Note : Les descriptions sont présentées dans la langue officielle dans laquelle elles ont été soumises.
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PLASMA FRACTIONATION PROCESS UTILIZING SPRAY-DRIED HUMAN PLASMA
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[00011 This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application
No.
63/086,335, filed October 1, 2020, entitled "PLASMA FRACTIONATION UTILIZING
SPRAY-DRIED HUMAN PLASMA," which is hereby incorporated by reference in its
entirety.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention resides in the field of plasma fractionation to
separate
therapeutically active proteins from plasma.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[00031 To facilitate storage and transportation of blood plasma until
fractionation, plasma is
typically preserved by freenn2 soon after its collection from a donor. Fresh-
Frozen Plasma
(FFP) is obtained through a series of steps involving centrifugation of whole
blood to
separate plasma and then freezing the collected plasma within less than 8
hours of collecting
the whole blood. Alternatively, plasma is collected from donors using
plasmapheresis
equipment, in which the blood cells are separated from plasma and returned to
the donor. In
the United States, the American Association of Blood Banks (AABB) standard for
storing
FFP is up to 12 months from collection when stored at a temperature of -18 C
or below. FFP
may also be stored for up to 7 years from collection if maintained at a
temperature of -65 C
or below. European standards dictate that FFP has a shelf life of 3 months if
stored at
temperatures between -18 C to -25 C. and for up to 36 months if stored below
-25 C.
Under European standards thawed plasma must be transfused immediately or
stored at 1 C to
C and transfused within 24 hours. If stored longer than 24 hours, the plasma
must be
relabeled for other uses or discarded.
[0004] Thus, FE? must be maintained in a temperature-controlled environment
throughout its
duration of storage to prevent degradation of certain plasma proteins, adding
to the difficulty
and cost and difficulty of storage and transport. Furthermore, FFP must be
thawed prior to
use, resulting in a delay of 30-80 minutes before it may be used after removal
from cold
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storage. Clearly, a method dispensing with the need for a cold-storage chain
for plasma pre-
fractionation would represent a significant advance in the fractionation of
the 23 to 28 million
liters of plasma fractioned each year. Burnouf, Transfus. Med. Rev. (2007);
21(2): 101-117.
10005] A possible solution for eliminating the need for maintaining plasma in
a frozen state
has relied on lyophilized plasma. Dried blood products are known in the art,
and the
predominant technique for achieving the dried product is lyophiliz.ation
(freeze-drying). For
example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,287,087 and 4,145,185 to Brinkhous et al. disclose
dried blood
platelets that have been fixed with a crosslinking reagent such as
formaldehyde. U.S. Pat.
Nos. 5,656,498; 5,651,966; 5,891,393; 5,902,608; and 5,993,804 disclose
additional dried
blood products. Such products are useful for therapeutic purposes because they
are stable,
have long shelf life, and can be used potentially in powder form to arrest
bleeding in patients
undergoing severe trauma. However, fractionation of reconstituted lyophilized
plasma is not
suggested in these references.
[0006] introducing spray dried plasma into the fractionation process has the
potential to
eliminate the need for the pre-fractionation cold-chain. Spray-drying is a
technology in
which a solution is atomized in a stream of flowing gas for rapid solvent
vaporization (e.g.,
dehydration). The result is the formation on a sub-second timescale of
rnicroparticles
composed of the residual solute. Spray-drying has been used as an industrial
process in the
material, food, and pharmaceutical industries for decades. More recently,
spray-drying has
facilitated the preparation of protein therapeutics as microparticles for
inhalation (Maltesen,
et al., Eur JPharrn Bi9pharm 70, 828-838 (2008)).
[0007] Reconstitutable, spray dried whole plasma has been used in trauma
settings and on the
battlefield. Though less than ideal, it finds utility in its storablity in a
wide range of
environments without freezers or refrigerators, its availabity for use by
first responders at the
initial point of care, and it can be transfused in minutes without the 30-45
minute delay
associated with thawing of frozen plasma
[0008] Though a potentially attractive expedient, the spray drying process,
under certain
conditions and parameters, can harm the plasma proteins. Spray drying subjects
plasma
proteins to high stress forces during the aerosolization process as the plasma
is forced through
a narrow orifice exposed to high rate of air flow that is necessary to create
suitably sized
droplets for drying. Second, the spray drying process exposes plasma proteins
to high
temperatures necessary to force the water from the aerosolized droplets.
Third, the spray
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drying process subjects the plasma proteins to dramatic and rapid increases in
pH as a result
of the rapid release of CO2 during drying.
100091 The spray drying process, depending on the parameters, can reduce
amounts of certain
large multimeric proteins (e.g., von Willebrand factor (vWF)), degrade large
proteins into
smaller protein fragments, and/or affect the activity/functionality of
proteins. As the goal of
plasma fractionation is the isolation (or enrichment) of physiologically
functional plasma
proteins into various fractions, one of ordinary skill in the art would not
look to nor find
suggestion or motivation in the spray drying or lyophilization art with regard
to incorporating
spray dried plasma as the starting material for plasma fractionation to
prepare intact,
physiologically active protein pharmacological agents.
100101 Accordingly, until the invention described herein, it has not been
apparent that the
proteins in the various fractions (e.g., cold ethanol fractions) could be
recovered by
fractionating reconstituted spray dried plasma in amounts sufficiently
meaningful to make the
expense of fractionating the reconstituted physiologically active plasma
worthwhile.
Additionally, it was not known whether the reconstituted physiologically
active spray dried
plasma would act similarly to fresh frozen plasma in Cohn Fractionation (or a
known
modification thereof). The inventors have discovered that this fractionation
route is indeed
feasible and have devised an economically viable Cohn Fractionation or Kistler-
Nitschman
Fractionation, or other method (e.g.. Gerlough, Hink, and Mulford methods)
commencing
with reconstituted spray dried plasma. See, e.g., Kistler et al., Vox. Sang.
(1962); 7(4),
pp.414-424; Graham, et al. Subcellular Fractionation, a Practical Approach.
Oxford
University Press. 1997.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0011] Given the broad use of therapeutic plasma-derived blood protein
compositions, such
as immune globulin compositions; albumin, protease inhibitors, blood
coagulation factors,
coagulation factor inhibitors; and proteins of the complement system, ensuring
adequate,
economical, environmentally friendly, and sustainable access to efficacious
and safe plasma-
derived blood protein compositions is of paramount importance.
[00121 In 2019, the blood plasma product market was forecast to grow at a CAGR
of 6.8% to
reach $28.5B in 2023 from $20.5B in 2018. The global annual fractionation
capacity was
about 70.7 million liters in 2016. Frozen plasma is transported from donor
centers to
fractionation centers. Cold chain spending in biopharma, of which the plasma
fractionation
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industry is a sector, was estimated in 2020 to be about $17.2B, up from 2019's
$15.7B.
"2020 Biopharma Cold Chain Sourcebook forecasts a $17.2-billion logistics
market" -
Pharmaceutical Commerce, April 27, 2020. Clearly, the economic and
environmental impact
of storing and transporting many millions of liters of frozen plasma,
maintained under
refrigeration, continues to be a significant consideration in the plasma
industry. See, e.g.,
Robert P, Hotchko M. Worldwide 2016 Plasma Protein Sales - Marketing Research
Bureau,
Inc. Published December 1, 2017.
[00131 The present invention ameliorates these and other problems by providing
a plasma
fractionation process originating with physiologically active spray dried
plasma. In addition
to providing efficacious and safe compositions, the present invention provides
a process for
isolating vital plasma proteins using a plasma source that accesses components
of the cold
chain less intensively, and is simpler and more economical to transport from
donor centers to
fractionation facilities than liquid plasma
[00141 With the current invention, it has quite surprisingly been discovered
that
physiologically active spray dried, and reconstituted plasma is an efficacious
starting material
for preparing protein therapeutic agents by fractionating the physiologically
active
reconstituted plasma. In various embodiments, the proteins typically found in
the various
Cohn fractions downstream from the physiologically active spray dried plasma
are found in
these fractions in yields and purity comparable to those found in
corresponding fractions in a
process starting with frozen plasma.
[00151 An exemplary method of the invention includes: providing a
physiologically active
reconstituted plasma solution prepared by reconstituting physiologically
active spray dried
plasma powder in a reconstitution liquid; and submitting the physiologically
active
reconstituted plasma to one or more plasma fractionation processes (e.g., cold
ethanol
fractionation).
[00161 The physiologically active spray dried plasma has the advantages of a
long storage
life at room temperature or standard refrigeration; easy storage and shipment
due to its
reduced weight and volume; versatility, durability and simplicity, and it can
be easily and
rapidly reconstituted and used at the site of fractionation. The
physiologically active spray
dried plasma preferably can be stored at least about 2-3 years at virtually
any temperature
(e.g., -180 C to 40 C). U.S. Publication 2019/0298765. The costs associated
with storage
and shipping of the physiologically active spray dried plasma are
significantly lower than
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those for liquid plasma, because of its lighter weight and broader range of
temperature
tolerance compared to frozen plasma
100171 The physiologically active spray dried plasma of use in the present
invention can be
produced in either a batch (single unit) or a continuous (e.g., pooled units)
process mode.
100181 The present invention also provides a plasma processing system,
preferably a cGMP
compliant system, which is used, inter alia, to fractionate plasma introduced
into the
fractionation process by means of a reconstituted spray driedõ physiologically
active plasma
powder solution. The starting physiologically active spray dried plasma can be
dried from
plasma directly into a final, attached sterile container, which can later be
transferred to a
reconstitution tank where the dried plasma it is rapidly and easily
reconstituted into state and
concentration appropriate for fractionation. At the fractionation site, the
physiologically
active spray dried plasma can be rapidly reconstituted
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
100191 FIG. 1 is a generalized flow diagram of an exemplary Cohn fractionation
procedure.
[00201 FIG. 2. Is a diagram of an exemplary spray drying device of use in
practicing the
current invention.
[0021] FIG. 3 is a table displaying the coagulation factor activity for thawed
plasma derived
from FFP for several coagulation factors. Physiologically active spray dried
plasma powder
of the type described herein may exhibit substantially similar coagulation
activity for one or
more or all of the listed factors. (2019/0298765).
[0022] FIG. 3 provides exemplary steps in a model spray drying run, and data
derived from
reconstitution and analysis of a composition of the invention.
[0023] FIG. 4 is a tabulation of parameters for exemplary spray dry runs on
plasma samples.
[00241 FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B, together are a tabulation of results from a post-
reconstitution
analysis such as that described in Example 2.
[0025] FIG. 6 is exemplary flow diagrams for two different fractionation
processes starting
with spray dried plasma starting material, TEST 1 and TEST 2, detailed in
Example 3 and
FIG. 7A-7D.
