Note : Les descriptions sont présentées dans la langue officielle dans laquelle elles ont été soumises.
I
HOLDING DEVICE FOR CONTAINERS, MORE PARTICULARLY CANS, BLANK FOR SAME
AND MULTIPACK HAVING SAME
Background of the invention
The invention relates to a blank for unfolding a holding device for containers
with a beaded rim
on the upper side, where the blank has a cover section for the arrangement on
a row of containers,
and where two oppositely disposed fixation sections are formed laterally at
the cover section and
are connected by way of fold lines to the cover section.
Such blanks and holding devices obtained therefrom are known, for example,
from DE 602 12
630 T2 and WO 2018/035344 Al. With these previously known blanks, curved edges
are provided
at the fixation sections for engaging underneath the beaded rims of cans. The
curvature of the
edges is already created in the flat blank and follows a rounding of the cans;
in other words, the
edges for holding each can already run in a curved manner around a respective
central axis in
the flat state of the blank.
A blank for a holding device for cans which has star-shaped recesses for
receiving the cans with
edge sections curved towards the respective can is known from US 2011/0000799
Al. The
inwardly projecting crests of the edge sections can engage underneath the
beaded rims of the
cans when the cans project through the recesses. WO 2009/023822 Al discloses a
similar blank
in which the recesses have U-shaped sections.
For the transport and handling of packagings with containers, such as cans, it
is important that
the containers are held securely and in a stable manner. At the same time, the
packaging and its
holding device are to be simple and inexpensive to produce. Furthermore, it is
desirable to have
the containers be easily removable from the holding device.
Object of the invention
It is an object of the invention to improve combining containers into a
packaging in this respect.
Description of the invention
This object is satisfied according to the invention by a blank having the
features specified in claim
1, a holding device according to claim 13, and a packaging according to claim
14. The respective
dependent claims and the description define advantageous embodiments.
According to the invention, a blank is provided for unfolding a holding device
for containers having
a beaded rim. The holding device can be obtained by folding the blank. The
containers typically
have a cylindrical outer surface. Typically, a beaded rim on the upper side
projects radially
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outwardly beyond the outer surface of the containers. The outer surface can
taper conically
towards the beaded rim. The containers can be cans, for example, beverage
cans.
The blank is basically made of a flat material. The flat material is
preferably a flat material
containing cellulose, in particular cardboard. Flat material containing
cellulose can be easily
recycled. The flat material can be coated and/or printed on. The coating or
printing is preferably
water-repellent. Alternatively or additionally, water-repellent additives can
be introduced into the
flat material containing cellulose. The flat material can be composite
material, for example, a
laminate. In particular, the flat material can be laminated with a plastic
film. The blank is preferably
in one piece.
The blank has a cover section. The cover section can be arranged on a row of
containers. In other
words, the cover section can cover the containers on the upper side that are
arranged in a row.
The row of containers typically runs in a rectilinear manner. The row
comprises at least two
containers. The row typically comprises at most six, in particular at most
five, containers. For
example, the row can comprise three containers.
Two fixation sections are formed at the cover section. The fixation sections
are arranged disposed
opposite to each other at the cover section. In other words, the fixation
sections are on oppositely
disposed sides of the cover section. The fixation sections run along the row
of containers when
they are held at the holding device that is obtained from the blank. The
fixation sections are each
connected to the cover section by way of a fold line. The fold lines can each
comprise several
sections that are separate from one another. Each fold line typically extends
in a rectilinear
manner overall in order to enable the respective fixation section to be bent
relative to the cover
section. The fold lines can be formed with embossing, perforations, and/or
scoring. The fold lines
can be combined crease-cut lines.
