 5-10 mg, about 10-15 mg, about 15-20 mg,
about 20-25
mg, about 25-30 mg, about 30-40 mg, about 40-50 mg, about 50-60 mg, about 60-
70 mg, about
70-80 mg, about 80-90 mg, about 90-100 mg, about 100-120 mg, about 120-140 mg,
about 140-
150 mg, about 150-160 mg, about 160-180 mg, about 180-200 mg, about 200-220
mg, about 220-
240, about 240-250 mg, about 250-260 mg, about 260-280 mg, about 280-300 mg,
about 300-320
mg, about 320-350 mg, about 350-400 mg, about 400-450 mg, about 450-500 mg,
about 500-550
mg, about 550-600 mg, about 600-650 mg, about 650-700 mg, about 700-800 mg,
about 800-1000
mg, about 25 mg, about 50 mg, about 75 mg, about 100 mg, about 150 mg, about
250 mg, about
300 mg, about 400 mg, about 600 mg, of the aryloxy indanannine, or any dose in
a range bounded
by any of these values, may be administered.
[309] For a combination of a benactyzine and a dextronnethorphan (including
deuterium-
modified dextronnethorphan, e.g. d6-dextronnethorphan, and non-deuterium
modified
dextronnethorphan), a daily dose of about 0.1-0.25 mg, about 0.25-0.5 mg,
about 0.5-0.75 mg,
about 0.75-1 mg, about 1-5 mg, about 5-10 mg, about 10-15 mg, about 15-20 mg,
about 20-25
mg, about 25-30 mg, about 30-40 mg, about 40-50 mg, about 50-60 mg, about 60-
70 mg, about
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70-80 mg, about 80-90 mg, about 90-100 mg, about 100-120 mg, about 120-140 mg,
about 140-
150 mg, about 150-160 mg, about 160-180 mg, about 180-200 mg, about 200-220
mg, about 220-
240, about 240-250 mg, about 250-260 mg, about 260-280 mg, about 280-300 mg,
about 300-320
mg, about 320-350 mg, about 350-400 mg, about 400-450 mg, about 450-500 mg,
about 500-550
mg, about 550-600 mg, about 600-650 mg, about 650-700 mg, about 700-800 mg,
about 800-1000
mg, about 25 mg, about 50 mg, about 75 mg, about 100 mg, about 150 mg, about
250 mg, about
300 mg, about 400 mg, about 600 mg, of the benactyzine, or any dose in a range
bounded by any
of these values, may be administered.
[310] For a combination of a escitaloprann and a dextronnethorphan
(including deuterium-
modified dextronnethorphan, e.g. d6-dextronnethorphan, and non-deuterium
modified
dextronnethorphan), a daily dose of about 1-5 mg, about 2-5 mg, about 2-6 mg,
about 2-7 mg,
about 2-8 mg, about 2-9 mg, about 2-10 mg, about 2-12 mg, about 2-14 mg, about
2-15 mg, about
2-20 mg, about 5-10 mg, about 5-15 mg, about 10-15 mg, about 10-30 mg, about
15-20 mg, about
15-30 mg, about 20-25 mg, about 25-30 mg, about 30-35 mg, about 35-40 mg,
about 40-45 mg,
about 45-50 mg, about 50-55 mg, about 55-60 mg, about 60-65 mg, about 65-70
mg, about 70-80
mg, about 80-90 mg, about 90-100 mg, about 100-200 mg, about 5 mg, about 10
mg, about 15
mg, about 20 mg, about 25 mg, about 30 mg, about 35 mg, about 40 mg, about 50
mg, of the
escitaloprann, or any dose in a range bounded by any of these values, may be
administered.
[311] For a combination of a fluvoxannine and a dextronnethorphan
(including deuterium-
modified dextronnethorphan, e.g. d6-dextronnethorphan, and non-deuterium
modified
dextronnethorphan), a daily dose of 50-300 mg, 1-10 mg, about 10-20 mg, about
10-30 mg, about
10-40 mg, about 10-50 mg, about 10-60 mg, about 10-70 mg, about 10-80 mg,
about 10-90 mg,
about 10-100 mg, about 10-120 mg, about 10-140 mg, about 10-150 mg, about 10-
180 mg, about
10-200 mg, about 10-250 mg, about 10-300 mg, about 20-30 mg, about 30-40 mg,
about 40-50
mg, about 50-60 mg, about 60-70 mg, about 70-80 mg, about 80-90 mg, about 90-
100 mg, about
90-110 mg, about 100-120 mg, about 120-140 mg, about 140-160 mg, about 160-180
mg, about
180-200 mg, about 180-220 mg, about 200-220 mg, about 220-240, about 240-250
mg, about
240-260 mg, about 250-260 mg, about 260-280 mg, about 280-300 mg, about 280-
320 mg, about
300-320 mg, about 320-350 mg, about 350-400 mg, about 400-500 mg, about 10 mg,
about 25
mg, about 50 mg, about 75 mg, about 100 mg, about 150 mg, about 250 mg, about
300 mg, of the
fluvoxannine, or any dose in a range bounded by any of these values, may be
administered.
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[312] For a combination of a venlafaxine and a dextronnethorphan (including
deuterium-
modified dextronnethorphan, e.g. d6-dextronnethorphan, and non-deuterium
modified
dextronnethorphan), a daily dose of about 1-10 mg, about 5-20 mg, about 5-25
mg, about 5-30
mg, about 5-35 mg, about 5-40 mg, about 5-45 mg, about 5-50 mg, about 5-55 mg,
about 5-60
mg, about 5-65 mg, about 5-70 mg, about 5-75 mg, about 5-100 mg, about 5-125
mg, about 5-150
mg, about 10-20 mg, about 20-25 mg, about 25-30 mg, about 30-40 mg, about 40-
50 mg, about
50-60 mg, about 60-70 mg, about 70-80 mg, about 80-90 mg, about 90-100 mg,
about 100-120
mg, about 120-140 mg, about 140-150 mg, about 120-180 mg, about 150-160 mg,
about 160-180
mg, about 180-200 mg, about 200-220 mg, about 220-240, about 240-250 mg, about
250-260 mg,
about 260-280 mg, about 280-300 mg, about 300-320 mg, about 320-350 mg, about
350-400 mg,
about 400-450 mg, about 450-500 mg, about 500-550 mg, about 550-600 mg, about
25 mg, about
50 mg, about 75 mg, about 100 mg, about 150 mg, about 225, about 250 mg, about
375 mg,
about 400 mg, about 600 mg, of the venlafaxine, or any dose in a range bounded
by any of these
values, may be administered.
[313] For a combination of a desvenlafaxine and a dextronnethorphan
(including
deuterium-modified dextronnethorphan, e.g. d6-dextronnethorphan, and non-
deuterium modified
dextronnethorphan), a daily dose of about 2-5 mg, about 2-6 mg, about 2-7 mg,
about 2-8 mg,
about 2-9 mg, about 2-10 mg, about 2-11 mg, about 2-12 mg, about 2-13 mg,
about 2-14 mg,
about 2-15 mg, about 2-20 mg, about 2-21 mg, about 2-22 mg, about 2-23 mg,
about 2-24 mg,
about 2-25 mg, about 2-30 mg, about 2-35 mg, about 2-40 mg, about 2-45 mg,
about 2-50 mg,
about 2-75 mg, about 2-100 mg, about 1-5 mg, about 5-10 mg, about 10-15 mg,
about 15-20 mg,
about 20-25 mg, about 20-30 mg, about 25-30 mg, about 30-35 mg, about 35-40
mg, about 40-45
mg, about 40-60 mg, about 45-50 mg, about 50-55 mg, about 55-60 mg, about 60-
65 mg, about
65-70 mg, about 70-80 mg, about 80-90 mg, about 80-120 mg, about 90-100 mg,
about 100-120
mg, about 120-140 mg, about 140-160 mg, about 160-180 mg, about 180-200 mg,
about 10 mg,
about 15 mg, about 20 mg, about 30 mg, about 40 mg, about 60 mg, about 100 mg,
about 150 mg,
of the desvenlafaxine, or any dose in a range bounded by any of these values,
may be
administered.
[314] For a combination of a duloxetine and a dextronnethorphan (including
deuterium-
modified dextronnethorphan, e.g. d6-dextronnethorphan, and non-deuterium
modified
dextronnethorphan), a daily dose of about 1-5 mg, about 2-5 mg, about 2-6 mg,
about 2-7 mg,
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about 2-8 mg, about 2-9 mg, about 2-10 mg, about 2-11 mg, about 2-12 mg, about
2-13 mg, about
2-14 mg, about 2-15 mg, about 2-20 mg, about 2-21 mg, about 2-22 mg, about 2-
23 mg, about 2-
24 mg, about 2-25 mg, about 2-26 mg, about 2-27 mg, about 2-28 mg, about 2-29
mg, about 2-30
mg, about 2-35 mg, about 2-40 mg, about 2-45 mg, about 2-60 mg, about 2-90 mg,
about 2-120
mg, about 5-10 mg, about 10-15 mg, about 15-20 mg, about 20-25 mg, about 20-40
mg, about 25-
30 mg, about 30-35 mg, about 30-50 mg, about 35-40 mg, about 40-45 mg, about
45-50 mg, about
50-55 mg, about 50-70 mg, about 55-60 mg, about 60-65 mg, about 65-70 mg,
about 70-80 mg,
about 80-90 mg, about 90-100 mg, about 100-120 mg, about 120-140 mg, about 140-
160 mg,
about 160-180 mg, about 180-200 mg, about 10 mg, about 15 mg, about 20 mg,
about 30 mg,
about 40 mg, about 60 mg, about 100 mg, about 120 mg, of the duloxetine, or
any dose in a range
bounded by any of these values, may be administered.
[315] For a combination of a nnirtazapine and a dextronnethorphan
(including deuterium-
modified dextronnethorphan, e.g. d6-dextronnethorphan, and non-deuterium
modified
dextronnethorphan), a daily dose of about 2-5 mg, about 2-6 mg, about 2-7 mg,
about 2-8 mg,
about 2-9 mg, about 2-10 mg, about 2-11 mg, about 2-12 mg, about 2-13 mg,
about 2-14 mg,
about 2-15 mg, about 2-20 mg, about 2-25 mg, about 2-30 mg, about 2-35 mg,
about 2-40 mg,
about 2-45 mg, about 1-5 mg, about 5-10 mg, about 5-100 mg, about 10-15 mg,
about 10-50 mg,
about 15-20 mg, about 15-45 mg, about 20-25 mg, about 25-30 mg, about 30-35
mg, about 35-40
mg, about 40-45 mg, about 45-50 mg, about 50-55 mg, about 55-60 mg, about 60-
65 mg, about
65-70 mg, about 70-80 mg, about 80-90 mg, about 90-100 mg, about 100-120 mg,
about 120-140
mg, about 140-160 mg, about 160-180 mg, about 180-200 mg, about 10 mg, about
15 mg, about
20 mg, about 30 mg, about 40 mg, about 45 mg, about 60 mg, about 75 mg, of the
nnirtazapine, or
any dose in a range bounded by any of these values, may be administered.
[316] For a combination of a nefazodone and a dextronnethorphan (including
deuterium-
modified dextronnethorphan, e.g. d6-dextronnethorphan, and non-deuterium
modified
dextronnethorphan), a daily dose of about 1-10 mg, about 10-20 mg, about 20-40
mg, about 20-50
mg, about 20-60 mg, about 20-70 mg, about 20-80 mg, about 20-90 mg, about 20-
100 mg, about
20-120 mg, about 20-140 mg, about 20-160 mg, about 20-180 mg, about 20-200 mg,
about 20-250
mg, about 20-300 mg, about 20-450 mg, about 20-600 mg, about 20-25 mg, about
25-30 mg,
about 30-40 mg, about 40-50 mg, about 50-60 mg, about 60-70 mg, about 70-80
mg, about 80-90
mg, about 80-120 mg, about 90-100 mg, about 100-120 mg, about 120-140 mg,
about 140-150
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mg, about 150-160 mg, about 160-180 mg, about 160-240 mg, about 180-200 mg,
about 200-220
mg, about 220-240 mg, about 240-250 mg, about 250-260 mg, about 260-280 mg,
about 280-300
mg, about 300-320 mg, about 320-350 mg, about 350-400 mg, about 400-450 mg,
about 450-500
mg, about 500-550 mg, about 550-600 mg, about 600-650 mg, about 650-700 mg,
about 700-1000
mg, about 1000-1500 mg, about 25 mg, about 50 mg, about 75 mg, about 100 mg,
about 150 mg,
about 250 mg, about 300 mg, about 400 mg, about 600 mg, of the nefazodone, or
any dose in a
range bounded by any of these values, may be administered.
[317] For a combination of a selegiline and a dextronnethorphan (including
deuterium-
modified dextronnethorphan, e.g. d6-dextronnethorphan, and non-deuterium
modified
dextronnethorphan), a daily dose of about 0.5-2 mg, about 2-5 mg, about 1-10
mg, about 1-9 mg,
about 1-8 mg, about 1-7 mg, about 1-6 mg, about 1-5 mg, about 1-3 mg, about 3-
5 mg, about 5-10
mg, about 5-15 mg, about 10-15 mg, about 15-25 mg, about 25-30 mg, about 30-35
mg, about 35-
40 mg, about 40-45 mg, about 45-50 mg, about 5 mg, about 10 mg, about 15 mg,
about 20 mg,
about 30 mg, about 40 mg, of the selegiline, or any dose in a range bounded by
any of these
values, may be administered.
[318] For a combination of a sibutrannine and a dextronnethorphan
(including deuterium-
modified dextronnethorphan, e.g. d6-dextronnethorphan, and non-deuterium
modified
dextronnethorphan), a daily dose of about 1-5 mg, about 1-15 mg, about 1-10
mg, about 1-8 mg,
about 5-10 mg, about 10-15 mg, about 15-20 mg, about 20-25 mg, about 25-30 mg,
about 30-35
mg, about 35-40 mg, about 40-45 mg, about 45-50 mg, about 50-55 mg, about 55-
60 mg, about
60-65 mg, about 65-70 mg, about 70-80 mg, about 80-90 mg, about 90-100 mg,
about 100-120
mg, about 120-140 mg, about 5 mg, about 10 mg, about 15 mg, about 20 mg, about
30 mg, about
40 mg, about 60 mg, about 100 mg, about 120 mg, of the sibutrannine, or any
dose in a range
bounded by any of these values, may be administered.
[319] For a combination of a rasagiline and a dextronnethorphan (including
deuterium-
modified dextronnethorphan, e.g. d6-dextronnethorphan, and non-deuterium
modified
dextronnethorphan), a daily dose of about 0.1-0.3 mg, about 0.3-0.5 mg, about
0.3-0.7 mg, about
0.5-0.7 mg, about 0.5-1.5 mg, about 0.7-0.9 mg, about 0.9-1.0 mg, about 1.0-
1.5 mg, about 1.5-2.0
mg, about 2.0-3.0 mg, about 0.1 mg, about 0.25 mg, about 0.5 mg, about 0.75
mg, about 1 mg,
about 2 mg, of the rasagiline, or any dose in a range bounded by any of these
values, may be
administered.
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[320] For a combination of a nnilnacipran and a dextronnethorphan
(including deuterium-
modified dextronnethorphan, e.g. d6-dextronnethorphan, and non-deuterium
modified
dextronnethorphan), a daily dose of about 1-7.5 mg, about 7.5-12.5 mg, about 5-
20 mg, about 5-
100 mg, about 5-90 mg, about 5-80 mg, about 5-70 mg, about 5-60 mg, about 5-50
mg, about 5-
40 mg, about 12.5-15 mg, about 15-20 mg, about 20-30 mg, about 20-25 mg, about
25-30 mg,
about 30-35 mg, about 35-40 mg, about 40-45 mg, about 45-50 mg, about 50-55
mg, about 40-60
mg, about 55-60 mg, about 60-65 mg, about 65-70 mg, about 70-80 mg, about 80-
90 mg, about
90-100 mg, about 80-120 mg, about 100-120 mg, about 120-140 mg, about 140-160
mg, about
160-180 mg, about 180-200 mg, about 180-220 mg, about 200-300 mg, about 300-
400 mg, about
7.5 mg, about 12.5 mg, about 25 mg, about 50 mg, about 75 mg, about 60 mg,
about 100 mg,
about 200 mg, of the nnilnacipran, or any dose in a range bounded by any of
these values, may be
administered.
[321] For a combination of a nnoclobennide and a dextronnethorphan
(including deuterium-
modified dextronnethorphan, e.g. d6-dextronnethorphan, and non-deuterium
modified
dextronnethorphan), a daily dose of about 1-10 mg, about 10-20 mg, about 20-25
mg, about 20-
450 mg, about 20-300 mg, about 20-250 mg, about 20-200 mg, about 20-150 mg,
about 20-100
mg, about 25-30 mg, about 30-40 mg, about 40-50 mg, about 50-60 mg, about 60-
70 mg, about
70-80 mg, about 80-90 mg, about 90-100 mg, about 100-120 mg, about 120-140 mg,
about 140-
150 mg, about 150-160 mg, about 160-180 mg, about 180-200 mg, about 200-220
mg, about 220-
240, about 240-250 mg, about 250-260 mg, about 260-280 mg, about 280-320 mg,
about 280-300
mg, about 300-320 mg, about 320-350 mg, about 350-400 mg, about 430-470 mg,
about 400-450
mg, about 450-500 mg, about 500-550 mg, about 550-600 mg, about 600-650 mg,
about 650-700
mg, about 25 mg, about 50 mg, about 75 mg, about 100 mg, about 150 mg, about
250 mg, about
300 mg, about 400 mg, about 600 mg, of the nnoclobennide, or any dose in a
range bounded by
any of these values, may be administered.
[322] For a combination of a nialannide and a dextronnethorphan (including
deuterium-
modified dextronnethorphan, e.g. d6-dextronnethorphan, and non-deuterium
modified
dextronnethorphan), a daily dose of about 0.1-0.25 mg, about 0.25-0.5 mg,
about 0.5-0.75 mg,
about 0.75-1 mg, about 1-5 mg, about 5-10 mg, about 10-15 mg, about 15-20 mg,
about 20-25
mg, about 25-30 mg, about 30-40 mg, about 40-50 mg, about 50-60 mg, about 60-
70 mg, about
70-80 mg, about 80-90 mg, about 90-100 mg, about 100-120 mg, about 120-140 mg,
about 140-
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150 mg, about 150-160 mg, about 160-180 mg, about 180-200 mg, about 200-220
mg, about 220-
240 mg, about 240-250 mg, about 250-260 mg, about 260-280 mg, about 280-300
mg, about 300-
320 mg, about 320-350 mg, about 350-400 mg, about 400-450 mg, about 450-500
mg, about 500-
550 mg, about 550-600 mg, about 600-650 mg, about 650-700 mg, about 700-800
mg, about 800-
1000 mg, about 25 mg, about 50 mg, about 75 mg, about 100 mg, about 150 mg,
about 250 mg,
about 300 mg, about 400 mg, about 600 mg, of the nialannide, or any dose in a
range bounded by
any of these values, may be administered.
[323] For a combination of a iproniazid and a dextronnethorphan (including
deuterium-
modified dextronnethorphan, e.g. d6-dextronnethorphan, and non-deuterium
modified
dextronnethorphan), a daily dose of about 0.1-0.25 mg, about 0.25-0.5 mg,
about 0.5-0.75 mg,
about 0.75-1 mg, about 1-5 mg, about 5-10 mg, about 10-15 mg, about 15-20 mg,
about 20-25
mg, about 25-30 mg, about 30-40 mg, about 40-50 mg, about 50-60 mg, about 60-
70 mg, about
70-80 mg, about 80-90 mg, about 90-100 mg, about 100-120 mg, about 120-140 mg,
about 140-
150 mg, about 150-160 mg, about 160-180 mg, about 180-200 mg, about 200-220
mg, about 220-
240 mg, about 240-250 mg, about 250-260 mg, about 260-280 mg, about 280-300
mg, about 300-
320 mg, about 320-350 mg, about 350-400 mg, about 400-450 mg, about 450-500
mg, about 500-
550 mg, about 550-600 mg, about 600-650 mg, about 650-700 mg, about 700-800
mg, about 800-
1000 mg, about 25 mg, about 50 mg, about 75 mg, about 100 mg, about 150 mg,
about 250 mg,
about 300 mg, about 400 mg, about 600 mg, of the iproniazid, or any dose in a
range bounded by
any of these values, may be administered.
[324] For a combination of a iproclozide and a dextronnethorphan (including
deuterium-
modified dextronnethorphan, e.g. d6-dextronnethorphan, and non-deuterium
modified
dextronnethorphan), a daily dose of about 0.1-0.25 mg, about 0.25-0.5 mg,
about 0.5-0.75 mg,
about 0.75-1 mg, about 1-5 mg, about 5-10 mg, about 10-15 mg, about 15-20 mg,
about 20-25
mg, about 25-30 mg, about 30-40 mg, about 40-50 mg, about 50-60 mg, about 60-
70 mg, about
70-80 mg, about 80-90 mg, about 90-100 mg, about 100-120 mg, about 120-140 mg,
about 140-
150 mg, about 150-160 mg, about 160-180 mg, about 180-200 mg, about 200-220
mg, about 220-
240 mg, about 240-250 mg, about 250-260 mg, about 260-280 mg, about 280-300
mg, about 300-
320 mg, about 320-350 mg, about 350-400 mg, about 400-450 mg, about 450-500
mg, about 500-
550 mg, about 550-600 mg, about 600-650 mg, about 650-700 mg, about 700-800
mg, about 800-
1000 mg, about 25 mg, about 50 mg, about 75 mg, about 100 mg, about 150 mg,
about 250 mg,
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about 300 mg, about 400 mg, about 600 mg, of the iproclozide, or any dose in a
range bounded by
any of these values, may be administered.
[325] For a combination of a toloxatone and a dextronnethorphan (including
deuterium-
modified dextronnethorphan, e.g. d6-dextronnethorphan, and non-deuterium
modified
dextronnethorphan), a daily dose of about 0.1-0.25 mg, about 0.25-0.5 mg,
about 0.5-0.75 mg,
about 0.75-1 mg, about 1-5 mg, about 5-10 mg, about 10-15 mg, about 15-20 mg,
about 20-25
mg, about 25-30 mg, about 30-40 mg, about 40-50 mg, about 50-60 mg, about 60-
70 mg, about
70-80 mg, about 80-90 mg, about 90-100 mg, about 100-120 mg, about 120-140 mg,
about 140-
150 mg, about 150-160 mg, about 160-180 mg, about 180-200 mg, about 200-220
mg, about 220-
240 mg, about 240-250 mg, about 250-260 mg, about 260-280 mg, about 280-300
mg, about 300-
320 mg, about 320-350 mg, about 350-400 mg, about 400-450 mg, about 450-500
mg, about 500-
550 mg, about 550-600 mg, about 600-650 mg, about 650-700 mg, about 700-800
mg, about 800-
1000 mg, about 25 mg, about 50 mg, about 75 mg, about 100 mg, about 150 mg,
about 250 mg,
about 300 mg, about 400 mg, about 600 mg, of the toloxatone, or any dose in a
range bounded by
any of these values, may be administered.
[326] For a combination of a butriptyline and a dextronnethorphan
(including deuterium-
modified dextronnethorphan, e.g. d6-dextronnethorphan, and non-deuterium
modified
dextronnethorphan), a daily dose of about 0.1-0.25 mg, about 0.25-0.5 mg,
about 0.5-0.75 mg,
about 0.75-1 mg, about 1-5 mg, about 5-10 mg, about 10-15 mg, about 15-20 mg,
about 20-25
mg, about 25-30 mg, about 30-40 mg, about 40-50 mg, about 50-60 mg, about 60-
70 mg, about
70-80 mg, about 80-90 mg, about 90-100 mg, about 100-120 mg, about 120-140 mg,
about 140-
150 mg, about 150-160 mg, about 160-180 mg, about 180-200 mg, about 200-220
mg, about 220-
240 mg, about 240-250 mg, about 250-260 mg, about 260-280 mg, about 280-300
mg, about 300-
320 mg, about 320-350 mg, about 350-400 mg, about 400-450 mg, about 450-500
mg, about 500-
550 mg, about 550-600 mg, about 600-650 mg, about 650-700 mg, about 700-800
mg, about 800-
1000 mg, about 25 mg, about 50 mg, about 75 mg, about 100 mg, about 150 mg,
about 250 mg,
about 300 mg, about 400 mg, about 600 mg, of the butriptyline, or any dose in
a range bounded
by any of these values, may be administered.
[327] For a combination of a dosulepin and a dextronnethorphan (including
deuterium-
modified dextronnethorphan, e.g. d6-dextronnethorphan, and non-deuterium
modified
dextronnethorphan), a daily dose of about 0.1-0.25 mg, about 0.25-0.5 mg,
about 0.5-0.75 mg,
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about 0.75-1 mg, about 1-5 mg, about 5-10 mg, about 10-15 mg, about 15-20 mg,
about 20-25
mg, about 25-30 mg, about 30-40 mg, about 40-50 mg, about 50-60 mg, about 60-
70 mg, about
70-80 mg, about 80-90 mg, about 90-100 mg, about 100-120 mg, about 120-140 mg,
about 140-
150 mg, about 150-160 mg, about 160-180 mg, about 180-200 mg, about 200-220
mg, about 220-
240 mg, about 240-250 mg, about 250-260 mg, about 260-280 mg, about 280-300
mg, about 300-
320 mg, about 320-350 mg, about 350-400 mg, about 400-450 mg, about 450-500
mg, about 500-
550 mg, about 550-600 mg, about 600-650 mg, about 650-700 mg, about 700-800
mg, about 800-
1000 mg, about 25 mg, about 50 mg, about 75 mg, about 100 mg, about 150 mg,
about 250 mg,
about 300 mg, about 400 mg, about 600 mg, of the dosulepin, or any dose in a
range bounded by
any of these values, may be administered.
[328] For a combination of a dibenzepin and a dextronnethorphan (including
deuterium-
modified dextronnethorphan, e.g. d6-dextronnethorphan, and non-deuterium
modified
dextronnethorphan), a daily dose of about 0.1-0.25 mg, about 0.25-0.5 mg,
about 0.5-0.75 mg,
about 0.75-1 mg, about 1-5 mg, about 5-10 mg, about 10-15 mg, about 15-20 mg,
about 20-25
mg, about 25-30 mg, about 30-40 mg, about 40-50 mg, about 50-60 mg, about 60-
70 mg, about
70-80 mg, about 80-90 mg, about 90-100 mg, about 100-120 mg, about 120-140 mg,
about 140-
150 mg, about 150-160 mg, about 160-180 mg, about 180-200 mg, about 200-220
mg, about 220-
240 mg, about 240-250 mg, about 250-260 mg, about 260-280 mg, about 280-300
mg, about 300-
320 mg, about 320-350 mg, about 350-400 mg, about 400-450 mg, about 450-500
mg, about 500-
550 mg, about 550-600 mg, about 600-650 mg, about 650-700 mg, about 700-800
mg, about 800-
1000 mg, about 25 mg, about 50 mg, about 75 mg, about 100 mg, about 150 mg,
about 250 mg,
about 300 mg, about 400 mg, about 600 mg, of the dibenzepin, or any dose in a
range bounded by
any of these values, may be administered.
[329] For a combination of a iprindole and a dextronnethorphan (including
deuterium-
modified dextronnethorphan, e.g. d6-dextronnethorphan, and non-deuterium
modified
dextronnethorphan), a daily dose of about 0.1-0.25 mg, about 0.25-0.5 mg,
about 0.5-0.75 mg,
about 0.75-1 mg, about 1-5 mg, about 5-10 mg, about 10-15 mg, about 15-20 mg,
about 20-25
mg, about 25-30 mg, about 30-40 mg, about 40-50 mg, about 50-60 mg, about 60-
70 mg, about
70-80 mg, about 80-90 mg, about 90-100 mg, about 100-120 mg, about 120-140 mg,
about 140-
150 mg, about 150-160 mg, about 160-180 mg, about 180-200 mg, about 200-220
mg, about 220-
240 mg, about 240-250 mg, about 250-260 mg, about 260-280 mg, about 280-300
mg, about 300-
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320 mg, about 320-350 mg, about 350-400 mg, about 400-450 mg, about 450-500
mg, about 500-
550 mg, about 550-600 mg, about 600-650 mg, about 650-700 mg, about 700-800
mg, about 800-
1000 mg, about 25 mg, about 50 mg, about 75 mg, about 100 mg, about 150 mg,
about 250 mg,
about 300 mg, about 400 mg, about 600 mg, of the iprindole, or any dose in a
range bounded by
any of these values, may be administered.