[0026] FIG. 7A-7D is a tabulation of results from TEST 1, TEST 2 and TEST 3
(initiated at
Fraction V).
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DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
1. Introduction
[0027] Making up about 55% of the total volume of whole blood, blood plasma is
a whole
blood component in which blood cells and other constituents of whole blood are
suspended.
Blood plasma further contains a mixture of over 700 proteins and additional
substances that
perform functions necessary for bodily health, including clotting, protein
storage, and
electrolytic balance, amongst others. When extracted from whole blood, blood
plasma may
be employed to replace bodily fluids, antibodies and clotting factors.
Accordingly, blood
plasma is extensively used in medical treatments.
[0028] Currently millions of liters of plasma are fractionated per year in a
process requiring a
cold chain for the plasma from the collection center to the fractionating site
with the frozen
plasma being stored in freezers, and thawed immediately before fractionation.
Maintenance
of the cold-chain during shipping of the plasma from the collection sites to
the fractionation
site is a logistically complex, resource intensive, expensive element of the
plasma
fractionation process and business that could be improved by innovations
focusing on
sustainability. Elimination of the cold-chain or a component of the cold-chain
results in an
increase in technological and economic efficiency, and a "greener", more
sustainable process.
[0029] As set forth in the following sections, the present invention, by
starting fractionation
with reconstituted physiologically active spray dried plasma, imparts numerous
efficiencies
and other advantages to the fractionation process.
[0030] Reference will now be made in detail to implementation of exemplary
embodiments
of the present disclosure as illustrated in the accompanying drawings. The
same reference
indicators will be used throughout the drawings and the following detailed
description to
refer to the same or like parts. Those of ordinary skill in the art will
understand that the
following detailed description is illustrative only and is not intended to be
in any way
limiting. Other embodiments of the present disclosure will readily suggest
themselves to
such skilled persons having benefit of this disclosure.
[0031] In the interest of clarity, not all of the routine features of the
implementations
described herein are shown and described. It will be appreciated that, in the
development of
any such actual implementation, numerous implementation-specific decisions are
made in
order to achieve the plasma product producer's specific goals, such as
compliance with
application- and business-related constraints, and that these specific goals
will vary from one
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implementation to another and from one plasma product producer to another.
Moreover, it
will be appreciated that such a development effort might be complex and time-
consuming,
but would nevertheless be a routine undertaking of engineering for those of
ordinary skill in
the art having the benefit of this disclosure.
[0032] Many modifications and variations of the exemplary embodiments set
forth in this
disclosure can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the
exemplary
embodiments, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The specific
exemplary
embodiments described herein are offered by way of example only, and the
disclosure is to be
limited only by the terms of the appended claims, atom with the full scope of
equivalents to
which such claims are entitled.
II. Abbreviations and Definitions
[0033] Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used
herein generally have
the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to
which this
invention belongs. Generally, the nomenclature used herein and the laboratory
procedures in
organic chemistry, pharmaceutical formulation, and medical imaging are those
well-known
and commonly employed in the art.
a. Abbreviations
[0034] "aPTT", as used herein refers to Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time,
a
performance indicator known in the art measuring the efficacy of both the
"intrinsic"
(sometimes referred to as the contact activation pathway) and the common
coagulation
pathways.
[0035] "PT", as used herein, refers to Prothrombin Time, a performance
indicator known in
the art of the extrinsic pathway of coagulation.
[0036] "FGN", as used herein, refers to Fibrinogen (also referred to in the
art as Factor I), an
insoluble plasma glywprotein, synthesized by the liver, that is converted by
thrombin into
fibrin during coagulation.
[0037] "PC", as used herein, refers to Protein C, also known as
autoprothrombin HA and
blood coagulation Factor XIV.
[0038] "PS", as used herein, refers to Protein S, a vitamin KAependent plasma
glycoprotein
synthesized in the endothelium. In the circulation, Protein S exists in two
forms: a free form
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and a complex form bound to complement protein C4b. In humans, protein S is
encoded by
the PROS! gene.
100391 As used herein, a "Factor followed by a Roman Numeral refers to a
series of plasma
proteins which are related through a complex cascade of enzyme-catalyzed
reactions
involving the sequential cleavage of large protein molecules to produce
peptides, each of
which converts an inactive zymogen precursor into an active enzyme leading to
the formation
of a fibrin clot. They include: Factor I (fibrinogen), Factor II
(prothrombin), Factor III (tissue
thromboplastin), Factor IV (calcium), Factor V (proaccelerin), Factor VI (no
longer
considered active in hemostasis), Factor VII (proconvertin), Factor VIII
(antihemophilic
factor), Factor IX (plasma thromboplastin component; Christmas factor), Factor
X (Stuart
factor), Factor XI (plasma thromboplastin antecedent), Factor XII (hageman
factor), and
Factor XIII (fibrin stabilizing factor).
[00401 "FP24" refers to frozen plasma prepared from a whole blood collection
and must be
separated and placed at -18 C or below within 24 hours from whole blood
collection. The
anticoagulant solution used and the component volume are indicated on the
label. On
average, units contain 200 to 250 mi.,. This plasma component is a source of
non- labile
plasma proteins. Levels of Factor VIII are significantly reduced and levels of
Factor V and
other labile plasma proteins are variable compared with FFP. This plasma
component serves
as a source of plasma proteins for patients who are deficient in or have
defective plasma
proteins. Coagulation factor levels might be lower than those of FFP,
especially labile
coagulation Factors V and V111.
b. Definitions
[0041] The articles "a" and "an" are used herein to refer to one or to more
than one (i.e., to at
least one) of the grammatical object of the article. By way of example, "a
protein" means one
protein or more than one protein.
100421 The "Cohn Process", and "Cohn Fractionation" are used interchangeably
herein and
as generally understood, refer to a method of separating human plasma through
a series of
steps, including ethanol precipitation at differing concentrations, changes in
pH, changes in
temperature, changes in ionic strength, which lead to fractions enriched in
certain plasma
proteins. See, for example U.S. Pat. No, 2,390,074. FIG. 1 provides an
exemplary flow
diagram for the Cohn Process. As used herein, the terms "Cohn Process" and
"Cohn
Fractionation" also refers to the many variations and improvements on this
pioneering
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process, e.g., Kistler-Nitschma.nn Process (Kistler et al. (1952), Vox Sang,
7, 414-424). Other
processes of use in the methods of the invention include the method of
isolating 12G set forth
in US Pat. No. 8,940,877
100431 "Plasma" is the fluid that remains after blood has been centrifuged
(for example) to
remove cellular materials such as red blood cells, white blood cells and
platelets. Plasma is
generally yellow-colored and clear to opaque. Blood that is donated and
processed to
separate the plasma from the other certain blood components, and not frozen is
referred to as
"never-frozen" plasma. Plasma that is frozen within 8 hours to temperatures,
described
herein, is referred to herein as "fresh frozen plasma" ("FFP"). it contains
the dissolved
constituents of the blood such as proteins (6-8%; e.g., serum albumins,
globulins, fibrinogen,
etc.), glucose, clotting factors (clotting proteins), electrolytes (Nat, Ca2t,
Mg2t, HCO3; Cr,
etc.), hormones, etc. Whole blood (WB) plasma is plasma isolated from whole
blood with no
added agents except anticoagulant(s). Citrate phosphate dextrose (CPI))
plasma, as the name
indicates, contains citrate, sodium phosphate and a sugar, usually dextrose,
which are added
as anticoagulants.
[0044] "Liquid plasma" refers to plasma other than spray dried plasma.
100451 "Recovered plasma" refers to plasma separated no later than 5 days
after the
expiration date of the Whole Blood and is stored at 1 to 6 C. The profile of
plasma proteins
in Liquid Plasma is poorly characterized. Levels and activation state of
coagulation proteins
in Liquid Plasma are dependent upon and change with time in contact with
cells, as well as
the conditions and duration of storage. This component serves as a source of
plasma
proteins. Levels and activation state of coagulation proteins are variable and
change over
time.
100461 "Thawed plasma" refers to plasma derived from FFP or FP24, prepared
using aseptic
techniques (closed system), thawed at 30 to 37 C, and maintained at 1 to C
for up to 4
days after the initial 24-hour post-thaw period has elapsed. Thawed plasma
contains stable
coagulation factors such as Factor II and fibrinogen in concentrations similar
to those of FFP,
but variably reduced amounts of other factors.
[00471 "Fresh frozen plasma" ("FFP") refers to plasma prepared from a whole
blood or
apheresis collection and frozen at -18 C or colder within the time frame as
specified in the
directions for use for the relevant blood collection, processing, and storage
system (e.g.,
frozen within eight hours of draw). On average, units contain 200 to 250 mL,
but apheresis
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derived units may contain as much as 400 to 600 mL. FIR contains plasma
proteins
including all coagulation factors. FFP contains high levels of the labile
coagulation Factors
V and VIII.
10048] As used herein, the term "spray dried plasma" refers to physiologically
active plasma
powder which, when reconstituted, includes proteins that have not been damaged
to such an
extent to lose substantially all of their physiological activity. The
physiological activity of a
plasma powder, in its reconstituted form, may by indicated by a number of
parameters known
in the art including, but not limited to: Prothrombin Time (PT), Activated
Partial
Thromboplastin Time (aPTT), Fibrinogen level, Protein C level, and Protein S
level. The
physiological activity of a plasma powder, in its reconstituted form, may be
indicated by
coagulation factor levels or other protein activities known in the art
including, but not limited
to: Factor TT, Factor V, Factor VII, Factor VIII, Factor IX, and Factor X;
fibrinogen activity;
IgG antigen binding activity; Al PI activity; antithrombin III activity; alpha-
2-antiplasrnin
activity; and alpha-1-anti-trypsin activity. These parameters may be measured
using
techniques known in the art, e.g., using commercially available instruments.
An exemplary
spray dried plasma is dried by the methods described in US Pat. No.s
8,601,712; 8,595,950;
8,533,972; 8;533,971; 8,434,242; and 8,407,912.
10049] As used herein, the term "physiologically active reconstituted plasma",
and variations
of this term refer to a reconstituted physiologically active spray dried
plasma powder, which
include proteins that have not been damaged by spray drying and/or
reconstitution to such an
extent to lose substantially all of their physiological efficacy in a
therapeutic regimen in
which the protein(s) is/are administered to treat a disease in a subject in
need of such
treatment. In an exemplary embodiment, the physiologically active
reconstituted spray dried
plasma retains at least about 30%, at least about 40%, or at least about 50%
of the clotting
factor activity of the plasma before spray drying and reconstitution. In some
embodiments,
the physiologically active reconstituted spray dried plasma retains from about
30%, to about
70%, from about 40% to about 60% of the clotting factor activity of the plasma
before spray
drying and reconstitution. In various embodiments, the IgG activity of the
physiologically
active reconstituted plasma is not less than 50%, not less than 60%, not less
than 70%, not
less than 80%, not less than 90%, not less than 95%, not less than 99% that of
the IgG
activity of the plasma before spray drying.