According to the invention, holding edges for engaging underneath the beaded
rims of the
containers are formed at the fixation sections by rectilinear main cut lines
running offset parallel
to the fold lines. The main cut lines run between the cover section and the
respective fixation
section. The main cut lines separate the cover section and the fixation
sections from one another
in certain sections. The main cut lines are typically offset outwardly, with
respect to the row of
containers, relative to the fold lines. In the state where a holding device
that is obtained from the
blank is placed on the containers, the holding edges engage underneath the
beaded rims of the
containers, while the cover section rests on the upper side on the containers,
typically directly on
the beaded rims. Since the cover sections and the holding edges abut against
the containers or
their beaded rims on different sides (namely above and below with respect to a
normal use or
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storage position of the containers), the containers are held at the holding
device immovably in the
direction of their longitudinal axes. Two holding edges are typically disposed
opposite each other
with respect to the longitudinal axis of the container held by them. Due to
the rectilinear extension
of the main cut lines in the blank, a defined abutment of the holding edges
against the beaded
rims arises. In particular, the holding edges abut diametrically opposite one
another in a locally
confined contact zone against the beaded rim of the respective container. Due
to the
approximately punctiform abutment of the holding edges against the beaded rims
in the respective
contact zone, a comparatively strong latching of the containers at the holding
device can be
obtained. The containers are therefore held particularly securely. At the same
time, the rectilinear
extension of the main cut lines ensures a high level of stability of the
fixation sections in the region
of the holding edges, in particular with regard to the loading effect by the
weight of the containers.
The risk of the fixation sections buckling is effectively reduced by the
rectilinear extension of the
main cut lines in the blank. Furthermore, the locally confined contact zones
form a rotary hinge
about which the containers can be rotated for removal from the holding device.
The blank has preferably two cover sections for the arrangement on a row of
containers each.
Each row can comprise, for example, three containers as described above. The
cover sections
or the rows of the containers, respectively, generally run parallel to one
another. Formed at the
cover sections are oppositely disposed fixation sections which are each
connected to the
respective cover section by way of a fold line. Holding edges for engaging
underneath the beaded
rims of the containers are formed at the fixation sections by rectilinear main
cut lines running
offset parallel to the fold lines. In other words, the blank can have two
similar holding devices,
each for one row of containers. Each of the holding devices has a cover
section each and two
fixation sections with holding edges formed by rectilinear main cut lines.
The middle fixation sections, i.e. the ones running between the rows or the
cover sections,
respectively, are preferably connected to one another by way of a longitudinal
fold line. The
longitudinal fold line can be formed with embossing, perforations, and/or
scoring. The longitudinal
fold line makes it possible to bend the fixation sections that adjoin one
another against one
another. This allows the containers of the two rows to be brought into
abutment against one
another when the respective holding edges latch underneath the beaded rims.
The longitudinal fold line can be interrupted by at least one, preferably
oval, punch-out. The
punch-out is preferably oval, in particular where the punch-out has its
greatest extension along
the longitudinal fold line. A punch-out each is particularly preferably
arranged between the main
cut lines that are disposed opposite one another with respect to the
longitudinal fold line. When
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the blank is in the unfolded state, the at least one punch-out allows the
middle fixation sections to
be inserted more deeply between the two rows of containers. The middle
fixation sections
therefore run at a steeper angle. As a result, the containers can be supported
laterally in a more
stable manner. In addition, the latching of the holding edges at the beaded
rims is supported. In
particular, oppositely disposed containers of the two rows can touch one
another in the region of
the punch-out.
A hand hold opening can be provided in the region of the longitudinal fold
line. The hand hold
opening can be formed with crossed dividing lines. The hand hold opening is
preferably arranged
between two sections of the fold lines which are disposed opposite one another
with respect to
the longitudinal fold line.
An abutment section each for the abutment against an outer surface of the
containers
advantageously adjoins the two outer fixation sections. If the blank has
several cover sections,
the outer fixation sections do not run between the rows or the cover sections,
respectively. In a
state where a holding device that is obtained from the blank is placed on the
rows of containers,
the abutment sections prevent the containers from moving away from one another
transverse to
the rows. If the blank has only a single cover section, then the two fixation
sections are (inevitably)
outer fixation sections with respect to the cover section or the one row,
respectively. The fixation
sections then stabilize the containers transverse to the direction of
extension of the row.
The abutment sections particularly preferably have flaps for connecting the
abutment sections to
one another. The flaps make it possible to fasten one abutment section to the
other abutment
section. For this purpose, the flaps of the two abutment sections can be
adhesively bonded
together or hooked together. The connection of the abutment sections created
by the flaps further
stabilizes the holding device. The flaps abut against the outer surfaces of
the containers. This
means that the containers can thus be additionally affixed. In particular, the
flaps can prevent the
containers from moving apart along the rows.
A bend line each can run between the abutment sections and the fixation
sections. The bend line
can be formed with embossing, perforations, and/or scoring. The bend line can
be configured as
a creasing line.
