Note : Les descriptions sont présentées dans la langue officielle dans laquelle elles ont été soumises.
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FOAMABLE THERMOPLASTIC COMPOSITIONS, THERMOPLASTIC FOAMS AND
METHODS OF MAKING SAME
CROSS REFERENCE
This application is related to and incorporates by reference each of: US
Provisional
Application 63/233,720, filed August 16,2021; US Provisional Application
63/252,110, filed
October 4, 2021; and US Provisional Application 63/278,497, filed November 12,
2021.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to foamable thermoplastic compositions, thermoplastic
foams,
foaming methods, and systems and articles made from same.
BACKGROUND
While foams are used in a wide variety of applications, developing a foam that
has
excellent performance properties and is cost-effective to produce is a
derisible but difficult goal
to achieve. It is even more difficult to achieve this goal while at the same
time developing a
foam that is environmentally friendly. Producing environmentally friendly
foams is especially
difficult because they comprise both a blowing agent component and a resin
component forming
the foam structure, and each of these components has an impact on foam
performance and on
environmental properties. Environmental considerations include not only the
recyclability and
sustainability of the polymeric resin that forms the structure of the foam but
also the low
environmental impact of blowing agents used to form the foam, such as the
Global Warming
Potential (GWP) and Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) of the blowing agent. It
is therefore a
major challenge to develop a foam that simultaneously has excellent
performance and can be
produced cost-effectively from an environmentally friend blowing agent and an
environmentally
friendly resin.
Foams based on certain thermoplastic resins, including polyester resins, have
been
investigated for potential advantage from the perspective of being recyclable
and/or sustainably-
sourced. However, difficulties have been encountered in connection with the
development of
such materials. For example, it has been a challenge to develop polyester
resins that are truly
recyclable, can be produced from sustainable sources, and which are compatible
with blowing
agents that are able, in combination with the thermoplastic, to produce foams
with good
performance properties. In many applications the performance properties that
are considered
highly desirable include the production of high-quality closed cell foams that
are low density
(and therefore have a low weight in use) and, at the same time, have
relatively high mechanical
integrity and strength.
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With respect to the selection of thermoplastic resin, EP 3,231,836
acknowledges that
while there has been interest in thermoplastic resins, in particularly
polyester-based resins, this
interest has encountered difficulty in development, including difficulty in
identifying suitable
foaming grades of such resins. Moreover, while EP 3,231,836 notes that certain
polyethylene
terephthalate (PET) resins, including recycled versions of PET, can be melt-
extruded with a
suitable physical and/or chemical blowing agent to yield closed-cell foams
with the potential for
low density and good mechanical properties, it is not disclosed that any such
resins are at once
are able to produce foams with good environmental properties and good
performance
properties, and are also able to be formed from sustainable sources. The '836
application
identifies several possible polyester resins to be used in the formation of
open-celled foams,
including polyethylene terephthalate, poly butylene terephthalate, poly
cyclohexane
terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyethylene furanoate or a mixture
of two or more of
these. While the use of polyester materials to make foams that have
essentially no closed cells,
as required by EP '836, may be beneficial for some applications, a
disadvantage of such
structures is that, in general, open cell foams will exhibit relatively poor
mechanical strength
properties.
While plastics based on 2,5-furandicarboxylic-acid-based polyester have been
noted to
have some potential advantages in certain applications, such as having good
gas barrier
properties, there has also been a recognition of substantial problems with
forming foam
materials from such plastic materials. For example, CN108410000 teaches that
2,5-
furandicarboxylic-acid-based polyesters have foaming performance that is very
poor and
processing conditions that are extremely unfavorable. These problems are said
to be
addressed by using a glassy (i.e., amorphous) polymer sheet and then exposing
the sheet to a
special, relatively complex and cumbersome dual blowing agent process.
The process described in CN108410000 suffers from several disadvantages,
including
requiring an undesirably long processing time to produce the specialized,
treated preform and
the use of a relatively complicated dual blowing agent process. This process
is also highly
disadvantageous in that it is not readily adaptable for use in connection with
currently used
commercial extrusion equipment, thus having an undesirably high new capital
cost requirement
to implement.
CN 108484959 also recognizes that 2,5-furandicarboxylic-acid-based polyesters
(such
as PEF) have poor foamability and attempts to address this significant problem
by forming a
high melt viscosity polymer by blend-reacting 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid
ethylene glycol ester
with a multifunctional monomer selected from alcohols, esters, alkanes,
carboxylic acids and
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anhydrides. Foaming properties of this material are said to be improved
relative to PEF, but no
information on the foaming process is provided.
US 2020/0308363 and US 2020/0308396 each disclose the production of amorphous
polyester copolymers that comprise starting with a recycled polyester, of
which only PET is
exemplified, as the main component and then proceeding through a series of
processing steps
to achieve an amorphous co-polymer, that is, as copolymer having no
crystallinity. These
publications indicate that it is not possible to readily form low density
polyester foams from
crystalline or semi-crystalline polymers and indicates that this problem can
be solved by forming
amorphous copolyester polymer material and using such amorphous material to
form the foam.
The synthesis of poly(ethylene furanoate) (PEF) using ethylene glycol and 2,5-
furandicarboxylic
acid is mentioned but is not exemplified. Essentially amorphous (i.e., no
crystallinity as per 0
JIG AH before foaming) ternary copolymers formed from PET, polytrimethylene
furanoate and
polycarbonate are said to have been foamed using CO2 as the blowing agent. No
foam
properties are disclosed. A wide variety of different classes of blowing agent
are mentioned for
use with amorphous polymers generally, including CO2, HF0-1233zd,
cyclopentane, acetone
and methanol.