100501 The physiological activity of one or more components of a spray dried
plasma
powder, in its reconstituted form, is determined by standard tests and
indicated by a number
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of parameters known in the art including, but not limited to: Prothrombin Time
(PT),
Activated Partial Thromboplasfin Time (aPTT), Fibrinogen level, Protein C
level, and Protein
S level. The physiological activity of a plasma powder, in its reconstituted
form, may be
indicated by coagulation factor levels or other protein activities known in
the art including,
but not limited to: Factor II, Factor V, Factor VII, Factor VIII, Factor IX,
and Factor X;;
fibrinogen activity; IgG antigen binding activity; AI PI activity;
antithrombin III activity;
alpha-2-antiplasmin activity; and alpha- 1-anti-trypsin activity.
[00511 A "reconstitution liquid" is an aqueous liquid with which the
physiologically active
spray dried plasma powder is contacted to bring the powder into
solution/suspension, forming
"reconstituted plasma" (i.e., physiologically active reconstituted plasma). A
reconstitution
solution can include one or more salt, one or more buffer, one or more amino
acid, one or
more suspending agent, and the like, and in any useful combination. Exemplary
additives in
the reconstitution liquid are selected for their ability to stabilize the
proteins in the liquid and
prevent, diminish or retard damage to the proteins and/or loss of protein
activity during the
reconstitution process. Exemplary reconstitution liquids include water for
injection, sodium
phosphate buffer, acetate buffer, aqueous solutions including one or more
physiologically
acceptable surfactant (e.g., Polysorbate 80), and those which are described in
U.S.
Publications 2017/0370952; 2017/0370952; and 2010/0273141.
[0052] A "disease" is a state of health of an animal wherein the animal cannot
maintain
homeostasis, and wherein if the disease is not ameliorated then the animal's
health continues
to deteriorate. In various embodiments, one or more proteins from the
fractionated
reconstituted physiologically active spray dried plasma are used to treat one
or more disease.
III. Embodiments
A. Compositions and Devices
100531 Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to methods of
fractionating
physiologically active plasma reconstituted from spray dried plasma, and
protein preparations
prepared by this fractionation.
[0054] In an exemplary embodiment, the invention provides one or more plasma
fraction,
which is a product of a plasma fractionation process commencing with
reconstituted
physiologically active spray dried plasma. In an exemplary embodiment, the
fraction is a
Cohn fraction as this term is understood in the art. In another embodiment,
the invention
provides a solution of physiologically active plasma reconstituted from spray
dried plasma
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using a reconstitution liquid selected to allow, facilitate or promote
subsequent fractionation
of the reconstituted plasma. In various embodiments, a physiologically active
reconstituted
plasma solution is disposed in a reconstitution tank that is in line with one
or more additional
component used in plasma fractionation. In an exemplary embodiment, the
reconstituted
physiologically active plasma in the reconstitution tank is a component of a
fractionation
system. In an exemplary embodiment, the fractionation system is a Cohn
fractionation
system, or a known modification of this system.
[00551 In various embodiments, the invention provides one, two, three, four,
five or more
unique plasma fraction composition(s) downstream from a physiologically active
reconstituted dried plasma starting material. In an exemplary embodiment, the
composition
is ciyopaste and/or cryo poor plasma. In various embodiments, the composition
is Fraction I
paste and comprises fibrinogen, or Fraction I supernatant. In various
embodiments, the
composition is Fraction II +111 paste and comprises IgG, or Fraction 11+111
supernatant. In
some embodiments, the composition is Fraction IV-1 paste and comprises AI PI
and/or AT-
III, or Fraction IV-1 supernatant. In an exemplary embodiment, the composition
is Fraction
IV-4 paste and/or Fraction IV-4 supernatant. In various embodiments, the
composition is
Fraction V paste and comprises albumin, or Fraction V supernatant. In various
embodiments,
the fraction of the invention contains primarily FVIII and/or von Willebrand
Factor. In some
embodiments, the fraction of the invention includes primarily prothrombin
and/or Factor VII,
and and/or Fix and/or FX. In some embodiments, the fraction of the invention
contains
primarily IgG. In an exemplary embodiment, the fraction of the invention
includes primarily
AlPI and/or AT-III. In some embodiments, the fraction of the invention
includes primarily
albumin. In an exemplary embodiment, the fraction or fractions is/are one or
more Cohn
fraction.
[00561 In an exemplary embodiment, the invention provides a preparation of a
coagulation
factor produced by a method of the invention. In various embodiments, the
preparation of the
coagulation factor is selected from Factor VIII, Factor IX, prothrombin
complex, von
Willebrand factor, fibrinogen and a combination of any two or more thereof.
100571 In some embodiments, the invention provides a preparation of polyvalent
and/or
hyperimmune immunoglobulins (I2Gs) prepared by a method of the invention. In
various
embodiments, the IgG is selected from anti-RhO hyperimmune immunoglobulin,
anti-
hepatitis B hyperimmune immunoglobulin, anti-rabies hyperimmune immunoglobul
in, anti-
tetanus IgG hyperimmune irntraino2lobulin and a combination of any two or more
thereof
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100581 In an exemplary embodiment, the invention provides a preparation of a
protease
inhibitors prepared by a method of the invention. In various embodiments, the
protease
inhibitor is selected from alpha 1-antitlypsin, CI-inhibitor, etc.) and a
combination thereof
100591 In an exemplary embodiment, the invention provides a preparation of one
or more
anticoagulant prepared by a method of the invention. In various embodiments,
the
preparation comprises antithrombin, e.g., AT-ITT.
[0060] In an exemplary embodiment, the invention provides a preparation of
albumin
prepared by a method of the invention.
[00611 In an exemplary embodiment, the fraction isolated according to the
invention has
characteristics substantially identical to those of the same fractions
isolated in the same
manner from frozen plasma using art-recognized methods. In various
embodiments, the
characteristics of the fraction vary from those of the same fractions isolated
in the same
manner from frozen plasma using art-recognized methods. In a preferred
embodiment, the
characteristics varying correspond to one or more parameter of regulatory
relevance and the
characteristic varies within a range of such one or more parameter by an
amount considered
insignificant to relevant regulatory requirements for that fraction, i.e., a
pharmaceutical
formulation incorporating a fraction or a protein isolated from a fraction
does not require new
regulatory consideration or marketing approval.
100621 In an exemplary embodiment, the method provides an aqueous albumin
solution
containing at least 5% or at least 25% by volume of albumin and suitable for
intravenous
injection, which solution remains stable without precipitation of the albumin
after exposure to
a temperature of 45 C for a period of one month. This solution is isolated by
fractionation
from a solution of physiologically active reconstituted spray dried human
plasma.
[0063] In an exemplar), embodiment, the invention provides a preparation of a
protein. in
Ciyopaste isolated from the physiologically active reconstituted spray dried
human plasma
selected from Factor VIII, Factor IX and a combination thereof The preparation
comprises
the protein in an amount of not less than 80% of the yield in which this
protein is isolated
from fresh frozen plasma. In various embodiments, the activity of the protein
is not less than
60%, 65%, 7004), 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% of the activity of the protein
isolated from
fresh frozen plasma.
[0064] In an exemplar), embodiment, the invention provides a preparation of
IgG isolated
from the physiologically active reconstituted spray dried human plasma. The
preparation
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comprises the IgG in an amount of not less than 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%,
90%, or
95% of the amount found in an identical preparation in which IgG is isolated
from fresh
frozen plasma. In various embodiments, the activity of the IgG is not less
than 60%, 65%,
7004), 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% of the activity of the IgG isolated from
fresh frozen
plasma.
[0065] In an exemplaiy, embodiment, the invention provides a protein isolated
from
Fraction IV-1 of the fractionated physiologically active reconstituted spray
dried human
plasma selected from Al PI, AT-III and a combination thereof is isolated in a
yield of not less
than 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% of the yield in which this
protein is
isolated from fresh frozen plasma. In various embodiments, the protein
isolated from the
physiologically active reconstituted spray dried human plasma in Fraction IV-1
has an
activity of not less than 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% of the
activity of the
protein isolated from fresh frozen plasma.
[00661 In some embodiments, the invention provides a method wherein albumin
isolated
from Fraction V of the physiologically active reconstituted spray dried human
plasma is
isolated in a yield of not less than 80% of the yield in which this protein is
isolated from fresh
frozen plasma. In various embodiments, the albumin isolated from the
physiologically active
reconstituted spray dried human plasma has an activity of not less than 60%,
65%, 70%,
75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% of the activity of albumin isolated from fresh
frozen plasma.
[0067] In various embodiments, the invention provides a pharmaceutical
formulation
comprising one of the fractions of the invention, or a protein component of
one or more such
fraction further purified from such fraction. Various pharmaceutical
formulations also
include a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle in which the proteins in the
fraction (or
downstream where further purified) are formulated.
10068] In various embodiments, the invention provides a pharmaceutical
formulation of the
invention packaged in a device for administering the pharmaceutical
formulation to a subject
in need of such administration, e.g., a syringe, infusion bag, and the like.
In various
embodiments, the device contains a unit dosage formulation of the active
protein for
administration to a subject in need of such administration. In an exemplary
embodiment, the
unit dosage is an art-recognized unit dosage for a subject.
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B. Methods
[00691 The present invention provides a novel method of plasma fractionation
commencing
with physiologically active reconstituted spray dried plasma as the starting
material. An
exemplary method of the invention includes: providing a physiologically active
plasma
solution prepared by reconstituting physiologically active plasma powder in a
reconstitution
liquid; and submitting the physiologically active plasma thus reconstituted to
one or more
fractionation process. An exemplary fractionation process is Cohn
fractionation, Kistler
Nitchman fractionation, and variations thereof. FIG. I.
[00701 The spray dried plasma of use in the methods of the present invention
may be dried
after pooling or unit-by-unit. Pooling of multiple plasma units has some
benefits. For
example, any shortfall in factor recovery on an equal-volume basis can be made
up by adding
volume from the pool to the finished product. There are negative features as
well. Making
up volume from the pool to improve factor recovery is expensive. Importantly,
pooled
plasma must be constantly tested for pathogens as any pathogens entering the
pool from, for
example, a single donor, runs the risk of harming hundreds or thousands of
patients if not
detected.