[330] For a combination of a lofeprannine and a dextronnethorphan
(including deuterium-
modified dextronnethorphan, e.g. d6-dextronnethorphan, and non-deuterium
modified
dextronnethorphan), a daily dose of about 0.1-0.25 mg, about 0.25-0.5 mg,
about 0.5-0.75 mg,
about 0.75-1 mg, about 1-5 mg, about 5-10 mg, about 10-15 mg, about 15-20 mg,
about 20-25
mg, about 25-30 mg, about 30-40 mg, about 40-50 mg, about 50-60 mg, about 60-
70 mg, about
70-80 mg, about 80-90 mg, about 90-100 mg, about 100-120 mg, about 120-140 mg,
about 140-
150 mg, about 150-160 mg, about 160-180 mg, about 180-200 mg, about 200-220
mg, about 220-
240 mg, about 240-250 mg, about 250-260 mg, about 260-280 mg, about 280-300
mg, about 300-
320 mg, about 320-350 mg, about 350-400 mg, about 400-450 mg, about 450-500
mg, about 500-
550 mg, about 550-600 mg, about 600-650 mg, about 650-700 mg, about 700-800
mg, about 800-
1000 mg, about 25 mg, about 50 mg, about 75 mg, about 100 mg, about 150 mg,
about 250 mg,
about 300 mg, about 400 mg, about 600 mg, of the lofeprannine, or any dose in
a range bounded
by any of these values, may be administered.
[331] For a combination of a opiprannol and a dextronnethorphan (including
deuterium-
modified dextronnethorphan, e.g. d6-dextronnethorphan, and non-deuterium
modified
dextronnethorphan), a daily dose of about 0.1-0.25 mg, about 0.25-0.5 mg,
about 0.5-0.75 mg,
about 0.75-1 mg, about 1-5 mg, about 5-10 mg, about 10-15 mg, about 15-20 mg,
about 20-25
mg, about 25-30 mg, about 30-40 mg, about 40-50 mg, about 50-60 mg, about 60-
70 mg, about
70-80 mg, about 80-90 mg, about 90-100 mg, about 100-120 mg, about 120-140 mg,
about 140-
150 mg, about 150-160 mg, about 160-180 mg, about 180-200 mg, about 200-220
mg, about 220-
240 mg, about 240-250 mg, about 250-260 mg, about 260-280 mg, about 280-300
mg, about 300-
320 mg, about 320-350 mg, about 350-400 mg, about 400-450 mg, about 450-500
mg, about 500-
550 mg, about 550-600 mg, about 600-650 mg, about 650-700 mg, about 700-800
mg, about 800-
1000 mg, about 25 mg, about 50 mg, about 75 mg, about 100 mg, about 150 mg,
about 250 mg,
about 300 mg, about 400 mg, about 600 mg, of the opiprannol, or any dose in a
range bounded by
any of these values, may be administered.
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[332] For a combination of a norfluoxetine and a dextronnethorphan
(including deuterium-
modified dextronnethorphan, e.g. d6-dextronnethorphan, and non-deuterium
modified
dextronnethorphan), a daily dose of about 0.1-0.25 mg, about 0.25-0.5 mg,
about 0.5-0.75 mg,
about 0.75-1 mg, about 1-5 mg, about 5-10 mg, about 10-15 mg, about 15-20 mg,
about 20-25
mg, about 25-30 mg, about 30-40 mg, about 40-50 mg, about 50-60 mg, about 60-
70 mg, about
70-80 mg, about 80-90 mg, about 90-100 mg, about 100-120 mg, about 120-140 mg,
about 140-
150 mg, about 150-160 mg, about 160-180 mg, about 180-200 mg, about 200-220
mg, about 220-
240 mg, about 240-250 mg, about 250-260 mg, about 260-280 mg, about 280-300
mg, about 300-
320 mg, about 320-350 mg, about 350-400 mg, about 400-450 mg, about 450-500
mg, about 500-
550 mg, about 550-600 mg, about 600-650 mg, about 650-700 mg, about 700-800
mg, about 800-
1000 mg, about 25 mg, about 50 mg, about 75 mg, about 100 mg, about 150 mg,
about 250 mg,
about 300 mg, about 400 mg, about 600 mg, of the norfluoxetine, or any dose in
a range bounded
by any of these values, may be administered.
[333] For a combination of a dapoxetine and a dextronnethorphan (including
deuterium-
modified dextronnethorphan, e.g. d6-dextronnethorphan, and non-deuterium
modified
dextronnethorphan), a daily dose of about 0.1-0.25 mg, about 0.25-0.5 mg,
about 0.5-0.75 mg,
about 0.75-1 mg, about 1-5 mg, about 5-10 mg, about 10-15 mg, about 15-20 mg,
about 20-25
mg, about 25-30 mg, about 30-40 mg, about 40-50 mg, about 50-60 mg, about 60-
70 mg, about
70-80 mg, about 80-90 mg, about 90-100 mg, about 100-120 mg, about 120-140 mg,
about 140-
150 mg, about 150-160 mg, about 160-180 mg, about 180-200 mg, about 200-220
mg, about 220-
240 mg, about 240-250 mg, about 250-260 mg, about 260-280 mg, about 280-300
mg, about 300-
320 mg, about 320-350 mg, about 350-400 mg, about 400-450 mg, about 450-500
mg, about 500-
550 mg, about 550-600 mg, about 600-650 mg, about 650-700 mg, about 700-800
mg, about 800-
1000 mg, about 25 mg, about 50 mg, about 75 mg, about 100 mg, about 150 mg,
about 250 mg,
about 300 mg, about 400 mg, about 600 mg, of the dapoxetine, or any dose in a
range bounded
by any of these values, may be administered.
[334] Bupropion has the structure shown below (bupropion hydrochloride form
shown).
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NHC(CH3)3
COCHCliq
a
0 =
FICI
CI
[335] Combining bupropion with dextronnethorphan may provide greater
efficacy, such as
greater pain relief, than would otherwise be achieved by administering either
component alone.
In extensive nnetabolizers, dextronnethorphan can be rapidly and extensively
metabolized, yielding
low systemic exposure even at high doses. Bupropion, besides possessing anti-
depressant and
analgesic properties, is an inhibitor of dextronnethorphan metabolism.
Bupropion is a dopamine
and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. It can also be a nicotinic
acetylcholine receptor antagonist,
and it can modulate cytokines associated with inflammatory diseases. Bupropion
can affect levels
of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma. Metabolites of bupropion,
which include
hydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion (also known as threohydrobupropion or
threodihydrobupropion), and erythrohydroxybupropion (also known as
erythrohydrobupropion or
erythrodihydrobupropion), are also inhibitors of dextronnethorphan metabolism.
Thus,
bupropion, including a form of bupropion that is rapidly converted in the body
(such as a salt,
hydrate, solvate, polynnorph, etc.), is a prodrug of hydroxybupropion,
threohydroxybupropion,
and erythrohydroxybupropion. Prodrugs of bupropion can include N-
nnethylbupropion and N-
benzylbupropion.
[336] As explained above, this inhibition may augment dextronnethorphan
plasma levels,
resulting in additive or synergistic efficacy such as relief of neurological
disorders including pain,
depression, smoking cessation, etc. Thus, while inhibition of
dextronnethorphan metabolism is
only one of many potential benefits of the combination, co-administration of
dextronnethorphan
with bupropion may thereby enhance the efficacy of bupropion for many
individuals. Co-
administration of dextronnethorphan with bupropion may enhance the analgesic
properties of
bupropion for many individuals. Co-administration of dextronnethorphan with
bupropion may also
enhance the antidepressant properties of bupropion for many individuals,
including faster onset
of action.
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[337] Another potential benefit of co-administration of dextronnethorphan
and bupropion
is that it may be useful to reduce the potential for an adverse event, such as
somnolence,
associated with treatment by dextronnethorphan. This may be useful, for
example, in human
patients at risk of experiencing the adverse event as a result of being
treated with
dextromethorphan.
[338] Another potential benefit of co-administration of dextronnethorphan
and bupropion
is that it may be useful to reduce the potential for an adverse event, such as
seizure, associated
with treatment by bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, erythrohydroxybupropion,
threohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds.
This may be
useful, for example, in human patients at risk of experiencing the adverse
event as a result of
being treated with bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, erythrohydroxybupropion,
threohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds.
[339] With respect to
dextronnethorphan, bupropion, hydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of
any of these
compounds, co-administration may reduce a central nervous system adverse
event, a
gastrointestinal event, or another type of adverse event associated with any
of these compounds.
Central nervous system (CNS) adverse events include, but are not limited to,
nervousness,
dizziness, sleeplessness, light-headedness, tremor, hallucinations,
convulsions, CNS depression,
fear, anxiety, headache, increased irritability or excitement, tinnitus,
drowsiness, dizziness,
sedation, somnolence, confusion, disorientation, lassitude, incoordination,
fatigue, euphoria,
nervousness, insomnia, sleeping disturbances, convulsive seizures, excitation,
catatonic-like
states, hysteria, hallucinations, delusions, paranoia, headaches and/or
migraine, and
extrapyrannidal symptoms such as oculogyric crisis, torticollis,
hyperexcitability, increased muscle
tone, ataxia, and/or tongue protrusion.
[340] Gastrointestinal adverse events include, but are not limited to,
nausea, vomiting,
abdominal pain, dysphagia, dyspepsia, diarrhea, abdominal distension,
flatulence, peptic ulcers
with bleeding, loose stools, constipation, stomach pain, heartburn, gas, loss
of appetite, feeling of
fullness in stomach, indigestion, bloating, hyperacidity, dry mouth,
gastrointestinal disturbances,
and gastric pain.
[341] Co-administering dextronnethorphan and an antidepressant, such as
bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, erythrohydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion, or a
metabolite or
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prodrug of any of these compounds, does not necessarily require that the two
compounds be
administered in the same dosage form. For example, the two compounds may be
administered in
a single dosage form, or they may be administered in two separate dosage
forms. Additionally,
the two compounds may be administered at the same time, but this is not
required. The
compounds can be given at different times as long as both are in a human body
at the same time
for at least a portion of the time that treatment by co-administration is
being carried out.
[342] Side effects of bupropion, hydroxybupropion, erythrohydroxybupropion,
threohydroxybupropion, and/or dextronnethorphan may be reduced by
administering bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, erythrohydroxybupropion, or
threohydroxybupropion, with
dextronnethorphan. Examples of side effects that may be reduced include
abnormal sensation of
rotation and movement, agitation, arm weakness, bloating, blurred vision,
burning sensation in
the eyes, buzzing sound(s) in the ear(s), changes in vital signs (including,
but not limited to, heart
rate, respiratory rate, body temperature, and blood pressure), cold sensation,
constipation,
difficulty concentrating, difficulty sleeping, difficulty in falling asleep,
difficulty urinating, difficulty
with bowel movement, discomfort in the ear, discomfort in the eye, discomfort
in the stomach,
dizziness, dry lips, dry mouth, dry throat, dysnnenorrhea, fatigue, feeling
feverish, feeling heavy
headed, feeling more agitated than usual, feeling more tired than usual,
feeling tired, hand
tremors, hand weakness, headache, heartburn, hot flashes, increased blood
pressure, increased
skin sensitivity, increased skin sensitivity at head and face, involuntary
muscle contraction,
involuntary muscle contractions all over the body, knee pain, leg weakness,
lightheadedness,
loose stool, loss of appetite, low back pain, menstrual disorder, metallic
taste, more saliva than
usual, nnucosal dryness, nasal congestion, nausea, runny nose, sensation of
light pressure
sensation in the eyes, shivers when stretching or yawning, skin sensitivity,
skin sensitivity in arm,
face, and/or head, sleep difficulties, soft stools, stomach ache, stomach
discomfort, sweaty hands
and/or feet, throat irritation, throat pain, tinnitus, tremors, and/or
weakness. Any of these side
effects may also be referred to, or grouped, according to a corresponding,
equivalent, or
otherwise relevant term found in the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory
Activities (MedRA).
[343] In some embodiments, co-administration of a combination of bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, erythrohydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion, or a
metabolite or
prodrug of any of these compounds, and dextronnethorphan results in both
bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, erythrohydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion, or a
metabolite or
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prodrug of any of these compounds, and dextronnethorphan contributing to the
pain relieving
properties of the combination. For example, the combination may have improved
pain relieving
properties as compared to bupropion, hydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion,
threohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds,
alone or
compared to dextronnethorphan alone, including potentially faster onset of
action.
[344] In some embodiments, the combination may have improved pain relieving
properties
of at least about 0.5%, at least about 1%, at least about 10%, at least about
20%, at least about
30%, at least about 50%, at least 100%, up to about 500% or up to 1000%, about
0.5% to about
1000%, about 10% to about 20%, about 20% to about 30%, about 30% to about 40%,
about 40%
to about 50%, about 50% to about 60%, about 60% to about 70%, about 70% to
about 80%, about
80% to about 90%, about 90% to about 100%, about 100% to about 110%, about
110% to about
120%, about 120% to about 130%, about 130% to about 140%, about 140% to about
150%, about
150% to about 160%, about 160% to about 170%, about 170% to about 180%, about
180% to
about 190%, about 190% to about 200%, or any amount of pain relief in a range
bounded by, or
between, any of these values, as compared to bupropion, hydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of
any of these
compounds, alone.
[345] In some embodiments, the combination may have improved pain relieving
properties
of at least about 0.5%, at least about 1%, at least about 10%, at least about
20%, at least about
30%, at least about 50%, at least 100%, up to about 500% or up to 1000%, about
0.5% to about
1000%, about 10% to about 20%, about 20% to about 30%, about 30% to about 40%,
about 40%
to about 50%, about 50% to about 60%, about 60% to about 70%, about 70% to
about 80%,
about 80% to about 90%, about 90% to about 100%, about 100% to about 110%,
about 110% to
about 120%, about 120% to about 130%, about 130% to about 140%, about 140% to
about
150%, about 150% to about 160%, about 160% to about 170%, about 170% to about
180%,
about 180% to about 190%, about 190% to about 200%, or any amount of pain
relief in a range
bounded by, or between, any of these values, as compared to as compared to
dextronnethorphan
alone.
[346] Unless otherwise indicated, any reference to a compound herein, such
as
dextronnethorphan, bupropion, hydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion,
threohydroxybupropion, by structure, name, or any other means, includes
pharmaceutically
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acceptable salts; alternate solid forms, such as polynnorphs, solvates,
hydrates, etc.; tautonners;
deuterium-modified compounds, such as deuterium modified dextronnethorphan; or
any chemical
species that may rapidly convert to a compound described herein under
conditions in which the
compounds are used as described herein.
[347] In some embodiments, an excess of one stereoisonner of bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, erythrohydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion, or a
metabolite or
prodrug of any of these compounds may be administered. In other embodiments,
an excess of
the S-enantionner (such as at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least
80%, at least 85%, at
least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99% or enantionnerically pure S-enantionner)
or an excess of the R-
enantionner (such as at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%,
at least 85%, at least
90%, at least 95%, at least 99% or enantionnerically pure R-enantionner) of
bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, erythrohydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion, or a
metabolite or
prodrug of any of these compounds may be administered.
[348] Examples of deuterium-enriched bupropion, and/or enantiopure
deuterium-enriched
bupropion include, but are not limited to, those shown below.
0 0
H H
CI N CI N
D LJ D3C D
0 0
H H
CI .t... N CI N
D - 5
0 0
H CI ,....... N CI N H
"?..
:-,
LJ D CD3 D3c 5
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0 0
H H
CI N CD3 CI NXCD3
CD3
D3C D D3C D
0 D 0
H J[YH
CI NXCD3 CI N
CD3
D3C D CD3 D3C D '
D D
D
D 0 0
H H
CI NXCD3 Cl N CD3
D D C
D3C D CDD3
3 D3C b
D
0 0
H H
CI N CD3 CI NCD3
Xrn
¨3 S..
CD3
D3C b D3c b CD3
D 0 D 0
H H
CI 0 N CI 10 NCD3
..r. .
CD3
D3c b D3C b cD3
D D D D
D D
e D N cD3H
0 :3
H
CI N CD3 CI
$ XCD3
D3e D
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0 D 0
H H
CI NCD3 CI N
:
LJ
_ _., CD3
u3t.., D C D3 0 D D3C D
D
D
D 0
H
CI NCD3
$
C 40 D3 D3 D CD3
D D
D
[349] In some embodiments, both dextronnethorphan and bupropion,
hydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion, a metabolite, or prodrug of
any of these
compounds are formulated to be immediate release, and in other embodiments
both bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, erythrohydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion, a metabolite
or prodrug
of any of these compounds are formulated to be sustained release.
[350] Examples of deuterium modified dextronnethorphan include, but are not
limited to,
those shown below.
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D D D
/ \ /
CH2 CH CD3
IV I
N I
N
0 0 0
\ \ \
I
1 N
(? 1
N N
0
\ D
\ ,- 1 \
H2C-D D C D3
D3C
I
N
0
\
CD3
d6-dextronnethorphan
[351] A dosage form or a composition may be a blend or mixture of
dextronnethorphan and
a compound that inhibits the metabolism of dextronnethorphan, such as
bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, erythrohydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion, or a
metabolite or
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prodrug of any of these compounds, either alone or within a vehicle. For
example,
dextronnethorphan and bupropion may be dispersed within each other or
dispersed together
within a vehicle. A dispersion may include a mixture of solid materials
wherein small individual
particles are substantially one compound, but the small particles are
dispersed within one
another, such as might occur if two powders of two different drugs are blended
with a solid
vehicle material, and the blending is done in the solid form. In some
embodiments,
dextronnethorphan and bupropion may be substantially uniformly dispersed
within a composition
or dosage form. Alternatively, dextronnethorphan and bupropion may be in
separate domains or
phases within a composition or dosage form. For example, one drug may be in a
coating and
another drug may be in a core within the coating. For example, one drug may be
formulated for
sustained release and another drug may be formulated for immediate release.
[352] Some embodiments include administration of a tablet that contains
bupropion in a
form that provides sustained release and dextronnethorphan in a form that
provides immediate
release. While there are many ways that sustained release of bupropion may be
achieved, in
some embodiments, bupropion is combined with hydroxypropyl nnethylcellulose.
For example,
particles of bupropion hydrochloride could be blended with nnicrocrystalline
cellulose and
hydroxypropyl nnethylcellulose (e.g., METHOCEL ) to form an admixture of
blended powders. This
could then be combined with immediate release dextronnethorphan in a single
tablet.
[353] Dextronnethorphan and/or an antidepressant, such as bupropion,
hydroxybupropion,
threohydroxybupropion and erythrohydroxybupropion, or a non-bupropion
antidepressant (all of
which are referred to collectively herein as "therapeutic compounds" for
convenience) may be
combined with a pharmaceutical carrier selected on the basis of the chosen
route of
administration and standard pharmaceutical practice as described, for example,
in Remington's
Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2005. The relative proportions of active ingredient
and carrier may be
determined, for example, by the solubility and chemical nature of the
compounds, chosen route
of administration and standard pharmaceutical practice.
[354] Therapeutic compounds may be administered by any means that may
result in the
contact of the active agent(s) with the desired site or site(s) of action in
the body of a patient. The
compounds may be administered by any conventional means available for use in
conjunction with
pharmaceuticals, either as individual therapeutic agents or in a combination
of therapeutic
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agents. For example, they may be administered as the sole active agents in a
pharmaceutical
composition, or they can be used in combination with other therapeutically
active ingredients.
[355] Therapeutic compounds may be administered to a human patient in a
variety of
forms adapted to the chosen route of administration, e.g., orally or
parenterally. Parenteral
administration in this respect includes administration by the following
routes: intravenous,
intramuscular, subcutaneous, intraocular, intrasynovial, transepithelial
including transdernnal,
ophthalmic, sublingual and buccal; topically including ophthalmic, dermal,
ocular, rectal and nasal
inhalation via insufflation, aerosol and rectal systemic.
[356] The ratio of dextronnethorphan to bupropion may vary. In some
embodiments, the
weight ratio of dextronnethorphan to bupropion may be about 0.1 to about 10,
about 0.1 to about
2, about 0.2 to about 1, about 0.1 to about 0.5, about 0.1 to about 0.3, about
0.2 to about 0.4,
about 0.3 to about 0.5, about 0.5 to about 0.7, about 0.8 to about 1, about
0.2, about 0.3, about
0.4, about 0.45, about 0.6, about 0.9, or any ratio in a range bounded by, or
between, any of these
values. A ratio of 0.1 indicates that the weight of dextronnethorphan is 1/10
that of bupropion. A
ratio of 10 indicates that the weight of dextronnethorphan is 10 times that of
bupropion.
[357] The amount of dextronnethorphan in a therapeutic composition may
vary. For
example, some liquid compositions may comprise about 0.0001% (w/v) to about
50% (w/v), about
0.01% (w/v) to about 20% (w/v), about 0.01% to about 10% (w/v), about 0.001%
(w/v) to about
1% (w/v), about 0.1% (w/v) to about 0.5% (w/v), about 1% (w/v) to about 3%
(w/v), about 3%
(w/v) to about 5% (w/v), about 5% (w/v) to about 7% (w/v), about 7% (w/v) to
about 10% (w/v),
about 10% (w/v) to about 15% (w/v), about 15% (w/v) to about 20% (w/v), about
20% (w/v) to
about 30% (w/v), about 30% (w/v) to about 40% (w/v), or about 40% (w/v) to
about 50% (w/v) of
dextromethorphan.
[358] Some liquid dosage forms may contain about 10 mg to about 500 mg,
about 30 mg to
about 350 mg, about 50 mg to about 200 mg, about 50 mg to about 70 mg, about
20 mg to about
50 mg, about 30 mg to about 60 mg, about 40 mg to about 50 mg, about 40 mg to
about 55 mg,
about 40 mg to about 42 mg, about 42 mg to about 44 mg, about 44 mg to about
46 mg, about 46
mg to about 48 mg, about 48 mg to about 50 mg, about 80 mg to about 100 mg,
about 110 mg to
about 130 mg, about 170 mg to about 190 mg, about 45 mg, about 60 mg, about 90
mg, about
120 mg, or about 180 mg of dextronnethorphan, or any amount of
dextronnethorphan in a range
bounded by, or between, any of these values.
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[359] Some solid compositions may comprise at least about 5% (w/w), at
least about 10%
(w/w), at least about 20% (w/w), at least about 50% (w/w), at least about 70%
(w/w), at least
about 80%, about 10% (w/w) to about 30% (w/w), about 10% (w/w) to about 20%
(w/w), about
20% (w/w) to about 30% (w/w), about 30% (w/w) to about 50% (w/w), about 30%
(w/w) to about
40% (w/w), about 40% (w/w) to about 50% (w/w), about 50% (w/w) to about 80%
(w/w), about
50% (w/w) to about 60% (w/w), about 70% (w/w) to about 80% (w/w), or about 80%
(w/w) to
about 90% (w/w) of dextronnethorphan.
[360] Some solid dosage forms may contain about 10 mg to about 500 mg,
about 30 mg to
about 350 mg, about 20 mg to about 50 mg, about 30 mg to about 60 mg, about 40
mg to about
50 mg, about 40 mg to about 42 mg, about 42 mg to about 44 mg, about 44 mg to
about 46 mg,
about 46 mg to about 48 mg, about 48 mg to about 50 mg, about 50 mg to about
200 mg, about
50 mg to about 70 mg, about 80 mg to about 100 mg, about 110 mg to about 130
mg, about 170
mg to about 190 mg, about 60 mg, about 90 mg, about 120 mg, or about 180 mg of
dextronnethorphan, or any amount of dextronnethorphan in a range bounded by,
or between, any
of these values.
[361] In some embodiments, the amount of dextronnethorphan may range from
about 0.1
mg/kg to about 20 mg/kg, about 0.75 mg/kg to about 7.5 mg/kg, about 0.1 mg/kg
to about 5
mg/kg, about 0.1 mg/kg to about 3 mg/kg, about 0.3 mg/kg to about 0.9 mg/kg,
about 0.3 mg/kg
to about 1 mg/kg, about 0.6 mg/kg to about 0.8 mg/kg, about 0.7 mg/kg to about
0.8 mg/kg,
about 0.75 mg/kg, about 0.4 mg/kg to about 1.5 mg/kg, about 1 mg/kg to about 2
mg/kg, about
mg/kg to about 20 mg/kg, about 12 mg/kg to about 17 mg/kg, about 15 mg/kg to
about 20
mg/kg, about 1 mg/kg, about 1 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg, or any value bounded by
or in between
these ranges based on the body weight of the patient.
[362] The amount of bupropion, hydroxybupropion, erythrohydroxybupropion,
threohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds,
in a therapeutic
composition may vary. If increasing the plasma level of dextronnethorphan is
desired, bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, erythrohydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion, or a
metabolite or
prodrug of any of these compounds, should be administered in an amount that
increases the
plasma level of dextronnethorphan. For example, bupropion,
hydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of
any of these
compounds, may be administered in an amount that results in a plasma
concentration of
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dextronnethorphan in the human being, on day 8, day 9, or day 10, that is at
least about 2 times,
at least about 5 times, at least about 10 times, at least about 15 times, at
least about 20 times, at
least about 30 times, at least about 40 times, at least about 50 times, at
least about 60 times, at
least about 70 times, or at least about 80 times, the plasma concentration of
the same amount of
dextronnethorphan administered without
bupropion, hydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of
any of these
compounds.
[363] In some embodiments, bupropion, hydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion,
threohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds,
may be
administered to a human being in an amount that results in a 12 hour area
under the curve from
the time of dosing (AUC0_12), or average plasma concentration in the human
being for the 12 hours
following dosing (Cavg) of dextronnethorphan, on day 8, day 9, or day 10, that
is at least about 2
times, at least about 5 times, at least about 10 times, at least about 15
times, at least about 20
times, at least about 30 times, at least about 40 times, at least about 50
times, at least about 60
times, at least about 70 times, or at least about 80 times the plasma
concentration of the same
amount of dextronnethorphan administered without bupropion, hydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of
any of these
compounds.
[364] In some embodiments, bupropion, hydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion,
threohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds,
may be
administered to a human being in an amount that results in a maximum plasma
concentration
(Cmax) of dextronnethorphan in the human being, on day 8, day 9, or day 10,
that is at least about 2
times, at least about 5 times, at least about 10 times, at least about 15
times, at least about 20
times, at least about 30 times, or at least about 40 times the plasma
concentration of the same
amount of dextronnethorphan administered without bupropion, hydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of
any of these
compounds.
[365] For co-administration of bupropion, hydroxybupropion,
threohydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds,
an increase in
the dextronnethorphan plasma level can occur on the first day that bupropion,
hydroxybupropion,
threohydroxybupropion, erythrohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of
any of these
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compounds, is
administered, as compared to the same amount of dextronnethorphan
administered without bupropion, hydroxybupropion,
threohydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds.
For example,
the dextronnethorphan plasma level on the first day that bupropion,
hydroxybupropion,
threohydroxybupropion, erythrohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of
any of these
compounds, is administered may be at least about 1.5 times, at least about at
least 2 times, at
least about 2.5 times, at least about 3 times, at least about 4 times, at
least about 5 times, at least
about 6 times at least about 7 times, at least about 8 times, at least about 9
times, or at least
about 10 times the level that would be achieved by administering the same
amount of
dextronnethorphan without bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds.