US 9790342 discloses foams formed from the polyphenolic tannin, which may be
combined with a large number of possible monomers, and among the list of
monomers is 2,5-
furandicarboxylic acid. The foams are said to be partially open cell and
partially closed cell, with
open cell content being less than 50%. Numerous potential blowing agents are
disclosed,
including the halogenated olefin HF0-1336mmz.
With respect to blowing agents, the use generally of halogenated olefin
blowing agents,
including hydrofluoroolefins (HF0s) and hydrochlorofluorolefins (HCF0s), for
several specific
thermoplastic foams is known, as disclosed for example in US 2009/0305876,
which is assigned
to the assignee of the present invention, and which is incorporated herein by
reference. VVhile
the '876 application discloses the use of HFO and HFCO blowing agents with
various
thermoplastic materials to form foams, including PET, there is no disclosure
or suggestion to
use any of such blowing agents with any other type of polyester resin.
Applicants have overcome the problem of forming a high performance foam that
is also
has favorable environmental features (i.e., high sustainability and low
atmospheric impact) and
in so doing have come to appreciate that these problems can be overcome and
that one or
more unexpected advantages can be achieved by the formation of thermoplastic
foams, and in
particular extruded thermoplastic foams, using a polyester resin as disclosed
herein in
combination with a blowing agent comprising one of more hydrohaloolefin as
disclosed herein.
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SUMMARY
As described above, a continuing need exists for polymeric materials, and
particularly
polymeric foams, that are sustainable and environmentally friendly, and
simultaneously a
continuing need exists for such polymeric foams that at once are able to
provide low density and
high strength. Such a combination of properties is especially important in
many applications
which require a foam that has a low weight for a given volume (i.e., has low
density) but are
required to provide strength in use. One example of such a use is in
connection with the
construction of wind turbine blades, where both light weight and high strength
are important,
and in such applications sustainability and environment friendliness are also
both very
important. As outlined above, for example, prior efforts to address this need
have encountered
a myriad of technical problems and deficiencies, and a fully acceptable
solution has heretofore
not been achieved.
The present invention satisfies one or more of the above noted needs and
overcomes
prior technical problems and includes low-density, thermoplastic foam
comprising:
(a) thermoplastic polymer cells comprising cell walls comprising polyethylene
furanoate
having a crystallinity of at least 15%, wherein at least 25% of said cells are
closed cells and
wherein ethylene furanoate moieties are at least 85% by weight of the
thermoplastic polymer;
and
(b) 1336mzz(E) contained in the closed cells.
For the purposes of convenience, foams in accordance with this paragraph are
referred to
herein as Foam 1A.
The present invention includes low-density, thermoplastic foam comprising:
(a) thermoplastic polymer cells comprising cell walls comprising polyethylene
furanoate
having a crystallinity of at least 15%, wherein at least 25% by volume of said
cells are closed
cells and wherein ethylene furanoate moieties are at least 85% by weight of
the thermoplastic
polymer; and
(b) 1336mzz(E) is contained in the closed cells.
For the purposes of convenience, foams in accordance with this paragraph are
referred to
herein as Foam 1B.
The present invention includes low-density, thermoplastic foam comprising:
(a) thermoplastic polymer cells comprising cell walls comprising polyethylene
furanoate
having a crystallinity of at least 15%, wherein at least 15% by volume of said
cells are closed
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cells and wherein ethylene furanoate moieties are at least 85% by weight of
the thermoplastic
polymer; and
(b) 1336mzz(E) contained in the closed cells.
For the purposes of convenience, foams in accordance with this paragraph are
referred to
herein as Foam 1C.
The present invention includes low-density, thermoplastic foam comprising:
(a) thermoplastic polymer cells comprising cell walls comprising polyethylene
furanoate
having a crystallinity of at least 15%, wherein at least 15% by volume of said
cells are closed
cells and wherein ethylene furanoate moieties are at least 85% by weight of
the thermoplastic
polymer; and
(b) gas in the closed cell, said gas comprising 1336mzz(E).
For the purposes of convenience, foams in accordance with this paragraph are
referred to
herein as Foam 1C.
The present invention includes low-density, thermoplastic foam comprising:
(a) thermoplastic polymer cells comprising cell walls comprising polyethylene
furanoate
having a crystallinity of at least 15%, wherein at least 15% by volume of said
cells are closed
cells and wherein ethylene furanoate moieties are at least 85% by weight of
the thermoplastic
polymer; and
(b) gas in the closed cell, said gas comprising at least about 25% by weight
of
1336mzz(E).
For the purposes of convenience, foams in accordance with this paragraph are
referred to
herein as Foam 1D.
The present invention includes low-density, thermoplastic foam comprising:
(a) thermoplastic polymer cells comprising cell walls comprising polyethylene
furanoate
having a crystallinity of at least 15%, wherein at least 15% by volume of said
cells are closed
cells and wherein ethylene furanoate moieties are at least 85% by weight of
the thermoplastic
polymer; and
(b) gas in the closed cell, said gas comprising at least about 50% by weight
of
1336mzz(E).
For the purposes of convenience, foams in accordance with this paragraph are
referred to
herein as Foam 1E.