[00711 In various embodiments, the spray dried plasma enters the plant for
further
processing, e.g., fractionation, in any convenient form. In an exemplary
embodiment, the
spray dried plasma enters the plant in a sealed container, e.g., a sealed
plastic bag. The
contents of the container are transferred to a reconstitution tank. In an
exemplary
embodiment, the transfer is performed in a clean room, or under other aseptic
conditions. In
some embodiments, the container is configured such that it can be attached to
a port on the
reconstitution tank and the spray dried plasma transferred directly to the
reconstitution tank
without exposure to the ambient plant atmosphere. In this configuration, the
transfer can be
performed in a clean room or outside this environment. The transfer can be
facilitated by
various powder transfer means, including mechanical (e.g., screws, vibrators),
pneumatic and
vacuum means.
[00721 in an exemplary embodiment, the plasma is contacted with one or more
anticoagulant
prior to spray drying. An exemplary anti-coagulant is a citrate salt, e.g.,
sodium citrate
[00731 The physiologically active spray dried plasma powder is reconstituted
in the
reconstitution tank by contacting the powder with a reconstitution liquid. The
contacting can
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be pertbrmed in any useful format (i.e., order of addition, temperature,
dilution, agitation,
etc.).
[0074] Proteins potentially undergo physical degradation by a number of
mechanisms (e.g.,
clipping, oxidation, unfolding, aggregation, insoluble particulate formation).
Many proteins
are structurally unstable in solution and are susceptible to conformational
changes due to
various stresses encountered during purification, processing and storage.
These stresses
include temperature shift, exposure to pH changes and extreme pH:, shear
stress, surface
adsorption/interface stress, and so on. An exemplary reconstitution liquid
exerts a protective
effect on one or more protein in the spray dried plasma, preventing or
reducing degradation,
aggregation, or other negative outcomes during reconstitution, thereby
retaining
physiological activity.
100751 In one embodiment, at least a portion of the physiologically active
spray dried plasma
powder is added to the reconstitution tank, which previously was charged with
at least a
portion of the reconstitution liquid. In some embodiments, at least a portion
of the
reconstitution liquid is added to at least a portion of the physiologically
active spray dried
plasma powder, which has been loaded into the reconstitution tank. In either
of these
formats, the contents of the tank can be agitated by any convenient means at
any point before,
during or after contacting the powder and the reconstitution liquid. In an
exemplaiy
embodiment, the contents of the reconstitution tank are agitated by stirring.
[0076] One component of the reconstitution mixture (spray dried plasma or
reconstitution
liquid) is added to the other at a rate and in a volume that is determined to
provide useful
results in the reconstitution. Thus, one component can be added to the other
residing in the
reconstitution tank, slowly, quickly or in a bulk bolus.
[0077] In various embodiments, the plasma is reconstituted in the tank by
contacting the
stirred reconstitution liquid in the tank with the physiologically active
spray dried plasma
powder. The reconstitution liquid may be stirred or otherwise agitated. The
physiologically
active spray dried plasma powder can be added to the liquid quickly, slowly or
in a bulk
bolus.
[00781 In some embodiments, the reconstitution tank is charged with at least a
portion of the
physiologically active spray dried plasma powder to be reconstituted, and the
powder is
stirred or otherwise agitated. Alternatively, the physiologically active spray
dried plasma
physiologically active spray dried plasma powder is not stirred or otherwise
agitated. The
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reconstitution liquid is added to the powder in the tank. Numerous modes of
addition are of
use, e.g., adding the liquid directly to the powder, or adding the liquid to
the physiologically
active spray dried plasma powder by pouring down the side walls of the tank.
The liquid may
be added quickly, slowly or in one or more bolus.
100791 In various embodiments, at least a portion of the physiologically
active spray dried
plasma powder and at least a portion of the reconstitution liquid are added
essentially
simultaneously to the reconstitution tank, which may be empty or may already
contain
physiologically active spray dried plasma powder, reconstitution liquid or a
combination
thereof.
[0080] As will be appreciated by those of skill in the art, any of these modes
of contacting
can be performed singly or in any combination or order.
10081] An exemplary reconstitution liquid is a physiologically compatible
liquid.
[0082] The reconstitution fluid is an aqueous fluid that is capable of
reconstituting the spray
dried plasma and minimizing damage (e.g., denaturation, aggregation, loss of
activity) to the
protein components of plasma, and loss of or reduction in key plasma
characteristics and
acfivity(ies).
[0083] An exemplary reconstitution liquid is water for injection (WFI) or
saline. In various
embodiments, the pH of the reconstitution liquid is adjusted. As will be
appreciated by those
of skill in the art, the pH of the reconstitution liquid is readily adjusted
by addition of acids
and bases, e.g., HCI, sodium bicarbonate and the like. In various embodiments,
the
reconstitution liquid is one of these liquids and it is used without pH
adjustment.
[0084] in some embodiments, the reconstitution liquid includes at least one
buffer.
Exemplary buffers are, without limitation, salts of phosphate, hydrogen
phosphate, acetate,
citrate, carbonate, bicarbonate and other such buffers generally recognized as
being
compatible with plasma proteins.
10085] In various embodiments, the reconstitution liquid includes at least one
amino acid.
An exemplary amino acid is glycine.
[0086] In an exemplary embodiment, the reconstitution liquid includes one or
more
anticoagulant. An exemplary anti-coagulant is a citrate salt, e.g., sodium
citrate.
[00871 A further advantage offered by the method of the invention is the
ability to reduce the
amount of liquid being processed by reconstituting the plasma at a higher
protein
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concentration than is found in native plasma. In an exemplary embodiment, the
spray dried
plasma is reconstituted with the reconstitution liquid to about 100% of its
original volume. In
some embodiments, the spray dried plasma is reconstituted with the
reconstitution liquid to
about 75% of its original volume. In some embodiments, the spray dried plasma
is
reconstituted with the reconstitution liquid to about 50% of its original
volume. In some
embodiments, the spray dried plasma is reconstituted with the reconstitution
liquid to about
25% of its original volume. In some embodiments, the spray dried plasma is
reconstituted
with the reconstitution liquid to from about 25% to about 50%, e.g., from
about 30% to about
40% of its original volume. In some embodiments, the spray dried plasma is
reconstituted
with the reconstitution liquid to from about 50% to about 75%, e.g., from
about 60% to about
70% of its original volume. In various embodiments, the spray dried plasma is
reconstituted
with the reconstitution liquid to about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%,
about 40%,
about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%,
about
80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95% or about 100%.
100881 In various embodiments, the physiologically active reconstituted plasma
is composed
of at least about 2%, 5%, 7%, 10%, 12%, 14%, 16%, 18%, or 20%. In some
embodiments,
when reconstituted at a ratio of 0.09 grams of powder to 1 mL of
reconstituting fluid, the
reconstituted physiological plasma has a protein concentration of about 48
mg/mL, e.g., in
the range of 45-55 mg/mL.
[00891 Given the convenience provided by the method of invention of not
requiring the use
of frozen/thawed plasma, the reconstitution process can occur at any useful
temperature.
Exemplary reconstitutions occur at room temperature (e.g., from about 22 C to
about 25 C),
under refrigeration (from about 10 C to about 20 C). In an exemplar),
embodiment, the
reconstitution process is performed at a temperature of from about 2 C to
about 28 C.
10090] In an exemplary embodiment, following reconstitution, the temperature
of the
reconstituted plasma is lowered to promote cryoprecipitation and the
cryoprecipi tate and
supernatant are separated. In various embodiments, the temperature of the
reconstituted
plasma is lowered to under about 6 C to effect cryoprecipitation. In an
exemplary
embodiment, the reconstituted plasma solution is cooled to between from about
1 C to about
6 C. FIG. 6.
[00911 In various embodiments, following cryoprecipitation the plasma is
separated into
cryoprecipitate and cryosupernatant. The clyosupernatant is optionally
submitted to further
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fractionation steps. The separation may be accomplished in any useful fashion,
such as,
without limitation, centrifugation, filtration or a combination thereof
[0092] In those embodiments in which cooling of the physiologically active
reconstituted
plasma is desired, any useful means of cooling can be utilized. In various
embodiments, a
vessel or line containing the reconstituted plasma is jacketed with a cooling
device. In
exemplary, embodiments, the cooling andlor plasma solution is retained in a
vessel, e.g., a
jacketed vessel, and, in some embodiments, the plasma solution is cooled
during inline flow
("radiator method").
[0093] In various embodiments, cooling the physiologically active
reconstituted plasma as
discussed above results in fibrinogen precipitating. The precipitated
fibrinogen can be
separated from the supernatant. In some embodiments; fibronectin precipitates
on cooling the
reconstituted plasma and can be separated from the supernatant. In some
embodiments,
FVIII precipitates on cooling the physiologically active reconstituted plasma,
and can be
separated from the supernatant. In various embodiments, von Willebrand Factor
precipitates
on cooling the physiologically active reconstituted plasma and can be
separated from the
supernatant.
[0094] In an exemplary embodiment, the physiologically active reconstituted
plasma is
submitted to one or more testing procedure to confirm one or more activity
prior to being
fractionated. Activities of pro-coagulant and anti-coagulant proteins queried
in the
physiologically active reconstituted plasma, include but are not be limited
to; the following
tests: i. Prothrombin time (PT) or international normalized ratio (INR); ii.
Activated partial
thromboplastin time (aPTT); iii. Activity of heat-labile proteins (e.g.,
Factor V, Factor VIII);
iv. Activity of anticoagulant proteins (e.g., Protein S, Protein C); v.
Antigen and activity' of
large coagulation proteins prone to aggregation and degradation (e.g.,
fibrinogen, von
Willebrand factor); vi. Markers of coagulation activation (e.g.; thrombin-
antithrombin
complexes, fibrin degradation products)
[0095] In some embodiments, the physiologically active spray dried plasma
powder, when
reconstituted, exhibits physiological activity substantially equivalent to
Thawed Plasma,
Liquid Plasma, FP24, or FFP. In various embodiments, the plasma powder
exhibits a
recovey rate for plasma proteins between the starting, native plasma and the
physiologically
active reconstituted plasma, of at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at
least 80%, at least
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90%, etc. In some embodiments, the physiologically active reconstituted plasma
has protein
levels comparable to or better than FFP or FP24.
100961 In some embodiments, the physiologically active spray dried plasma,
when
reconstituted, is characterized by an aPTT of about 65 seconds or less, a PT
of about 31
seconds or less, and a Fibrinogen level of at least about 100 mg/dL.
100971 In some embodiments, the physiologically active spray dried plasma,
when
reconstituted, is characterized by an aPTT of about 35 seconds or less, a PT
of about 15
seconds or less, and a Fibrinogen level of at least about 223 mg/dL.
[00981 In some embodiments, the physiologically active spray dried plasma,
when
reconstituted, is characterized by an aPTT in the range of 28-66 seconds, a PT
in the range of
14-31 seconds, and a Fibrinogen level in the range of 100-300 mg/dL.