[366] In some embodiments, the dextronnethorphan AUC on the first day that
the
dextronnethorphan plasma level is enhanced, for example by co-administration
of
dextronnethorphan with bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds,
is administered
may be at least twice the AUC that would be achieved by administering the same
amount of
dextronnethorphan without bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds.
[367] In some embodiments, the dextronnethorphan AUG3_12 on the first day
that the
dextronnethorphan plasma level is enhanced, for example by co-administration
of
dextronnethorphan with bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds,
is administered
may be at least about 15 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 17 ng=hr/nnL, at least
about 19 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 20 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 22 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 23
ng=hr/nnL, at least about
24 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 25 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 26 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 27 ng=hr/nnL,
at least about 28 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 29 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 30
ng=hr/nnL, at least
about 31 ng=hr/nriL, at least about 32 ng=hr/nriL, at least about 33
ng=hr/nriL, at least about 34
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 35 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 36 ng=hr/nnL, at least
about 37 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 38 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 39 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 40
ng=hr/nnL, at least about
41 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 42 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 43 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 44 ng=hr/nnL,
at least about 45 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 46 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 47
ng=hr/nnL, at least
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about 48 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 49 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 50 ng=hr/nnL,
at least about 51
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 52 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 53 ng=hr/nnL, at least
about 54 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 55 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 56 ng=hr/nnL, at least about or 56.7
ng=hr/nnL, and may
be up to 10,000 ng=hr/nnL.
[368] In
some embodiments, the dextronnethorphan AUC0_12 on the eighth day that the
dextronnethorphan plasma level is enhanced, for example by co-administration
of
dextronnethorphan with bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds,
is administered
may be at least about 40 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 50 ng=hr/nnL, at least
about 60 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 70 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 80 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 90
ng=hr/nnL, at least about
100 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 150 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 200 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 250
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 300 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 350 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 400
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 450 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 500 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 550
ng=hr/nnL, about 500 ng=hr/nnL to about 600 ng=hr/nnL, about 500 ng=hr/nnL to
about 550
ng=hr/nnL, about 500 ng=hr/nnL to about 525 ng=hr/nnL, about 525 ng=hr/nnL to
about 600
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 600 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 650 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 700
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 750 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 800 ng=hr/nnL, about
800 ng=hr/nnL to
about 900 ng=hr/nnL, about 850 ng=hr/nnL to about 900 ng=hr/nnL, about 850
ng=hr/nnL to about
875 ng=hr/nnL, about 875 ng=hr/nnL to about 900 ng=hr/nnL, about 900 ng=hr/nnL
to about 1,000
ng=hr/nnL, about 1,000 ng=hr/nnL to about 1,100 ng=hr/nnL, about 1,100
ng=hr/nnL to about 1,200
ng=hr/nnL, about 1,200 ng=hr/nnL to about 1,300 ng=hr/nnL, about 1,300
ng=hr/nnL to about 1,400
ng=hr/nnL, about 1,400 ng=hr/nnL to about 1,500 ng=hr/nnL, about 1,500
ng=hr/nnL to about 1,600
ng=hr/nnL, about 1,600 ng=hr/nnL to about 1,700 ng=hr/nnL, about 1,700
ng=hr/nnL to about 1,800
ng=hr/nnL, about 1,800 ng=hr/nnL to about 2,000 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 850
ng=hr/nnL, at least
about 900 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 950 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1000
ng=hr/nnL, at least about
1050 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1100 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1150 ng=hr/nnL,
at least about 1200
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1250 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1300 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 1350
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1400 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1450 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 1500
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1550 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1600 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 1625
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1650 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1675 ng=hr/nnL, or at
least about 1686.3
ng=hr/nnL, and, in some embodiments, may be up to about 50,000 ng=hr/nnL.
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[369] In some embodiments, the dextronnethorphan AUC0_24 on the eighth day
that the
dextronnethorphan plasma level is enhanced, for example by co-administration
of
dextronnethorphan with bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds,
is administered
may be at least about 50 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 75 ng=hr/nnL, at least
about 100 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 200 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 300 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 400
ng=hr/nnL, at least
about 500 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 600 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 700
ng=hr/nnL, at least about
800 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 900 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1000 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 1100
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1200 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1300 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 1400
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1500 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1600 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 1700
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1800 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1900 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 2000
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 2100 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 2200 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 2300
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 2400 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 2500 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 2600
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 2700 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 2800 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 1850
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 2900 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 2950 ng=hr/nnL, or at
least about 2975.3
ng=hr/nnL, and, in some embodiments, may be up to about 100,000 ng=hr/nnL.
[370] In some embodiments, the dextronnethorphan AUC0_1f on the eighth day
that the
dextronnethorphan plasma level is enhanced, for example by co-administration
of
dextronnethorphan with bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds,
is administered
may be at least about 75 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 100 ng=hr/nnL, at least
about 200 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 300 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 400 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 500
ng=hr/nnL, at least
about 600 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 700 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 800
ng=hr/nnL, at least about
900 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1000 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1100 ng=hr/nnL,
at least about 1200
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1300 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1400 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 1500
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1600 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1700 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 1800
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1900 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 2000 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 2100
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 2200 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 2300 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 2400
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 2500 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 2600 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 2700
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 2800 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 2900 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 3000
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 3100 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 3200 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 3300
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ng=hr/nnL, at least about 3400 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 3500 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 3600
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 3700 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 3800 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 3900
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 4000 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 4100 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 4200
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 4300 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 4400 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 4500
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 4600 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 4700 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 4800
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 4900 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 5000 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 5100
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 5200 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 5300 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 5400
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 5500 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 5600 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 5700
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 5800 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 5900 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 6000
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 6100 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 6200 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 6300
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 6400 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 6500 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 6600
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 6700 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 6800 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 6900
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 7000 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 7100 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 7150
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 7200 ng=hr/nnL, or at least about 7237.3 ng=hr/nnL,
and, in some
embodiments, may be up to about 100,000 ng=hr/nnL.
[371] In
some embodiments, the dextronnethorphan AUC0_12 on the ninth day that the
dextronnethorphan plasma level is enhanced, for example by co-administration
of
dextronnethorphan with bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds,
is administered
may be at least about 40 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 50 ng=hr/nnL, at least
about 60 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 70 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 80 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 90
ng=hr/nnL, at least about
100 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 150 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 200 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 250
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 300 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 350 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 400
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 450 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 500 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 550
ng=hr/nnL, about 500 ng=hr/nnL to about 600 ng=hr/nnL, about 500 ng=hr/nnL to
about 550
ng=hr/nnL, about 500 ng=hr/nnL to about 525 ng=hr/nnL, about 525 ng=hr/nnL to
about 600
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 600 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 650 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 700
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 750 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 800 ng=hr/nnL, about
800 ng=hr/nnL to
about 900 ng=hr/nnL, about 850 ng=hr/nnL to about 900 ng=hr/nnL, about 850
ng=hr/nnL to about
875 ng=hr/nnL, about 875 ng=hr/nnL to about 900 ng=hr/nnL, about 900 ng=hr/nnL
to about 1,000
ng=hr/nnL, about 1,000 ng=hr/nnL to about 1,100 ng=hr/nnL, about 1,100
ng=hr/nnL to about 1,200
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ng=hr/nnL, about 1,200 ng=hr/nnL to about 1,300 ng=hr/nnL, about 1,300
ng=hr/nnL to about 1,400
ng=hr/nnL, about 1,400 ng=hr/nnL to about 1,500 ng=hr/nnL, about 1,500
ng=hr/nnL to about 1,600
ng=hr/nnL, about 1,600 ng=hr/nnL to about 1,700 ng=hr/nnL, about 1,700
ng=hr/nnL to about 1,800
ng=hr/nnL, about 1,800 ng=hr/nnL to about 2,000 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 850
ng=hr/nnL, at least
about 900 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 950 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1000
ng=hr/nnL, at least about
1050 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1100 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1150 ng=hr/nnL,
at least about 1200
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1250 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1300 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 1350
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1400 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1450 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 1500
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1550 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1600 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 1625
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1650 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1675 ng=hr/nnL, or at
least about 1686.3
ng=hr/nnL, and, in some embodiments, may be up to about 50,000 ng=hr/nnL.
[372] In some embodiments, the dextronnethorphan AUC0_24 on the ninth day
that the
dextronnethorphan plasma level is enhanced, for example by co-administration
of
dextronnethorphan with bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds,
is administered
may be at least about 50 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 75 ng=hr/nnL, at least
about 100 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 200 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 300 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 400
ng=hr/nnL, at least
about 500 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 600 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 700
ng=hr/nnL, at least about
800 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 900 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1000 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 1100
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1200 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1300 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 1400
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1500 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1600 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 1700
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1800 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1900 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 2000
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 2100 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 2200 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 2300
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 2400 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 2500 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 2600
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 2700 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 2800 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 1850
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 2900 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 2950 ng=hr/nnL, or at
least about 2975.3
ng=hr/nnL, and, in some embodiments, may be up to about 100,000 ng=hr/nnL.
[373] In some embodiments, the dextronnethorphan AUCo_nif on the ninth day
that the
dextronnethorphan plasma level is enhanced, for example by co-administration
of
dextronnethorphan with bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds,
is administered
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may be at least about 75 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 100 ng=hr/nnL, at least
about 200 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 300 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 400 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 500
ng=hr/nnL, at least
about 600 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 700 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 800
ng=hr/nnL, at least about
900 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1000 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1100 ng=hr/nnL,
at least about 1200
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1300 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1400 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 1500
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1600 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1700 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 1800
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1900 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 2000 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 2100
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 2200 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 2300 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 2400
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 2500 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 2600 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 2700
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 2800 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 2900 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 3000
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 3100 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 3200 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 3300
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 3400 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 3500 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 3600
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 3700 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 3800 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 3900
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 4000 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 4100 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 4200
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 4300 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 4400 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 4500
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 4600 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 4700 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 4800
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 4900 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 5000 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 5100
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 5200 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 5300 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 5400
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 5500 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 5600 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 5700
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 5800 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 5900 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 6000
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 6100 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 6200 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 6300
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 6400 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 6500 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 6600
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 6700 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 6800 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 6900
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 7000 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 7100 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 7150
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 7200 ng=hr/nnL, or at least about 7237.3 ng=hr/nnL,
and, in some
embodiments, may be up to about 100,000 ng=hr/nnL.
[374] In
some embodiments, the dextronnethorphan AUC0_12 on the tenth day that the
dextronnethorphan plasma level is enhanced, for example by co-administration
of
dextronnethorphan with bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds,
is administered
may be at least about 40 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 50 ng=hr/nnL, at least
about 60 ng=hr/nnL, at
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least about 70 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 80 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 90
ng=hr/nnL, at least about
100 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 150 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 200 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 250
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 300 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 350 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 400
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 450 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 500 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 550
ng=hr/nnL, about 500 ng=hr/nnL to about 600 ng=hr/nnL, about 500 ng=hr/nnL to
about 550
ng=hr/nnL, about 500 ng=hr/nnL to about 525 ng=hr/nnL, about 525 ng=hr/nnL to
about 600
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 600 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 650 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 700
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 750 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 800 ng=hr/nnL, about
800 ng=hr/nnL to
about 900 ng=hr/nnL, about 850 ng=hr/nnL to about 900 ng=hr/nnL, about 850
ng=hr/nnL to about
875 ng=hr/nnL, about 875 ng=hr/nnL to about 900 ng=hr/nnL, about 900 ng=hr/nnL
to about 1,000
ng=hr/nnL, about 1,000 ng=hr/nnL to about 1,100 ng=hr/nnL, about 1,100
ng=hr/nnL to about 1,200
ng=hr/nnL, about 1,200 ng=hr/nnL to about 1,300 ng=hr/nnL, about 1,300
ng=hr/nnL to about 1,400
ng=hr/nnL, about 1,400 ng=hr/nnL to about 1,500 ng=hr/nnL, about 1,500
ng=hr/nnL to about 1,600
ng=hr/nnL, about 1,600 ng=hr/nnL to about 1,700 ng=hr/nnL, about 1,700
ng=hr/nnL to about 1,800
ng=hr/nnL, about 1,800 ng=hr/nnL to about 2,000 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 850
ng=hr/nnL, at least
about 900 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 950 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1000
ng=hr/nnL, at least about
1050 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1100 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1150 ng=hr/nnL,
at least about 1200
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1250 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1300 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 1350
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1400 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1450 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 1500
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1550 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1600 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 1625
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1650 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1675 ng=hr/nnL, or at
least about 1686.3
ng=hr/nnL, and, in some embodiments, may be up to about 50,000 ng=hr/nnL.
[375] In
some embodiments, the dextronnethorphan AUC0_24 on the tenth day that the
dextronnethorphan plasma level is enhanced, for example by co-administration
of
dextronnethorphan with bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds,
is administered
may be at least about 50 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 75 ng=hr/nnL, at least
about 100 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 200 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 300 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 400
ng=hr/nnL, at least
about 500 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 600 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 700
ng=hr/nnL, at least about
800 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 900 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1000 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 1100
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1200 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1300 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 1400
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ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1500 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1600 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 1700
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1800 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1900 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 2000
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 2100 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 2200 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 2300
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 2400 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 2500 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 2600
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 2700 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 2800 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 1850
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 2900 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 2950 ng=hr/nnL, or at
least about 2975.3
ng=hr/nnL, and, in some embodiments, may be up to about 100,000 ng=hr/nnL.
[376] In
some embodiments, the dextronnethorphan AUC0_1f on the tenth day that the
dextronnethorphan plasma level is enhanced, for example by co-administration
of
dextronnethorphan with bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds,
is administered
may be at least about 75 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 100 ng=hr/nnL, at least
about 200 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 300 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 400 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 500
ng=hr/nnL, at least
about 600 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 700 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 800
ng=hr/nnL, at least about
900 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1000 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1100 ng=hr/nnL,
at least about 1200
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1300 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1400 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 1500
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1600 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1700 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 1800
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1900 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 2000 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 2100
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 2200 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 2300 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 2400
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 2500 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 2600 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 2700
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 2800 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 2900 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 3000
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 3100 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 3200 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 3300
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 3400 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 3500 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 3600
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 3700 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 3800 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 3900
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 4000 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 4100 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 4200
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 4300 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 4400 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 4500
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 4600 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 4700 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 4800
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 4900 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 5000 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 5100
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 5200 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 5300 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 5400
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 5500 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 5600 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 5700
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 5800 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 5900 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 6000
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ng=hr/nnL, at least about 6100 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 6200 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 6300
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 6400 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 6500 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 6600
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 6700 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 6800 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 6900
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 7000 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 7100 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 7150
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 7200 ng=hr/nnL, or at least about 7237.3 ng=hr/nnL,
and, in some
embodiments, may be up to about 100,000 ng=hr/nnL.
[377] In some embodiments, the dextronnethorphan Cmax on the first day that
the
dextronnethorphan plasma level is enhanced, for example by co-administration
of
dextronnethorphan with bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds,
is administered
may be at least twice the Cmax that would be achieved by administering the
same amount of
dextronnethorphan without bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds.
[378] In some embodiments, the dextronnethorphan Cmax on the first day that
the
dextronnethorphan plasma level is enhanced, for example by co-administration
of
dextronnethorphan with bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds,
is administered
may be at least about 1.0 ng/nnL, at least about 1.5 ng/nnL, at least about
2.0 ng/nnL, at least about
2.5 ng/nnL, at least about 3.0 ng/nnL, at least about 3.1 ng/nnL, at least
about 3.2 ng/nnL, at least
about 3.3 ng/nnL, at least about 3.4 ng/nnL, at least about 3.5 ng/nnL, at
least about 3.6 ng/nnL, at
least about 3.7 ng/nnL, at least about 3.8 ng/nnL, at least about 3.9 ng/nnL,
at least about 4.0
ng/nnL, at least about 4.1 ng/nnL, at least about 4.2 ng/nnL, at least about
4.3 ng/nnL, at least about
4.4 ng/nnL, at least about 4.5 ng/nnL, at least about 4.6 ng/nnL, at least
about 4.7 ng/nnL, at least
about 4.8 ng/nnL, at least about 4.9 ng/nnL, at least about 5.0 ng/nnL, at
least about 5.1 ng/nnL, at
least about 5.2 ng/nnL, at least about 5.3 ng/nnL, at least about 5.4 ng/nnL,
at least about 5.5
ng/nnL, at least about 5.6 ng/nnL, at least about 5.7 ng/nnL, at least about
5.8 ng/nnL, at least about
5.9 ng/nnL, at least about 6.0 ng/nnL, at least about 6.1 ng/nnL, at least
about 6.2 ng/nnL, at least
about 6.3 ng/nnL, at least about 6.4 ng/nnL, at least about 6.5 ng/nnL, at
least about 6.6 ng/nnL, at
least about 6.7 ng/nnL, at least about 6.8 ng/nnL, at least about 6.9 ng/nnL,
at least about 7.0
ng/nnL, at least about 7.1 ng/nnL, at least about 7.2 ng/nnL, at least about
7.3 ng/nnL, at least about
7.4 ng/nnL, at least about 7.5 ng/nnL, at least about 7.6 ng/nnL, at least
about 7.7 ng/nnL, at least
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about 7.8 ng/nnL, at least about 7.9 ng/nnL, at least about 8.0 ng/nnL, at
least about 8.1 ng/nnL, at
least about 8.2 ng/nnL, at least about 8.3 ng/nnL, at least about 8.4 ng/nnL,
at least about 8.5
ng/nnL, at least about 8.6 ng/nnL, or at least about 8.7 ng/nnL, and, in some
embodiments, may be
up to about 1000 ng=hr/nnL.
[379] In some embodiments, the dextronnethorphan Cmax on the eighth day
that the
dextronnethorphan plasma level is enhanced, for example by co-administration
of
dextronnethorphan with bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds,
is administered
may be about 50 ng/nnL to about 60 ng/nnL, about 50 ng/nnL to about 55 ng/nnL,
about 55 ng/nnL
to about 60 ng/nnL, about 80 ng/nnL to about 90 ng/nnL, about 80 ng/nnL to
about 85 ng/nnL, about
85 ng/nnL to about 90 ng/nnL, about 90 ng/nnL to about 95 ng/nnL, about 95
ng/nnL to about 100
ng/nnL, about 100 ng/nnL to about 105 ng/nnL, about 105 ng/nnL to about 110
ng/nnL, about 110
ng/nnL to about 115 ng/nnL, about 115 ng/nnL to about 120 ng/nnL, about 120
ng/nnL to about 130
ng/nnL, about 130 ng/nnL to about 135 ng/nnL, about 135 ng/nnL to about 140
ng/nnL, about 140
ng/nnL to about 145 ng/nnL, about 145 ng/nnL to about 150 ng/nnL, about 150
ng/nnL to about 155
ng/nnL, about 155 ng/nnL to about 160 ng/nnL, about 160 ng/nnL to about 170
ng/nnL, about 170
ng/nnL to about 200 ng/nnL, at least about 6.0 ng/nnL, at least about 7.0
ng/nnL, at least about 8.0
ng/nnL, at least about 9.0 ng/nnL, at least about 10 ng/nnL, at least about 15
ng/nnL, at least about
20 ng/nnL, at least about 25 ng/nnL, at least about 30 ng/nnL, at least about
35 ng/nnL, at least
about 40 ng/nnL, at least about 45 ng/nnL, at least about 50 ng/nnL, at least
about 55 ng/nnL, at
least about 60 ng/nnL, at least about 65 ng/nnL, at least about 70 ng/nnL, at
least about 75 ng/nnL,
at least about 80 ng/nnL, at least about 85 ng/nnL, at least about 90 ng/nnL,
at least about 95
ng/nnL, at least about 100 ng/nnL, at least about 105 ng/nnL, at least about
110 ng/nnL, at least
about 115 ng/nnL, at least about 120 ng/nnL, at least about 125 ng/nnL, at
least about 130 ng/nnL,
at least about 135 ng/nnL, at least about 140 ng/nnL, at least about 145
ng/nnL, at least about 150
ng/nnL, at least about 155 ng/nnL, or at least about 158.1 ng/nnL, and, in
some embodiments, may
be up to about 10,000 ng/nnL.
[380] In some embodiments, the dextronnethorphan Cmax on the ninth day that
the
dextronnethorphan plasma level is enhanced, for example by co-administration
of
dextronnethorphan with bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds,
is administered
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may be about 50 ng/nnL to about 60 ng/nnL, about 50 ng/nnL to about 55 ng/nnL,
about 55 ng/nnL
to about 60 ng/nnL, about 80 ng/nnL to about 90 ng/nnL, about 80 ng/nnL to
about 85 ng/nnL, about
85 ng/nnL to about 90 ng/nnL, about 90 ng/nnL to about 95 ng/nnL, about 95
ng/nnL to about 100
ng/nnL, about 100 ng/nnL to about 105 ng/nnL, about 105 ng/nnL to about 110
ng/nnL, about 110
ng/nnL to about 115 ng/nnL, about 115 ng/nnL to about 120 ng/nnL, about 120
ng/nnL to about 130
ng/nnL, about 130 ng/nnL to about 135 ng/nnL, about 135 ng/nnL to about 140
ng/nnL, about 140
ng/nnL to about 145 ng/nnL, about 145 ng/nnL to about 150 ng/nnL, about 150
ng/nnL to about 155
ng/nnL, about 155 ng/nnL to about 160 ng/nnL, about 160 ng/nnL to about 170
ng/nnL, about 170
ng/nnL to about 200 ng/nnL, at least about 6.0 ng/nnL, at least about 7.0
ng/nnL, at least about 8.0
ng/nnL, at least about 9.0 ng/nnL, at least about 10 ng/nnL, at least about 15
ng/nnL, at least about
20 ng/nnL, at least about 25 ng/nnL, at least about 30 ng/nnL, at least about
35 ng/nnL, at least
about 40 ng/nnL, at least about 45 ng/nnL, at least about 50 ng/nnL, at least
about 55 ng/nnL, at
least about 60 ng/nnL, at least about 65 ng/nnL, at least about 70 ng/nnL, at
least about 75 ng/nnL,
at least about 80 ng/nnL, at least about 85 ng/nnL, at least about 90 ng/nnL,
at least about 95
ng/nnL, at least about 100 ng/nnL, at least about 105 ng/nnL, at least about
110 ng/nnL, at least
about 115 ng/nnL, at least about 120 ng/nnL, at least about 125 ng/nnL, at
least about 130 ng/nnL,
at least about 135 ng/nnL, at least about 140 ng/nnL, at least about 145
ng/nnL, at least about 150
ng/nnL, at least about 155 ng/nnL, or at least about 158.1 ng/nnL, and, in
some embodiments, may
be up to about 10,000 ng/nnL.
[381] In
some embodiments, the dextronnethorphan Cmax on the tenth day that the
dextronnethorphan plasma level is enhanced, for example by co-administration
of
dextronnethorphan with bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds,
is administered
may be about 50 ng/nnL to about 60 ng/nnL, about 50 ng/nnL to about 55 ng/nnL,
about 55 ng/nnL
to about 60 ng/nnL, about 80 ng/nnL to about 90 ng/nnL, about 80 ng/nnL to
about 85 ng/nnL, about
85 ng/nnL to about 90 ng/nnL, about 90 ng/nnL to about 95 ng/nnL, about 95
ng/nnL to about 100
ng/nnL, about 100 ng/nnL to about 105 ng/nnL, about 105 ng/nnL to about 110
ng/nnL, about 110
ng/nnL to about 115 ng/nnL, about 115 ng/nnL to about 120 ng/nnL, about 120
ng/nnL to about 130
ng/nnL, about 130 ng/nnL to about 135 ng/nnL, about 135 ng/nnL to about 140
ng/nnL, about 140
ng/nnL to about 145 ng/nnL, about 145 ng/nnL to about 150 ng/nnL, about 150
ng/nnL to about 155
ng/nnL, about 155 ng/nnL to about 160 ng/nnL, about 160 ng/nnL to about 170
ng/nnL, about 170
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ng/nnL to about 200 ng/nnL, at least about 6.0 ng/nnL, at least about 7.0
ng/nnL, at least about 8.0
ng/nnL, at least about 9.0 ng/nnL, at least about 10 ng/nnL, at least about 15
ng/nnL, at least about
20 ng/nnL, at least about 25 ng/nnL, at least about 30 ng/nnL, at least about
35 ng/nnL, at least
about 40 ng/nnL, at least about 45 ng/nnL, at least about 50 ng/nnL, at least
about 55 ng/nnL, at
least about 60 ng/nnL, at least about 65 ng/nnL, at least about 70 ng/nnL, at
least about 75 ng/nnL,
at least about 80 ng/nnL, at least about 85 ng/nnL, at least about 90 ng/nnL,
at least about 95
ng/nnL, at least about 100 ng/nnL, at least about 105 ng/nnL, at least about
110 ng/nnL, at least
about 115 ng/nnL, at least about 120 ng/nnL, at least about 125 ng/nnL, at
least about 130 ng/nnL,
at least about 135 ng/nnL, at least about 140 ng/nnL, at least about 145
ng/nnL, at least about 150
ng/nnL, at least about 155 ng/nnL, or at least about 158.1 ng/nnL, and, in
some embodiments, may
be up to about 10,000 ng/nnL.
[382] In some embodiments, bupropion, hydroxybupropion,
threohydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds,
is administered
in an amount that results in a Cavg of dextronnethorphan, over the period
between two separate
and consecutive administrations of dextronnethorphan, that is at least about
4.0 ng/nnL, at least
about 5.0 ng/nnL, at least about 6.0 ng/nnL, at least about 7.0 ng/nnL, at
least about 8.0 ng/nnL, at
least about 9.0 ng/nnL, at least about 10 ng/nnL, at least about 15 ng/nnL, at
least about 20 ng/nnL,
at least about 25 ng/nnL, at least about 30 ng/nnL, at least about 35 ng/nnL,
at least about 40
ng/nnL, at least about 45 ng/nnL, at least about 50 ng/nnL, at least about 55
ng/nnL, at least about
60 ng/nnL, at least about 65 ng/nnL, at least about 70 ng/nnL, at least about
75 ng/nnL, at least
about 80 ng/nnL, at least about 85 ng/nnL, at least about 90 ng/nnL, at least
about 95 ng/nnL, at
least about 100 ng/nnL, at least about 105 ng/nnL, at least about 110 ng/nnL,
at least about 115
ng/nnL, at least about 120 ng/nnL, at least about 125 ng/nnL, at least about
130 ng/nnL, at least
about 135 ng/nnL, at least about 140 ng/nnL, or at least about 140.5 ng/nnL,
about 20 ng/nnL to
about 30 ng/nnL, about 30 ng/nnL to about 40 ng/nnL, about 40 ng/nnL to about
50 ng/nnL, about 50
ng/nnL to about 55 ng/nnL, about 55 ng/nnL to about 60 ng/nnL, about 80 ng/nnL
to about 90
ng/nnL, about 80 ng/nnL to about 85 ng/nnL, about 85 ng/nnL to about 90
ng/nnL, about 90 ng/nnL
to about 95 ng/nnL, about 95 ng/nnL to about 100 ng/nnL, about 100 ng/nnL to
about 105 ng/nnL,
about 105 ng/nnL to about 110 ng/nnL, about 110 ng/nnL to about 115 ng/nnL,
about 115 ng/nnL to
about 120 ng/nnL, about 120 ng/nnL to about 130 ng/nnL, about 130 ng/nnL to
about 135 ng/nnL,
about 135 ng/nnL to about 140 ng/nnL, about 140 ng/nnL to about 145 ng/nnL,
about 145 ng/nnL to
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about 150 ng/nnL, about 150 ng/nnL to about 155 ng/nnL, about 155 ng/nnL to
about 160 ng/nnL,
about 160 ng/nnL to about 170 ng/nnL, about 170 ng/nnL to about 200 ng/nnL,
and, in some
embodiments, may be up to about 10,000 ng/nnL. For example, if
dextronnethorphan is
administered at 8 am and at 8 pm on day 1, and no dextronnethorphan is
administered after 8 am
and before 8 pm on day 1, the period between two separate and consecutive
administrations of
dextronnethorphan is from immediately after 8 am to immediately before 8 pm on
day 1.