Reference will be made at various locations herein to a numbered foam (e.g.,
Foam 1) or to group of numbered foams that have been defined herein, and such
reference means each of such numbered systems, including each system having a
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number within the group, including any suffixed numbered system. For example,
reference to Foam 1 includes a separate reference to each of Foams 1A, 1B, 10,
1D
and 1E, and reference to Foams 1 ¨ 2 is understood to include a separate
reference to
each of Foams 1A, 1B, 10, 1D, 1E, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E and 2F. Further, this
convention is used throughout the present specification for other defined
materials,
including Blowing Agents.
The present invention includes low-density, thermoplastic foam comprising:
(a) thermoplastic polymer cells comprising cell walls comprising polyethylene
furanoate
wherein at least 25% of said cells are closed cells; and
(b) 1336mzz(E) contained in the closed cells.
For the purposes of convenience, foams in accordance with this paragraph are
referred to
herein as Foam 2A.
The present invention includes low-density, thermoplastic foam comprising:
(a) thermoplastic polymer cells comprising cell walls comprising polyethylene
furanoate
having a crystallinity of at least 15%, wherein at least 25% of said cells are
closed cells and
wherein said thermoplastic polymer contains no tannin moieties or tannin
moieties in an
amount of less than 20% by weight; and
(b) 1336mzz(E) contained in the closed cells.
For the purposes of convenience, foams in accordance with this paragraph are
referred to
herein as Foam 2B.
The present invention includes low-density, thermoplastic foam comprising:
(a) thermoplastic polymer cells comprising cell walls comprising polyethylene
furanoate
having a crystallinity of at least 35%, wherein at least 50% of said cells are
closed cells and
wherein said thermoplastic polymer contains no tannin moieties or tannin
moieties in an
amount of less than 20% by weight; and
(b) gas in said closed cell, wherein said gas comprises 1336mzz(E).
For the purposes of convenience, foams in accordance with this paragraph are
referred to
herein as Foam 2C.
The present invention includes low-density, thermoplastic foam comprising:
(a) thermoplastic polymer cells comprising cell walls comprising polyethylene
furanoate
having a crystallinity of at least 35%, wherein at least 50% of said cells are
closed cells and
wherein said thermoplastic polymer contains no tannin moieties or tannin
moieties in an
amount of less than 20% by weight; and
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(b) gas in said closed cell, wherein said gas comprises from about 25% by
weight to
100% by weight of 1336mzz(E). For the purposes of convenience, foams in
accordance with
this paragraph are referred to herein as Foam 20.
The present invention includes low-density, thermoplastic foam comprising:
(a) thermoplastic polymer cells comprising cell walls comprising polyethylene
furanoate
having a crystallinity of at least 35%, wherein at least 50% of said cells are
closed cells and
wherein said thermoplastic polymer contains no tannin moieties or tannin
moieties in an
amount of less than 20% by weight; and
(b) gas in said closed cell, wherein said gas comprises 1336mzz(E) and at
least one co-
blowing agent. For the purposes of convenience, foams in accordance with this
paragraph are
referred to herein as Foam 2E.
The present invention includes low-density, thermoplastic foam comprising:
(a) thermoplastic polymer cells comprising cell walls comprising polyethylene
furanoate
having a crystallinity of at least 35%, wherein at least 50% of said cells are
closed cells and
wherein said thermoplastic polymer contains no tannin moieties or tannin
moieties in an
amount of less than 20% by weight; and
(b) gas in said closed cell, wherein said gas consists essentially of
1336mzz(E). For the
purposes of convenience, foams in accordance with this paragraph are referred
to herein as
Foam 2F.
The present invention includes low-density, thermoplastic foam comprising:
(a) thermoplastic polymer cells comprising cell walls comprising polyethylene
furanoate
having a crystallinity of at least 15% wherein at least about 50% by volume of
the cells are
closed cells and wherein ethylene furanoate moieties are at least 85% by
weight of the
thermoplastic polymer and wherein said thermoplastic polymer contains no
tannin moieties or
tannin moieties in an amount of less than 20% by weight; and
(b)1336mzz(E) contained in the closed cells.
For the purposes of convenience, foams in accordance with this paragraph are
referred to
herein as Foam 3A.
The present invention includes low-density, thermoplastic foam comprising:
(a) thermoplastic polymer cells comprising cell walls comprising polyethylene
furanoate
that has a crystallinity of at least 15% and a molecular weight of from about
25,000 to about
170,000, wherein at least about 25% by volume of the cells are closed cells
and wherein said
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thermoplastic polymer contains no tannin moieties or tannin moieties in an
amount of
less than 20% by weight; and
(b) 1336mzz(E) contained in the closed cells.
For the purposes of convenience, foams in accordance with this paragraph are
referred to
herein as Foam 3B.
The present invention includes low-density, thermoplastic foam comprising:
(a) thermoplastic polymer cells comprising cell walls comprising polyethylene
furanoate
having a crystallinity of at least 15% and a molecular weight of from about
80,000 to about
170,000, wherein at least about 25% by volume of the cells are closed cells
and wherein said
thermoplastic polymer contains no tannin moieties or tannin moieties in an
amount of
less than 20% by weight; and
(b) 1336mzz(E) contained in the closed cells.
For the purposes of convenience, foams in accordance with this paragraph are
referred to
herein as Foam 3C.
The present invention includes low-density, thermoplastic foam comprising:
(a) thermoplastic polymer cells comprising cell walls comprising polyethylene
furanoate
having a crystallinity of at least 25% and a molecular weight of from about
80,000 to about
170,000, wherein from about 35% by volume to about 90% by volume of the cells
are closed
cells and wherein said thermoplastic polymer contains no tannin moieties or
tannin
moieties in an amount of less than 20% by weight; and
(b) 1336mzz(E) contained in the closed cells.