100991 In some embodiments, the physiologically active spray dried plasma,
when
reconstituted, is characterized by an aPTT in the range of 30-35 seconds, a PT
in the range of
10-15 seconds, and a Fibrinogen level in the range of 223-500 mg/di,.
[001001 In some embodiments, the physiologically active spray dried plasma,
when
reconstituted, is characterized by at least one of: a Factor VII level of at
least about 10 IU/dL,
a Factor IX level of at least about 10 IU/dL. a Protein C level of at least
about 10 IU/dL, and
a Protein S level of at least about 10 IU/dL.
1001011 In some embodiments, the physiologically active spray dried plasma,
when
reconstituted, is characterized by at least one of: a Factor VII level of at
least about 30 IU/dL,
a Factor IX level of at least about 25 IU/dLõ a Protein C level of at least
about 55 IU/dL, and
a Protein S level of at least about 54 IU/dL
[001021 In some embodiments, the physiologically active spray dried plasma,
when
reconstituted, is characterized by at least one of: a Factor VII level of at
least about 54 IU/dL,
a Factor IX level of at least about 70 IU/dL, a Protein C level of at least
about 74 IU/dL, and
a Protein S level of at least about 61 IU/dL.
[001031 In some embodiments, the physiologically active spray dried plasma,
when
reconstituted, is characterized by at least one of: a Factor VII level in the
range of 30-110
IU/dL, a Factor IX level in the range of 25-135 IU/dL, a Protein C level in
the range of 55-
130 IU/dL, and a Protein S level of in the range of 55-110 IU/dL.
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[001041 In some embodiments, the physiologically active spray dried plasma,
when
reconstituted, is characterized by at least one of: a Factor VII level in the
range of 34-172
1U/dL, a Factor IX level in the range of 70-141 IU/dL, a Protein C level in
the range of 74-
154 IU/dL, and a Protein S level of in the range of 61-138 IU/dL.
[00105] In some embodiments, the physiologically active spray dried plasma,
when
reconstituted, is characterized by at least one of: a Factor V level of at
least about 10 IU/dL,
and a Factor VIII level of at least about 10 IU/dL.
[001061 In some embodiments, the physiologically active spray dried plasma,
when
reconstituted, is characterized by at least one of: a Factor V level of at
least about 30 IU/dL,
and a Factor VIII level of at least about 25 IU/dL.
[001071 in some embodiments, the physiologically active spray dried plasma,
when
reconstituted, is characterized by at least one of: a Factor V level of at
least about 63 IU/dL,
and a Factor VIII level of at least about 47 IU/dL.
[00108] In some embodiments, the physiologically active spray dried plasma,
when
reconstituted, is characterized by at least one of a Factor V level in the
range of 63-135
IU/dL, a Factor VIII level in the range of 47-195 IU/dL.
[00109] See, FIG. 3.
1001101 vWF has generally been difficult to recover and has become one
indicator for
preservation of all factors. The present invention includes recovering amounts
of
active/undenatured vWF, in an amount in physiologically active reconstituted
spray dried
plasma, prior to fractionation, that is at least about 60%, about 70%, at
least about 80%, about
90%, or more when compared with the amount of active/undenatured vWF in native
plasma.
vWF activity is typically assayed with an assay called the von Willebrand
factor: Ristocetin
cofactor [vWF:RCo] assay, as is known to those of skill in the art. The
vWF:RCo assay
measures the ability of a patient's plasma to agglutinate platelets in the
presence of the
antibiotic Ristocetin. The rate of Ristocetin induced agglutination is related
to the
concentration and functional activity of the plasma von Willebrand factor.
Another assay, the
vWF antigen assay, measures the amount of vWF protein present in a sample.
[00111] In some embodiments, the physiological reconstituted spray dried
plasma contains
albumin in an amount from about 3.5 to about 5.5 g/dL. In various embodiments,
the
albumin concentration of the physiologically active reconstituted spray dried
plasma is from
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about 40% to about 70%, e.g., from about 50% to about 60% of the total plasma
protein
content of the physiologically active reconstituted spray dried plasma
1001121 In various embodiments, the albumin in the physiologically active
reconstituted
spray dried plasma retains at least about 80%, 85%, 90%, or at least about 95%
of the activity
on a per unit basis of albumin in plasma.
1001131 In some embodiments, the physiological reconstituted spray dried
plasma contains
AIPI in an amount from about 50-300 mg/dL, e.g., from about 100 to about 200
mg/dL.
[00114] In various embodiments, the AlPI in the physiologically active
reconstituted spray
dried plasma retains at least about 80%, 85%, 90%, or at least about 95% of
the activity on a
per unit basis of A! PI in plasma
1001151 In various embodiments, the physiological reconstituted spray dried
plasma contains
IgG in an amount of from about 500 to about 1600 mg/dL, e.g., from about 700
to about 1500
mg/dL.
[00116] In various embodiments, the IgG in the physiologically active
reconstituted spray
dried plasma retains at least about 80%, 85%, 90%, or at least about 95% of
the activity on a
per unit basis of IgG in plasma.
[001.17] In some embodiments, the physiologically active spray dried plasma
has an average
particle size of about 30 microns or less. In some embodiments, the
physiologically active
spray dried plasma has a maximum particle size of about 100 microns or less.
1001181 In some embodiments, the physiologically active reconstituted plasma
includes at
least 30% plasma protein by weight.
[00119] In some embodiments, when reconstituted with 1 mL of fluid per 0.09
grams of
powder, the physiologically active reconstituted plasma has a protein
concentration in the
range of 35 mg/mL to 60 mg/mL.
1001201 In some embodiments, the physiologically active reconstituted plasma
is sterile.
E001211 Following reconstitution of the physiologically active spray dried
plasma, the
resulting solution is submitted to fractionation. An exemplary mode of
fractionation is Cohn
fractionation, and its variations.
[00122] In an exemplaiy, embodiment. the invention provides a method of
fractionating
physiologically active reconstituted spray dried human plasma using the Cohn
fractionation
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procedure, for example, that procedure set forth in U.S. Patent No. 2,390,074,
wherein the
instant improvement comprises the use of physiologically active reconstituted
spray dried
human plasma as the starting material for the fractionation procedure. FIG. 1
provides an
exemplary process diagram for a method of Cohn fractionation.
[00123] Thus, for example, the physiologically active spray dried
reconstituted plasma is
submitted to a method of fractionating proteins by precipitation from a
solution containing a
plurality of protein fractions, the solution having a pH above the iso-
electric point of the
fraction desired to be precipitated, which comprises lowering the pH of the
solution to bring
the same to approximately the iso-electric point of the desired fraction to be
precipitated,
bringing the ionic strength of the solution to between 0.1 and 0.2, lowering
the temperature of
the solution to between approximately 0 C and the freezing point of the
solution, adding an
organic precipitation for the protein to the protein solution, the amount of
the precipitant
added being such as to cause precipitation of the desired fraction only from
the protein
solution the said temperature, and separating the precipitate from the
solution.
[00124] In various embodiments, there is provided a method of fractionating
proteins by
precipitation from a solution of physiologically active reconstituted human
plasma containing
a plurality of protein fractions, comprises bringing the pH of the solution to
approximately
the iso-electric point of the desired protein fraction to be precipitated,
bring the ionic strength
of the solution to between 0.01 and 0.2, lowering the temperature of the
solution to between
approximately 0 C. and the freezing point of the solution, adding and organic
precipitant for
protein to the protein solution, the amount of the precipitant added, the pH,
the ionic strength
and the temperature being such as to cause precipitation of only the desired
fraction from the
protein solution, and separating the precipitate from the solution.
[00125] In various embodiments, in the method for fractionating proteins from
a solution of
reconstituted physiologically active human plasma, the steps which comprise
mixing with a
solution of proteins an organic precipitant for protein, adjusting the
temperature between 0
and -15 C, the amount of the precipitant between 10% and 40%, the pH between
4.4 and 7
and the ionic strength between 0.05 and 0.2, and separating from the resulting
liquid system a
protein precipitated which is insoluble therein.
[001261 In some embodiments, in the method for fractionating proteins from a
solution of
reconstituted physiologically active human plasma, the steps which comprise
mixing with a
solution of proteins an organic precipitant for protein, adjusting and
maintaining the
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temperature above the freezing point thereof but not above 0 C, the amount of
the precipitant
between 10% and 40%, the pH between 4.4 and 7 and the ionic strength between
0.05 and
0.2, and separating from the resulting liquid system a protein precipitated
which is insoluble
therein.
[00127] In some embodiments, in the method for fractionating proteins from a
solution of
reconstituted human plasma, the steps which comprise adding to a containing a
mixture of
proteins, both an electrolyte and an organic precipitant for protein, the
electrolyte being
added in an amount sufficient to bring the ionic strength to between 0.01 and
0.2, and the
precipitant being added in amount such as to cause precipitation of only the
desired protein
fraction, adjusting and maintaining the pH of the solution between 4.4 and 7
and the
temperature thereof between 0 and -150 C, and thereby precipitating a protein
from the
resulting system.
[00128] In an exemplary, embodiment, the invention provides a method of
purifying and
crystallizing albumin from a solution of reconstituted human plasma, which
comprises
dissolving impure albumin in an alcohol solution containing from 15 to 40%
alcohol, at a pH
of approximately 5.5 to 6.0, an ionic strength of 0.05 to 0.5 and at a
temperature of 0 C to -
C., and maintaining said solution within said temperature range until a
purified albumin
crystallizes out.
[00129] In an exemplary embodiment, in a method of fractionating substances
which have
differing solubilities from a solution of reconstituted human plasma at a
controlled
temperature and hydrogen ion concentration, removing the precipitate thus
formed and
precipitating a plurality of successive fractions of said substances by
variation in one or more
of the factors.
[001301 The method of preventing denaturation of proteins by modifying
reagents which
would normally result in denaturation, which comprises adding the reagents to
a protein
solution of reconstituted human plasma by diffusion through a semi-permeable
membrane.
[00131] In one embodiment, there is provided a method for fractionating
proteins from a
solution of physiologically active reconstituted human plasma comprising
contacting the
physiologically active reconstituted human plasma with an organic precipitant.
An
exemplary embodiment includes controlling one or more of the amount of the
precipitant in
the solution, the temperature, the hydrogen ion concentration and the ionic
strength,
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separating the resulting precipitate from the protein solution, and separating
successive
protein fractions by varying a plurality of said factors affecting solubility
thereof.
1001321 in an exemplary embodiment, the organic precipitant is added a
temperature of 0
or less than 0 C.
1001331 In an exemplary embodiment, the organic precipitant is an alcohol. In
various
embodiments, it is added a temperature of 00 or less than 00 C.