[383] In
some embodiments, the dextronnethorphan Cavg on the eighth day that the
dextronnethorphan plasma level is enhanced, for example by co-administration
of
dextronnethorphan with bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds,
is administered
may be at least about 4.0 ng/nnL, at least about 5.0 ng/nnL, at least about
6.0 ng/nnL, at least about
7.0 ng/nnL, at least about 8.0 ng/nnL, at least about 9.0 ng/nnL, at least
about 10 ng/nnL, at least
about 15 ng/nnL, at least about 20 ng/nnL, at least about 25 ng/nnL, at least
about 30 ng/nnL, at
least about 35 ng/nnL, at least about 40 ng/nnL, at least about 45 ng/nnL, at
least about 50 ng/nnL,
at least about 55 ng/nnL, at least about 60 ng/nnL, at least about 65 ng/nnL,
at least about 70
ng/nnL, at least about 75 ng/nnL, at least about 80 ng/nnL, at least about 85
ng/nnL, at least about
90 ng/nnL, at least about 95 ng/nnL, at least about 100 ng/nnL, at least about
105 ng/nnL, at least
about 110 ng/nnL, at least about 115 ng/nnL, at least about 120 ng/nnL, at
least about 125 ng/nnL,
at least about 130 ng/nnL, at least about 135 ng/nnL, at least about 140
ng/nnL, or at least about
140.5 ng/nnL, about 20 ng/nnL to about 30 ng/nnL, about 30 ng/nnL to about 40
ng/nnL, about 40
ng/nnL to about 50 ng/nnL, about 50 ng/nnL to about 55 ng/nnL, about 55 ng/nnL
to about 60
ng/nnL, about 80 ng/nnL to about 90 ng/nnL, about 80 ng/nnL to about 85
ng/nnL, about 85 ng/nnL
to about 90 ng/nnL, about 90 ng/nnL to about 95 ng/nnL, about 95 ng/nnL to
about 100 ng/nnL,
about 100 ng/nnL to about 105 ng/nnL, about 105 ng/nnL to about 110 ng/nnL,
about 110 ng/nnL to
about 115 ng/nnL, about 115 ng/nnL to about 120 ng/nnL, about 120 ng/nnL to
about 130 ng/nnL,
about 130 ng/nnL to about 135 ng/nnL, about 135 ng/nnL to about 140 ng/nnL,
about 140 ng/nnL to
about 145 ng/nnL, about 145 ng/nnL to about 150 ng/nnL, about 150 ng/nnL to
about 155 ng/nnL,
about 155 ng/nnL to about 160 ng/nnL, about 160 ng/nnL to about 170 ng/nnL,
about 170 ng/nnL to
about 200 ng/nnL, and, in some embodiments, may be up to about 10,000 ng/nnL.
The Cavg values
given above can be for the period between two separate and consecutive
administrations of
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dextronnethorphan, or if dextronnethorphan is administered only once on Day 8,
the Cavg can be
for 12 hours after the first dose of dextronnethorphan.
[384] In some embodiments, the dextronnethorphan Cavg on the ninth day that
the
dextronnethorphan plasma level is enhanced, for example by co-administration
of
dextronnethorphan with bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds,
is administered
may be at least about 4.0 ng/nnL, at least about 5.0 ng/nnL, at least about
6.0 ng/nnL, at least about
7.0 ng/nnL, at least about 8.0 ng/nnL, at least about 9.0 ng/nnL, at least
about 10 ng/nnL, at least
about 15 ng/nnL, at least about 20 ng/nnL, at least about 25 ng/nnL, at least
about 30 ng/nnL, at
least about 35 ng/nnL, at least about 40 ng/nnL, at least about 45 ng/nnL, at
least about 50 ng/nnL,
at least about 55 ng/nnL, at least about 60 ng/nnL, at least about 65 ng/nnL,
at least about 70
ng/nnL, at least about 75 ng/nnL, at least about 80 ng/nnL, at least about 85
ng/nnL, at least about
90 ng/nnL, at least about 95 ng/nnL, at least about 100 ng/nnL, at least about
105 ng/nnL, at least
about 110 ng/nnL, at least about 115 ng/nnL, at least about 120 ng/nnL, at
least about 125 ng/nnL,
at least about 130 ng/nnL, at least about 135 ng/nnL, at least about 140
ng/nnL, or at least about
140.5 ng/nnL, about 20 ng/nnL to about 30 ng/nnL, about 30 ng/nnL to about 40
ng/nnL, about 40
ng/nnL to about 50 ng/nnL, about 50 ng/nnL to about 55 ng/nnL, about 55 ng/nnL
to about 60
ng/nnL, about 80 ng/nnL to about 90 ng/nnL, about 80 ng/nnL to about 85
ng/nnL, about 85 ng/nnL
to about 90 ng/nnL, about 90 ng/nnL to about 95 ng/nnL, about 95 ng/nnL to
about 100 ng/nnL,
about 100 ng/nnL to about 105 ng/nnL, about 105 ng/nnL to about 110 ng/nnL,
about 110 ng/nnL to
about 115 ng/nnL, about 115 ng/nnL to about 120 ng/nnL, about 120 ng/nnL to
about 130 ng/nnL,
about 130 ng/nnL to about 135 ng/nnL, about 135 ng/nnL to about 140 ng/nnL,
about 140 ng/nnL to
about 145 ng/nnL, about 145 ng/nnL to about 150 ng/nnL, about 150 ng/nnL to
about 155 ng/nnL,
about 155 ng/nnL to about 160 ng/nnL, about 160 ng/nnL to about 170 ng/nnL,
about 170 ng/nnL to
about 200 ng/nnL, and, in some embodiments, may be up to about 10,000 ng/nnL.
The Cavg values
given above can be for the period between two separate and consecutive
administrations of
dextronnethorphan, or if dextronnethorphan is administered only once on Day 9,
the Cavg can be
for 12 hours after the first dose of dextronnethorphan.
[385] In some embodiments, the dextronnethorphan Cavg on the tenth day that
the
dextronnethorphan plasma level is enhanced, for example by co-administration
of
dextronnethorphan with bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion,
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erythrohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds,
is administered
may be at least about 4.0 ng/nnL, at least about 5.0 ng/nnL, at least about
6.0 ng/nnL, at least about
7.0 ng/nnL, at least about 8.0 ng/nnL, at least about 9.0 ng/nnL, at least
about 10 ng/nnL, at least
about 15 ng/nnL, at least about 20 ng/nnL, at least about 25 ng/nnL, at least
about 30 ng/nnL, at
least about 35 ng/nnL, at least about 40 ng/nnL, at least about 45 ng/nnL, at
least about 50 ng/nnL,
at least about 55 ng/nnL, at least about 60 ng/nnL, at least about 65 ng/nnL,
at least about 70
ng/nnL, at least about 75 ng/nnL, at least about 80 ng/nnL, at least about 85
ng/nnL, at least about
90 ng/nnL, at least about 95 ng/nnL, at least about 100 ng/nnL, at least about
105 ng/nnL, at least
about 110 ng/nnL, at least about 115 ng/nnL, at least about 120 ng/nnL, at
least about 125 ng/nnL,
at least about 130 ng/nnL, at least about 135 ng/nnL, at least about 140
ng/nnL, or at least about
140.5 ng/nnL, about 20 ng/nnL to about 30 ng/nnL, about 30 ng/nnL to about 40
ng/nnL, about 40
ng/nnL to about 50 ng/nnL, about 50 ng/nnL to about 55 ng/nnL, about 55 ng/nnL
to about 60
ng/nnL, about 80 ng/nnL to about 90 ng/nnL, about 80 ng/nnL to about 85
ng/nnL, about 85 ng/nnL
to about 90 ng/nnL, about 90 ng/nnL to about 95 ng/nnL, about 95 ng/nnL to
about 100 ng/nnL,
about 100 ng/nnL to about 105 ng/nnL, about 105 ng/nnL to about 110 ng/nnL,
about 110 ng/nnL to
about 115 ng/nnL, about 115 ng/nnL to about 120 ng/nnL, about 120 ng/nnL to
about 130 ng/nnL,
about 130 ng/nnL to about 135 ng/nnL, about 135 ng/nnL to about 140 ng/nnL,
about 140 ng/nnL to
about 145 ng/nnL, about 145 ng/nnL to about 150 ng/nnL, about 150 ng/nnL to
about 155 ng/nnL,
about 155 ng/nnL to about 160 ng/nnL, about 160 ng/nnL to about 170 ng/nnL,
about 170 ng/nnL to
about 200 ng/nnL, and, in some embodiments, may be up to about 10,000 ng/nnL.
The Cavg values
given above can be for the period between two separate and consecutive
administrations of
dextronnethorphan, or if dextronnethorphan is administered only once on Day
10, the Cavg can be
for 12 hours after the first dose of dextronnethorphan.
[386] The dextronnethorphan fluctuation index values Fl(%) can be
determined by equation:
(i/o) = ___________________________________ X 100
[387] In some embodiments, the dextronnethorphan Fl(%) on the eighth day
that the
dextronnethorphan plasma level is enhanced, for example by co-administration
of
dextronnethorphan with bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds,
is reduced by
at least 1.5-fold or at least 2-fold as compared to dextronnethorphan that is
administered for eight
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days without plasma level enhancement, such as by co-administration of
dextronnethorphan with
of bupropion, hydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, or a
metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds.
[388] In some embodiments, the dextronnethorphan Fl(%) on the ninth day
that the
dextronnethorphan plasma level is enhanced, for example by co-administration
of
dextronnethorphan with bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds,
is reduced by
at least 1.5-fold or at least 2-fold as compared to dextronnethorphan that is
administered for nine
days without plasma level enhancement, such as by co-administration of
dextronnethorphan with
bupropion, hydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion, erythrohydroxybupropion,
or a
metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds.
[389] In some embodiments, the dextronnethorphan Fl(%) on the tenth day
that the
dextronnethorphan plasma level is enhanced, for example by co-administration
of
dextronnethorphan with bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds,
is reduced by
at least 1.5-fold or at least 2-fold as compared to dextronnethorphan that is
administered for ten
days without plasma level enhancement, such as by co-administration of
dextronnethorphan with
bupropion, hydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion, erythrohydroxybupropion,
or a
metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds.
[390] In some embodiments, the dextronnethorphan Fl(%) on the eighth day
that the
dextronnethorphan plasma level is enhanced, for example by co-administration
of
dextronnethorphan with bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds,
is less than
100%, less than 50%, less than 40%, less than 30%, about 20-50%, about 20-40%,
about 20-30%,
or any Fl(%) value in a range bounded by any of these values.
[391] In some embodiments, the dextronnethorphan Fl(%) on the ninth day
that the
dextronnethorphan plasma level is enhanced, for example by co-administration
of
dextronnethorphan with bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds,
is less than
100%, less than 50%, less than 40%, less than 30%, about 20-50%, about 20-40%,
about 20-30%,
or any Fl(%) value in a range bounded by any of these values.
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[392] In some embodiments, the dextronnethorphan Fl(%) on the ninth day
that the
dextronnethorphan plasma level is enhanced, for example by co-administration
of
dextronnethorphan with bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds,
is less than
100%, less than 50%, less than 40%, less than 30%, about 20-50%, about 20-40%,
about 20-30%,
or any Fl(%) value in a range bounded by any of these values.
[393] In some embodiments, the dextrorphan Fl(%) on the eighth day that the
dextronnethorphan plasma level is enhanced, for example by co-administration
of
dextronnethorphan with bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds,
is reduced by
at least 1.5-fold, at least 2-fold, at least 3-fold, at least 4-fold, at least
5-fold, or at least 6-fold as
compared to dextronnethorphan that is administered for eight days without
plasma level
enhancement, such as by co-administration of dextronnethorphan with bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion, erythrohydroxybupropion, or a
metabolite or
prodrug of any of these compounds.
[394] In some embodiments, the dextrorphan Fl(%) on the ninth day that the
dextronnethorphan plasma level is enhanced, for example by co-administration
of
dextronnethorphan with bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds,
is reduced by
at least 1.5-fold, at least 2-fold, at least 3-fold, at least 4-fold, at least
5-fold, or at least 6-fold as
compared to dextronnethorphan that is administered for nine days without
plasma level
enhancement, such as by co-administration of dextronnethorphan with bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion, erythrohydroxybupropion, or a
metabolite or
prodrug of any of these compounds.
[395] In some embodiments, the dextrorphan Fl(%) on the tenth day that the
dextronnethorphan plasma level is enhanced, for example by co-administration
of
dextronnethorphan with bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds,
is reduced by
at least 1.5-fold, at least 2-fold, at least 3-fold, at least 4-fold, at least
5-fold, or at least 6-fold as
compared to dextronnethorphan that is administered for ten days without plasma
level
enhancement, such as by co-administration of dextronnethorphan with bupropion,
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hydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion, erythrohydroxybupropion, or a
metabolite or
prodrug of any of these compounds.
[396] In some embodiments, the dextrorphan Fl(%) on the eighth day that the
dextronnethorphan plasma level is enhanced, for example by co-administration
of
dextronnethorphan with bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds,
is less than
100%, less than 70%, less than 60%, less than 50%, about 30-70%, about 30-60%,
about 30-50%,
or any Fl(%) value in a range bounded by any of these values.
[397] In some embodiments, the dextrorphan Fl(%) on the ninth day that the
dextronnethorphan plasma level is enhanced, for example by co-administration
of
dextronnethorphan with bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds,
is less than
100%, less than 70%, less than 60%, less than 50%, about 30-70%, about 30-60%,
about 30-50%,
or any Fl(%) value in a range bounded by any of these values.
[398] In some embodiments, the dextrorphan Fl(%) on the ninth day that the
dextronnethorphan plasma level is enhanced, for example by co-administration
of
dextronnethorphan with bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds,
is less than
100%, less than 70%, less than 60%, less than 50%, about 30-70%, about 30-60%,
about 30-50%,
or any Fl(%) value in a range bounded by any of these values.
[399] In some embodiments, the dextronnethorphan trough level (e.g. plasma
level 12
hours after administration; also referred herein as "C,,,,,") on the first day
that bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion, erythrohydroxybupropion, or a
metabolite or
prodrug of any of these compounds, is administered may be at least twice the
trough level that
would be achieved by administering the same amount of dextronnethorphan
without bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion, erythrohydroxybupropion, or a
metabolite or
prodrug of any of these compounds.
[400] In some embodiments, the dextronnethorphan Cmin on the first day that
the
dextronnethorphan plasma level is enhanced, for example by co-administration
of
dextronnethorphan with bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds,
is administered
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may be at least about 0.8 ng/nnL, at least about 0.9 ng/nnL, at least about
1.0 ng/nnL, at least about
1.1 ng/nnL, at least about 1.2 ng/nnL, at least about 1.3 ng/nnL, at least
about 1.4 ng/nnL, at least
about 1.5 ng/nnL, at least about 1.6 ng/nnL, at least about 1.7 ng/nnL, at
least about 1.8 ng/nnL, at
least about 1.9 ng/nnL, at least about 2.0 ng/nnL, at least about 2.1 ng/nnL,
at least about 2.2
ng/nnL, at least about 2.3 ng/nnL, at least about 2.4 ng/nnL, at least about
2.5 ng/nnL, or at least
about 2.5 ng/nnL, and may be up to about 100 ng/nnL.
[401] In some embodiments, the dextronnethorphan Cmin on the fifth day that
the
dextronnethorphan plasma level is enhanced, for example by co-administration
of
dextronnethorphan with bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds,
is administered
may be at least about 1.5 ng/nnL, at least about 2.0 ng/nnL, at least about
3.0 ng/nnL, at least about
4.0 ng/nnL, at least about 5.0 ng/nnL, at least about 6.0 ng/nnL, at least
about 7.0 ng/nnL, at least
about 8.0 ng/nnL, at least about 9.0 ng/nnL, at least about 10 ng/nnL, at
least about 15 ng/nnL, at
least about 20 ng/nnL, at least about 25 ng/nnL, at least about 30 ng/nnL, at
least about 35 ng/nnL,
at least about 40 ng/nnL, at least about 45 ng/nnL, at least about 50 ng/nnL,
at least about 55
ng/nnL, at least about 60 ng/nnL, at least about 65 ng/nnL, at least about 70
ng/nnL, at least about
75 ng/nnL, at least about 80 ng/nnL, or at least about 80.9 ng/nnL, and may be
up to about 10,000
ng/nnL.
[402] In some embodiments, the dextronnethorphan Cmin on the sixth day that
the
dextronnethorphan plasma level is enhanced, for example by co-administration
of
dextronnethorphan with bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds,
is administered
may be at least about 1.5 ng/nnL, at least about 2.0 ng/nnL, at least about
3.0 ng/nnL, at least about
4.0 ng/nnL, at least about 5.0 ng/nnL, at least about 6.0 ng/nnL, at least
about 7.0 ng/nnL, at least
about 8.0 ng/nnL, at least about 9.0 ng/nnL, at least about 10 ng/nnL, at
least about 15 ng/nnL, at
least about 20 ng/nnL, at least about 25 ng/nnL, at least about 30 ng/nnL, at
least about 35 ng/nnL,
at least about 40 ng/nnL, at least about 45 ng/nnL, at least about 50 ng/nnL,
at least about 55
ng/nnL, at least about 60 ng/nnL, at least about 65 ng/nnL, at least about 70
ng/nnL, at least about
75 ng/nnL, at least about 80 ng/nnL, at least about 85 ng/nnL, at least about
90 ng/nnL, at least
about 95 ng/nnL, at least about 100 ng/nnL, or at least about 102.2 ng/nnL,
and may be up to
about 10,000 ng/nnL.
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[403] In some embodiments, the dextronnethorphan Cmin on the seventh day
that the
dextronnethorphan plasma level is enhanced, for example by co-administration
of
dextronnethorphan with bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds,
is administered
may be at least about 1.5 ng/nnL, at least about 2.0 ng/nnL, at least about
3.0 ng/nnL, at least about
4.0 ng/nnL, at least about 5.0 ng/nnL, at least about 6.0 ng/nnL, at least
about 7.0 ng/nnL, at least
about 8.0 ng/nnL, at least about 9.0 ng/nnL, at least about 10 ng/nnL, at
least about 15 ng/nnL, at
least about 20 ng/nnL, at least about 25 ng/nnL, at least about 30 ng/nnL, at
least about 35 ng/nnL,
at least about 40 ng/nnL, at least about 45 ng/nnL, at least about 50 ng/nnL,
at least about 55
ng/nnL, at least about 60 ng/nnL, at least about 65 ng/nnL, at least about 70
ng/nnL, at least about
75 ng/nnL, at least about 80 ng/nnL, at least about 85 ng/nnL, at least about
90 ng/nnL, at least
about 95 ng/nnL, at least about 100 ng/nnL, at least about 105 ng/nnL, at
least about 110 ng/nnL, or
at least about 110.6 ng/nnL, and may be up to about 10,000 ng/nnL.
[404] In some embodiments, the dextronnethorphan Cmin on the eighth day
that the
dextronnethorphan plasma level is enhanced, for example by co-administration
of
dextronnethorphan with bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds,
is administered
may be at least about 1.5 ng/nnL, at least about 2.0 ng/nnL, at least about
3.0 ng/nnL, at least about
4.0 ng/nnL, at least about 5.0 ng/nnL, at least about 6.0 ng/nnL, at least
about 7.0 ng/nnL, at least
about 8.0 ng/nnL, at least about 9.0 ng/nnL, at least about 10 ng/nnL, at
least about 15 ng/nnL, at
least about 20 ng/nnL, at least about 25 ng/nnL, at least about 30 ng/nnL, at
least about 35 ng/nnL,
at least about 40 ng/nnL, at least about 45 ng/nnL, at least about 50 ng/nnL,
at least about 55
ng/nnL, at least about 60 ng/nnL, at least about 65 ng/nnL, at least about 70
ng/nnL, at least about
75 ng/nnL, at least about 80 ng/nnL, at least about 85 ng/nnL, at least about
90 ng/nnL, at least
about 95 ng/nnL, at least about 100 ng/nnL, at least about 105 ng/nnL, at
least about 110 ng/nnL, at
least about 115 ng/nnL, at least about 119.3 ng/nnL, about 20 ng/nnL to about
30 ng/nnL, about 30
ng/nnL to about 40 ng/nnL, about 40 ng/nnL to about 50 ng/nnL, about 50 ng/nnL
to about 55
ng/nnL, about 55 ng/nnL to about 60 ng/nnL, about 80 ng/nnL to about 90
ng/nnL, about 80 ng/nnL
to about 85 ng/nnL, about 85 ng/nnL to about 90 ng/nnL, about 90 ng/nnL to
about 95 ng/nnL, about
95 ng/nnL to about 100 ng/nnL, about 100 ng/nnL to about 105 ng/nnL, about 105
ng/nnL to about
110 ng/nnL, about 110 ng/nnL to about 115 ng/nnL, about 115 ng/nnL to about
120 ng/nnL, about
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120 ng/nnL to about 130 ng/nnL, about 130 ng/nnL to about 135 ng/nnL, about
135 ng/nnL to about
140 ng/nnL, about 140 ng/nnL to about 145 ng/nnL, about 145 ng/nnL to about
150 ng/nnL, about
150 ng/nnL to about 155 ng/nnL, about 155 ng/nnL to about 160 ng/nnL, about
160 ng/nnL to about
170 ng/nnL, or about 170 ng/nnL to about 200 ng/nnL, and may be up to about
10,000 ng/nnL.
[405] In some embodiments, the dextronnethorphan Cmin on the ninth day that
the
dextronnethorphan plasma level is enhanced, for example by co-administration
of
dextronnethorphan with bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds,
is administered
may be at least about 1.5 ng/nnL, at least about 2.0 ng/nnL, at least about
3.0 ng/nnL, at least about
4.0 ng/nnL, at least about 5.0 ng/nnL, at least about 6.0 ng/nnL, at least
about 7.0 ng/nnL, at least
about 8.0 ng/nnL, at least about 9.0 ng/nnL, at least about 10 ng/nnL, at
least about 15 ng/nnL, at
least about 20 ng/nnL, at least about 25 ng/nnL, at least about 30 ng/nnL, at
least about 35 ng/nnL,
at least about 40 ng/nnL, at least about 45 ng/nnL, at least about 50 ng/nnL,
at least about 55
ng/nnL, at least about 60 ng/nnL, at least about 65 ng/nnL, at least about 70
ng/nnL, at least about
75 ng/nnL, at least about 80 ng/nnL, at least about 85 ng/nnL, at least about
90 ng/nnL, at least
about 95 ng/nnL, at least about 100 ng/nnL, at least about 105 ng/nnL, at
least about 110 ng/nnL, at
least about 115 ng/nnL, at least about 119.3 ng/nnL, about 20 ng/nnL to about
30 ng/nnL, about 30
ng/nnL to about 40 ng/nnL, about 40 ng/nnL to about 50 ng/nnL, about 50 ng/nnL
to about 55
ng/nnL, about 55 ng/nnL to about 60 ng/nnL, about 80 ng/nnL to about 90
ng/nnL, about 80 ng/nnL
to about 85 ng/nnL, about 85 ng/nnL to about 90 ng/nnL, about 90 ng/nnL to
about 95 ng/nnL, about
95 ng/nnL to about 100 ng/nnL, about 100 ng/nnL to about 105 ng/nnL, about 105
ng/nnL to about
110 ng/nnL, about 110 ng/nnL to about 115 ng/nnL, about 115 ng/nnL to about
120 ng/nnL, about
120 ng/nnL to about 130 ng/nnL, about 130 ng/nnL to about 135 ng/nnL, about
135 ng/nnL to about
140 ng/nnL, about 140 ng/nnL to about 145 ng/nnL, about 145 ng/nnL to about
150 ng/nnL, about
150 ng/nnL to about 155 ng/nnL, about 155 ng/nnL to about 160 ng/nnL, about
160 ng/nnL to about
170 ng/nnL, or about 170 ng/nnL to about 200 ng/nnL, and may be up to about
10,000 ng/nnL.
[406] In some embodiments, the dextronnethorphan Cmin on the tenth day that
the
dextronnethorphan plasma level is enhanced, for example by co-administration
of
dextronnethorphan with bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds,
is administered
may be at least about 1.5 ng/nnL, at least about 2.0 ng/nnL, at least about
3.0 ng/nnL, at least about
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4.0 ng/nnL, at least about 5.0 ng/nnL, at least about 6.0 ng/nnL, at least
about 7.0 ng/nnL, at least
about 8.0 ng/nnL, at least about 9.0 ng/nnL, at least about 10 ng/nnL, at
least about 15 ng/nnL, at
least about 20 ng/nnL, at least about 25 ng/nnL, at least about 30 ng/nnL, at
least about 35 ng/nnL,
at least about 40 ng/nnL, at least about 45 ng/nnL, at least about 50 ng/nnL,
at least about 55
ng/nnL, at least about 60 ng/nnL, at least about 65 ng/nnL, at least about 70
ng/nnL, at least about
75 ng/nnL, at least about 80 ng/nnL, at least about 85 ng/nnL, at least about
90 ng/nnL, at least
about 95 ng/nnL, at least about 100 ng/nnL, at least about 105 ng/nnL, at
least about 110 ng/nnL, at
least about 115 ng/nnL, at least about 119.3 ng/nnL, about 20 ng/nnL to about
30 ng/nnL, about 30
ng/nnL to about 40 ng/nnL, about 40 ng/nnL to about 50 ng/nnL, about 50 ng/nnL
to about 55
ng/nnL, about 55 ng/nnL to about 60 ng/nnL, about 80 ng/nnL to about 90
ng/nnL, about 80 ng/nnL
to about 85 ng/nnL, about 85 ng/nnL to about 90 ng/nnL, about 90 ng/nnL to
about 95 ng/nnL, about
95 ng/nnL to about 100 ng/nnL, about 100 ng/nnL to about 105 ng/nnL, about 105
ng/nnL to about
110 ng/nnL, about 110 ng/nnL to about 115 ng/nnL, about 115 ng/nnL to about
120 ng/nnL, about
120 ng/nnL to about 130 ng/nnL, about 130 ng/nnL to about 135 ng/nnL, about
135 ng/nnL to about
140 ng/nnL, about 140 ng/nnL to about 145 ng/nnL, about 145 ng/nnL to about
150 ng/nnL, about
150 ng/nnL to about 155 ng/nnL, about 155 ng/nnL to about 160 ng/nnL, about
160 ng/nnL to about
170 ng/nnL, or about 170 ng/nnL to about 200 ng/nnL, and may be up to about
10,000 ng/nnL.
[407] In some embodiments, bupropion, hydroxybupropion,
threohydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds,
is administered
on the first day of at least two days of treatment with dextronnethorphan,
wherein a decrease in
the dextrorphan plasma level occurs on the first day that bupropion,
hydroxybupropion,
threohydroxybupropion, erythrohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of
any of these
compounds, and dextronnethorphan are co-administered, as compared to the same
amount of
dextronnethorphan administered without bupropion, hydroxybupropion,
threohydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds.
For example,
the dextrorphan plasma level on the first day may be reduced by at least 5% as
compared to the
dextrorphan plasma level that would be achieved by administering the same
amount of
dextronnethorphan without bupropion.
[408] In some embodiments, bupropion, hydroxybupropion,
threohydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds,
are co-
administered with dextronnethorphan for at least five consecutive days, to a
human being in need
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of treatment with dextronnethorphan, wherein, on the fifth day, the
dextronnethorphan plasma
level is higher than the dextronnethorphan plasma level that would have been
achieved by
administering the same amount of dextronnethorphan administered without
bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion, erythrohydroxybupropion, or a
metabolite or
prodrug of any of these compounds, for five consecutive days. For
example, the
dextronnethorphan plasma level on the fifth day (for example at 0 hours, 1
hour, 3 hours, 6 hours,
or 12 hours after administration) may be at least 5 times, at least 10 times,
at least 20 times, at
least 40 times, at least 50 times, at least 60 times, at least 65 times, or up
to about 500 times, the
level that would be achieved by administering the same amount of
dextronnethorphan without
bupropion, hydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion, erythrohydroxybupropion,
or a
metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds, for five consecutive days.