The bend line can be formed in sections with, in particular, curved punch-out
lines. The punch-
outlines are typically arranged at the height of the holding edges, i.e. the
punch-out lines and the
respective holding edges are arranged at positions corresponding to each other
along the rows.
The bend lines and in particular the punch-out lines make it possible to make
the abutment
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sections abut against the outer surfaces of the containers without affecting
the latching of the
holding edges underneath the beaded rims.
The bend line is preferably configured to be rectilinear and continuous. In
particular, the bend line
can run parallel to the fold lines and the main cut lines A continuously
rectilinear bend line can be
easily produced and can improve the abutment of the abutment sections against
the outer
surfaces of the containers.
At least one abutment hump can be formed on at least one of the flaps. At
least one abutment
hump is preferably formed on each flap. If a bend line is formed between the
fixation section and
the abutment section, then the abutment hump projects towards the cover
section beyond the
bend line at the associated abutment section. In the unfolded state, the
abutment hump can be
supported at the cover section. This can prevent the holding device or parts
of the holding device
from slipping, in particular if it abuts only loosely against the containers
that it is holding. It can be
prevented in particular that the flaps are pushed upwardly towards the cover
sections.
An incision can run between the abutment hump and the fixation section. The
incision enables
the fixation section to be separated from the abutment hump in a simple
manner. The incision can
respectively start out from an end point of the bend line. The incision is
preferably configured to
be crescent-shaped in the flat state of the blank. This simplifies the
unfolding of the blank to form
the holding device and can improve the abutment of the abutment section with
the flap, which
carries the abutment hump, against a container of a packaging.
Pairs of score lines can respectively be provided between the main cut lines
and the bend lines
or the longitudinal fold line, respectively. The score lines preferably run
parallel to one another
and in particular perpendicular to the main cut lines and the bend lines or
the longitudinal fold line,
respectively. Two oppositely disposed pairs of score lines are preferably
provided for each
container. The score lines can further improve the latching of the holding
edges underneath the
beaded rims.
Auxiliary cut lines can extend from the main cut lines to the fold lines The
auxiliary cut lines run
between the cover section and the respective fixation section. The auxiliary
cut lines simplify
bending the fixation sections relative to the cover section. Furthermore,
guide edges on the
fixation sections formed by the auxiliary cut lines can hold the containers
firmly along the rows.
For this purpose, the guide edges can abut against the beaded lands of the
containers. The guide
edges and the holding edges form functional sections that are separate from
one another for
laterally guiding or holding the containers, respectively. These functional
sections, which are
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separate from one another, can be optimized independently of one another for
their respective
task.
At least one of the auxiliary cut lines can run in a rectilinear manner. At
least one of the auxiliary
cut lines can run at a right angle relative to the associated main cut line.
As a result, particularly
strong lateral guidance of the containers can be achieved.
Alternatively or additionally, at least one of the auxiliary cut lines can run
slanted relative to the
associated main cut line. This can facilitate the removal of the containers
from the holding device
that is obtained from the blank. The auxiliary cut lines can run in a
rectilinear manner. An angle
between the auxiliary cut lines and the main cut lines can be at least 1200
and/or at most 150 .
Alternatively, some or all auxiliary cut lines can run in a curved manner.
A first auxiliary fold line can be formed in the fixation section and
originate at a terminal section of
one of the fold lines and run slanted relative to this section of the fold
line. The terminal section
of the fold line extends to a free edge of the blank. The first auxiliary fold
line makes it easier to
bend the fixation section relative to the cover section.
A second auxiliary fold line can be formed in the cover section and originate
at a terminal section
of one of the fold lines and run slanted relative thereto. The first and the
second auxiliary fold
lines preferably originate at the same terminal section of the fold line. The
first and the second
auxiliary fold lines can be configured to be folded in opposite directions.
The abutment of the
holding device that is obtained from the blank against the containers can be
further improved by
the second auxiliary fold line.
The first and/or the second auxiliary fold line can be formed with embossing,
perforations, and/or
scoring.
A holding device for containers, in particular cans, also falls within the
scope of the present
invention. The holding device is obtained from a blank according to the
invention described above.
To obtain the holding device, the blank is folded. The various fold and bend
lines described above
facilitate the unfolding of the blank to become the holder. The advantages
described above can
be exploited with the holding device according to the invention.