[00134] In an exemplary embodiment, there is provided the method of
fractionating
proteins from a solution of physiologically active reconstituted human plasma
which
comprises as steps precipitating a plurality of different protein fractions
from the plasma by
the plasma with the organic precipitant and by varying the temperature of said
plasma, the
temperature being progressively lowered and the alcohol concentration of the
plasma being
increased, with the precipitation of successive protein fractions, the
temperature and the
percentage of alcohol being so correlated that the temperature employed for
the precipitation
of any given protein fraction is close to but above the freezing point of the
plasma at the
percentage of alcohol present therein.
[001351 Exemplary organic precipitants include ethanol, acetone, dioxane and
combinations
thereof.
1001361 in an exemplary embodiment, a protein in Ciyopaste isolated from the
physiologically active reconstituted spray dried human plasma selected from
Factor VIII,
Factor IX and a combination thereof is isolated in a yield of not less than
80% of the yield in
which this protein is isolated from fresh frozen plasma. In various
embodiments, the activity
of the protein is not less than 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% of
the activity
of the protein isolated from fresh frozen plasma.
[00137i in an exemplary embodiment, I2G isolated from the physiologically
active
reconstituted spray dried human plasma is isolated in a yield of not less than
60%, 65%, 70%,
75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% of the yield in which this protein is isolated from
fresh frozen
plasma. In various embodiments, the activity of the IgG is not less than 60%,
65%, 70%,
75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% of the activity of the I2G isolated from fresh
frozen plasma.
1001381 In an exemplary embodiment, a protein isolated from Fraction IV-1 of
the
fractionated physiologically active reconstituted spray dried human plasma
selected from
Al.PI, AT-III and a combination thereof is isolated in a yield of not less
than 60%, 65%, 70%,
75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% of the yield in which this protein is isolated from
fresh frozen
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plasma. In various embodiments, the protein isolated from the physiologically
active
reconstituted spray dried human plasma in Fraction IV-1 has an activity of not
less than 60%,
65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% of the activity of the protein isolated
from fresh
frozen plasma.
1001391 In some embodiments, the invention provides a method wherein albumin
isolated
from Fraction V of the physiologically active reconstituted spray dried human
plasma is
isolated in a yield of not less than 80% of the yield in which this protein is
isolated from fresh
frozen plasma. In various embodiments, the albumin isolated from the
physiologically active
reconstituted spray dried human plasma has an activity of not less than 60%,
65%, 70%,
75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% of the activity of albumin isolated from fresh
frozen plasma.
1001401 The methods provided herein allow for the preparation of Al P1
compositions
having very high levels of purity. For example, in one embodiment, at least
about 95% of the
total protein in an AIPI composition provided herein is Al PI. In other
embodiments, at least
about 96% of the protein in this composition is AlPI, or at least about 97%,
98%, 99%,
99.5%, or more of the total protein of the composition is A1PT.
[001411 Similarly, the methods provided herein allow for the preparation of
AlPI
compositions containing extremely low levels of contaminating agents. For
example, in
certain embodiments, AI PI compositions are provided that contain less than
about 10 mg/L
contaminant. In other embodiments, the Al PI composition will contain less
than about 5
mg/L contaminant, preferably less than about 3 mg/L contaminant, most
preferably less than
about 2 mg/L contaminant.
1001421 In various embodiments, the AIPI in the physiologically active
reconstituted spray
dried plasma retains at least about 80%, 85%, 90%, or at least about 95% of
the activity on a
per unit basis of Al PI in plasma.
1001431 In one embodiment, the present invention provides aqueous IgG
compositions
comprising a protein concentration of between about 150 g/L and about 250 g/L.
In certain
embodiments, the protein concentration of the IgG composition is between about
175 g/L and
about 225 g/L, or between about 200 g/L and about 225 g/L, or any suitable
concentration
within these ranges, for example at or about, 150 g/L, 155 g/L, 160 g/L, 165
g/L, 170 g/L,
175 g/L, 180 g/L, 185 g/L, 190 g/L, 195 g/L, 200 g/L, 205 g/L, 210 g/L, 215
g/L, 220 g/L,
225 g/L, 230 g/L, 235 g/L, 240 g/L, 245 g/L, 250 g/L, or higher. In a
preferred embodiment,
the aqueous IgG composition comprises a protein concentration of at or about
200 g/L. In a
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particularly preferred embodiment, the aqueous IgG composition comprises a
protein
concentration of at or about 204 g/L.
1001441 The methods provided herein allow for the preparation of IgG
compositions having
very high levels of purity. For example, in one embodiment, at least about 95%
of the total
protein in an IgG composition provided herein will be IgG. In other
embodiments, at least
about 96% of the protein is IgG, or at least about 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%, or
more of the total
protein of the composition will be IgG.
[001451 Similarly, the methods provided herein allow for the preparation of
IgG
compositions containing extremely low levels of contaminating agents. For
example, in
certain embodiments, IgG compositions are provided that contain less than
about 100 mg/L:
IgA. In other embodiments, the IgG composition will contain less than about 50
mg/L IgA,
preferably less than about 35 mg/L IgA, most preferably less than about 20
mg/L TgA.
[00146] In some embodiments, the invention provides a preparation of
polyvalent and/or
hyperimmune immtmoglobulins (IgGs) prepared by a method of the invention. In
various
embodiments, the IgG is selected from anti-RhO hyperimmune immunoglobulin,
anti-
hepatitis B hyperimmune immunoglobulin, anti-rabies hyperimmune
immunoglobulin, anti-
tetanus IgG hyperimmune immunoglobulin and a combination of any two or more
thereof.
1001471 in various embodiments, the IgG in the physiologically active
reconstituted spray
dried plasma retains at least about 80%, 85%, 90%, or at least about 95% of
the activity on a
per unit basis of TgG in plasma.
Spray Dryer and the Spray Drying Process
[001481 The physiologically active dried plasma, which is reconstituted and
subsequently
fractionated is dried by spray drying in a spray dryer system. In general, a
spray dryer system
(spray dryer device) is provided for spray drying a liquid sample such as
blood plasma In an
embodiment, the spray dryer system used to spray thy plasma for reconstitution
by the
solution of the present disclosure includes a spray dryer device and a spray
dryer assembly.
The spray dryer device is adapted, in an aspect, to receive flows of an
aerosolizing gas, a
drying gas, and plasma liquid from respective sources and coupled with the
spray dryer
assembly. The spray dryer device can further transmit the received
aerosolizing gas, drying
gas, and plasma to the spray dryer assembly. Spray drying of the plasma is
performed in the
spray dryer assembly under the control of the spray dryer device. Any suitable
spray drying
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system can be used to dry plasma for use in with present invention. For
exemplification, a
suitable spray dryer is described below.
[00149] An exemplary spray drying apparatus of use in the invention is
provided in
FIG. 2. Exemplary spray drying process parameters are provided in FIG. 4.
1001501 In certain embodiments, the spray dryer assembly includes a sterile,
hermetically
sealed enclosure body and a frame to which the enclosure body is attached. The
frame
defines first, second, and third portions of the assembly, separated by
respective transition
zones. A drying gas inlet provided within the first portion of the assembly,
adjacent to a first
end of the enclosure body.
[00151] A spray drying head is further attached to the frame within the
transition zone
between the first and second portions of the assembly. This position also lies
within the
incipient flow path of the drying gas within the assembly. During spray
drying, the spray
drying head receives flows of an aerosolizing gas and plasma and aerosolizes
the plasma with
the aerosolizing gas to form an aerosolized plasma. Drying gas additionally
passes through
the spray drying head to mix with the aerosolized plasma within the second
portion of the
assembly for drying. In the second portion of the assembly, which functions as
a drying
chamber, contact between the aerosolized plasma and the drying gas causes
moisture to move
from the aerosolized plasma to the drying gas, producing dried plasma and
humid drying gas.
[00152] In alternative embodiments, the aerosolizing gas can be omitted and
the spray dryer
assembly head may include an aerosolizer that receives and atomizes the flow
of plasma.
Examples of the aerosolizer may include, but are not limited to, ultrasonic
atomizing
transducers, ultrasonic humidified transducers, and piezo-ultrasonic
atomizers. Beneficially,
such a configuration eliminates the need for an aerosolizing gas, simplifying
the design of the
spray dryer device and assembly and lowering the cost of the spray dryer
system.
1001531 The spray drying head in an embodiment is adapted to direct the flow
of drying gas
within the drying chamber. For example, the spray drying head includes
openings separated
by fins which receive the flow of drying gas from the drying gas inlet. The
orientation of the
fms allows the drying gas to be directed in selected flow pathways (e.g.,
helical).
Beneficially, by controlling the flow pathway of the drying gas, the path
length over which
the drying gas and aerosolized blood plasma are in contact within the drying
chamber is
increased, reducing the time to dry the plasma
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[001.541 The physiologically active dried plasma and humid drying gas
subsequently flow
into the third portion of assembly, which houses a collection chamber. In the
collection
chamber, the dried plasma is isolated from the humid drying gas and collected
using a filter.
For example, the filter in an embodiment is open on one side to receive the
flow of humid air
and dried plasma and closed on the remaining sides. The humid drying gas
passes through
the filter and is exhausted from the spray dryer assembly.
[001551 In alternative embodiments, the filter is adapted to separate the
collection chamber
into two parts. The first part of the collection chamber is contiguous with
the drying chamber
and receives the flow of humid drying gas and dried plasma. The dried plasma
is collected in
this first part of the collection chamber, while the humid air passes through
the filter and is
exhausted from the spray dryer assembly via an exhaust in fluid communication
with the
second part of the spray dryer assembly.
[00156] After collecting the physiologically active dried plasma, the
collection chamber is
separated from the spray dryer assembly and hermetically sealed. In this
manner, the sealed
collection chamber is used to store the dried plasma until use. The collection
chamber
includes a plurality of ports allowing addition of the reconstitution solution
of the present
invention to the collection chamber for reconstitution of the blood plasma and
removal of the
reconstituted blood plasma for use. The collection chamber can further be
attached to a
sealed vessel containing the reconstitution solution for reconstitution.
[00157] When handling transfusion products such as blood plasma, the
transfusion products
must not be exposed to any contaminants during collection, storage, and
transfusion.
Accordingly, the spray dryer assembly, in an embodiment, is adapted for
reversible coupling
with the spray dryer device. For example, the spray dryer assembly is coupled
to the spray
dryer device at about the drying gas inlet. Beneficially, so configured, the
spray dryer
assembly accommodates repeated or single use. For example, in one embodiment,
the spray
dryer assembly and spray drying head is formed from autoclavable materials
(e.g.,
antibacterial steels, antibacterial alloys, etc.) that are sterilized prior to
each spray drying
operation. In an alternative embodiment, the spray dryer head and spray drying
chamber is
formed from disposable materials (e.g., polymers) that are autoclaved prior to
each spray
drying operation and disposed of after each spray drying operation.