[409] In some embodiments, bupropion, hydroxybupropion,
threohydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds,
and
dextronnethorphan, are co-administered for at least six consecutive days, to a
human being in
need of treatment with dextronnethorphan, wherein, on the sixth day, the
dextronnethorphan
plasma level is higher than the dextronnethorphan plasma level that would have
been achieved by
administering the same amount of dextronnethorphan administered without
bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion, erythrohydroxybupropion, or a
metabolite or
prodrug of any of these compounds, for six consecutive days. For
example, the
dextronnethorphan plasma level on the sixth day (for example at 0 hours, 1
hour, 3 hours, 6 hours,
or 12 hours after administration) may be at least 5 times, at least 10 times,
at least 20 times, at
least 30 times, at least 50 times, at least 60 times, at least 70 times, at
least 75 times, or up to
about 500 times, the level that would be achieved by administering the same
amount of
dextronnethorphan without bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds,
for six
consecutive days.
[410] In some embodiments, bupropion, hydroxybupropion,
threohydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds,
and
dextronnethorphan, are co-administered for at least seven consecutive days, to
a human being in
need of treatment with dextronnethorphan, wherein, on the seventh day, the
dextronnethorphan
plasma level is higher than the dextronnethorphan plasma level that would have
been achieved by
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administering the same amount of dextronnethorphan administered without
bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion, erythrohydroxybupropion, or a
metabolite or
prodrug of any of these compounds, for seven consecutive days. For
example, the
dextronnethorphan plasma level on the seventh day (for example at 0 hours, 1
hour, 3 hours, 6
hours, or 12 hours after administration) may be at least 5 times, at least 10
times, at least 20
times, at least 30 times, at least 50 times, at least 70 times, at least 80
times, at least 90 times, or
up to about 500 times, the level that would be achieved by administering the
same amount of
dextronnethorphan without bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds,
for seven
consecutive days.
[411] In some embodiments, bupropion, hydroxybupropion,
threohydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds,
and
dextronnethorphan, are co-administered for at least eight consecutive days,
wherein, on the
eighth day, dextronnethorphan has a plasma level, for example at 0 hours, 1
hour, 3 hours, 6
hours, or 12 hours, after co-administering bupropion with dextronnethorphan
that is at least 5
times, at least 10 times, at least 20 times, at least 30 times, at least 50
times, at least 60 times, at
least 70 times, at least 80 times, at least 90 times, at least 100 times, or
up to about 1,000 times,
the plasma level that would be achieved by administering the same amount of
dextronnethorphan
without bupropion, hydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, or a
metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds, for eight consecutive days.
[412] In some embodiments, bupropion, hydroxybupropion,
threohydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds,
and
dextronnethorphan are co-administered for at least eight consecutive days, to
a human being in
need of treatment with dextronnethorphan, wherein, on the eighth day, the
dextrorphan plasma
level is lower than the dextrorphan plasma level that would have been achieved
by administering
the same amount of dextronnethorphan administered without bupropion,
hydroxybupropion,
threohydroxybupropion, erythrohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of
any of these
compounds, for eight consecutive days. For example, the dextrorphan plasma
level on the eighth
day (for example at 0 hours, 1 hour, 3 hours, 6 hours, or 12 hours after
administration) may be
reduced by at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, or at least
50%, as compared to
the dextrorphan plasma level that would be achieved by administering the same
amount of
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dextronnethorphan without bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds,
for eight
consecutive days.
[413] In some embodiments, bupropion, hydroxybupropion,
threohydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds,
and
dextronnethorphan, are co-administered for at least nine consecutive days,
wherein, on the ninth
day, dextronnethorphan has a plasma level, for example at 0 hours, 1 hour, 3
hours, 6 hours, or 12
hours, after co-administering bupropion with dextronnethorphan that is at
least 5 times, at least
times, at least 20 times, at least 30 times, at least 50 times, at least 60
times, at least 70 times,
at least 80 times, at least 90 times, at least 100 times, or up to about 1,000
times, the plasma level
that would be achieved by administering the same amount of dextronnethorphan
without
bupropion, hydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion, erythrohydroxybupropion,
or a
metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds, for nine consecutive days.
[414] In some embodiments, bupropion, hydroxybupropion,
threohydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds,
and
dextronnethorphan are co-administered for at least nine consecutive days, to a
human being in
need of treatment with dextronnethorphan, wherein, on the ninth day, the
dextrorphan plasma
level is lower than the dextrorphan plasma level that would have been achieved
by administering
the same amount of dextronnethorphan administered without bupropion,
hydroxybupropion,
threohydroxybupropion, erythrohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of
any of these
compounds, for nine consecutive days. For example, the dextrorphan plasma
level on the ninth
day (for example at 0 hours, 1 hour, 3 hours, 6 hours, or 12 hours after
administration) may be
reduced by at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, or at least
50%, as compared to
the dextrorphan plasma level that would be achieved by administering the same
amount of
dextronnethorphan without bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds,
for nine
consecutive days.
[415] In some embodiments, bupropion, hydroxybupropion,
threohydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds,
and
dextronnethorphan, are co-administered for at least ten consecutive days,
wherein, on the tenth
day, dextronnethorphan has a plasma level, for example at 0 hours, 1 hour, 3
hours, 6 hours, or 12
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hours, after co-administering bupropion with dextronnethorphan that is at
least 5 times, at least
times, at least 20 times, at least 30 times, at least 50 times, at least 60
times, at least 70 times,
at least 80 times, at least 90 times, at least 100 times, or up to about 1,000
times, the plasma level
that would be achieved by administering the same amount of dextronnethorphan
without
bupropion, hydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion, erythrohydroxybupropion,
or a
metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds, for ten consecutive days.
[416] In some embodiments, bupropion, hydroxybupropion,
threohydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds,
and
dextronnethorphan are co-administered for at least ten consecutive days, to a
human being in
need of treatment with dextronnethorphan, wherein, on the tenth day, the
dextrorphan plasma
level is lower than the dextrorphan plasma level that would have been achieved
by administering
the same amount of dextronnethorphan administered without bupropion,
hydroxybupropion,
threohydroxybupropion, erythrohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of
any of these
compounds, for ten consecutive days. For example, the dextrorphan plasma level
on the tenth
day (for example at 0 hours, 1 hour, 3 hours, 6 hours, or 12 hours after
administration) may be
reduced by at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, or at least
50%, as compared to
the dextrorphan plasma level that would be achieved by administering the same
amount of
dextronnethorphan without bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, or a metabolite or prodrug of any of these compounds,
for ten
consecutive days.
[417] In some embodiments, bupropion may be administered to a human being
in an
amount that results in an AUC0_12 of bupropion in the human being, on day 8,
that is at least about
100 ng=hr/nriL, at least about 200 ng=hr/nriL, at least about 500 ng=hr/nriL,
at least about 600
ng=hr/nriL, at least about 700 ng=hr/nriL, at least about 800 ng=hr/nriL, at
least about 900
ng=hr/nriL, at least about 1,000 ng=hr/nriL, at least about 1,200 ng=hr/nriL,
at least 1,600 ng=hr/nriL,
or up to about 15,000 ng=hr/nriL.
[418] In some embodiments, bupropion may be administered to a human being
in an
amount that results in a Cavg of bupropion in the human being, on day 8, that
is at least about 10
ng/nnL, at least about 20 ng/nnL, at least about 40 ng/nnL, at least about 50
ng/nnL, at least about
60 ng/nnL, at least about 70 ng/nnL, at least about 80 ng/nnL, at least about
90 ng/nnL, at least
about 100 ng/nnL, at least 120 ng/nnL, or up to about 1,500 ng/nnL.
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[419] In some embodiments, bupropion may be administered to a human being
in an
amount that results in a Cmax of bupropion in the human being, on day 8, that
is at least about 10
ng/nnL, at least about 20 ng/nnL, at least about 50 ng/nnL, at least about 90
ng/nnL, at least about
100 ng/nnL, at least about 110 ng/nnL, at least about 120 ng/nnL, at least
about 130 ng/nnL, at least
about 140 ng/nnL, at least 200 ng/nnL, or up to about 1,500 ng/nnL.
[420] Some liquid compositions may comprise about 0.0001% (w/v) to about
50% (w/v),
about 0.01% (w/v) to about 20% (w/v), about 0.01% to about 10% (w/v), about 1%
(w/v) to about
3% (w/v), about 3% (w/v) to about 5% (w/v), about 5% (w/v) to about 7% (w/v),
about 5% (w/v) to
about 15% (w/v), about 7% (w/v) to about 10% (w/v), about 10% (w/v) to about
15% (w/v), about
15% (w/v) to about 20% (w/v), about 20% (w/v) to about 30% (w/v), about 30%
(w/v) to about
40% (w/v), or about 40% (w/v) to about 50% (w/v) of bupropion, or any amount
of bupropion in a
range bounded by, or between, any of these values.
[421] Some liquid dosage forms may contain about 10 mg to about 1000 mg,
about 50 mg
to about 1000 mg, about 10 mg to about 50 mg, about 50 mg to about 100 mg,
about 40 mg to
about 90 mg, about 200 mg to about 300 mg, about 70 mg to about 95 mg, about
100 mg to
about 200 mg, about 100 mg to about 110 mg, about 105 mg to about 200 mg,
about 110 mg to
about 140 mg, about 180 mg to about 220 mg, about 280 mg to about 320 mg,
about 105 mg,
about 200 mg, about 150 mg, or about 300 mg of bupropion, e.g. bupropion
chloride, or any
amount of bupropion in a range bounded by, or between, any of these values.
[422] Some solid compositions may comprise at least about 5% (w/w), at
least about 10%
(w/w), at least about 20% (w/w), at least about 50% (w/w), at least about 70%
(w/w), at least
about 80%, about 10% (w/w) to about 30% (w/w), about 10% (w/w) to about 20%
(w/w), about
20% (w/w) to about 30% (w/w), about 30% (w/w) to about 50% (w/w), about 30%
(w/w) to about
40% (w/w), about 40% (w/w) to about 50% (w/w), about 50% (w/w) to about 80%
(w/w), about
50% (w/w) to about 60% (w/w), about 70% (w/w) to about 80% (w/w), or about 80%
(w/w) to
about 90% (w/w) of bupropion, or any amount of bupropion in a range bounded
by, or between,
any of these values.
[423] Some solid dosage forms may contain about 10 mg to about 1000 mg,
about 50 mg to
about 1000 mg, about 10 mg to about 50 mg, about 50 mg to about 100 mg, about
40 mg to
about 90 mg, about 200 mg to about 300 mg, about 70 mg to about 95 mg, about
100 mg to
about 200 mg, about 100 mg to about 120 mg, about 105 mg to about 200 mg,
about 90 mg to
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about 120 mg, about 100 mg to about 110 mg, about 110 mg to about 140 mg,
about 50 mg to
about 150 mg, about 180 mg to about 220 mg, about 280 mg to about 320 mg,
about 105 mg,
about 200 mg, about 150 mg, or about 300 mg of bupropion, e.g. bupropion
chloride, or any
amount of bupropion in a range bounded by, or between, any of these values.
[424] In some embodiments, bupropion is administered at a dose that results
in a
bupropion plasma level of about 0.1 LIM to about 10 LIM, about 0.1 LIM to
about 5 LIM, about 0.2
LIM to about 3 LIM, about 0.1 LIM to about 1 LIM, about 0.2 LIM to about 2
LIM, about 1 LIM to
about 10 LIM, about 1 LIM to about 5 LIM, about 2 LIM to about 3 LIM, or about
2.8 LIM to about 3
LIM, about 1.5 LIM to about 2 LIM, about 4.5 LIM to about 5 LIM, about 2.5 LIM
to about 3 LIM,
about 1.8 LIM, about 4.8 LIM, about 2.9 LIM, about 2.8 LIM, or any plasma
level in a range bounded
by, or between, any of these values.
[425] In some embodiments, bupropion, hydroxybupropion, or a prodrug of
hydroxybupropion, is administered at a dose that results in a hydroxybupropion
plasma level of
about 0.1 LIM to about 10 LIM, about 0.1 LIM to about 5 LIM, about 0.2 LIM to
about 3 LIM, about
0.1 LIM to about 1 LIM, about 0.2 LIM to about 2 LIM, 1 LIM to about 10 LIM,
about 1 LIM to about 5
LIM, about 2 LIM to about 3 LIM, or about 2.8 LIM to about 3 LIM, about 1.5
LIM to about 2 LIM,
about 4.5 LIM to about 5 LIM, about 2.5 LIM to about 3 LIM, about 1.8 LIM,
about 4.8 LIM, about 2.9
LIM, about 2.8 LIM, or any plasma level in a range bounded by, or between, any
of these values.
[426] In some embodiments, bupropion, hydroxybupropion, or a prodrug of
hydroxybupropion, may be administered to a human being in an amount that
results in an AUG3_12
of hydroxybupropion in the human being, on day 8, that is at least about 3,000
ng=hr/nnL, at least
about 7,000 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 10,000 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 15,000
ng=hr/nnL, at least
about 20,000 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 30,000 ng=hr/nnL, up to about 50,000
ng=hr/nnL, up to
about 150,000 ng=hr/nnL, or any AUC in a range bounded by, or between, any of
these values.
[427] In some embodiments, bupropion, hydroxybupropion, or a prodrug of
hydroxybupropion, may be administered to a human being in an amount that
results in a Cmax of
hydroxybupropion in the human being, on day 8, that is at least about 300
ng/nnL, at least about
700 ng/nnL, at least about 1,000 ng/nnL, at least about 1,500 ng/nnL, at least
about 2,000 ng/nnL, at
least about 4,000 ng/nnL, up to about 10,000 ng/nnL, up to about 50,000
ng/nnL, or any Cmax in a
range bounded by, or between, any of these values.
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[428] In some embodiments, bupropion, hydroxybupropion, or a prodrug of
hydroxybupropion, may be administered to a human being in an amount that
results in a Cavg of
hydroxybupropion in the human being, on day 8, that is at least about 200
ng/nnL, at least about
300 ng/nnL, at least about 700 ng/nnL, at least about 1,000 ng/nnL, at least
about 1,500 ng/nnL, at
least about 2,000 ng/nnL, at least about 4,000 ng/nnL, up to about 10,000
ng/nnL, up to about
50,000 ng/nnL, or any Cavg in a range bounded by, or between, any of these
values.
[429] In some embodiments, bupropion, threohydroxybupropion, or a prodrug
of
threohydroxybupropion, is administered at a dose that results in a
threohydroxybupropion
plasma level of about 0.1 LIM to about 10 LIM, about 0.1 LIM to about 5 LIM,
about 0.2 LIM to
about 3 LIM, about 0.1 LIM to about 1 LIM, about 0.2 LIM to about 2 LIM, about
1 LIM to about 10
LIM, about 1 LIM to about 5 LIM, about 2 LIM to about 3 LIM, or about 2.8 LIM
to about 3 LIM,
about 1.5 LIM to about 2 LIM, about 4.5 LIM to about 5 LIM, about 2.5 LIM to
about 3 LIM, about
1.8 LIM, about 4.8 LIM, about 2.9 LIM, about 2.8 LIM, or any plasma level in a
range bounded by, or
between, any of these values.
[430] In some embodiments, bupropion, threohydroxybupropion, or a prodrug
of
threohydroxybupropion, may be administered to a human being in an amount that
results in an
AUG3_12 of threohydroxybupropion in the human being, on day 8, that is at
least about 1,000
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 2,000 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 4,000 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 5,000
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 8,000 ng=hr/nnL, up to about 10,000 ng=hr/nnL, up to
about 40,000
ng=hr/nnL, or any AUC in a range bounded by, or between, any of these values.
[431] In some embodiments, bupropion, threohydroxybupropion, or a prodrug
of
threohydroxybupropion, may be administered to a human being in an amount that
results in a
Cmax of threohydroxybupropion in the human being, on day 8, that is at least
about 100 ng/nnL, at
least about 200 ng/nnL, at least about 400 ng/nnL, at least about 500 ng/nnL,
at least about 600
ng/nnL, at least about 800 ng/nnL, up to about 2,000 ng/nnL, up to about
10,000 ng/nnL, or any Ca-ax
in a range bounded by, or between, any of these values.
[432] In some embodiments, bupropion, threohydroxybupropion, or a prodrug
of
threohydroxybupropion, may be administered to a human being in an amount that
results in a
Cavg of threohydroxybupropion in the human being, on day 8, that is at least
about 100 ng/nnL, at
least about 300 ng/nnL, at least about 400 ng/nnL, at least about 600 ng/nnL,
at least about 800
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ng/nnL, up to about 2,000 ng/nnL, up to about 10,000 ng/nnL, or any Cavg in a
range bounded by, or
between, any of these values.
[433] In some embodiments, bupropion, erythrohydroxybupropion, or a prodrug
of
erythrohydroxybupropion, is administered at a dose that results in an
erythrohydroxybupropion
plasma level of about 0.1 LIM to about 10 LIM, about 0.1 LIM to about 5 LIM,
about 0.2 LIM to
about 3 LIM, about 0.1 LIM to about 1 LIM, about 0.2 LIM to about 2 LIM, about
1 LIM to about 10
LIM, about 1 LIM to about 5 LIM, about 2 LIM to about 3 LIM, or about 2.8 LIM
to about 3 LIM,
about 1.5 LIM to about 2 LIM, about 4.5 LIM to about 5 LIM, about 2.5 LIM to
about 3 LIM, about
1.8 LIM, about 4.8 LIM, about 2.9 LIM, about 2.8 LIM, or any plasma level in a
range bounded by, or
between, any of these values.
[434] In some embodiments, bupropion, erythrohydroxybupropion, or a prodrug
of
erythrohydroxybupropion, may be administered to a human being in an amount
that results in an
AUG3_12 of erythrohydroxybupropion in the human being, on day 8, that is at
least about 200
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 400 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 700 ng=hr/nnL, at
least about 1,000
ng=hr/nnL, at least about 1,500 ng=hr/nnL, at least about 3,000 ng=hr/nnL, up
to about 5,000
ng=hr/nnL, up to about 30,000 ng=hr/nnL, or any plasma level in a range
bounded by, or between,
any of these values.
[435] In some embodiments, bupropion, erythrohydroxybupropion, or a prodrug
of
erythrohydroxybupropion, may be administered to a human being in an amount
that results in a
Cmax of erythrohydroxybupropion in the human being, on day 8, that is at least
about 30 ng/nnL, at
least about 60 ng/nnL, at least about 90 ng/nnL, at least about 100 ng/nnL, at
least about 150
ng/nnL, at least about 200 ng/nnL, at least about 300 ng/nnL, up to about
1,000 ng/nnL, or any Cmax
in a range bounded by, or between, any of these values.
[436] In some embodiments, bupropion, erythrohydroxybupropion, or a prodrug
of
erythrohydroxybupropion, may be administered to a human being in an amount
that results in a
Cavg of erythrohydroxybupropion in the human being, on day 8, that is at least
about 20 ng/nnL, at
least about 30 ng/nnL, at least about 50 ng/nnL, at least about 80 ng/nnL, at
least about 90 ng/nnL,
at least about 100 ng/nnL, at least about 150 ng/nnL, at least about 200
ng/nnL, at least about 300
ng/nnL, up to about 1,000 ng/nnL, up to about 5,000 ng/nnL, or any Cavg in a
range bounded by, or
between, any of these values.
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[437] For compositions comprising both dextronnethorphan and bupropion,
some liquids
may comprise about 0.0001% (w/v) to about 50% (w/v), about 0.01% (w/v) to
about 20% (w/v),
about 0.01% to about 10% (w/v), about 1% (w/v) to about 3% (w/v), about 3%
(w/v) to about 5%
(w/v), about 5% (w/v) to about 7% (w/v), about 5% (w/v) to about 15% (w/v),
about 7% (w/v) to
about 10% (w/v), about 10% (w/v) to about 15% (w/v), about 15% (w/v) to about
20% (w/v),
about 20% (w/v) to about 30% (w/v), about 30% (w/v) to about 40% (w/v), about
40% (w/v) to
about 50% (w/v) of dextronnethorphan and bupropion combined, or any amount in
a range
bounded by, or between, any of these values.
[438] Some solid compositions may comprise at least about 5% (w/w), at
least about 10%
(w/w), at least about 20% (w/w), at least about 50% (w/w), at least about 70%
(w/w), at least
about 80%, about 10% (w/w) to about 30% (w/w), about 10% (w/w) to about 20%
(w/w), about
20% (w/w) to about 30% (w/w), about 30% (w/w) to about 50% (w/w), about 30%
(w/w) to about
40% (w/w), about 40% (w/w) to about 50% (w/w), about 50% (w/w) to about 80%
(w/w), about
50% (w/w) to about 60% (w/w), about 70% (w/w) to about 80% (w/w), about 80%
(w/w) to about
90% (w/w) of dextronnethorphan and bupropion combined, or any amount in a
range bounded by,
or between, any of these values.
[439] In some embodiments, the weight ratio of dextronnethorphan to
bupropion in a
single composition or dosage form may be about 0.1 to about 2, about 0.2 to
about 1, about 0.1
to about 0.3, about 0.2 to about 0.4, about 0.3 to about 0.5, about 0.5 to
about 0.7, about 0.8 to
about 1, about 0.2, about 0.3, about 0.4, about 0.45, about 0.6, about 0.9, or
any ratio in a range
bounded by, or between, any of these values.
[440] A therapeutically effective amount of a therapeutic compound may vary
depending
upon the circumstances. For example, a daily dose of dextronnethorphan may in
some instances
range from about 0.1 mg to about 1000 mg, about 40 mg to about 1000 mg, about
20 mg to about
600 mg, about 60 mg to about 700 mg, about 100 mg to about 400 mg, about 15 mg
to about 20
mg, about 20 mg to about 25 mg, about 25 mg to about 30 mg, about 30 mg to
about 35 mg,
about 35 mg to about 40 mg, about 40 mg to about 45 mg, about 45 mg to about
50 mg, about 50
mg to about 55 mg, about 55 mg to about 60 mg, about 20 mg to about 60 mg,
about 60 mg to
about 100 mg, about 100 mg to about 200 mg, about 100 mg to about 140 mg,
about 160 mg to
about 200 mg, about 200 mg to about 300 mg, about 220 mg to about 260 mg,
about 300 mg to
about 400 mg, about 340 mg to about 380 mg, about 400 mg to about 500 mg,
about 500 mg to
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about 600 mg, about 15 mg, about 30 mg, about 60 mg, about 120 mg, about 180
mg, about 240
mg, about 360 mg, or any daily dose in a range bounded by, or between, any of
these values.
Dextronnethorphan may be administered once daily; or twice daily or every 12
hours, three times
daily, four times daily, or six times daily in an amount that is about half,
one third, one quarter, or
one sixth, respectively, of the daily dose.
[441] A daily dose of bupropion, may in some instances range from about 10
mg to about
1000 mg, about 50 mg to about 600 mg, about 100 mg to about 2000 mg, about 50
mg to about
100 mg, about 70 mg to about 95 mg, about 100 mg to about 200 mg, about 105 mg
to about 200
mg, about 100 mg to about 150 mg, about 150 mg to about 300 mg, about 150 mg
to about 200
mg, about 200 mg to about 250 mg, about 250 mg to about 300 mg, about 200 mg
about 300 mg,
about 300 mg to about 400 mg, about 400 mg to about 500 mg, about 400 mg to
about 600 mg,
about 360 mg to about 440 mg, about 560 mg to about 640 mg, or about 500 mg to
about 600
mg, about 100 mg, about 150 mg, about 200 mg, about 300 mg, about 400 mg,
about 600 mg, or
any daily dose in a range bounded by, or between, any of these values.
Bupropion may be
administered once daily; or twice daily or every 12 hours, or three times
daily in an amount that is
about half or one third, respectively, of the daily dose.
[442] In some embodiments: 1) about 50 mg/day to about 100 mg/day, about
100 mg/day
to about 150 mg/day, about 150 mg/day to about 300 mg/day, about 150 mg/day to
about 200
mg/day, about 200 mg/day to about 250 mg/day, about 250 mg/day to about 300
mg/day of
bupropion, or about 300 mg/day to about 500 mg/day of bupropion; and/or 2)
about 15 mg/day
to about 60 mg/day, about 15 mg/day to about 30 mg/day, about 30 mg/day to
about 45 mg/day,
about 45 mg/day to about 60 mg/day, about 60 mg/day to about 100 mg/day, about
80 mg/day
to about 110 mg/day, about 100 mg/day to about 150 mg/day, or about 100 mg/day
to about 300
mg/day of dextronnethorphan, are administered to a human being in need
thereof.
[443] In some embodiments, about 150 mg/day of bupropion and about 30
mg/day of
dextronnethorphan, about 150 mg/day of bupropion and about 60 mg/day of
dextronnethorphan,
about 150 mg/day of bupropion and about 90 mg/day of dextronnethorphan, about
150 mg/day
of bupropion and about 120 mg/day of dextronnethorphan, about 200 mg/day of
bupropion and
about 30 mg/day of dextronnethorphan, about 200 mg/day of bupropion and about
60 mg/day of
dextronnethorphan, about 200 mg/day of bupropion and about 90 mg/day of
dextronnethorphan,
about 200 mg/day of bupropion and about 120 mg/day of dextronnethorphan, about
300 mg/day
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of bupropion and about 30 mg/day of dextronnethorphan, about 300 mg/day of
bupropion and
about 60 mg/day of dextronnethorphan, about 300 mg/day of bupropion and about
90 mg/day of
dextronnethorphan, or about 300 mg/day of bupropion and about 120 mg/day of
dextronnethorphan is administered to the human being.
[444] In some embodiments, about 100 mg/day of bupropion and about 15
mg/day of
dextronnethorphan is administered to the human being for 1, 2, or 3 days,
followed by about 200
mg/day of bupropion and about 30 mg/day of dextronnethorphan. In some
embodiments, about
100 mg/day of bupropion and about 30 mg/day of dextronnethorphan is
administered to the
human being for 1, 2, or 3 days, followed by about 200 mg/day of bupropion and
about 60
mg/day of dextronnethorphan.
[445] In some embodiments, about 75 mg/day of bupropion and about 15 mg/day
of
dextronnethorphan is administered to the human being for 1, 2, or 3 days,
followed by about 150
mg/day of bupropion and about 30 mg/day of dextronnethorphan. In some
embodiments, about
75 mg/day of bupropion and about 30 mg/day of dextronnethorphan is
administered to the
human being for 1, 2, or 3 days, followed by about 150 mg/day of bupropion and
about 60
mg/day of dextronnethorphan.
[446] An antidepressant compound, such as bupropion, may be administered
for as long as
needed to treat a neurological condition, such as pain, depression or cough.
In some
embodiments, an antidepressant compound, such as bupropion, and
dextronnethorphan are
administered at least once a day, such as once daily or twice daily, for at
least 1 day, at least 3
days, at least 5 days, at least 7 days, at least 8 days, at least 9 days, or
at least 10 days, at least 14
days, at least 21 days, at least 28 days, at least 30 days, at least 35 days,
at least 42 days, at least
60 days, at least 90 days, at least 180 days, at least 365 days, or longer.
[447] In some embodiments, co-administration of dextronnethorphan with
bupropion,
hydroxybupropion, erythrohydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion, or a prodrug
of any of
these compounds, may occur once a day for about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11, 12, 13, 14, 15, or
more days prior to co-administering dextronnethorphan with bupropion,
hydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, threohydroxybupropion, or a prodrug of any of these
compounds
twice a day.
[448] Therapeutic compounds may be formulated for oral administration, for
example, with
an inert diluent or with an edible carrier, or it may be enclosed in hard or
soft shell gelatin
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capsules, compressed into tablets, or incorporated directly with the food of
the diet. For oral
therapeutic administration, the active compound may be incorporated with an
excipient and used
in the form of ingestible tablets, buccal tablets, troches, capsules, elixirs,
suspensions, syrups,
wafers, and the like.