For the purposes of convenience, foams in accordance with this paragraph are
referred to
herein as Foam 3D.
The present invention includes low-density, thermoplastic foam comprising:
(a) thermoplastic polymer cells comprising cell walls comprising polyethylene
furanoate
having a crystallinity of from about 35% to about 65% and a molecular weight
of from about
80,000 to about 170,000, wherein from about 35% by volume to about 90% by
volume of the
cells are closed cells and wherein said thermoplastic polymer contains no
tannin moieties
or tannin moieties in an amount of less than 20% by weight; and
(b) 1336mzz(E) contained in the closed cells.
For the purposes of convenience, foams in accordance with this paragraph are
referred to
herein as Foam 3E.
The present invention includes low-density, closed-cell thermoplastic foam
comprising:
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(a) closed thermoplastic cells comprising cell walls comprising polyethylene
furanoate
and wherein said polyethylene furanoate contains no tannin moieties or tannin
moieties
in an amount of less than 20% by weight; and
(b) a blowing agent contained in said closed cells, wherein said foam has a
relative foam
density (RFD) of about 0.1 or less and a foam density of less than 0.3 g/cc.
For the purposes of
convenience, foams in accordance with this paragraph are referred to herein as
Foam 4A.
The present invention includes low-density, closed-cell thermoplastic foam
comprising:
(a) closed thermoplastic cells comprising cell walls consisting essentially of
polyethylene
furanoate that has been treated with a chain extender; and
(b) a blowing agent contained in said closed cells,
wherein said foam has an RFD of about 0.1 or less and a density of less than
0.3 g/cc. For the
purposes of convenience, foams in accordance with this paragraph are referred
to herein as
Foam 4B.
The present invention includes low-density, closed-cell thermoplastic foam
comprising:
(a) thermoplastic polymer cells comprising cell walls forming closed cells,
wherein said
thermoplastic comprises polyethylene furanoate-based polymer having a
crystallinity of at least
about 15% and a molecular weight of greater than 25,000 and wherein said
polyethylene
furanoate contains no tannin moieties or tannin moieties in an amount of less
than 20%
by weight; and
(b) blowing agent contained in said closed cells, said blowing agent
comprising
1336mzz(E). For the purposes of convenience, foams in accordance with this
paragraph are
referred to herein as Foam 5A.
The present invention includes low-density, closed-cell thermoplastic foam
comprising:
(a) thermoplastic polymer cells comprising cell walls forming closed cells,
wherein said
thermoplastic comprises polyethylene furanoate-based polymer having a
crystallinity of at least
about 25% and a molecular weight of from about 25,000 to about 170,000 and
wherein said
polyethylene furanoate contains no tannin moieties or tannin moieties in an
amount of
less than 20% by weight; and
(b) blowing agents contained in said closed cells, said blowing agent
comprising
1336mzz(E). For the purposes of convenience, foams in accordance with this
paragraph are
referred to herein as Foam 5B.
The present invention includes low-density, closed-cell thermoplastic foam
comprising:
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(a) closed thermoplastic cells comprising cell walls consisting essentially of
polyethylene
furanoate; and
(b) 1336mzz(E) contained in said closed cells,
wherein said foam has a density of less than 0.3 g/cc. For the purposes of
convenience, foams
in accordance with this paragraph are referred to herein as Foam 6A.
The present invention includes closed-cell thermoplastic foam comprising:
(a) closed thermoplastic cells comprising cells walls consisting essentially
of
polyethylene furanoate wherein at least about 50% by volume of the cells are
closed cells; and
(b) 1336mzz(E) contained in said closed cells. For the purposes of
convenience, foams
in accordance with this paragraph are referred to herein as Foam 6B.
The present invention includes closed-cell thermoplastic foam comprising:
(a) closed thermoplastic cells comprising cells walls consisting essentially
of
polyethylene furanoate wherein at least about 75% by volume of the cells are
closed cells; and
(b) 1336mzz(E) contained in said closed cells. For the purposes of
convenience, foams
in accordance with this paragraph are referred to herein as Foam 6C.
The present invention includes closed-cell thermoplastic foam comprising:
(a) closed thermoplastic cells comprising cells walls consisting essentially
of
polyethylene furanoate wherein at least about 90% by volume of the cells are
closed cells; and
(b) 1336mzz(E) contained in said closed cells. For the purposes of
convenience, foams
in accordance with this paragraph are referred to herein as Foam 6D.
The present invention also provides the foamable compositions, foaming methods
and
additional foams as described hereinafter.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
Figure 1 is a schematic representation of an extrusion system and process
according to
one embodiment of the invention and according to the examples herein.
DEFINITIONS
1234ze means 1,1,1,3-tetrafluoropropene, without limitation as to isomeric
form.
Trans1234ze and 1234ze(E) each means trans1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene.
Cis1234ze and 1234ze(Z) each means cis1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene.
1234yf means 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene.
1233zd means 1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene, without limitation as to
isomeric form.
Trans1233zd and 1233zd(E) each means trans1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene.
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1224yd means 1-chloro-2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropane, without limitation as to
isomeric form.
cis1224yd and 1224yd(Z) means cis1-chloro-2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropane.
1336mzz means 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluorobutene, without limitation as to isomeric
form.
Trans1336mzz and 1336mzz(E) each means trans1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluorobutene.