Finally, the scope of the present invention includes a packaging with a
holding device according
to the invention as described above, at which containers, in particular cans,
are held, where the
holding edges of the fixation sections engage underneath the beaded rims of
the containers and
the cover section or cover sections rest/s on the containers, in particular
the beaded rims. The
advantages described above can be utilized for the packaging. In order to
affix the containers at
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the holding device, folding the blank to form the holding device can be
carried out in whole or in
part after the (flat or partially pre-folded) blank has been placed onto the
containers.
If the abutment sections have flaps for connecting the abutment sections to
one another, then the
flaps can be affixed to one another, for example, adhesively bonded to one
another. As a result,
a particularly stable packaging is obtained. To adhesively bond the flaps
together, adhesive can
be introduced between the flaps. Alternatively or additionally, adhesive tape
can be applied to the
flaps.
Further advantages of the invention shall become apparent from the description
and the drawing.
According to the invention, the features mentioned above and those detailed
below can each be
used individually or collectively in any desired expedient combination. The
embodiments shown
and described are not to be understood to be an exhaustive list, but rather
have an exemplary
character for the description of the invention.
Detailed description of the invention and the drawing
The invention is illustrated in the drawing and is described using
embodiments, where:
Fig. 1 shows in a schematic top view a blank according to the invention from
which a holding
device according to the invention for a packaging according to the invention
can be
obtained, where the blank has rectilinear main cut lines which define holding
edges for
engaging underneath beaded rims of containers;
Fig. 2 shows in a schematic perspective view slanted from above a packaging
according to the
invention with six containers arranged in two rows which are held at the
holding device
that is obtained from the blank from Figure1, where the holding edges engage
underneath
the beaded rims of the containers;
Fig. 3 shows the packaging from Figure 2 in a further schematic perspective
view;
Fig. 4 shows a section in a side view of the packaging from Figure 2 when
viewed along the two
rows;
Fig. 5 shows a schematic detailed view of the abutment of one of the holding
edges on the
underside against one of the beaded rims in the packaging of Figure 2;
Fig. 6 shows in a schematic top view a further blank according to the
invention from which a
holding device according to the invention for a packaging according to the
invention can
be obtained, where the blank has abutment humps for supporting flaps at cover
sections.
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Figure 1 shows a blank 10. A holding device 12 for containers 13 with a beaded
rim 14 can be
obtained from blank 10 by folding, compare Figures 2 and 3. Blank 10 is made
of flat material
containing cellulose, presently cardboard. Blank 10 is in one piece overall.
Blank 10 has two cover sections 16. Cover sections 16 can each be arranged on
a row 18 of
presently three containers 13. Two cover sections 16 extend parallel to one
another.
Two fixation sections 20 adjoin each of cover sections 16. Two fixation
sections 20 belonging to
a cover section 16 are arranged on oppositely disposed sides of the respective
cover section 16.
Cover sections 16 and respective fixation sections 20 are each connected to
one another by way
of a fold line 22. Fold line 22 can be embossed into the flat material and/or
can be obtained by
perforating the flat material in sections. Fold lines 22 each extend in a
rectilinear manner and are
all parallel to one another. The two middle ones, i.e. fixation sections 20
running between two
rows 18, are connected to one another by way of a longitudinal fold line 23.
Fold lines 22 are divided into several sections. A rectilinear main cut line
24 is formed in blank 10
between the sections of fold lines 22. Main cut lines 24 completely sever the
flat material of blank
10. Main cut lines 24, firstly, directly adjoin cover sections 16 and,
secondly, directly adjoin fixation
sections 20. Main cut lines 24 are arranged offset in relation to fold lines
22, namely towards the
outside as viewed from respective row 18 of containers 13. Main cut lines 24
each run in a
rectilinear manner and parallel to fold lines 22.
Auxiliary cut lines 26, 28, 30 run from main cut lines 24 to fold lines 22.
Auxiliary cut lines 26, 28,
30, firstly, directly adjoin cover sections 16 and, secondly, directly adjoin
fixation sections 20.
Auxiliary cut lines 26 on two middle fixation sections 20 are configured to be
rectilinear. Auxiliary
cut lines 26 can run at a right angle to main cut lines 24 and fold lines 22.