[449] Tablets, troches, pills, capsules and the like may also contain one
or more of the
following: a binder such as gum tragacanth, acacia, corn starch, or gelatin;
an excipient, such as
dicalciunn phosphate; a disintegrating agent such as corn starch, potato
starch, alginic acid, and
the like; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate; a sweetening agent such as
sucrose, lactose, or
saccharin; or a flavoring agent such as peppermint, oil of wintergreen, or
cherry flavoring. When
the dosage unit form is a capsule, it may contain, in addition to materials of
the above type, a
liquid carrier. Various other materials may be present as a coating, for
example, tablets, pills, or
capsules may be coated with shellac, sugar or both. A syrup or elixir may
contain the active
compound, sucrose as a sweetening agent, methyl and propylparabens as
preservatives, a dye
and flavoring, such as cherry or orange flavor. It may be desirable for
material in a dosage form or
pharmaceutical composition to be pharmaceutically pure and substantially
nontoxic in the
amounts employed.
[450] Some compositions or dosage forms may be a liquid or may comprise a
solid phase
dispersed in a liquid.
[451] Therapeutic compounds may be formulated for parental or
intraperitoneal
administration. Solutions of the active compounds as free bases or
pharmacologically acceptable
salts can be prepared in water suitably mixed with a surfactant, such as
hydroxypropylcellulose. A
dispersion can also have an oil dispersed within, or dispersed in, glycerol,
liquid polyethylene
glycols, and mixtures thereof. Under ordinary conditions of storage and use,
these preparations
may contain a preservative to prevent the growth of microorganisms.
[452] In some embodiments, the human being or the patient is, or is
selected for being,
Black or African American.
[453] In some embodiments, the human being or the patient is, or is
selected for being,
white.
[454] In some embodiments, the human being or the patient is, or is
selected for being,
Asian.
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[455] In some embodiments, the human being or the patient is, or is
selected for being,
Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander.
[456] In some embodiments, the human being or the patient is, or is
selected for being,
Hispanic or Latino.
[457] In some embodiments, the human being or the patient is, or is
selected for being,
Native American or Alaska Native.
[458] In some embodiments, the human being or the patient is not, or is
selected for not
being, Hispanic or Latino.
Specifically Contemplated Embodiments
[459] The following are examples of embodiments that are specifically
contemplated by the
inventor:
Embodiment 1. A method of treating pain or a neurological disorder
comprising delivering
an enhanced plasma level or bioavailability of dextronnethorphan or
administering a
therapeutically effective amount of a combination of dextronnethorphan and an
antidepressant
compound, to a person in need thereof.
Embodiment 2. A method of treating pain comprising administering a
combination of an
antidepressant compound and dextronnethorphan to a human being in need
thereof.
Embodiment 3. A method of enhancing the pain relieving properties of
dextronnethorphan,
comprising co-administering dextronnethorphan and an antidepressant compound.
Embodiment 4. A method of increasing dextronnethorphan plasma levels in a
human being
that is an extensive nnetabolizer of dextronnethorphan, comprising co-
administering an
antidepressant compound to the human being receiving a treatment that includes
administration
of dextronnethorphan.
Embodiment 5. A method of inhibiting the metabolism of dextronnethorphan,
comprising
administering an antidepressant compound to a human being, wherein the human
being is an
extensive nnetabolizer of dextronnethorphan, and wherein dextronnethorphan is
present in the
body of the human being at the same time as the antidepressant compound.
Embodiment 6. A method of increasing the metabolic lifetime of
dextronnethorphan,
comprising administering an antidepressant compound to a human being, wherein
the human
being is an extensive nnetabolizer of dextronnethorphan, and wherein
dextronnethorphan is
present in the body of the human being at the same time as the antidepressant
compound.
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Embodiment 7. A method of correcting extensive metabolism of
dextronnethorphan,
comprising administering an antidepressant compound to a human being in need
thereof.
Embodiment 8. A method of improving pain relieving properties of
dextronnethorphan
comprising administering an antidepressant compound in conjunction with
administration of
dextronnethorphan to a human being in need of treatment for pain.
Embodiment 9. A method of improving antitussive properties of
dextronnethorphan
comprising administering an antidepressant compound in conjunction with
administration of
dextronnethorphan to a human being in need of treatment for cough.
Embodiment 10. A method of treating cough comprising administering a
combination of an
antidepressant compound and dextronnethorphan to a human being in need
thereof.
Embodiment 11. A method of improving a therapeutic property of
dextronnethorphan
comprising administering an antidepressant compound in conjunction with
administration of
dextronnethorphan to a human being in need of treatment for a neurological
disorder.
Embodiment 12. A method of treating a neurological disorder comprising
administering a
combination of an antidepressant compound and dextronnethorphan to a human
being in need
thereof.
Embodiment 13. A method of treating a neurological disorder comprising
administering an
antidepressant compound and dextronnethorphan to a human being in need
thereof, wherein the
human being is an extensive nnetabolizer of dextronnethorphan.
Embodiment 14. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or 13, wherein the dextronnethorphan and the
antidepressant compound
are administered in separate dosage forms.
Embodiment 15. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically
effective
amount of dextronnethorphan, a therapeutically effective amount of an
antidepressant
compound, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
Embodiment 16. An oral dosage form comprising at least 20 mg of
dextronnethorphan and an
effective amount of an antidepressant compound to inhibit the metabolism of
dextronnethorphan
in a human being that is an extensive nnetabolizer of dextronnethorphan.
Embodiment 17. The oral dosage form of embodiment 16, wherein about 30 mg
to about
350 mg of dextronnethorphan is present in the dosage form.
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Embodiment 18. The oral dosage form of embodiment 16 or 17, wherein about
100 mg to
about 400 mg of bupropion is present in the dosage form.
Embodiment 19. The oral dosage form of any of embodiments 16, 17, or 18,
comprising an
amount of bupropion that results in a bupropion plasma level of about 0.1 LIM
to about 10 LIM
when the oral dosage form is administered to a human being.
Embodiment 20. The oral dosage form of embodiment 19, comprising an amount
of
bupropion that results in a bupropion plasma level of about 0.1 LIM to about 2
LIM when the oral
dosage form is administered to a human being.
Embodiment 21. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or 13, wherein bupropion is administered at a dose
that results in a
bupropion plasma level of about 0.1 LIM to about 10 M.
Embodiment 22. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
21,
wherein bupropion is administered at a dose that results in a bupropion plasma
level of about 0.3
LIM to about 1 M.
Embodiment 23. The method, composition, or dosage form of any preceding
embodiment,
such as embodiment 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, or
17, wherein the
antidepressant compound is bupropion or a metabolite thereof.
Embodiment 24. The method, composition, or dosage form of any preceding
embodiment,
such as embodiment 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, or
17, wherein the
antidepressant compound is bupropion.
Embodiment 25. The method, composition, or dosage form of any preceding
embodiment,
such as ennbodinnent1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, or
17, wherein the
antidepressant compound is clonniprannine, doxepin, fluoxetine, nnianserin,
inniprannine, 2-
chloroinniprannine, annitriptyline, annoxapine, desiprannine, protriptyline,
trinniprannine,
nortriptyline, nnaprotiline, phenelzine, isocarboxazid, tranylcypronnine,
paroxetine, trazodone,
citaloprann, sertraline, aryloxy indanannine, benactyzine, escitaloprann,
fluvoxannine, venlafaxine,
desvenlafaxine, duloxetine, nnirtazapine, nefazodone, selegiline, ketannine,
or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt thereof
Embodiment 26. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25, wherein dextronnethorphan
is administered to the
human being for the treatment of cough.
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Embodiment 27. A method of treating a neurological disorder comprising
administering
about 150 mg/day to about 300 mg/day of bupropion and about 30 mg/day to about
120 mg/day
of dextronnethorphan to a human being in need thereof.
Embodiment 28. A method of treating a neurological disorder comprising
administering
bupropion and dextronnethorphan to a human being in need thereof, wherein the
bupropion and
dextronnethorphan are administered at least once a day for at least 8 days, at
least 9 days, or at
least 10 days.
Embodiment 29. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, or 27, wherein
bupropion is administered to
the human being at least daily for at least 8 days, at least 9 days, or at
least 10 days.
Embodiment 30. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, or 28, wherein
dextronnethorphan is
administered to the human being at least daily for at least 8 days, at least 9
days, or at least 10
days.
Embodiment 31. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
28, 29, or
30, wherein bupropion is administered in an amount that results in a plasma
concentration of
dextronnethorphan in the human being, on day 8, that is at least 10 times the
plasma
concentration of the same amount of dextronnethorphan administered without
bupropion.
Embodiment 32. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
28, 29, 30,
or 31, wherein bupropion is administered in an amount that results in an
AUG3_12 of
hydroxybupropion, on day 8, that is at least about 3000 ng=hr/nnL.
Embodiment 33. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
28, 29, 30,
31, or 32, wherein bupropion is administered in an amount that results in an
AUC0_12 of
erythrohydroxybupropion, on day 8, that is at least about 400 ng=hr/nnL.
Embodiment 34. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
28, 29, 30,
31, 32, or 33, wherein bupropion is administered in an amount that results in
an AUG3_12 of
threohydroxybupropion, on day 8, that is at least about 2000 ng=hr/nnL.
Embodiment 35. The method, composition, or dosage form of any preceding
embodiment,
such as embodiment 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,
18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24,
26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, or 34, wherein the weight ratio of
dextronnethorphan to bupropion
is about 0.1 to about 0.5.
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Embodiment 36. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
27, 28, 29,
30, 31, 32, 33, 34, or 35, wherein the human being is an extensive
nnetabolizer of
dextromethorphan.
Embodiment 37. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31,
32, 33, 34, 35, or 36,
wherein about 150 mg/day of bupropion and about 30 mg/day of dextronnethorphan
is
administered to the human being.
Embodiment 38. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31,
32, 33, 34, 35, or 36,
wherein about 150 mg/day of bupropion and about 60 mg/day of dextronnethorphan
is
administered to the human being.
Embodiment 39. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31,
32, 33, 34, 35, or 36,
wherein about 200 mg/day of bupropion and about 30 mg/day of dextronnethorphan
is
administered to the human being.
Embodiment 40. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31,
32, 33, 34, 35, or 36,
wherein about 100 mg/day of bupropion and about 15 mg/day of dextronnethorphan
is
administered to the human being for about 1 to about 3 days, followed by about
200 mg/day of
bupropion and about 30 mg/day of dextronnethorphan.
Embodiment 41. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31,
32, 33, 34, 35, or 36,
wherein about 200 mg/day of bupropion and about 60 mg/day of dextronnethorphan
is
administered to the human being.
Embodiment 42. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31,
32, 33, 34, 35, or 36,
wherein about 100 mg/day of bupropion and about 30 mg/day of dextronnethorphan
is
administered to the human being for about 1 to about 3 days, followed by about
200 mg/day of
bupropion and about 60 mg/day of dextronnethorphan.
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Embodiment 43. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
4, 5, 6, 7,
9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34,
35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41,
or 42, wherein dextronnethorphan is administered to the human being for the
treatment of pain.
Embodiment 44. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
43,
wherein the pain comprises postoperative pain, cancer pain, arthritic pain,
lunnbosacral pain,
nnusculoskeletal pain, central multiple sclerosis pain, nociceptive pain, or
neuropathic pain.
Embodiment 45. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
43,
wherein the pain comprises nnusculoskeletal pain, neuropathic pain, cancer-
related pain, acute
pain, or nociceptive pain.
Embodiment 46. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
43,
wherein the pain comprises postoperative pain.
Embodiment 47. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
43,
wherein the pain comprises cancer pain.
Embodiment 48. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
43,
wherein the pain comprises arthritic pain.
Embodiment 49. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
43,
wherein the pain comprises lunnbosacral pain.
Embodiment 50. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
43,
wherein the pain comprises nnusculoskeletal pain.
Embodiment 51. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
43,
wherein the pain comprises neuropathic pain.
Embodiment 52. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
43,
wherein the pain comprises nociceptive pain.
Embodiment 53. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
43,
wherein the pain comprises chronic nnusculoskeletal pain.
Embodiment 54. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
43,
wherein the pain is associated with rheumatoid arthritis.
Embodiment 55. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
43,
wherein the pain is associated with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.
Embodiment 56. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
43,
wherein the pain is associated with osteoarthritis.
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Embodiment 57. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
43,
wherein the pain is associated with an axial spondyloarthritis.
Embodiment 58. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
43,
wherein the pain is associated with ankylosing spondylitis.
Embodiment 59. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
43,
wherein the pain is associated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy.
Embodiment 60. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
43,
wherein the pain is associated with post-herpetic neuralgia.
Embodiment 61. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
43,
wherein the pain is associated with trigenninal neuralgia.
Embodiment 62. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
43,
wherein the pain is associated with nnonoradiculopathies.
Embodiment 63. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
43,
wherein the pain is associated with phantom limb pain.
Embodiment 64. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
43,
wherein the pain is associated with central pain.
Embodiment 65. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
43,
wherein the pain comprises cancer-related pain.
Embodiment 66. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
43,
wherein the pain is associated with lumbar nerve root compression.
Embodiment 67. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
43,
wherein the pain is associated with spinal cord injury.
Embodiment 68. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
43,
wherein the pain is associated with post-stroke pain.
Embodiment 69. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
43,
wherein the pain is associated with central multiple sclerosis pain.
Embodiment 70. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
43,
wherein the pain is associated with HIV-associated neuropathy.
Embodiment 71. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
43,
wherein the pain is associated with radio-therapy associated neuropathy.
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Embodiment 72. The
method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment 43,
wherein the pain is associated with chemo-therapy associated neuropathy.
Embodiment 73. The
method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment 43,
wherein the pain comprises dental pain.
Embodiment 74. The
method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment 43,
wherein the pain is associated with primary dysnnenorrhea.
Embodiment 75. The
method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment 4, 5, 6, 7,
9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34,
35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41,
42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60,
61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68,
69, 70, 71, 72, 73, or 74, wherein 90 mg/day of dextronnethorphan is
administered to the human
being.
Embodiment 76. The
method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment 75,
wherein 45 mg of dextronnethorphan is administered twice a day to the human
being.
Embodiment 77. The
method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment 75 or 76,
wherein 150 mg/day of bupropion is administered to the human being.
Embodiment 78. The
method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment 75 or 76,
wherein 180 mg/day of bupropion is administered to the human being.
Embodiment 79. The
method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment 75 or 76,
wherein 200 mg/day of bupropion is administered to the human being.
Embodiment 80. The
method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment 75 or 76,
wherein 300 mg/day of bupropion is administered to the human being.
Embodiment 81. A
method of increasing dextronnethorphan plasma levels in a human being,
conn prising co-administering threohydroxybupropion,
hydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, bupropion, or a prodrug thereof, with
dextronnethorphan to the
human being, wherein the threohydroxybupropion, hydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion,
bupropion, or a prodrug thereof, is administered in an amount that results in
an AUG3_12 of
dextronnethorphan that is at least about 40 ng=hr/nnL.
Embodiment 82. The
method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment 81,
wherein the AUC0_32 of dextronnethorphan is at least about 50 ng=hr/nnL.
Embodiment 83. The
method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment 81 or 82,
wherein the human being is in need of treatment with dextronnethorphan.
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Embodiment 84. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
81, 82, or
83, wherein the human being is an extensive nnetabolizer of dextronnethorphan.
Embodiment 85. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
81, 82, 83,
or 84, wherein the threohydroxybupropion, hydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion,
bupropion, or a prodrug thereof, and dextronnethorphan are administered to the
human being at
least daily for at least 8 days, at least 9 days, or at least 10 days.
Embodiment 86. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
85,
wherein the AUC0_32 of dextronnethorphan on Day 8, Day 9, or Day 10 is at
least about 100
ng= h r/nn L.
Embodiment 87. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
85 or 86,
wherein the AUC0_32 of dextronnethorphan on Day 8, Day 9, or Day 10 is at
least about 400
ng= h r/nn L.
Embodiment 88. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
85, 86, or
87, wherein the AUC0_32 of dextronnethorphan on Day 8, Day 9, or Day 10 is at
least about 800
ng=hr/nnL.
Embodiment 89. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
85, 86, 87,
or 88, wherein the AUC0_32 of dextronnethorphan on Day 8, Day 9, or Day 10 is
at least about 1500
ng= h r/nn L.
Embodiment 90. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
85, 86, 87,
88, or 89, wherein the AUC0_24 of dextronnethorphan on Day 8, Day 9, or Day 10
is at least about
100 ng=hr/nnL.
Embodiment 91. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
85, 86, 87,
88, 89, or 90, wherein the AUC0_24 of dextronnethorphan on Day 8, Day 9, or
Day 10 is at least
about 1500 ng=hr/nnL.
Embodiment 92. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
85, 86, 87,
88, 89, 90, or 91, wherein the AUC0_24 of dextronnethorphan on Day 8, Day 9,
or Day 10 is at least
about 2900 ng=hr/nnL.
Embodiment 93. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
85, 86, 87,
88, 89, 90, 91, or 92, wherein the AUC0_1f of dextronnethorphan on Day 8, Day
9, or Day 10 is at
least about 100 ng=hr/nnL.
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Embodiment 94. The
method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment 85, 86, 87,
88, 89, 90, 91, 92, or 93, wherein the AUCo_mf of dextronnethorphan on Day 8,
Day 9, or Day 10 is
at least about 1500 ng=hr/nnL.
Embodiment 95. The
method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment 85, 86, 87,
88, 89 ,90, 91, 92, 93, or 94, wherein the AUCImi of dextronnethorphan on Day
8, Day 9, or Day 10
is at least about 3500 ng=hr/nnL.
Embodiment 96. The
method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment 85, 86, 87,
88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, or 95, wherein the AUCo_im of dextronnethorphan on
Day 8, Day 9, or Day
is at least about 5000 ng=hr/nnL.
Embodiment 97. A
method of increasing dextronnethorphan plasma levels in a human being,
conn prising co-administering threohydroxybupropion,
hydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, bupropion, or a prodrug thereof, with
dextronnethorphan to the
human being, wherein the threohydroxybupropion, hydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion,
bupropion, or a prodrug thereof, is administered in an amount that results in
a Cmax of
dextronnethorphan that is at least about 6 ng/nnL.
Embodiment 98. The
method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment 97,
wherein the human being is in need of treatment with dextronnethorphan.
Embodiment 99. The
method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment 97 or 98,
wherein the human being is an extensive nnetabolizer of dextronnethorphan.
Embodiment 100. The
method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment 97, 98, or
99, wherein the threohydroxybupropion, hydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion,
bupropion, or a prodrug thereof, and dextronnethorphan are administered to the
human being at
least daily for at least 8 days, at least 9 days, or at least 10 days.
Embodiment 101. The
method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment 100,
wherein the Cmax of dextronnethorphan on Day 8, Day 9, or Day 10 is at least
about 20 ng/nnL.
Embodiment 102. The
method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment 100 or
101, wherein the Cmax of dextronnethorphan on Day 8, Day 9, or Day 10 is at
least about 60 ng/nnL.
Embodiment 103. The
method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment 100, 101,
or 102, wherein the Ca-ax of dextronnethorphan on Day 8, Day 9, or Day 10 is
at least about 120
ng/nnL.
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Embodiment 104. A
method of increasing dextronnethorphan plasma levels in a human being,
conn prising co-administering threohydroxybupropion,
hydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, bupropion, or a prodrug thereof, with
dextronnethorphan to the
human being, wherein the threohydroxybupropion, hydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion,
bupropion, or a prodrug thereof, is administered in an amount that results in
a Cavg of
dextronnethorphan over a 12 hour period, after one administration, that is at
least about 5 ng/nnL.
Embodiment 105. The
method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment 104,
wherein the human being is in need of treatment with dextronnethorphan.
Embodiment 106. The
method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment 104 or
105, wherein the human being is an extensive nnetabolizer of
dextronnethorphan.
Embodiment 107. The
method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment 104, 105,
or 106, wherein the threohydroxybupropion, hydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion,
bupropion, or a prodrug thereof, and dextronnethorphan are administered to the
human being at
least daily for at least 8 days, at least 9 days, or at least 10 days.
Embodiment 108. The
method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment 107,
wherein the Cavg of dextronnethorphan on Day 8, Day 9, or Day 10 is at least
about 20 ng/nnL.
Embodiment 109. The
method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment 107 or
108, wherein the Cavg of dextronnethorphan on Day 8, Day 9, or Day 10 is at
least about 70 ng/nnL.
Embodiment 110. The
method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment 107, 108,
or 109, wherein the Cavg of dextronnethorphan on Day 8, Day 9, or Day 10 is at
least about 120
ng/nnL.
Embodiment 111. A
method of increasing dextronnethorphan plasma levels in a human being,
comprising co-administering bupropion, hydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion,
threohydroxybupropion, or a prodrug of any of these compounds, with
dextronnethorphan to the
human being, wherein the bupropion or a prodrug thereof is administered in an
amount that
results in an AUG3_12 of dextronnethorphan that is at least about 40
ng=hr/nriL.
Embodiment 112. The
method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment 111,
wherein the AUC0_32 of dextronnethorphan is at least about 50 ng=hr/nriL.
Embodiment 113. The
method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment 111 or
112, wherein the human being is in need of treatment with dextronnethorphan.
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Embodiment 114. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
111, 112,
or 113, wherein the human being is an extensive nnetabolizer of
dextronnethorphan.
Embodiment 115. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
111, 112,
113, or 114, wherein the bupropion or a prodrug thereof is co-administered
with
dextronnethorphan at least daily for at least two consecutive days.
Embodiment 116. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
115,
wherein the bupropion or a prodrug thereof and dextronnethorphan are
administered to the
human being at least daily for at least 8 days, at least 9 days, or at least
10 days.
Embodiment 117. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
116,
wherein the AUC0_32 of dextronnethorphan on Day 8, Day 9, or Day 10 is at
least about 100
ng= h r/nn L.
Embodiment 118. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
116,
wherein the AUC0_32 of dextronnethorphan on Day 8, Day 9, or Day 10 is at
least about 800
ng= h r/nn L.
Embodiment 119. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
116,
wherein the AUG3_12 of dextronnethorphan on Day 8, Day 9, or Day 10 is at
least about 1500
ng= h r/nn L.
Embodiment 120. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
116,
wherein the AUC0_24 of dextronnethorphan on Day 8, Day 9, or Day 10 is at
least about 100
ng= h r/nn L.
Embodiment 121. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
116,
wherein the AUC0_24 of dextronnethorphan on Day 8, Day 9, or Day 10 is at
least about 1500
ng= h r/nn L.
Embodiment 122. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
116,
wherein the AUC0_1f of dextronnethorphan on Day 8, Day 9, or Day 10 is at
least about 100
ng=hr/nnL.
Embodiment 123. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
116,
wherein the AUCo_inf of dextronnethorphan on Day 8, Day 9, or Day 10 is at
least about 3500
ng= h r/nn L.
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Embodiment 124. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
116,
wherein the AUC0_1m of dextronnethorphan on Day 8, Day 9, or Day 10 is at
least about 5000
ng=hr/nriL.
Embodiment 125. A method of increasing dextronnethorphan plasma levels in a
human being,
comprising co-administering bupropion, hydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion,
threohydroxybupropion, or a prodrug of any of these compounds, with
dextronnethorphan to the
human being, wherein the bupropion or a prodrug thereof is administered in an
amount that
results in a Ca-ax of dextronnethorphan that is at least about 6 ng/nnL.
Embodiment 126. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
125,
wherein the human being is in need of treatment with dextronnethorphan.
Embodiment 127. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
125 or
126, wherein the human being is an extensive nnetabolizer of
dextronnethorphan.
Embodiment 128. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
126, 127,
or 128, wherein the bupropion or a prodrug thereof is co-administered with
dextronnethorphan at
least daily for at least two consecutive days.
Embodiment 129. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
128,
wherein the bupropion or a prodrug thereof and dextronnethorphan are
administered to the
human being at least daily for at least 8 days, at least 9 days, or at least
10 days.
Embodiment 130. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
129,
wherein the Cmax of dextronnethorphan on Day 8, Day 9, or Day 10 is at least
about 10 ng/nnL.
Embodiment 131. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
129,
wherein the Cmax of dextronnethorphan on Day 8, Day 9, or Day 10 is at least
about 60 ng/nnL.
Embodiment 132. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
129,
wherein the Cmax of dextronnethorphan on Day 8, Day 9, or Day 10 is at least
about 120 ng/nnL.
Embodiment 133. A method of increasing dextronnethorphan plasma levels in a
human being,
comprising co-administering bupropion, hydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion,
threohydroxybupropion, or a prodrug of any of these compounds, with
dextronnethorphan to the
human being, wherein the bupropion or a prodrug thereof is administered in an
amount that
results in a Cavg of dextronnethorphan, over the period between two separate
and consecutive
administrations of dextronnethorphan, that is at least about 5 ng/nnL.
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Embodiment 134. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
134,
wherein the bupropion or a prodrug thereof is administered in an amount that
results in a Cavg of
dextronnethorphan, over the period between two separate and consecutive
administrations of
dextronnethorphan, that is at least about 60 ng/nnL.
Embodiment 135. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
134,
wherein the human being is in need of treatment with dextronnethorphan.
Embodiment 136. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
134 or
135, wherein the human being is an extensive nnetabolizer of
dextronnethorphan.
Embodiment 137. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
134, 135,
or 136, wherein the bupropion or a prodrug thereof is co-administered with
dextronnethorphan at
least daily for at least two consecutive days.
Embodiment 138. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
137,
wherein the bupropion or a prodrug thereof and dextronnethorphan are
administered to the
human being at least daily for at least 8 days, at least 9 days, or at least
10 days.
Embodiment 139. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
138,
wherein the Cavg of dextronnethorphan on Day 8, Day 9, or Day 10 is at least
about 8 ng/nnL,
wherein the Cavg is for the period between two separate and consecutive
administrations of
dextronnethorphan, or
if dextronnethorphan is administered only once on Day 8, Day 9, or Day 10, the
Cavg is for 12 hours
after the first dose of dextronnethorphan on Day 8, Day 9, or Day 10.
Embodiment 140. The method of any preceding embodiment, such as embodiment
138,
wherein the Cavg of dextronnethorphan on Day 8, Day 9, or Day 10 is at least
about 120 ng/nnL,
wherein the Cavg is for the period between two separate and consecutive
administrations of
dextronnethorphan, or
if dextronnethorphan is administered only once on Day 8, Day 9, or Day 10, the
Cavg for 12 hours
after the first dose of dextronnethorphan on Day 8, Day 9, or Day 10.
Embodiment 141. A method of improving the efficacy of bupropion in treating
depression,
comprising: orally administering about 90 mg to about 125 mg of a bupropion in
combination with
about 0.3 mg/kg to about 1 mg/kg of a dextronnethorphan, once or twice a day
for at least 23
days, to a human being suffering from depression, wherein orally administering
the bupropion in
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combination with the dextronnethorphan is more effective in treating
depression than orally
administering the same dosage regimen of bupropion without dextronnethorphan.
Embodiment 142. The method of embodiment 141, wherein about 0.6 mg/kg to
about 0.8
mg/kg of the dextronnethorphan is orally administered once or twice a day.
Embodiment 143. The method of embodiment 141, wherein about 45 mg of the
dextronnethorphan is orally administered once or twice a day.
Embodiment 144. The method of embodiment 141, wherein about 100 mg to about
120 mg of
the bupropion is orally administered once or twice a day.
Embodiment 145. The method of embodiment 142, wherein about 105 mg of the
bupropion is
orally administered once or twice a day.
Embodiment 146. The method of embodiment 141, wherein the dextronnethorphan
and the
bupropion are orally administered for at least 35 days.
Embodiment 147. The method of embodiment 141, wherein the human being is
suffering
from treatment-resistant depression.
Embodiment 148. The method of embodiment 141, wherein the dextronnethorphan
is orally
administered in a dosage form that provides immediate release of the
dextronnethorphan.
Embodiment 149. The method of embodiment 143, wherein the dextronnethorphan
is orally
administered in a dosage form that provides immediate release of the
dextronnethorphan.