Cis1336mzz and 1336mzz(Z) each means cis1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluorobutene.
Closed cell foam means that a substantial volume percentage of the cells in
the foam are
closed, for example, about 20% by volume or more.
Crystallinity means the degree of crystallinity of a polymer measured by
differential scanning
calorimetry (DSC) according to ASTM D3418 and ASTM E1356.
Ethylene furanoate moiety means the following structure:
0 0
0
n
FDCA means 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid and has the following structure:
0 0
0
HO)L1
FDME means dimethyl 2,5-furandicarboxylate and has the following structure:
0 0
0
MEG means monoethylene glycol and has the following structure:
OH
HO
Moiety as used herein means a distinct repeating unit in a polymer. For
clarity, a copolymer
having two repeating units A and B present in a 1:1 ratio would have 50 molar
% A moieties and
50 molar % of B moieties.
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Other Moiety as used herein means a moiety that is not ethylene furanoate and
not formed
from tannin.
Methylal means dimethoxymethane ((CH30)2CH2).
PEF homopolymer means a polymer consisting of ethylene furanoate moieties. For
avoidance
of doubt, the PEF homopolymer may include impurity levels of materials that
may be present.
PEF copolymer means a polymer having at least 50% by weight of ethylene
furanoate moieties
and some amount a moiety other than ethylene furanoate moieties.
PEF means poly (ethylene furanoate) and encompasses and is intended to reflect
a description
of PEF homopolymer and PEF coploymer.
SSP means solid-state polymerization.
PMDA means pyromellitic dian hydride having the following structure:
/
0
0 0
Tannin moiety as used herein means a polymeric repeating unit corresponding to
the
tannin used to form the polymer, including as disclosed in US Patent No.
9,890,342.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Poly (ethylene furanoate)
The present invention relates to foams and foam articles that comprise cell
walls that
comprise PEF.
The PEF which forms the cells walls of the foams and foam articles of the
present
invention can be PEF homopolymer or PEF copolymer.
PEF homopolymer is a known material that is known to be formed by either:(a)
esterification and polycondensation of FDCA with MEG; or (b)
transesterification and
polycondensation of FDME with MEG as illustrated below for example:
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1. Esterification
(a)OH 2. Polycondensation
O H)L1- \/ OH
______________________________________________ Catalyst
-H2O
2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA)
1. Transesterification -
n
0 0
(b) O. J + HO OH 2. Polycondensation
Catalyst
- Me0H
Dimethyl 2,5-Furandicarboxylate (FDME)
A detailed description of such known esterification and polycondensation
synthesis methods is provided in GB Patent 621971 (Drewitt, J. G. N., and
Lincocoln,
J., entitled "Improvements in Polymers"), which is incorporated herein by
reference. A
detailed description of such known transesterification and polycondensation
synthesis
methods is provided in Gandini, A., Silvestre, A. J. D., Neto, C. P., Sousa,
A. F., and
Gomes, M. (2009), "The furan counterpart of poly(ethylene terephthalate): an
alternative material based on renewable resources.", J. Polym. Sci. Polym.
Chem. 47,
295-298. doi: 10.1002/pola.23130, which is incorporated herein by reference.
Foams
The foams of the present invention are formed from either PEF homopolymers,
PEF copolymers, or a combination/mixture of these.
The foams may be formed in preferred embodiments from PEF homopolymer in
which the polymer has at least 99.5% by weight, or at least 99.9% of by
weight, of
ethylene furanoate moieties.
It is contemplated that the foams may be formed in preferred embodiments from
PEF copolymer in which the polymer, including PEF copolymer that has from
about
60% to about 99% by weight of ethylene furanoate moieties, or from about 70%
to about
99% by weight of ethylene furanoate moieties, or from about 85% to about 99%
by weight
of ethylene furanoate moieties, or from about 90% to about 99% by weight of
ethylene
furanoate moieties or from about 95% to about 99.5% by weight of ethylene
furanoate
moieties. The present invention also includes foams formed from PEF having
less than
20% by weight of tannin moieties, or less than 15% by weight of tannin
moieties, or
less than 10% by weight of tannin moieties, or less than 5% by weght of tannin
moieties, or is essentially free of tannin moieties.
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For those embodiments of the present invention involving PEF copolymers, it is
contemplated that those skilled in the art will be able, in view of the
teachings
contained herein, to select the type and amount of co-polymeric materials to
be used
within each of the ranges described herein to achieve the desired
enhancement/modification of the polymer without undue experimentation.
For those embodiments of the present invention involving the use of PEF
homopolymer or PEF copolymer, it is contemplated that such material may be
formed
with a wide variety of molecular weights and physical properties within the
scope of the
present invention. In preferred embodiments, the foams, including each of
Foams 1 ¨
6, are formed from PEF having the ranges of characteristics identified in
Table 1
below, which are measured as described in the Examples hereof:
TABLE 1
Broad Range Intermediate Narrow
Range
Range
Polymer property
Molecular weight 25,000¨ 150,000 45,000 ¨ 130,000 55,000
¨ 120,000
Glass Transition 75 ¨ 100 75 ¨ 95 75 ¨ 95
Temperature, Tg, C
Melting Temperature, 180 ¨250 190 - 240 200 ¨230
Tm, 'C
Decomposition 300 - 420 320 - 400 330 ¨ 380
Temperature, Td, C
Crystallinity, % 25 - 75 30 ¨ 60 40 ¨ 50
In general, it is contemplated that those skilled in the art will be able to
formulate PEF polymers
within the range of properties described above without undue experimentation
in view of the
teachings contained herein. In preferred embodiments, however, PEF in general
and PEF
homopolymer in particular having these properties is achieved using one or
more of the
synthesis methods described above, in combination with a variety of known
supplemental
processing techniques, including by treatment with chain extenders, such as
PMDA, and/or SSP
processing. It is believed that in view of the disclosures contained herein,
including the polymer
synthesis described in the Examples below, a person skilled in the art will be
able to produce
PEF polymers within the range of characteristics described in the table above
and elsewhere
herein.