Auxiliary cut lines 28 at
outer fixation sections 20 are presently likewise configured to be
rectilinear. Auxiliary cut lines 28
run slanted relative to main cut lines 24 and fold lines 22. Auxiliary cut
lines 30 on outer fixation
sections 20 run in a curved manner. Auxiliary cut lines 28, 30 can each have
extensions which
extend substantially perpendicular to auxiliary cut lines 28, 30.
An abutment section 32 each adjoins two outer fixation sections 20. Abutment
sections 32 and
fixation sections 20 are each connected to one another at a bend line 34. Bend
line 34 can be
embossed into the flat material. In the embodiment illustrated, bend line 34
has punch-out lines
36 that are curved in sections. Punch-out lines 36 can penetrate the flat
material in part or
completely. Punch-out lines 36 are arranged at the height of main cut lines
24.
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Abutment sections 32 each have a flap 38 at both ends. When blank 10 is in a
flattened state,
flaps 38 project in the direction of rows 18 beyond cover sections 16 and
fixation sections 20. Two
flaps 38 arranged at the same ends of rows 18 can be joined together to
stabilize the holding
device 12 obtained from blank 10.
Formed at terminal sections, i.e. sections of outer fold lines 22 running to
the free edges of blank
10, are a respective first auxiliary fold line 40 and a second auxiliary fold
line 42. Auxiliary fold
lines 40, 42 each run slanted relative to fold lines 22. First auxiliary fold
lines 40 are arranged in
fixation sections 20. Second auxiliary fold lines 42 are arranged in cover
sections 16.
In order to obtain a packaging 44 shown in Figures 2 and 3, the blank is
placed onto containers
13 arranged in rows 18. Cover sections 16 rest on containers 13 on the upper
side. In the
embodiment shown, cover sections 16 rest directly on beaded rims 14 of
containers 13. Middle
fixation sections 20 are thereafter pressed downwardly along longitudinal fold
line 23 between
containers 13. A sword, not shown, can be used for this purpose. In addition,
outer fixation
sections 20 and abutment sections 32 are pressed downwardly. Abutment sections
32 are there
made to abut against outer surfaces 46 of containers 13. Finally, flaps 38 are
attached to one
another, presently by adhesive bonding. Flaps 38 also come to abut against
outer surfaces 46 of
containers 13.
Containers 13 are configured to be substantially cylindrical. Outer surfaces
46 can be conically
tapered beneath beaded rims 14. Beaded rims 14 project in the radial direction
beyond outer
surfaces 46.
By bending fixation sections 20 relative to cover sections 16, blank 10 opens
at main cut lines 24
and auxiliary cut lines 26, 28, 30. Holding edges 48 on fixation sections 20
are defined by main
cut lines 24. Holding edges 48 engage underneath beaded rims 14, compare also
Figures 4 and
5. Holding device 12 is thus latched on containers 13. Containers 13 are
therefore affixed to
holding device 12. Displacement of the containers relative to holding device
12 with respect to a
longitudinal axis of containers 13 is prevented, namely upwardly due cover
sections 16 resting on
the upper side on beaded rims 14 and downwardly due to holding edges 48
abutting on the
underside against beaded rims 14. Due to the curvature of outer surfaces 46 of
containers 13
about their respective longitudinal axes and the profile of fixation sections
20 inclined towards
cover sections 16 and the longitudinal axes of the container, holding edges 48
are each in their
center abutting in a locally confined manner against beaded rims 14.
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Auxiliary cut lines 26, 28, 30 each extend beyond beaded rims 14. Guide edges
50, formed by
auxiliary cut lines 26, 28, 30 at the fixation sections, affix containers 13
along rows 18 due to their
abutment against beaded rims 14, compare Figure 3.
At the corners of holding device 12, corner regions of cover sections 20 are
bent downwardly
along second auxiliary fold lines 42. First auxiliary fold lines 40 and the
terminal sections of fold
lines 22 make it possible to fold corner regions of fixation sections 20 under
the corner regions of
cover sections 20, compare in particular Figure 3. Firstly, this improves the
abutment of abutment
sections 32 with flaps 38 against outer surfaces 46. Secondly, holding device
12 is thereby
stabilized.