Embodiment 150. The method of embodiment 141, wherein the bupropion is
orally
administered in a dosage form that provides sustained release of the
bupropion.
Embodiment 151. The method of embodiment 145, wherein the bupropion is
orally
administered in a dosage form that provides sustained release of the
bupropion.
Embodiment 152. The method of embodiment 150, wherein about 105 mg of the
bupropion is
orally administered once or twice a day in a dosage form that provides
sustained release of the
bupropion.
Embodiment 153. The method of embodiment 152, wherein the bupropion and the
dextronnethorphan are orally administered together in a single dosage form
that is orally
administered once or twice a day.
Embodiment 154. The method of embodiment 153, wherein the dextronnethorphan
and the
bupropion are orally administered for at least 5 weeks.
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Embodiment 155. The method of embodiment 141, wherein the human being is
suffering
from major depressive disorder.
Embodiment 156. The method of embodiment 154, wherein the bupropion
comprises an
enantionneric excess of an R-enantionner.
Embodiment 157. The method of embodiment 154, wherein the bupropion
comprises an
enantionneric excess of an S-enantionner.
Embodiment 158. The method of embodiment 141, wherein the dextronnethorphan
comprises
a deuterium-modified dextronnethorphan.
Embodiment 159. The method of embodiment 141, wherein the human being is
currently
suffering from depression and has previously been unsuccessfully treated with
at least two
antidepressants.
Embodiment 160. A method of treating treatment-resistant depression
comprising:
selecting a human being suffering from depression who has previously been
unsuccessfully
treated with at least one antidepressant; and
orally administering a dextronnethorphan-bupropion combination treatment once
or twice
a day to the human being for at least about five weeks;
wherein the dextronnethorphan-bupropion combination treatment comprises about
40 mg
to about 70 mg of a dextronnethorphan and about 100 mg to about 140 mg of a
bupropion.
Embodiment 161. The method of embodiment 160, wherein the bupropion
comprises an
enantionneric excess of an enantionner.
Embodiment 162. The method of embodiment 160, wherein the dextronnethorphan
comprises
a deuterium-modified dextronnethorphan.
Embodiment 163. The method of embodiment 160, wherein the dextronnethorphan-
bupropion combination treatment comprises about 40 mg to about 50 mg of the
dextromethorphan.
Embodiment 164. The method of embodiment 160, wherein the dextronnethorphan-
bupropion combination treatment comprises about 100 mg to about 110 mg of the
bupropion.
Embodiment 165. The method of embodiment 163, wherein the dextronnethorphan-
bupropion combination treatment comprises about 100 mg to about 110 mg of the
bupropion.
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Embodiment 166. The method of embodiment 165, wherein the dextronnethorphan
and the
bupropion are orally administered in a single dosage form that provides
immediate release for the
dextronnethorphan and sustained release for the bupropion.
Embodiment 167. The method of embodiment 166, further comprising orally
administering
the dextronnethorphan-bupropion combination treatment once a day for about 1,
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7
days prior to orally administering the dextronnethorphan-bupropion combination
treatment twice
a day to the human being for at least about five weeks.
Embodiment 168. The method of embodiment 167, wherein the dextronnethorphan-
bupropion combination treatment comprises about 45 mg of the
dextronnethorphan.
Embodiment 169. The method of embodiment 168, wherein the dextronnethorphan-
bupropion combination treatment comprises about 105 mg of the bupropion.
Embodiment 170. The method of embodiment 160, wherein the antidepressant is
duloxetine.
Embodiment 171. A method of rapidly relieving the symptoms of depression,
comprising
administering a combination of bupropion and dextronnethorphan once daily or
twice daily to a
human being in need thereof, wherein the human being experiences a therapeutic
effect within 2
weeks of the first day that the combination of bupropion and dextronnethorphan
is administered.
Embodiment 172. A method of treating depression, comprising administering a
combination
of bupropion and dextronnethorphan once daily or twice daily to a human being
in need thereof,
wherein the human being is of Asian descent.
Embodiment 173. Use of a combination of bupropion and dextronnethorphan in
the
manufacture of a medicament for rapidly relieving the symptoms of depression,
wherein the
medicament is administered once daily or twice daily to achieve a therapeutic
effect within 2
weeks of the first day that the medicament is administered.
Embodiment 174. Use of a combination of bupropion and dextronnethorphan in
the
manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a depression, wherein the
medicament is
administered once daily or twice daily to a human being of Asian descent.
Embodiment 175. The method of embodiment 171 or 172 or the use of
embodiment 173 or
174, wherein the human being is of Japanese descent.
Embodiment 176. The method of embodiment 171 or 172 or the use of
embodiment 173 or
174, wherein the human being is of Chinese descent.
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Embodiment 177. The method of embodiment 171 or 172 or the use of
embodiment 173 or
174, wherein the human being is of Korean descent.
Embodiment 178. The method or the use of embodiment 171, 172, 173, 174,
175, 176, or 177,
wherein about 105 mg of bupropion hydrochloride, or a molar equivalent amount
of: 1) another
salt form of bupropion or a 2) free base form of bupropion, is orally
administered once daily or
twice daily.
Embodiment 179. The method or the use of embodiment 171, 172, 173, 174,
175, 176, 177, or
178, wherein about 44 mg to about 46 mg of dextronnethorphan hydrobronnide, or
a molar
equivalent amount of: 1) another salt form of dextronnethorphan or a 2) free
base form of
dextronnethorphan, is orally administered once daily or twice daily.
Embodiment 180. The method or the use of embodiment 171, 172, 173, 174,
175, 176, 177,
178, or 179, wherein the human being has previously had an inadequate response
to at least one
antidepressant therapy.
Embodiment 181. The method or the use of embodiment 171, 172, 173, 174,
175, 176, 177,
178, 179, or 180, wherein the depression is major depressive disorder.
Embodiment 182. The method or the use of embodiment 171, 172, 173, 174,
175, 176, 177,
178, 179, 180, or 181, wherein the depression is treatment resistant
depression.
Embodiment 183. The method or the use of embodiment 171, 172, 173, 174,
175, 176, 177,
178, 179, 180, 181, or 182, wherein the combination of bupropion and
dextronnethorphan is
administered once daily or twice daily for at least 30 days.
Embodiment 184. The method or the use of embodiment 171, 172, 173, 174,
175, 176, 177,
178, 179, 180, 181, or 182, wherein the combination of bupropion and
dextronnethorphan is
administered once daily or twice daily for at least 42 days.
Embodiment 185. The method or the use of embodiment 171, 172, 173, 174,
175, 176, 177,
178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, or 184, wherein administration of the
combination of bupropion and
dextronnethorphan results in the MADRS score reduced by at least about 10% as
compared with
baseline.
Embodiment 186. The method or the use of embodiment 171, 172, 173, 174,
175, 176, 177,
178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, or 184, wherein administration of the
combination of bupropion and
dextronnethorphan results in the MADRS score reduced by at least about 10% as
compared with
placebo.
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Embodiment 187. A method of treating nicotine addiction associated with
smoking tobacco
comprising administering a combination of a bupropion and a dextronnethorphan
daily for at least
21 consecutive days to a person suffering from nicotine addiction, wherein the
person is an ad-lib
tobacco smoker, wherein a total amount of 200 mg to 250 mg of bupropion and 80
mg to 140 mg
of dextronnethorphan are administered to the person daily, and wherein the
method is more
effective than administering the same amount of bupropion alone.
Embodiment 188. The method of embodiment 187, wherein the administration of
the
combination of the bupropion and the dextronnethorphan resulted in at least
10% greater
reduction in an intensity of the nicotine self-administration as compared to
bupropion alone as
measured by the reduction in the average number of cigarettes smoked per day.
Embodiment 189. The method of embodiment 187, wherein the administration of
the
combination of the bupropion and the dextronnethorphan resulted in at least
15% greater
reduction in an intensity of the nicotine self-administration as compared to
bupropion alone as
measured by the reduction in the average number of cigarettes smoked per day.
Embodiment 190. The method of embodiment 187, wherein the administration of
the
combination of the bupropion and the dextronnethorphan resulted in at least
20% greater
reduction in an intensity of the nicotine self-administration as compared to
bupropion alone as
measured by the reduction in the average number of cigarettes smoked per day.
Embodiment 191. The method of embodiment 187, wherein the administration of
the
combination of the bupropion and the dextronnethorphan resulted in at least
10% greater
reduction in expired carbon monoxide levels as compared to bupropion alone.
The method of embodiment 1, wherein the person taking a medication of the
combination of the
bupropion and the dextronnethorphan twice a day in 2 equal amount of divided
doses resulted in
greater reduction in an intensity of the nicotine self-administration on the
day or following day of
the administration than the person taking only one of the 2 divided doses or
not taking the
medication of the combination.
Embodiment 192. The method of embodiment 187, wherein the combination of
the
bupropion and the dextronnethorphan is administered to the person daily for at
least 42
consecutive days.
Embodiment 193. The method of embodiment 187, wherein about 105 mg of the
bupropion is
administered to the person twice daily.
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Embodiment 194. The method of embodiment 187, wherein about 200 mg to about
250 mg of
the bupropion is administered daily to the person in two divided doses.
Embodiment 195. The method of embodiment 187, wherein about 90 mg of the
dextronnethorphan is administered to the person daily.
Embodiment 196. The method of embodiment 187, wherein about 45 mg of the
dextronnethorphan in each dose is administered to the person twice daily.
Embodiment 197. The method of embodiment 1, wherein about 40 mg to about 50
mg of the
dextronnethorphan in each dose is administered to the person twice daily.
Embodiment 198. The method of embodiment 187, wherein about 45 mg of the
dextronnethorphan and about 105 mg of bupropion are administered to the person
twice daily.
Embodiment 199. The method of embodiment 187, wherein the weight ratio of
dextronnethorphan to bupropion is about 0.1 to about 0.5.
Embodiment 200. The method of embodiment 187, wherein the weight ratio of
dextronnethorphan to bupropion is about 0.4 to about 0.5.
Embodiment 201. The method of embodiment 187, wherein, to the person
addicted to
nicotine, the method is more effective than administering the
dextronnethorphan alone.
Embodiment 202. The method of embodiment 187, wherein about 105 mg of the
bupropion is
administered to the person once daily for three days, followed by
administering 105 mg of the
bupropion in each dose twice daily to the person for at least 21 days.
Embodiment 203. The method of embodiment 202, wherein, to the person
addicted to
nicotine, the method is more effective, as measured on day 24 of treatment,
than a control
method, wherein the control method consists of administering 105 mg of the
bupropion alone to
the person once daily for three days, followed by administering 105 mg of the
bupropion alone in
each dose twice daily to the person for 21 days.
Embodiment 204. The method of embodiment 187, wherein about 105 mg of the
bupropion is
administered to the person once daily for three days, followed by
administering 105 mg of the
bupropion in each dose twice daily to the person for at least 39 days.
Embodiment 205. The method of embodiment 204, wherein, to the person
addicted to
nicotine, the method is more effective, as measured on day 42 of treatment,
than a control
method, wherein the control method consists of administering 105 mg of the
bupropion alone to
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the person once daily for three days, followed by administering 105 mg of the
bupropion alone in
each dose twice daily to the person for 39 days.
Embodiment 206. The
method of embodiment 204, wherein, to the person addicted to
nicotine, the method is more effective, as measured on day 42 of treatment,
than a control
method, wherein the control method consists of administering 105 mg of the
bupropion alone to
the person once daily for three days, followed by administering 105 mg of the
bupropion alone in
each dose twice daily to the person for 39 days.
Embodiment 207. The
method of embodiment 187, wherein about 45 mg of the
dextronnethorphan is administered to the person once daily for three days,
followed by
administering 45 mg of the dextronnethorphan in each dose twice daily to the
person for at least
21 days.
Embodiment 208. The
method of embodiment 198, wherein the method is more effective, as
measured on day 21 of treatment, than a control method, wherein the control
method consists of
administering 105 mg of the bupropion alone to the person twice daily to the
person for 21 days.
Embodiment 209. The
method of embodiment 187, wherein the bupropion has an
enantionneric excess of the R-enantionner that is at least 90%.
Embodiment 210. The
method of embodiment 187, wherein the bupropion has an
enantionneric excess of the S-enantionner that is at least 90%.
Embodiment 211. The
method of embodiment 187, wherein the bupropion is deuterium
enriched.
Embodiment 212. The
method of embodiment 187, wherein the dextronnethorphan is
deuterium enriched.
EXAMPLES
Example 1
[460]
Fifteen human subjects were randomized into one of two treatment groups
receiving
either dextronnethorphan (DM) alone, or DM in combination with bupropion, as
shown in Table 1
below.
Table 1. Study Design
Dose Levels Total
Group Bupropion/DM Dosing Regimen Duration Subjects
A 0 mg/60 mg DM: Twice daily, Days 1-8 Days 1-8 8
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Dose Levels Total
Group Bupropion/DM Dosing Regimen Duration Subjects
150 mg/60 mg Bupropion: Once daily, Days 1-3; Days 1-
8 7
Twice daily, Days 4-8
DM: Twice daily, Days 1-8
[461] All subjects were extensive, including ultra-rapid, nnetabolizers of
dextronnethorphan
as determined by CYP2D6 genetic testing. Dextromethorphan was dosed at 12-hour
intervals on
Days 1-8, with a final morning dose on Day 8. Bupropion was dosed once daily
on Days 1-3, and at
12-hour intervals thereafter, with a final morning dose on Day 8.
[462] Plasma samples were collected for concentration analysis of
dextronnethorphan, total
dextrorphan, bupropion, hydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, and
threohydroxybupropion on days 1 and 8. Plasma samples for determination of
trough
concentrations of dextronnethorphan were obtained approximately 12 hours after
dosing on days
1, 5, 6, and 8.
[463] Concentrations of dextronnethorphan, total dextrorphan (unconjugated
and
glucuronide forms), bupropion, hydroxybupropion, erythrohydroxybupropion, and
threohydroxybupropion, were determined using LC-MS/MS. Pharnnacokinetic
parameters were
calculated.
[464] Phenotypic determination of dextronnethorphan nnetabolizer status was
performed
by calculating the dextronnethorphan/dextrorphan metabolic ratio as described
in Jurica et al.
Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 2012, 37, 486-490. Plasma
concentrations of
dextronnethorphan and dextrorphan 3 hours after dosing were used, with a
dextronnethorphan/dextrorphan ratio of 0.3 or greater indicating a poor
nnetabolizer phenotype.
Results
[465] Plasma concentrations of dextronnethorphan were significantly
increased with
bupropion administration, as illustrated in Fig. 1 and Table 2.
Table 2. Mean Day 8 Dextromethorphan Plasma Concentrations (ng/mL)
Dextromethorphan
Time Dextromethorphan + Bupropion
(hours) (Group A) (Group B)
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Dextromethorphan
Time Dextromethorphan + Bupropion
(hours) (Group A) (Group B)
0 1.2 110.6
1 2.4 129.3
2 3.6 153.9
3 3.6 151.6
4 3.3 149.1
6 2.5 150.0
8 1.9 144.4
12 1.1 119.3
24 0.4 95.3
36 0.1 69.0
[466] The AUC of dextronnethorphan was significantly increased with
administration of
bupropion as show in Figs. 2-4. As shown in Fig. 5 and Table 2A,
administration of bupropion with
dextronnethorphan resulted in an approximately 60-fold, 80-fold, and 175-fold
increase in mean
dextronnethorphan AUC0_12, AUC0_24, and AUCo-inf, respectively on Day 8 as
compared to
administration of dextronnethorphan alone. As shown in Fig. 6 and Table 2B,
the increase in
dextronnethorphan AUC occurred as early as Day 1 (an approximate 3-fold
increase in AUC0_12).
Table 2A. Day 8 Values
Dextromethorphan
Dextromethorphan + Bupropion (Group
(Group A) B)
AUC0_12(ng*hr/nnL) 28.1 1,686.3
AUC0_24(ng*hr/nnL) 37.1 2,975.3
AUCci-mf 41.2 7,237.3
(ng*hr/nnL)
Cmax (ng/nnL) 3.8 158.1
Cain, (ng/nnL) 1.1 119.3
Cavg (ng/mL) 2.3 140.5
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Table 2B. Day 1 Values
Dextromethorphan
Dextromethorphan + Bupropion (Group
(Group A) B)
AUC0-32 20.1 56.5
(ng*hr/nnL)
Cmax (ng/nn L) 3.0 8.7
[467] Trough plasma concentrations (also referred to as "minimum mean
plasma
concentrations" or "Cmm") of dextronnethorphan were significantly increased
with administration
of bupropion as illustrated in Fig. 7 and Tables 2A and 3. Administration of
bupropion with
dextronnethorphan resulted in an approximately 105-fold increase in mean
trough plasma
concentration of dextronnethorphan on Day 8 as compared to administration of
dextronnethorphan alone.
[468] Mean average plasma concentrations (Cavg) of dextronnethorphan on Day
8 increased
approximately 60-fold with bupropion administration as compared to
administration of
dextronnethorphan alone, as illustrated in Table 2A. Maximum mean plasma
concentrations (Cmax)
were also significantly increased as illustrated in Fig. 8 and Table 2A.
Table 3. Mean Trough Dextromethorphan Plasma Concentrations (ng/mL)
Dextromethorphan
Dextromethorphan + Bupropion Fold
(Group A) (Group B) Change
Day 1 0.7 2.5 3.5
Day 5 1.2 80.9 70
Day 6 1.3 102.2 78
Day 7 1.2 110.6 94
Day 8 1.1 119.3 105
[469] The Tmax and elimination half-life (Tv2 el) of dextronnethorphan were
significantly
increased with administration of bupropion on Day 8. The increase of T1/2 el
shows that the
metabolic lifetime of dextronnethorphan was increased. Administration of
bupropion with
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dextronnethorphan resulted in a mean Tmax of 3.6 hours, compared to 2.3 hours
for
dextronnethorphan alone. Administration of bupropion with dextronnethorphan
resulted in a
mean T1/2e1 of 27.7 hours, compared to 6.6 hours for dextronnethorphan alone.
[470] Plasma concentrations of dextrorphan were significantly decreased
with bupropion
administration, as illustrated in Fig. 9 and Table 4.
Table 4. Mean Day 8 Dextrorphan Plasma Concentrations (ng/mL)
Dextromethorphan
Time Dextromethorphan + Bupropion
(hours) (Group A) (Group B)
0 132.4 165.3
1 688.9 190.7
2 959.1 214.9
3 778.1 214.4
4 594.9 205.1
6 324.7 172.5
8 189.6 159.6
12 74.8 152.8
24 12.2 133.0
36 0.1 107.6
[471] As shown in Figs. 10-11, there was an approximate 78% reduction in
mean
dextrorphan Cmax, and an approximate 55% reduction in mean dextrorphan AUC0_32
on Day 8 with
administration of bupropion.
[472] Phenotypic determination of dextronnethorphan nnetabolizer status
showed that no
subjects in either treatment arm were poor nnetabolizers on Day 1. On Day 8
however, 100% of
subjects treated with bupropion had converted to poor nnetabolizer status as
compared to 0% of
subjects treated with dextronnethorphan alone. The
mean plasma
dextronnethorphan/dextrorphan metabolic ratio increased from 0.01 on Day 1 to
0.71 on Day 8
with bupropion administration. The mean ratio in the group administered DM
alone was 0.00 on
Day 1 and remained unchanged on Day 8.
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[473] On Day 8, average plasma concentrations of bupropion,
hydroxybupropion,
erythrohydroxybupropion, and threohydroxybupropion were at least 10 ng/nnL,
200 ng/nnL, 20
ng/nnL, and 100 ng/nnL, respectively after bupropion administration.
[474] As used in this section, the term "fold change" or "fold increase"
refers to the ratio of
a value for bupropion with dextronnethorphan to the same value for
dextronnethorphan alone (i.e.
the value for bupropion with dextronnethorphan divided by the same value for
dextronnethorphan
alone).
Example 2
[475] The ability of various antidepressant compounds to inhibit the
metabolism of
dextronnethorphan was examined using human liver nnicrosonnes. Each
antidepressant compound
was incubated at seven increasing concentrations (0.1-100 LIM) in duplicate
with human liver
nnicrosonnes (0.5 nng/nnL) in the presence of dextronnethorphan (5 LIM) at 37
C. The assay was
performed in the presence of 2 nnM NADPH in 100 nnM potassium phosphate (pH
7.4) containing
nnM magnesium chloride, in a 200 pl assay final volume.
[476] After optimal incubation at 37 C, the reactions were terminated by
addition of
methanol containing internal standard for analytical quantification. The
quenched samples were
incubated at 4 C for 10 minutes and centrifuged at 4 C for 10 minutes. The
supernatant was
removed and the metabolite of dextronnethorphan (dextrorphan) was analyzed by
LC-MS/MS. A
decrease in the formation of the metabolite compared to vehicle control was
used to calculate an
ICso value (the test concentration which produces 50% inhibition of
dextronnethorphan
metabolism) for each antidepressant compound, with a lower ICso indicating
greater potency.
[477] The results are summarized in Table 5 below, and the corresponding
potencies are
depicted in FIG. 12.
Table 5. Potency of Various Antidepressant Compounds for Inhibition of the
Metabolism of
Dextromethorphan in Human Liver Microsomes
Test Compound Mean ICso (WM)
Desvenlafaxine 97.3
Venlafaxine 27.7
Escitaloprann 17.1
Citaloprann 14.1
(2S,3S)-Hydroxybupropion 12.5
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Test Compound Mean ICso (WM)
Bupropion 9.1
(R,R)-Hydroxybupropion 8.2
Fluvoxannine 6.5
Sertraline 5.1
(S)-Duloxetine 4.1
Threohydroxybupropion 3.9
Erythrohydroxybupropion 1.4
Example 3
Phase 2 clinical trial design:
[478] The Phase 2 clinical trial with the administration of a combination
of
dextronnethorphan and bupropion (DM/BU) was a randomized, double-blind, active-
controlled,
multi-center, U.S. trial with 80 adult patients with confirmed diagnosis of
moderate to severe
major depressive disorder (MDD), who received a twice daily dose for a 6-week
treatment period.
Dose groups (1:1 randomization) included DM/BU (45 mg dextronnethorphan/105 mg
bupropion)
with 43 patients, or active comparator bupropion (105 mg) with 37 patients.
Among these
patients, 23% of them had received prior first line treatment for depression.
The clinical trial had
extensive quality control measures.
The Primary Endpoint:
[479] The changes from baseline in the Montgomery-AsbergDepression Rating
Scale
(MADRS) total score over the 6-week treatment period were calculated at each
time point and
averaged.
[480] Figure 13 and Table A shows the changes in MADRS total score over the
time during
the 6-week dosing period for the subjects administered bupropion (BU) or the
combination of
dextronnethorphan and bupropion (DM/BU).
Table A
Primary Endpoint DM+BU BU P-Value
Change in MADRS Total Score over 6-week period -13.7 -8.8 <0.001
(averaged)
Change in MADRS Total Score at week 6 -17.2 -12.1 0.013
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The Secondary Endpoints:
[481] Table B listed the secondary endpoints with P-values.
Table B
Secondary Endpoint P-Value*
MADRS Total Score Change Weeks 1-2 0.01
% Achieving Remission on MADRS at Week 2 0.004
% Achieving Remission on MADRS at Week 6 0.004
MADRS-6 Change at Week 6 0.007
% of Responders on MADRS-6 (50% reduction from baseline) at Week 6 0.014
Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I) at Week 1 0.045
CGI-I at Week 6 0.051
Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) at Week 6 0.028
*P-values are for DM/BU versus active comparator bupropion (BU). Multiple
secondary endpoints
favored DM/BU.
[482] Figure 14 shows the percent of subjects achieving remission (as
determined by
MADRS 10) over the time during the 6-week dosing period for the subjects
administered
bupropion (BU) or the combination of dextronnethorphan and bupropion (DM/BU).
Safety:
[483] The clinical study showed that the administration of the DM/BU was
safe and well
tolerated with similar rates of adverse events in the DM/BU and bupropion
arms. No serious
adverse events were observed. There was no meaningful difference between the
two treatment
arms in discontinuations due to adverse events. The most commonly reported
adverse events in
the DM/BU arm were nausea, dizziness, dry mouth, decreased appetite, and
anxiety. The DM/BU
was not associated with psychotonninnetic effects, weight gain, or increased
sexual dysfunction.
Summary:
[484] Statistically significant improvements on MADRS and secondary
efficacy endpoints for
DM/BU in patients with MDD were achieved. Early and sustained separation from
active
comparator bupropion were observed. The administration of DM/BU was safe and
well-tolerated
with no psychotonninnetic effects, weight gain, or increased sexual
dysfunction
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[485] Thus, DM/BU demonstrated significant and rapid antidepressant
activity with a
favorable safety profile in the clinical trial in MDD.
Results:
[486] Figures 13 and 14 are prepared based on the results of the US
clinical trials with 80
adult patients having depression with 43 patients treated with the combination
of 45 mg of DM
and 105 mg of BU, and 37 patients treated with 105 mg of BU alone who received
a twice daily
dose for the 6-week treatment period. Among these patients, 23% of them had
received prior
first line treatment for depression.
[487] As shown in Figure 13 and Table A, the MADRS total score (depression
rating scale)
was significantly reduced with the combination of DM and BU than that of BU
alone even at the
first week of the treatment. At week 6, administration of the combination
DM/BU reduced the
MADRS total score by about 42% as compared to bupropion alone.
[488] As shown in Figure 14, even in as early as the second week of the
treatment, the
remission rate for the combination of DM/BU is significantly higher than that
for the comparator
BU alone (about 8 times) with about 20% higher remission rate. At week 6 of
the treatment, the
administration of combination DM/BU resulted in about 30% higher remission
rate than that of
the comparator BU alone.
[489] The above clinical study showed that the administration of the
combination of
bupropion with dextronnethorphan (DM/BU) provides greater efficacy than would
otherwise be
achieved by administering bupropion alone. This clinical study demonstrated
that the
combination of dextronnethorphan and bupropion has an additive or synergistic
efficacy in
treating depression.
Example 4: Product Kit:
[490] In some embodiments, a product kit comprises a combination of
dextronnethorphan
and bupropion, for treating depression, wherein the product kit contains a
dosage form
containing about 30 mg to about 60 mg of dextronnethorphan and about 100 mg to
about 200 mg
of bupropion, and wherein administration of the dosage form once daily or
twice daily results in
greater efficacy in the human being than that for administering bupropion
alone. In some
embodiments, the product kit contains 45 mg of dextronnethorphan and 105 mg of
bupropion.
[491] In some embodiments, a product kit comprises an oral sustained
release delivery
system for dextronnethorphan, comprising bupropion; dextronnethorphan; and a
water soluble
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vehicle in a dosage form, wherein the dosage form contains about 30 mg to
about 60 mg of
dextronnethorphan and about 100 mg to about 200 mg of bupropion, and wherein
the use of the
dosage form once or twice daily for at least eight days results in the
increase of elimination half-
life (11/2) of dextronnethorphan than that for administration
dextronnethorphan alone on the
eighth day.
Example 5:
[492] Nearly 40 million American adults smoke and around 70% of them report
that they
want to quit. Tobacco use results in approximately 500,000 premature deaths
each year in the
U.S. alone, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Smoking is the single
largest cause of premature deaths worldwide accounting for an estimated almost
20% of all
deaths in developed countries [Dani JA and Heinemann S (1996) Neuron 16:5, pp.
905-8]. Direct
health care and lost productivity costs as a result of smoking total nearly
$300 billion a year in the
U.S. alone. It is estimated that only 3 to 5% of cigarette smokers who attempt
to quit without
assistance are successful for 6-12 months, and the relapse rate remains above
80% even with
current treatments [Hughes JR, et al. (2004) Addiction 99:1, pp. 29-38]. As
the vast majority of
smokers who attempt to quit fail to do so highlighting the need for new
approaches. The
combination of dextronnethorphan and bupropion (DM/BU) has the potential to
address this
condition due to the novel mechanisms of action of DM/BU.
[493] The dextronnethorphan component of DM/BU is a sigma-1 receptor
agonist, nicotinic
acetylcholine receptor antagonist, and inhibitor of the serotonin and
norepinephrine transporters.