An example of the process for chain extension treatment of polyesters is
provided in the
article "Recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) chain extension by a reactive
extrusion process,"
Firas Awaja, Fugen Daver, Edward Kosior, 16 August 2004, available at
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htta511AlgiSMOSURQap_TI22155, which is incorporated herein by reference. As
explained in
US 1009/0264545, which is incorporated herein by reference, chain extenders
generally are
typically compounds that are at least di-functional with respect to reactive
groups which can
react with end groups or functional groups in the polyester to extend the
length of the polymer
chains. In certain cases, as disclosed herein, such a treatment can
advantageously increases
the average molecular weight of the polyester to improve its melt strength
and/or other
important properties. The degree of chain extension achieved is related, at
least in part, to the
structure and functionalities of the compounds used. Various compounds are
useful as chain
extenders. Non-limiting examples of chain extenders include trimellitic
anhydride, pyromellitic
dianhydride (PMDA), trimellitic acid, haloformyl derivatives thereof, or
compounds containing
multi-functional epoxy (e.g., glycidyl), or oxazoline functional groups.
Nanocomposite material
such as finely dispersed nanoclay may optionally be used for controlling
viscosity.
Commercial chain extenders include CESA-Extend from Clariant, Joncryl from
BASF, or
Lotader from Arkema. The amount of chain extender can vary depending on the
type and
molecular weight of the polyester components. The amount of chain extender
used to treat the
polymer can vary widely, and in preferred embodiments ranges from about 0.1 to
about 5 wt. %,
or preferably from about 0.1 to about 1.5 wt. %. Examples of chain extenders
are also described
in U.S. Pat. No. 4,219,527, which is incorporated herein by reference.
An example of the process for SSP processing of poly(ethylene furanoate) is
provided in
the article "Solid-State Polymerization of Poly(ethylene furanoate) Biobased
Polyester, I: Effect
of Catalyst Type on Molecular Weight Increase,"
Nejib Kasmi, Mustapha Majdoub, George Z. Papageorgiou, Dimitris S. Achilias,
and Dimitrios N.
Bikiaris, which is incorporated herein by reference.
The PEF thermoplastic polymers which are especially advantageous for making
foamable compositions and foams of the present invention are identified in the
following
Thermoplastic Polymer Table (Table 2), wherein all numerical values in the
table are
understood to be preceded by the word "about."
TABLE 2 - THERMOPLASTIC POLYMER TABLE
Thermoplastic Polymer Ethylene furanoate Tannin moieties, Other moieties, MW,
Crystallinity, %
(TPP) Number moieties, wt% wt% wt% Kg/mol
TPPlA 100 0 0 25 ¨ 180 25
¨ 100
TPP1B 100 0 0 25 - 75 30 ¨
60
TPP1C 100 0 0 80 ¨ 130 30
¨ 60
TPP1D 100 0 0 90 ¨ 120 35
¨ 50
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Thermoplastic Polymer Ethylene furanoatc Tannin moieties, Other moieties, MW,
Crystallinity, %
(TPP) Number moieties, wt% wt% wt% Kg/mol
TPP I E 100 0 0 90 ¨ 110 35
¨ 45
TPP2A 85 to <100 >0 to < 15 0 25 ¨ 180 25
¨ 100
TPP2B 85 to <100 >0 to < 15 0 25 ¨75 30
¨60
TPP2C 85 to <100 >0 to < 15 0 80 ¨ 130 30
¨ 60
TPP2D 85 to <100 >0 to < 15 0 90 ¨ 120 35
¨ 50
TPP2E 85 to <100 >0 to < 15 0 90 ¨ 110 35
¨ 45
TPP3A 5 to 95 0 5 to 95 25 ¨ 180 25
¨ 100
TPP3B 5 to 95 0 5 to 95 25 ¨75 30
¨60
TPP3C 5 to 95 0 5 to 95 80 ¨ 130 30
¨ 60
TPP3D 5 to 95 0 5 to 95 90 ¨ 120 35
¨ 50
TPP3E 5 to 95 0 5 to 95 90 ¨ 110 35
¨ 45
TPP4A 5 to 95 >0 - < 15 5 to 95 25 ¨ 180 25
¨ 100
TPP4B 5 to 95 >0 - < 15 5 to 95 25 ¨ 75 30
¨ 60
TPP4C 5 to 95 >0 - < 15 5 to 95 80 ¨ 130 30
¨60
TPP4D 5 to 95 Ai) - < 15 5 to 95 90 ¨ 120
35 ¨ 50
TPP4E 5 to 95 ->0 - < 15 5 to 95 90 ¨ 110
35 ¨ 45
TPP5A 10 0 90 25 ¨ 180 25
¨ 100
TPP5B 10 0 90 25 ¨ 75 30 ¨
60
TPP5C 10 0 90 80 ¨ 130 30
¨ 60
TPP5D 10 0 90 90 ¨ 120 35
¨ 50
TPP5E 10 0 90 90 ¨ 110 35
¨ 45
TPP6A 90 0 10 25 ¨ 180 25
¨ 100
TPP6B 90 0 10 25 ¨ 75 30 ¨
60
TPP6C 90 0 10 80 ¨ 130 30
¨ 60
TPP6D 90 0 10 90 ¨ 120 35
¨ 50
TPP6E 90 0 10 90 ¨ 110 35
¨ 45
For the purposes of definition of terms used herein, it is to be noted that
reference will be made at various locations herein to the thermoplastic
polymers
identified in the first column in each of rows in the TPP table above, and
reference to
each of these numbers is a reference to a thermoplastic polymer as defined in
the
corresponding columns of that row. Reference to a group of TPPs that have been
defined in the table above by reference to a TPP number means separately and
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individually each such numbered TPP, including each TPP having the indicated
number, including any such number that has a suffix. So for example, reference
to
TPP1 is a separate and independent reference to TPP1A, TPP1B, TPP1C, TPP1D
and TPP1 E. Reference to TPP1 ¨ TPP2 is a separate and independent reference
to
TPP1A, TPP1B, TPP1C, TPP1D, TTP1E, TPP2A, TPP2B, TPP2C, TPP1D and
TTP1E. This use convention is used for the Foamable Composition Table and the
Foam Table below as well.