[001581 Apparatuses and methods for spray drying are known in art. Spray
drying methods
and apparatus are further described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,469,202, 8,533,971,
8,407,912,
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8,595,950, 8,601,712, 8,533,972, 8,434,242, US Patent Publication Nos.
2016/0082044,
20160084572, 2010/0108183, 2011/0142885, 2013/0000774, 2013/0126101,
2014/0083627,
2014/0083628, and 2014/0088768, the entire teachings of which are incorporated
herein by
reference for all purposes.
1001591 The following Examples are offered to illustrate exemplary embodiments
of the
invention and do not define or limit its scope.
EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE 1
[001601 The complete process of spray drying involves a sequence of four
processes. The
dispersion is achieved with a pressure nozzle, a two fluid nozzle, a rotary
disk atomizer or an
ultrasonic nozzle. Selection of the atomizer type depends upon the nature and
amount of feed
and the desired characteristics of the dried product. The higher the energy
for the dispersion,
the smaller are the generated droplets. The manner in which spray contacts the
drying air is
an important factor in spray drying, as this has great bearing on dried
product properties by
influencing droplet behavior during drying. In one example, the material is
sprayed in the
same direction as the flow of hot air through the apparatus. The droplets come
into contact
with the hot drying gas when they are the most moist. In another example, the
material is
sprayed in the opposite direction of the flow of hot gas. The hot gas flows
upwards and the
product falls through increasingly hot air into the collection tray. The
residual moisture is
eliminated, and the product becomes very hot. This method is suitable only for
thermally
stabile products. In yet another embodiment, the advantages of both spraying
methods are
combined. The product is sprayed upwards and only remains in the hot zone for
a short time
to eliminate the residual moisture. Gravity then pulls the product into the
cooler zone. This
embodiment is particularly advantageous because the product is only in the hot
zone for a
short time, and is less likely to be affected by heat.
1001611 In the spray drying method, air is mostly used as drying medium, but
other gases
such as nitrogen may also be used. The gas stream is heated electrically or in
a burner and
after the process it is exhausted to atmosphere. If the heating medium is
recycled and reused,
typically an inert gas such as nitrogen, is used instead of air. Use of
nitrogen is advantageous
when flammable solvents, toxic products or oxygen sensitive products are
processed.
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[001621 During the spray drying process, as soon as droplets of the spray come
into contact
with the drying gas, evaporation takes place from the saturated vapor film
which is quickly
established at the droplet surface. Due to the high specific surface area and
the existing
temperature and moisture gradients, heat and mass transfer results in
efficient drying. The
evaporation leads to a cooling of the droplet and thus to a small thermal
load. Drying
chamber design and air flow rate provide a droplet residence time in the
chamber, so that the
desired droplet moisture removal is completed and product removed from the
dryer before
product temperatures can rise to the outlet drying air temperature. Hence,
there is little
likelihood of heat damage to the product.
[001631 Two systems are used to separate the product from the drying medium.
First,
primary separation of the drying product takes place at the base of the drying
chamber, and
second, total recovery of the dried product in the separation equipment. In
one embodiment,
a cyclone is used to collect the material. Based on inertial forces, the
particles are separated
to the cyclone wall as a down-going strain and removed. Other systems such as
electrostatic
precipitators, textile (bag) filters or wet collectors like scrubbers, may
also be used to collect
the dried product.
001641 As used in the present invention, spray drying offers advantages over
other drying
methods such as lyophilization (freeze drying). Use of spray drying produces a
product that
is more consistent, less clumpy, and better dispersed than freeze drying
methods. The highly
dispersed particles produced by spray drying also allow for a rapid
rehydration rate, which is
likely a result of a larger available surface area. By contrast, the clumped
nature of a freeze
dried product, results in substantially longer rehydration times for the blood
products that are
dried in the method of the invention. Since many transfusions and other uses
of blood
products can be highly time-sensitive, this higher rate of rehydration can be
a significant
advantage in battlefield or emergency treatment situations. As explained in
more detail
below, spray dried fixed blood platelets of the invention can be rehydrated to
form a
rehydrated fixed blood platelet composition, and the composition has a
turbidity (A<sub>500</sub>)
value less than that of a comparable rehydrated lyophilized composition of
fixed blood
platelets.
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EXAMPLE 2
I. Spretr-dnimf equipment to be used
4M8-Trix spray dryer (ProCepT, Zelzate, Belgium)
= Dimensions of the drying chamber:
o Straight drying chamber: height 60 cm, dm 18.4 cm
w 1 or 2 levels of straight drying chamber
o Conical drying chamber: height 75 cm, din 18.4 cm
o Total length of drying chamber: + 135 cm ¨ 195 cm
= Two-fluid nozzle
o Fluid enters at the top of the spray dryer by a 12 roller peristaltic
pump with a
Tygont MHIL tube (inside diameter: 1.14 mm or 2.79 mm) with an
Isamprene outer coating
= Co-cunrent airflow
= Collection of powder in a reservoir attached to the cyclone
= Water evaporation capacity: Max. 3 L/h
= Process parameters
= Airflow: 0.2 m3/min ¨ 1 m3/min
= Temperature in ( C): Max 200 C
= Bifluid nozzle tip (min): 0.2¨ 0.4 ¨ 0.6 ¨ 0.8¨ 1.0¨ 1.2 mm
= Air/Liquid ratio:
o Nozzle air rate (L/min): Max. 25 L/min
o Spray rate (g/min): 0.1 - 15 g/rnin
2. Experimental
1001651 60 L of frozen plasma is stored at -20 C.
a. Plasma pre-treatment prior to spray (hying
1001661 After taking the plasma bags containing plasma to be spray dried from
the freezer
(-20 C), the plasma bags are rapidly thawed to 28-30 C using a water bath.
Next, the
thawed plasma is pooled. Pooled plasma is stored at 8 C with continuous
stirring. Pooled
plasma required can remain at 5-8 C for 3 days. The amount of plasma from the
pool
needed for the infeed of a spray drying run is brought to 28 C using a water
bath and gently
stirred during spray drying, assuring there is no foaming. The plasma has a
viscosity
comparable to fresh plasma.
100167] Viscosity of the plasma pool is determined using a Haake Mars III
rheometer
(Thermo Scientific, MA, USA). Also turbidity of the plasma pool is measured.
Viscosity
and turbidity of the plasma pool are measured at 28 C
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b. Spray-drying
[001681 Phase I spray drying is divided into several consecutive protocols as
indicated in
Table 1. 30 L (out of the 60 L) total is used for protocols 1 and 1.5.
Table 1: Process factors and their ranges
Factor Range
Airflow in
0,3-0,5
(m3/min)
Temp in
( C) 100-110
Nozzle air
10-15
, rate (Ilmin) µ ,
Spray rate
4-8
(g/min)
[001691 In this Example, the required amount of plasma for the spray-drying
was
assembled by pooling (as outlined above), ensuring that homogeneous plasma is
used for the
entire protocol. The spray drying process parameters and their ranges within
which they are
varied using a 2-level fractional factorial approach (Le, 24-1 + 3 centre
point experiments =
11 experiments are listed in the following Table 2:
Table 2: Overview 2-level fractional factorial design experiments
.,._...:::::::::::::::,:.::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
:::::::::::::
1.0-glt fs-xl) Ron .......:........,..,,,.,... õ
::::::igtetitM:::::::::::::tenDeratuge:::::::::::::::::naminate:::::::::
O0'
t N1 6 Incl 0,3 100 10 4
t N2 3 Incl 0,5 100 10 8
!S N3 4 Incl 0,3 110 10 8
I N4 8 incl 0,5 110 10 4
& N5 7 Incl 0,3 100 15 8
t N6 9 Incl 0,5 100 15 4
N7 10 Incl 0,3 110 15 4
V N8 2 Incl 0,5 110 15 8
::.:.:.:..
v N9 1 Inc' 0,4 105 12,5 6
TO N10 5 Incl 0,4 105 12,5 6
0 N11 11 Incl 0,4 105 12,5
6
[001701 This protocol contains 3 replicate experiments. One replicate was run
at the start,
one at the middle and one at the end of the experiment, allowing evaluation of
a time effect of
the pooled plasma.
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[001711 These process parameter ranges were selected based on literature
information 1'2 . In
this literature, plasma was spray dried using a Btichi spray drying system
under certain
process settings. These settings were translated into process parameter ranges
applicable on
the 4M8-Trix spray dryer (ProCepT, Zelzate, Belgium) used in this study.
100172] The responses evaluated were: processability, yield, residual moisture
content,
solubility/re-suspension and the test panel. To measure these responses, 5.25
g of spray dried
powder per experiment run was used (i.e.; 3.75 g for the test panel; 1.50 g
for the 2 residual
moisture measurements).
[001731 Taking into account a potential maximum spray drying yield loss 25%
and taking
into account that 11.. of plasma contains 50 g of proteins, this means that
140 mi. of plasma is
spray dried per experimental run, resulting in at least 5.25 g of spray dried
powder (75% (140
ml (50 W1000m1))=5.25g). With 11 experimental runs, a plasma pool of approx.
1600 mL is
utilized for the spray drying experiment. In addition, 140 mL pooled plasma is
separated per
day prior to spray drying for reference analysis (i.e., approx. 280 nil, of
pooled plasma in
total for reference analysis). A plasma pool of approx. 1900 mL is prepared
(i.e., 3 plasma
bags). The spray drying of 11 runs (140 ml pooled plasma per run) takes 2 days
(i.e., approx.
1 hour/run).
1001741 FIG. 3 provides detail for an exemplary spray drying run and data on
reconstitution
and the properties of the spray dried plasma and reconstituted plasma.
c. References
h tips 77www nchi.nlm.nih.gov/pmclarticles/PMC3891503/
2 ht-tp://patft.uspto.govinetacininph-
Parser?Sect I =-1)T02&-.See:2-f-IITOFFez.p.,,:l
.
L Spray dried powder evaluation
[00 17 5] For each spray drying experiment, the processability, yield and
residual moisture
content of the spray dried powder is analyzed. The remainder of the spray
dried powder is
submitted to reconstitution and characterization by methods, which are
generally recognized
in the art. FIG. 3. Characterization of the spray dried plasma according to
various art-
recognized standards provided the results shown in FIG. 4A, and FIG. 4B.
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[001761 Notably, the spray dried plasms (PptG) paste is comparable in color
and texture to
PpIG paste from. the control. The process demonstrated comparable IgG recovery
at II+III
extract vs. control. The spray dried plasma showed reasonable precipitate
ratio when
suspended at 28 'V or 1 C. The control samples and the spray dried
suspensions showed
similar fibrinogen results before and after centrifugation. The spray dried
suspensions showed
significantly lower turbidity values than the control. All conditions showed
similar IgG
results before and after centrifugation.