The bupropion component of DM/BU serves to increase the bioavailability of
dextronnethorphan,
and is a norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitor, and a nicotinic
acetylcholine receptor
antagonist. Both components of DM/BU are nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
antagonists, a
mechanism that is relevant to nicotine dependence. Thus, DM/BU provides a
potentially new
mechanism of action for smoking cessation treatment.
Phase 2 clinical trial design:
[494] The clinical trial was a Phase 2, randomized, double-blind, active-
controlled study to
evaluate the efficacy and safety of DM/BU for smoking cessation treatment. A
total of 58 smokers
were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive either DM/BU (45 mg
dextronnethorphan/105 mg
bupropion) (n=31), or the active comparator bupropion (105 mg) (n=27), twice
daily, and assessed
over a 3-week period. Enrolled subjects were daily smokers using 10 or more
cigarettes per day.
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The average number of cigarettes smoked per day at baseline was 20 for DM/BU
and 17 for the
bupropion treatment groups.
The Primary Endpoint:
[495] The primary outcome measure was the change in smoking intensity,
measured using
the number of cigarettes smoked per day, assessed via daily smoking diaries.
[496] Reduction in ad-lib smoking was selected as the primary endpoint in
this trial,
because it has been shown to correlate with smoking abstinence.
Safety:
[497] Medication adherence was similar between the study arms for both the
morning
dose (97.1% for DM/BU and 96.6% for bupropion) and the evening dose (76.3% for
DM/BU and
79.4% for bupropion). In the study, DM/BU was safe and well tolerated with no
serious adverse
events. The most commonly reported side effects were headache, dry mouth, and
insomnia/vivid
dreams, with similar incidences in both treatment arms.
Results:
[498] Treatment with DM/BU resulted in a 25% greater reduction in the
average number of
cigarettes smoked per day over the 3-week period, the prespecified primary
endpoint, as
compared to bupropion (average reductions of 8.49 and 6.79 cigarettes per day
for DM/BU and
bupropion, respectively, p = 0.0016).
[499] Consistent with this finding, a greater proportion of smokers
receiving DM/BU
experienced a more than 50% reduction in expired carbon monoxide levels, a
biochemical marker
of smoking intensity, as compared to those treated with bupropion (52.0% for
DM/BU versus
30.4% for bupropion, p = 0.15).
[500] In addition, the human subjects who took DM/BU as prescribed on a
given day
smoked 1.0 fewer cigarette on the day of medication use of DM/BU (p = 0.026)
and 1.2 fewer
cigarettes on the following day (p = 0.008) as compared to those who missed
one or both doses of
DM/BU.
Summary:
[501] The treatment with DM/BU achieves the prespecified primary endpoint
in Phase 2
Trial in Smoking Cessation. The treatment with DM/BUdennonstrated
statistically significant
reduction in daily smoking compared to the active comparator bupropion alone
(p = 0.0016). The
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findings in this phase 2 clinical trial are notable because DM/BU was compared
to bupropion,
which is an approved treatment for smoking cessation.
[502] Furthermore, it is worth noting that the improvement of DM/BU over
bupropion
observed in this clinical trial in human beings is similar in magnitude to the
improvement over
placebo reported for the approved smoking cessation treatment varenicline in
studies with a
similar design. Varenicline is a prescription medication used to treat smoking
addiction. This
medication is the first approved nicotinic receptor partial agonist.
Specifically, varenicline is a
partial agonist of the a1pha4/beta2 subtype of the nicotinic acetylcholine
receptor.
Example 6
[503] A Phase 3, randomized, double-blind, multicenter, placebo-controlled
clinical trial of
the combination of dextronnethorphan (DM) and bupropion (BU or BUP) in
patients with major
depressive disorder (MDD) was conducted in the U.S. A total of 327 patients
with a confirmed
diagnosis of moderate to severe MDD were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive
45 mg
dextronnethorphan/105 mg bupropion (DM/BU) (n=163), or placebo (n=164) once
daily for the
first 3 days (day 1, day 2, and day 3) and twice daily thereafter (starting
day 4) for a total of 6
weeks.
[504] Baseline inclusion criteria included: Male or female 18-65 years of
age, meeting DSM-
criteria for current MDD without psychotic features, a Montgomery-Asberg
Depression Rating
Scale (MADRS) total score of at least 25, and CGI-S score of at least 4.
Exclusion criteria included:
a history of electroconvulsive therapy, vagusnerve stimulation, transcranial
magnetic stimulation,
or any experimental central nervous system treatment of, during the current
episode or in the
past 6 months, Schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder,
and Psychiatric
symptoms secondary to any other general medical condition.
[505] Patient demographics and baseline characteristics are shown in Table
6 below:
Table 6
45 mg DM/105 mg BU Placebo
Age (years) 42.1 (12.71) 41.1 (13.78)
Female Gender, n (%) 98 (60.1%) 117 (71.3%)
Race, n (%)
White 88 (54.0%) 92 (56.1%)
Black or African American 61 (37.4%) 55 (33.5%)
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45 mg DM/105 mg BU Placebo
Asian 9 (5.5%) 8 (4.9%)
Other or Not Reported 5 (3.1%) 9 (5.5%)
BM I (nng/kg2) 29.2 (5.59) 29.4 (5.66)
MADRS Total Score 33.6 (4.43) 33.2 (4.36)
CGI-S Score 4.6 (0.59) 4.6 (0.57)
Data are mean (SD) unless otherwise stated.
Abbreviations: BMI = Body Mass Index; BU = Bupropion; CGI-S = Clinical Global
Impression ¨
Severity; DM = Dextronnethorphan; MADRS = Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating
Scale
[506] Demographics and baseline characteristics were similar across both
treatment
groups. Study completion rates were greater than 75% in both treatment groups.
[507] The primary endpoint of the study was the change from baseline in the
MADRS total
score at Week 6. Secondary endpoints included MADRS change at Weeks 1 and 2,
remission,
response, Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I), Clinical Global
Impression-Severity
(CGI-S), Patient Global Impression-Improvement (PGI-I), MADRS-6, Sheehan
Disability Scale (SDS),
other quality of life measures, safety and tolerability. P-values were
calculated based on least
square mean estimates.
[508] DM/BU met the primary endpoint and rapidly and significantly improved
symptoms
of depression. Specifically, DM/BU demonstrated rapid, durable, and
statistically significant
improvement in depressive symptoms as measured by MADRS total score compared
to placebo
(p=0.002 on primary endpoint). DM/BU demonstrated a highly statistically
significant reduction in
the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) total score compared to
placebo at
Week 6, with mean reductions from baseline of 16.6 points for DM/BU and 11.9
points for
placebo (p=0.002).
[509] Additionally, a statistically significant improvement was observed at
Week 1, or only 4
days after the start of twice daily dosing. As depicted in FIG. 15,
statistically significant
improvements at Week 1 were observed for MADRS total score, with a reduction
in MADRS total
score of 7.3 points for DM/BU compared to the reduction of 4.9 points for
placebo (key secondary
endpoint, p=0.007) , with statistical significance for this measure maintained
at all time points
thereafter (e.g. Week 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6). Statistically significant
improvements for Patient Global
Impression-Improvement (PGI-I) (p=0.008); Clinical Global Impression-Severity
(CGI-S) (p=0.013);
Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I) (p=0.035); Quick Inventory of
Depressive
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Synnptonnatology-Self-Rated (QIDS-SR-16) (p=0.016); Quality of Life Enjoyment
and Satisfaction
Questionnaire-Short Form (Q-LES-Q-SF) (p=0.031); and other endpoints were also
observed at
Week 1 and at every time point thereafter (e.g. Week 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6).
[510] As shown in FIG. 16, response, defined as a 50% improvement in the
MADRS total
score, was seen at Week 6 in 54.0% of patients who received DM/BU, compared to
34.0% of
patients who received placebo (p<0.001).
[511] As shown in FIG. 17, rates of remission from depression (defined as
MADRS 1.0) were
statistically significantly greater for DM/BU compared to placebo at Week 2
(p=0.013) and at
every time point thereafter (e.g. Week 3, 4, or 6), being achieved by 39.5% of
DM/BU patients
compared to 17.3% of placebo patients at Week 6 (p<0.001).
[512] DM/BU was also associated with a statistically significant reduction
in functional
impairment, as measured by the Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS), compared to
placebo at Week 2
(p=0.003), and at every time point thereafter (p=0.002, at Week 6).
[513] On all secondary endpoints including the following, DM/BU
demonstrated statistically
significant improvement at Week 6 compared to placebo, reflecting increasing
treatment effects
over time: clinical response on the MADRS total score (defined as 50%)
(p<0.001); PGI-I
(p=0.007); CGI-S (p=0.002); CGI-I (p=0.016); QIDS-SR-16 (p=0.001); Sheehan
Disability Scale (SDS)
(p=0.002); and Q-LES-Q-SF (p=0.011).
[514] DM/BU was well tolerated in the phase 3 clinical trial. The most
commonly reported
adverse events in the DM/BU arm were dizziness, nausea, headache, diarrhea,
somnolence, and
dry mouth. There was one serious adverse event in the DM/BU arm which was
deemed by the
investigator not to be study-drug related. The rates of discontinuation due to
adverse events were
low in both treatment groups (6.2% for DM/BU and 0.6% for placebo). Treatment
with DM/BU
was not associated with psychotonninnetic effects or weight gain.
Example 7
[515] A Phase 3, randomized, double-blind, active controlled trial was
conducted to assess
the efficacy and safety of DM/BU in the treatment of treatment resistant
depression (TRD).
Patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) who had previously failed one or
two
antidepressant treatments were treated in an open-label fashion with 150 mg
bupropion twice
daily (300 mg total daily dose) (n=799, n represents of number of patients)
during a 6-week lead-
in period. Patients who failed to respond to bupropion during this lead-in
period were randomized
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in a 1:1 ratio to treatment with bupropion at this same total daily dose
(n=156), or to treatment
with DM/BU (45 mg dextronnethorphan/105 mg bupropion) twice daily (90 mg
dextronnethorphan/210 mg bupropion total daily dose) (n=156), for 6 weeks.
Inclusion criteria for
the open-label period included males or females 18-65 years of age, a history
of inadequate
response to 1 or 2 prior antidepressant treatments, established by the
Antidepressant Treatment
Response Questionaire (ATRQ), and a Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-17)
total score of
18. Inclusion criteria for the double-blind period included inadequate
response to 2 or 3 prior
antidepressant treatments, including open-label period failure. Exclusion
criteria included a
history of electroconvulsive therapy, vagus nerve stimulation, transcranial
magnetic stimulation or
any experimental central nervous system treatment during the current episode
or in the past 6
months, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder,
psychiatric symptoms
secondary to any other general medical condition.
[516] Demographics and baseline characteristics are shown in Table 7 below.
Study
completion rates were similar across both treatment groups, 89% for
dextronnethorphan/bupropion and 94% for bupropion.
Table 7. Demographics and Baseline Characteristics
Dextromethorphan(45 Bupropion (150 mg)
mg)/Bupropion (105 mg)
Age (years) 44.3 (12.19) 45.1 (12.56)
Female Gender, n (%) 101 (65.6%) 97 (62.6%)
Race, n (%)
White 100 (64.9%) 106 (68.4%)
Black or African American 41 (26.6%) 39 (25.2%)
Asian 2 (1.3%) 6 (3.9%)
Other or Not Reported 11(7.1%) 4 (2.6%)
BM I (nng/kg2) 29.9 (5.85) 29.5 (5.64)
MADRS Total Score 33.4 (5.61) 33.2 (5.17)
CGI-S Score 4.6 (0.61) 4.6 (0.54)
Data are mean (SD) unless otherwise stated
Abbreviations: BMI = Body Mass Index; CGI-S = Clinical Global Impression ¨
Severity; MADRS =
Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale
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[517] The change in depressive symptoms over time was measured using the
Montgomery-
Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and the Quick Inventory of Depressive
Synnptonnatology-
Self-Rated (QIDS-SR-16). The primary endpoint was the change from baseline in
the MADRS after
6 weeks of treatment. The key secondary endpoints were the change from
baseline in the MADRS
after 1 week of treatment, after 2 weeks of treatment, the average change over
entire 6-week
double-blind treatment period, and the Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS). Other
pre-specified
secondary efficacy variables included the Cognitive subscale of the
Massachusetts General
Hospital Cognitive and Physical Functioning Questionnaire (CPFQ), and the
Hamilton Anxiety Scale
(HAM-A).
[518] As shown in FIG. 18, DM/BU rapidly and significantly improved
symptoms in patients
with TRD as measured by MADRS averaged over the entire 6-week treatment
period, a key
secondary endpoint, with mean reductions of 8.6 for DM/BU (n = 154) versus 6.7
for bupropion (n
= 155) (p=0.031). The rapid onset of action with DM/BU treatment was
demonstrated with
statistically significant mean MADRS reductions at Week 1, the earliest time
point measured, of
5.2 versus 3.6 respectively for DM/BU and bupropion (p=0.02), and at Week 2 of
8.0 versus 6.1
respectively for DM/BU and bupropion (p=0.035), both time points being key
secondary
endpoints. At Week 6 (primary endpoint), DM/BU demonstrated a numerically
greater
improvement in MADRS, with mean reductions of 11.6 for DM/BU versus 9.4 for
bupropion
(p=0.117), but did not reach statistical significance on the Week 6.
[519] As shown in FIG. 19, DM/BU rapidly and significantly improved
depressive symptoms
in patients with TRD as measured by the Quick Inventory of Depressive
Synnptonnatology-Self-
Rated (QIDS-SR-16) averaged over the entire 6-week treatment period, with mean
reductions of
3.3 for DM/BU versus 2.3 for bupropion (p=0.013).
[520] As shown in FIG. 20, rates of remission from depression (defined as
QIDS-SR-16 5)
were statistically significantly greater for DM/BU compared to bupropion at
Week 1 (p=0.001) and
at every time point evaluated thereafter, being achieved by 18.2% of DM/BU
patients compared
to 8.2% of bupropion patients at Week 6 (p=0.012).
[521] As shown in FIG. 21, DM/BU significantly improved cognitive function
in patients with
TRD as compared to bupropion, assessed using the Cognitive subscale of the
Massachusetts
General Hospital Cognitive and Physical Functioning Questionnaire (CPFQ)
(p=0.011). Cognitive
dysfunction is well documented in the different phases of major depression,
and plays an
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important role in functional recovery from major depression. The improvement
in cognitive
function with DM/BU was rapid as compared to bupropion, reaching statistical
significance as
early as Week 2 (p=0.01) and at every time point evaluated thereafter. The
Cognitive subscale of
the CPFQ assesses sharpness/mental acuity, and the ability to focus/maintain
attention, to
remember/recall information, and to find words. Statistical significance for
the superiority of
DM/BU versus bupropion was also achieved for the entire CPFQ (p=0.014), which
assesses
physical in addition to cognitive functioning.
[522] DM/BU rapidly and significantly reduced anxiety symptoms in patients
with TRD as
compared to bupropion, assessed using the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A)
(p=0.009). DM/BU
demonstrated numerical improvement versus the active comparator bupropion for
all other
efficacy variables assessed.
[523] DM/BU was well tolerated in the trial. The most commonly reported
adverse events
in the DM/BU arm were dizziness and nausea. The rates of discontinuation due
to adverse events
were low in both treatment groups (2.6% for DM/BU and 1.9% for bupropion).
There were three
serious adverse events in the DM/BU arm, consisting of migraine; overdose; and
suicidal ideation,
which occurred more than one week after the cessation of treatment. Treatment
with DM/BU
was not associated with psychotonninnetic effects, weight gain, or sexual
dysfunction. Adverse
events are listed in Table 8 below.
Table 8. Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events
Double-blind Periodb Open-label Period
DM/BU (N=154) BU (N=156) BU (n=310)
Any TEAEa 67(43.5%) 61 (39.1%) 135 (43.5)
Dizziness 13 (8.4%) 0 9 (2.9%)
Nausea 8 (5.2%) 3 (1.9%) 22 (7.1%)
Dry mouth 6 (3.9%) 3 (1.9%) 13 (4.2%)
Headache 4 (2.6%) 7 (4.5%) 14 (4.5%)
Insomnia 3 (1.9%) 5 (3.2%) 19 (6.1%)
Constipation 3 (1.9%) 3 (1.9%) 13 (4.2%)
Anxiety 2 (1.3%) 0 11 (3.5%)
Irritability 0 2 (1.3%) 10 (3.2%)
Abbreviations: AE = adverse event. Data presented as number of subjects (% of
subjects)
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a. Treatment-emergent AEs occurring in subjects during the open-label
period or 5% of
subjects during the double-blind period are reported.
b. In double-blind period, treatment-emergent AE is defined as any AE with an
onset on or after
date of randomization and prior to or on visit 9 date or period 2 early
termination date.
Example 8
[524] A Phase 2/3 randomized, double-blind, controlled, multicenter, U.S.
clinical trial was
conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of DM/BU in patients with
agitation associated with
Alzheimer's disease. A total of 366 patients with a diagnosis of probable
Alzheimer's disease and
clinically meaningful agitation associated with their disease were randomized,
initially in a 1:1:1
ratio, to receive DM/BU (dextronnethorphan/bupropion, dose escalated from 30
mg/105 mg once
daily in the first week, to 30 mg/105 mg twice daily in the second week, to 45
mg/105 mg twice
daily thereafter), bupropion (dose escalated from 105 mg once daily in the
first week to 105 mg
twice daily thereafter), or matching placebo, for 5 weeks. An independent data
monitoring
committee performed an interim futility analysis and recommended no further
randomization to
the bupropion arm. Subsequently, patients were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to
receive DM/BU or
placebo. Total patients randomized were 159, 49, and 158 to the DM/BU,
bupropion, and placebo
arms, respectively. The mean Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI) total
scores at baseline
were 60.8, 66.1, and 59.3, respectively for the DM/BU, bupropion, and placebo
groups. The
minimum score on the CMAI is 29, corresponding to the total absence of
symptoms, with higher
scores corresponding to greater agitation. The primary endpoint of the study
was the change from
baseline in the CMAI total score at Week 5. P-values were calculated based on
least square mean
estimates.
[525] Inclusion criteria included male or female 65-90 years of age,
diagnosis of probable
Alzheimer's disease, according to the 2011 NIA-AA criteria, diagnosis of
agitation, according to the
IPA provisional definition of agitation, MMSE score between 10 and 24, an NPI-
AA score 4, and
community dwelling. Exclusion criterial included dementia of non-Alzheimer's
type and current
use of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor and/or a serotonin and
norepinephrine inhibitor
(SSRI/SNRI). Demographics and baseline characteristics are shown in Table 9
below.
Table 9. Demographics and Baseline Characteristics
DM/BU Bupropion Placebo
(n = 152) (n = 49) (n = 156)
Age (years) 75.2 (5.71) 76.4 (6.13) 75.1 (5.96)
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DM/BU Bupropion Placebo
(n = 152) (n = 49) (n = 156)
Female Gender, n (%) 86 (56.6%) 22 (44.9%) 91 (58.3%)
Race, n (%)
White 136 (89.5%) 43 (87.8%) 128 (82.1%)
Black or African American 11 (7.2%) 5 (10.2%) 25 (16.0%)
Asian 1 (0.7%) 0 1 (0.6%)
Other or Not Reported 4 (2.6%) 1 (2.0%) 2 (1.3%)
CMAI Score 60.7 (17.40) 66.1 (19.65) 59.4 (15.60)
CGI-S (agitation) 4.2 (0.77) 4.4 (0.82) 4.2 (0.65)
N PI -A/A Score 7.2 (2.17) 6.9 (2.45) 6.8 (2.07)
MMSE 18.7 (3.76) 17.8 (4.19) 18.8 (3.70)
nnITT population. Data are mean (SD) unless otherwise stated.
Abbreviations: BMI = Body Mass Index; BU = bupropion; CGI-S = Clinical Global
Impression ¨
Severity; CMAI = Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory; DM = dextronnethorphan;
nnITT = modified
intent to treat; MMSE = Mini-mental state examination; NPI-A/A =
Neuropsychiatric Inventory ¨
Agitation and Aggressive domain.
[526] As shown in FIG. 22, DM/BU met the primary endpoint by demonstrating
a
statistically significant mean reduction in the Cohen Mansfield Agitation
Inventory (CMAI) total
score compared to placebo at Week 5, with mean reductions from baseline of
15.4 points for
DM/BU (n = 152), 10.0 for BU 9n = 49), and 11.5 points for placebo (n = 156)
(p=0.010).
[527] As shown in FIG. 23, These results represent a mean percentage
reduction of CMAI
from baseline of 48% for DM/BU versus 38% for placebo. The CMAI is a 29-item
caregiver-rated
scale that assesses the frequency of agitation-related behaviors in patients
with dementia,
including excessive motor activity such as pacing and restlessness, verbal
aggression such as
screaming and shouting, and physical aggression such as grabbing, pushing, and
hitting. DM/BU
was also statistically superior to bupropion on the CMAI total score (p<0.001)
at week 5,
demonstrating component contribution.
[528] DM/BU rapidly improved agitation symptoms. DM/BU numerically
separated from
placebo at Week 2 with a mean reduction from baseline in the CMAI total score
of 11.5 points for
DM/BU compared to 8.7 points for placebo (p=0.069).
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[529] DM/BU demonstrated a statistically significant mean reduction from
baseline in the
CMAI total score of 13.8 points for DM/BU compared to 9.7 points for placebo
at Week 3
(p=0.007), with statistical significance for this measure maintained
thereafter.
[530] As shown in FIG. 24, a statistically significantly greater proportion
of patients
achieved a clinical response on the CMAI, defined as a 30% or greater
improvement from
baseline, with DM/BU as compared to placebo (73% versus 57%, p=0.005). These
results were
consistent with clinicians' global assessments of change measured using the
modified Alzheimer's
Disease Cooperative Study-Clinical Global Impression of Change for Agitation
(nnADCS-CGIC).
DM/BU demonstrated statistically significantly greater improvement in
agitation as compared to
placebo on this measure (p=0.036).
[531] DM/BU was safe and well tolerated in the trial. The most commonly
reported adverse
events in the DM/BU arm were somnolence (8.2% for DM/BU versus 4.1% for
bupropion and 3.2%
for placebo), dizziness (6.3%, 10.2%, 3.2%, for DM/BU, bupropion, and placebo
arms respectively),
and diarrhea (4.4%, 6.1%, 4.4%, for DM/BU, bupropion, and placebo arms
respectively). The rates
of discontinuation due to adverse events were 1.3%, 2.0%, and 1.3% in the
DM/BU, bupropion,
and placebo arms, respectively. Serious adverse events were reported in 3.1%
of patients treated
with DM/BU, compared to 8.2% of bupropion, and 5.7% of placebo-treated
patients. No serious
adverse events were deemed to be related to study drug in any treatment arm.
There was one
death in the placebo arm, one in the bupropion arm, and none in the DM/BU arm.
There was no
evidence of cognitive decline for patients treated with DM/BU as shown by the
Mini-Mental State
Examination (MMSE), a widely utilized measure of general cognitive function.
Treatment with
DM/BU was not associated with sedation. Adverse events are listed in Table 10
below.
Table 10. Treatment-Emergent Adverse Event
DM/BU Bupropion Placebo
(n = 159) (n = 49) (n = 158)
Subjects with any 70 (44.0%) 30 (61.2%) 52 (32.9%)
TEAE
Somnolence 13 (8.2%) 2 (4.1%) 5 (3.2%)
Dizziness 10 (6.3%) 5 (10.2%) 5 (3.2%)
Diarrhea 7 (4.4%) 3 (6.1%) 7 (4.4%)
Headache 6 (3.8%) 3 (6.1%) 5 (2.5%)
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DM/BU Bupropion Placebo
(n = 159) (n = 49) (n = 158)
Falls 4 (2.5%) 7 (14.3%) 3 (1.9%)
Fatigue 3 (1.9%) 5 (10.2%) 2 (1.3%)
Insomnia 1 (0.6%) 3 (6.1%) 3 (1.9%)
Serious AEs 5 (3.1%) 4 (8.2%) 9 (5.7%)
Discontinuation due 2 (1.3%) 1 (2.0%) 2 (1.3%)
to AEs
Deaths 0 1 (2.0% 1 (0.6%)
Abbreviations: AE = adverse event; TEAE = Treatment-emergent adverse event.
Safety Population, data presented as number of subjects (% of subjects).
Treatment-emergent AEs occurring in 5% of subjects in any treatment group are
presented.
Example 9
[532] An open label study was started with 47 patients having major
depressive disorder
who had received two or more treatments in the current major depressive
episode prior to being
treated with a combination of 45 mg of dextronnethorphan hydrobronnide and 105
mg of
bupropion hydrochloride, given twice a day. Preliminary results for the
ongoing study are
depicted in Table 11 below.
Table 11
Baseline Week 1 Week 2 Week 4 Week 6 Week 8 Week 12
MADRS 33.28 23.11 18.28 14.58 9.20 9.11
11.15
MADRS Change from BL -10.2 -15.2 -18.7 -24.1 -24.0 -
22.2
Example 10
[533] The open label study of Example 9 was continued. A total of 70
patients were
enrolled who had ongoing symptoms of depression despite receiving treatment
with two or more
prior antidepressants during the current major depressive episode. Patients
were treated with a
45 mg dextronnethorphan-105 mg bupropion modulated delivery tablet twice daily
for up to 12
months. The results are summarized in Table 12.
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Table 12
Timepoint MADRS
Reduction
Baseline 0
1 week -10.4
2 weeks -14.7
6 weeks -20.6
6 months -22.9
1 year -26.3
MADRS Reduction: mean reduction of MADRS score from baseline.
[534] FIG. 25 depicts the reduction in MADRS Score from baseline from this
trial DM/BU as
compared to the combination of dextronnethorphan and quinidine (DM/Q) as
reported in
Murrough (Journal of Affective Disorders 218 (2017) 277-283, Figure 3A).
[535] Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of
ingredients,
properties such as amounts, percentage, and so forth used in the specification
and claims are to
be understood in all instances as indicating both the exact values as shown
and as being modified
by the term "about." Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the
numerical parameters set
forth in the specification and attached claims are approximations that may
vary depending upon
the desired properties sought to be obtained. At the very least, and not as an
attempt to limit the
application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims, each
numerical parameter
should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant
digits and by applying
ordinary rounding techniques.
[536] The terms "a," "an," "the" and similar referents used in the context
of describing the
embodiments (especially in the context of the following claims) are to be
construed to cover both
the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly
contradicted by context.
All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless
otherwise indicated
herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all
examples, or
exemplary language (e.g., "such as") provided herein is intended merely to
better illuminate the
embodiments and does not pose a limitation on the scope of any claim. No
language in the
specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element
essential to the practice
of the claims.
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[537] Groupings of alternative elements or embodiments disclosed herein are
not to be
construed as limitations. Each group member may be referred to and claimed
individually or in
any combination with other members of the group or other elements found
herein. It is
anticipated that one or more members of a group may be included in, or deleted
from, a group for
reasons of convenience and/or to expedite prosecution. When any such inclusion
or deletion
occurs, the specification is deemed to contain the group as modified thus
fulfilling the written
description of all Markush groups if used in the appended claims.
[538] Certain embodiments are described herein, including the best mode
known to the
inventors for carrying out the claimed embodiments. Of course, variations on
these described
embodiments will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon
reading the
foregoing description. The inventor expects skilled artisans to employ such
variations as
appropriate, and the inventors intend for the claimed embodiments to be
practiced otherwise
than specifically described herein. Accordingly, the claims include all
modifications and
equivalents of the subject matter recited in the claims as permitted by
applicable law. Moreover,
any combination of the above-described elements in all possible variations
thereof is
contemplated unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly
contradicted by context.
[539] In closing, it is to be understood that the embodiments disclosed
herein are
illustrative of the principles of the claims. Other modifications that may be
employed are within
the scope of the claims. Thus, by way of example, but not of limitation,
alternative embodiments
may be utilized in accordance with the teachings herein. Accordingly, the
claims are not limited to
embodiments precisely as shown and described.
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