Blowing Agent
As explained in detail herein, the present invention includes, but is not
limited to,
applicant's discovery that a select group of blowing agents are capable of
providing foamable
PEF foamable compositions and PEF foams having a difficult to achieve a
surprising
combination of physical properties, including low density as well as good
mechanical strength
properties.
The blowing agent used in accordance with of the present invention preferably
comprises one or more hydrohaloolefins having three or four carbon atoms. For
the purposes
of convenience, a blowing agent in accordance with this paragraph is sometimes
referred to
herein as Blowing Agent 1.
The blowing agent used in accordance with of the present invention preferably
comprises one or more of 1234ze, 1234yf, 1336mzz, 1233zd and 1224ydf (referred
to
hereinafter for convenience as Blowing Agent 2); or comprises one or more of
trans1234ze,
1336mzz, trans1233zd and cis1224yd (referred to hereinafter for convenience as
Blowing
Agent 3) ; or comprises one or more of trans1234ze, trans1336mzz, trans1233zd
and
cis1224yd (referred to hereinafter for convenience as Blowing Agent 4); or
comprises one or
more of trans1234ze and t1ans1336mzz (referred to hereinafter for convenience
as Blowing
Agent 5); or comprises trans1336mzz (referred to hereinafter for convenience
as Blowing
Agent 6); ; or comprises 1234yf(referred to hereinafter for convenience as
Blowing Agent 7);
or comprises 1224yd (referred to hereinafter for convenience as Blowing Agent
8); or
comprises trans1233zd(referred to hereinafter for convenience as Blowing Agent
9).
It is thus contemplated that the blowing agent of the present invention,
including each of
Blowing Agents 1 ¨ 9, can include, in addition to each of the above-identified
blowing agent(s),
co-blowing agent including in one or more of the optional potential co-blowing
agents as
described below. In preferred embodiments, the present foamable compositions,
foams, and
foaming methods include a blowing agent as described according described
herein, wherein
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the indicated blowing agent (including the compound or group of compound(s)
specifically
identified in each of Blowing Agent 1 ¨ 9) is present in an amount, based upon
the total weight
of all blowing agent present, of at least about 50% by weight, or preferably
at least about 60%
by weight, preferably at least about 70% by weight, or preferably at least
about 80% by weight,
or preferably at least about 90% by weight, or preferably at least about 95%
by weight, or
preferably at least about 99% by weight, based on the total of all blowing
agent components.
The blowing agent used in accordance with of the present invention also
preferably
consists essentially of one or more of 1234ze, 1234yf, 1336mzz, 1233zd and
1224ydf (referred
to hereinafter for convenience as Blowing Agent 10); or consists essentially
of one or more of
trans1234ze, 1336mzz, trans1233zd and cis1224yd (referred to hereinafter for
convenience as
Blowing Agent 11); or consists essentially of one or more of tran51234ze,
tran51336mzz,
trans1233zd and cis1224yd (referred to hereinafter for convenience as Blowing
Agent 12); or
consists essentially of one or more of trans1234ze and trans1336mzz (referred
to hereinafter for
convenience as Blowing Agent 13); or consists essentially of tran51234ze
(referred to
hereinafter for convenience as Blowing Agent 14); or consists essentially of
trans1336mzz
(referred to hereinafter for convenience as Blowing Agent 15); or consists
essentially of
trans1336mzz (referred to hereinafter for convenience as Blowing Agent 16); or
consists
essentially of 1234yf (referred to hereinafter for convenience as Blowing
Agent 17); or consists
essentially of 1224yd (referred to hereinafter for convenience as Blowing
Agent 18); or
consists essentially of tran51233zd (referred to hereinafter for convenience
as Blowing Agent
19).