EXAMPLE 3
[001771 This example provides conditions for an exemplary process of the
invention, such as
the process set forth in FIG. 6.
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3.1 Materials and Methods
Step Parameters Run Control Test 1 Test 2
Plasma Source Frozen F
Lot Number
Plasma volume needed L 7.5 6
Amount of Plasma powder needed g 615 492
Weight of water needed kg 6.885 5.508
Actual water needed L 4
Actual water used L 4.15
pH of suspension 9.46 9.51
conductivity of suspension mSicm 11.972 14.1
turbidity of suspension NTU 308 331
Weight of supernatant kg 7.398
Weight of precipitant kg 0.029
pH of supernatant 9.45
conductivity of supernatant mS/cm 12
turbidity of supernatant NTU 280
precipitant to supernatant ratio g/kg CPP 3.92
Pooled weight of Plasma (CRP) kg 5.836 7.500 4.642
Volume of Plasma (CRP) 1 5.6881 7.3099 4.5244
Weight of CPP after Centrifugation kg 5.411 7.398 0
Volume of CPP after Centrifugation 1 5.2790 7.2176 0.0000
Weight Cryo Precipitate kg 0.0773
Cryo Precipitate yield gA. CPP 14.6429
Quantity of CPP (volume) at start 1 5.00 5.00 4.5
Quantity of CPP (weight) kg 5.125 5.125 4.613
Bulk Temp *C 1.6 3.3 1.2
*
Co
0 Initial pH 8.21 9.61 9.51
'
u. Final pH (target 7.20) 7.20 7.21 7.14
C
.0
a. Amt of diluted pH 4.0 buffer mL 2.09 4.4 2.75
re
t.1
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Amount of pH 4.0 Buffer L 0.010 0.022 0.025
Weight of pH 4.0 Buffer kg 0.011 0.023 0.026
Sample removed for pH mi. 10 10 10
pH check 7.30 7.40 7.22
Total Volume of Bulk L 5.010 5.022 4.525
Amt of 95% Alcohol Required kg 0.371 0.372 0.335
Volume of 95% Alcohol L 0.446 0.447 0.402
Total Calculated Bulk Weight kg 5.507 5.520 4.974
Total Calculated Bulk Volume L 5.456 5.469 4.927
Sample removed for pH mi. 10 10 10
pH after alcohol add initial 7.48 7.56 7.4
pH after alcohol add adjusted 7.09 7.05 7.08
Amt of diluted pH 4.0 buffer mi. 0.08 0.096 0.05
Amount of pH 4.0 Buffer L 0.004 0.005 0.002
Weight of pH 4.0 Buffer kg 0.005 0.006 0.003
Sample removed for pH mi. 10 10 10
pii check before overnight aging 7.18 7.09 7.21
Total Aging Time hours 15.88 16.92 18.65
pii check after overnight aging 7.58 7.36 7.52
Sample removed for pH 10 10 10
Adjusted pH 7.16 7.16
Amt of diluted pH 4.0 buffer mi. 0.1 0.07
Amount of pH 4.0 Buffer 1 0.0055 0.0000 0.0035
Weight of pH 4.0 Buffer kg 0.0058 0.0000 0.0037
final pH (target 7.20) 7.18 7.23
Sample removed for pH mt. 10 10
Suspension weight kg 5.52 5.53 4.98
Suspension volume 1. 5.57 5.58 5.03
Weight of Fr I Centrifugate kg 5.3331 5.2400 4.6533
Volume of Fr I Centrifugate 1 5.3870 5.2929 4.7003
sampling volume 1 0.0500 0.0500 0.0500
37
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Weight of Fr I Precipitate kg 0.0813 0.1400 0.1113
Initial pH 7.21 7.38 7.24
Final pH (target 6.70) 6.70 6.70 6.72
Amt of diluted pH 4.0 buffer mi. 1.7 1.5 1.48
Amount of pH 4.0 Buffer L 0.009 0.008 0.007
Weight of pH 4.0 Buffer kg 0.010 0.008 0.007
Sample removed for pH mi. 100 100 100
pH check 6.68 6.75 6.72
Sample removed for pH mi.. 10.00 10.00 10.00
Total Volume of Bulk L 5.396 5.301 4.707
Amt of 95% Alcohol Required kg 0.718 0.705 0.626
Volume of 95% Alcohol L 0.863 0.847 0.752
Total Calculated Bulk Weight kg 6.060 5.953 5.287
Total Calculated Bulk Volume L 6.184 6.075 5.395
Sample removed for pH mi. 10 10 10
pH after alcohol add 7.17 7.12 6.93
pH adj before Aging 6.9 6.89 6.93
Amt of diluted pH 4.0 buffer mi. 0.06 0.035 0
Amount of pH 4.0 Buffer 1 0.004 0.002 0.000
Weight of pH 4.0 Buffer kg 0.004 0.002 0.000
Sample removed for pH mi. 10 10
pH check before overnight aging 6.90 6.94 6.93
Total Aging Time hours 15.97 16.93 16.93
pH check after overnight aging 7.00 7.05 7.04
Sample removed for pH 10 10 10
/..
11 Adjusted pH
:at
o Amt of diluted pH 4.0 buffer mL
r4
0
= Amount of pH 4.0 Buffer 1 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
T
$.. Weight of pH 4.0 Buffer kg 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
u.
2.,
final pH (target 7.00)
c
at
t..4
- Fr 1I+111@ 20% Susp Weight kg 6.064 5.956 5.287
....
u.
38
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Fr 11+111 @ 20% Susp Volume L 6.126 6.016 5.340
Filtrate pooled Alcohol concentration % v/v 16.4 16.6 20.3
Weight of Filtrate pooled kg 5.25 5.0435 4.6301
Volume of Filtrate pooled L 5.36 5.15 4.72
Turbidity of filtrate pooled NTU 9.05 10.4 16.3
Weight of Blow Dry kg 0.463 0.6276 0.354
Weight of Fr. 11+01 Paste kg 0.5032 0.477 0.543
Paste Yield el. CPP 100.6 95.4 90.5
Fr 11+111 Paste Weight forward kg 0.5032 0.477 0.543
Equivalent Plasma Volume L CPP 5 5 6
Wet Fr 11+111 Precipitate weight ratio kg/L. CPP 0.0437 0.0437
0.0437
Wet Fr 11+111 Precipitate weight kg 0.219 0.219 0.262
Amount of Extract buffer required kg 4.26 4.26 5.11
Weight of suspension before pH adj kg 4.76 4.74 5.66
pH of suspension 5.16 5.16 5.16
Amount of diluted buffer mi. 0.23 0.25 0.24
Amount of undiluted buffer 1 0.0011 0.0012 0.0014
Weight of undiluted buffer kg 0.0012 0.0013 0.0014
Final pH after adjustment (target 5.00 5.06 5.07 5.06
-5.05)
Weight of suspension after pH adj kg 4.77 4.74 5.66
Extraction time hrs 3.37 4.33 4.05
sampling volume L 0.05 0.05 0.05
Weight of CUNO Filtrate pooled kg 5.3 5 5.9671
Turbidity of Fr 11+111 Extract Filtrate NTU 15.3 21.4 16.8
pooled
Weight of Blow Dry kg 0.2216 0.599 0.5168
Weight Fr 11+111 Extract Precipitate kg 0.3993 0.4077 0.4777
Paste Yield g/L. CPP 79.9 81.5 79.6
Amount of Fr 11+111 Ext CUNO Filtrate kg 5.3 5 5.9671
forward
E.:.
+
- Equivalent Plasma Volume L CPP 5 5 6
,..:
IA.
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Weight filtrate bulk prior to pH Adj kg 5.353 5.050 6.027
Initial pH 6.34 6.34 6.36
Adjusted pH 6.9 6.9 6.85
Amount of diluted IN NaOH mi. 5.3 5.4 5.1
Amount of IN NaOH for pH adj L 0.028 0.027 0.031
Weight of NaOH kg 0.030 0.028 0.032
Final pH 6.91 6.93 6.85
Weight of Filtrate Bulk after pH adj kg 5.38 5.08 6.06
Amt of 95% Alcohol Required kg 1.61 1.52 1.82
Total Weight G @ 25% kg 6.9973 6.6019 7.8764
Total Volume G @ 25% L 7.15 6.75 8.05
Sample removed for pH 100.00 100.00 100.00
pH after alcohol addition 7.20 7.25 7.16
Adjusted pH 7 7.02
Amount of diluted pH 4.0 Buffer mi. 0.4 0.2
Total Amount of pH 4.0 buffer L 0.0027 0.0016
Weight of pH 4.0 Buffer kg 0.0029 0.0017
Sample removed for pH 10 10
Total volume of G @ 25% after pH adj 1 7.15 7.05 7.06
Aging time hours 16.48 16.53 17.47
Sample removed for pH 10.00 10.00 10.00
pH after aging 7.24 7.16 7.04
Amount of diluted pH 4.0 Buffer mL 0.05
Total Amount of pH 4.0 buffer 1 0.004 0.000 0.000
(.9 Weight of pH 4.0 Buffer kg 0.004 0.000 0.000
*4
0.
fa.
2 Final pH before filtration 6.97 7.16 7.04
81
4.
ea Sample removed for pH mL 10 10 10
*4
II Filtration time minutes 43 47 58
0
z
D Weight of G Filtrate kg 5.707 5.189 6.479
t..4
4...
x
Sit Turbidity of G @ 25% NTU 10.4 15.0 6.8
=
7
- Weight of Blow Dry kg 0.8675 0.9166 0.7886
$.:
u.
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Weight of Ppt G kg 0.1451 0.1371 0.1541
% Step Recovery 96% 95% 94%
Paste Yield CPP 29.02 27.42 25.68
3.2 Results
[001781 Results from this study are tabulated in FIG. 7A-7D.
[001791 In an exemplary experimental run, Fraction I paste recover), for the
spray dried
plasma was higher than that for the control. This was due to lower recovery of
ciyo-
precipitation (the cryo was carried over to Fraction I precipitation). Spray
dried plasma
concentrated (approx. 25%) with Cryo and Fr I precipitation and separation in
one step (CRP
directly to Fri step) --- Ppt G produced from this test was comparable to
control frozen source
plasma. This demonstrates that the process has the capacity to combine Cry
and fraction I
removal together.
[001801 The present invention has been illustrated by reference to various
exemplary
embodiments and examples. As will be apparent to those of skill in the art
other
embodiments and variations of this invention may be devised by others skilled
in the art
without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention. The
appended claims are to
be construed to include all such embodiments and equivalent variations.
1001811 The disclosures of each and every patent, patent application, and
publication cited
herein are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
41