Figure 6 shows a further blank 10. Blank 10 from Figure 6 corresponds in
structure and function
substantially to blank 10 from Figure 1. The differences shall be described
primarily hereafter. For
the remainder, reference is made to the above description. A holding device
for two rows 18 of
containers 13 with a beaded rim 14 can be obtained from blank 10 in a
corresponding manner by
folding. Blank 10 from Figure 6 is also is made of flat material containing
cellulose, presently
cardboard, and is in one piece overall.
Main cut lines 24 and fold lines 22, at which cover sections 16 adjoin
fixation sections 20, run in
a rectilinear manner and offset parallel to one another here as well.
Auxiliary cut lines 26, 30
presently run slanted relative to main cut lines 24 and fold lines 22.
Auxiliary cut lines 26 can run
in a rectilinear manner. Auxiliary cut lines 30 can run in a curved manner.
Outer fixation sections 20 each adjoin an abutment section 32 on a rectilinear
continuous bend
line 34. Abutment sections 32 each have a flap 38 at both ends. An incision 52
each runs between
one of flaps 38 and adjacent fixation section 20. Incision 52 presently
extends in a crescent shape
starting out from the end points of bend lines 34.
Flaps 38 have abutment humps 54 adjoining incisions 52. Flaps 38 of one of
abutment sections
32 presently furthermore each have a further abutment hump 56. Abutment humps
54, 56 project
beyond respective bend line 34 towards respective cover section 16. When blank
10 is unfolded
to become a holding device, abutment humps 54, 56 can support flaps 38 on
cover sections 16.
Further abutment humps 56 of flaps 38 of one abutment section 32 in the
unfolded state can
overlap in sections with abutment humps 54 of flaps 38 of other abutment
section 32. It goes
without saying that a (first) abutment hump and a further abutment hump could
be provided on
diagonally opposite flaps, where the respective other flap of the two abutment
sections each only
has one (first) abutment hump (not shown in detail).
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Blank 10 from Figure 6 has punch-outs 58 in the region of a longitudinal fold
line 23 between
middle fixation sections 20. Punch-outs 58 can extend along longitudinal fold
line 23 and, in
particular, be configured to have an oval shape. Punch-outs 58 form openings
in the material of
blank 10. It is understood that punch-outs 58 can be obtained by any
separation method, for
example, punching or cutting.
Furthermore, dividing lines 60 are provided in the region of longitudinal fold
line 23. Dividing lines
60 can run in a crossed manner. A hand hold opening 62 can be obtained by
bending over the
material adjoining dividing lines 60. Hand hold opening 62 can be defined by
bending edges 64.
Blank 10 can be indented at the free ends of longitudinal fold line 23. As
shown by way of example
in Figure 6, blank 10 can be drawn in at the free ends of longitudinal fold
line 23 in a V-shape.
Alternatively, blank 10 can be drawn in at the free ends of longitudinal fold
line 23 in a rounded
manner, compare Figure 1.
Two score lines 66 parallel to each other in blank 10 of Figure 6 each run
between main cut lines
24 and bend lines 34 or longitudinal fold line 23, respectively. Score Lines
66 are there oriented
to be perpendicular to main cut lines 24 and bend lines 24 or longitudinal
fold lines 23,
respectively.
In summary, the invention relates to a blank made of flat material. The blank
has at least one
cover section with two adjoining fixation sections. A fold line and main cut
lines run between the
cover section and each of the fixation sections. The fold lines and the main
cut lines extend in a
rectilinear manner and parallel to each other. The fold lines and the main cut
lines are offset from
each other. Holding edges are formed on the fixation sections by the
rectilinear main cut lines. A
holding device can be obtained from the blank by folding. Containers with a
beaded rim can be
affixed to the holding device so that a packaging is obtained. For this
purpose, the holding edges
on the fixation sections engage underneath the beaded rims, where they abut
against the beaded
rims in a locally confined manner. The cover sections cover the containers.
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List of reference characters
blank 10
holding device 12
containers 13
beaded rim 14
cover section 16
row 18
fixation section 20
fold line 22
longitudinal fold line 23
rectilinear main cut line 24
auxiliary cut lines 26, 28, 30
abutment section 32
bend line 34
punch-out lines 36
flap 38
first auxiliary fold line 40
second auxiliary fold line 42
packaging 44
outer surface 46
holding edge 48
guide edges 50
incisions 52
abutment hump 54
further abutment hump 54
punch-out 58
dividing lines 60
hand hold opening 62
bending edges 64
score lines 66
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