It is contemplated and understood that blowing agent of the present invention,
including
each of Blowing Agents 1 ¨ 19, can include one or more co-blowing agents which
are not
included in the indicated selection, provided that such co-blowing agent in
the amount used
does not interfere with or negate the ability to achieve relatively low-
density foams as described
herein, including each of Foams 1 ¨ 6, and preferably further does not
interfere with or negate
the ability to achieve foam with mechanical strengths properties as described
herein. It is
contemplated, therefore, that given the teachings contained herein a person of
skill in the art will
be able to select, by way of example, one or more of the following potential
co-blowing agents
for use with a particular application without undue experimentation: one or
more saturated
hydrocarbons or hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), particularly 04-C6 hydrocarbons or
C1-C4 HFCs,
that are known in the art. Examples of such HFC co-blowing agents include, but
are not limited
to, one or a combination of difluoromethane (HFC-32), fluoroethane (HFC-161),
difluoroethane
(HFC-152), trifluoroethane (HFC-143), tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134),
pentafluoroethane (HFC-
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125), pentafluoropropane (HFC-245), hexafluoropropane (HFC-236),
heptafluoropropane (HFC-
227ea), pentafluorobutane (HFC-365), hexafluorobutane (HFC-356) and all
isomers of all such
HFC's. With respect to hydrocarbons, the present blowing agent compositions
also may include
in certain preferred embodiments, for example, iso, normal and/or cyclopentane
and butane
and/or isobutane. Other materials, such as water, CO2, CFCs (such as
trichlorofluoromethane
(CFC-11) and dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12)), hydrochlorocarbons (HCCs such
as
dichloroethylene (preferably trans-dichloroethylene), ethyl chloride and
chloropropane), HCFCs,
01-05 alcohols (such as, for example, ethanol and/or propanol and/or butanol),
C1-C4
aldehydes, 01-04 ketones, 01-04 ethers (including ethers (such as dimethyl
ether and diethyl
ether), diethers (such as dimethoxy methane and diethoxy methane)), and methyl
formate,
organic acids (such as but not limited to formic acid), including combinations
of any of these
may be included, although such components are not necessarily preferred in
many
embodiments due to negative environmental impact.
The blowing agent used in accordance with of the present invention also
preferably
consists of one or more of 1234ze, 1234yf, 1336mzz, 1233zd and 1224ydf
(referred to
hereinafter for convenience as Blowing Agent 20); or consists of one or more
of trans1234ze,
1336mzz, trans1233zd and cis1224yd (referred to hereinafter for convenience as
Blowing
Agent 21); or consists of one or more of trans1234ze, trans1336mzz,
trans1233zd and
ci51224yd (referred to hereinafter for convenience as Blowing Agent 22); or
consists of one or
more of trans1234ze and trans1336mzz (referred to hereinafter for convenience
as Blowing
Agent 23); or consists of trans1336mzz (referred to hereinafter for
convenience as Blowing
Agent 24); or consists of trans1336mzz (referred to hereinafter for
convenience as Blowing
Agent 25)..
Foams and Foaming Process
The foams of the present invention may generally be formed from a foamable
composition of the present invention. In general, the foamable compositions of
the present
invention may be formed by combining a PEF polymer with a blowing agent of the
present
invention, including each of Blowing Agents 1 ¨ 25.
Foamable compositions that are included within the present invention and which
provide
particular advantage in connection with forming the foams of the present
invention, are
described in the following Foamable Composition Table (Table 3), in which all
numerical values
in the table are understood to be preceded by the word "about" and in which
the following terms
used in the table have the following meanings:
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CBAG1 means co-blowing agent selected from the group consisting of
1234ze(E),1336mzz(Z)õ 1224yd(Z), 1233zd(E), 1234yf and combinations of two or
more of
these.
CBAG2 means co-blowing agent selected from the group consisting of water, CO2,
Cl ¨
C6 hydrocarbons (HCs) HCFCs, Cl ¨ C5 HFCs, C2 ¨ C4 hydrohaloolefins, C1-05
alcohols, C1-
C4 aldehydes, C1-C4 ketones, C1-C4 ethers, Cl ¨ C4 esters, organic acids and
combinations
of two or more of these.
CCBAG3 means co-blowing agent selected from the group consisting of water,
CO2,
isobutane, n-butane, isopentane, cyclopentane, cyclohexane, trans-
dichloroethylene, ethanol,
propanol, butanol, acetone, dimethyl ether, diethyl ether, dimethoxy methane,
diethoxy
methane, methyl formate, difluoromethane (HFC-32), fluoroethane (HFC-161), 1,1-
difluoroethane (HFC-152a), trifluoroethane (HFC-143), 1,1,1,2-
tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a),
pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), pentafluoropropane (HFC-245), hexafluoropropane
(HFC-236),
heptafluoropropane (HFC-227ea), pentafluorobutane (HFC-365), hexafluorobutane
(HFC-356),
and combinations of any two or more of these.
NR means not required.
TABLE 3- FOAMABLE COMPOSITION TABLE
Foamable Foamable Composition Components
Composition
Number
Blowing Agent(s) and Amounts, wt% of All Blowing Agents
Polymer,
TPP No. Blowing Agent 1 (BM) Wt% BA1 Co Blowing Agent(s)
(CB) Wt% CB
FC1A1 TPPlA 1336mzz(E) 100 NR 0
FC1B1 TPP1B 1336mzz(E) 100 NR 0
FC1C1 TPP1C 1336mzz(E) 100 NR 0
FC1D1 TPP1D 1336mzz(E) 100 NR 0
FC1E1 TPPlE 1336mzz(E) 100 NR 0
FC1A2 TPP2A 1336mzz(E) 100 NR 0
FC1B2 TPP2B 1336111zz(E) 100 NR 0
FC1C2 TPP2C 1336m 77(E) 100 NR 0
FC1D2 TPP2D 1336mzz(E) 100 NR 0
FC1E2 TPP2E 1336mzz(E) 100 NR 0
FC1A3 TPP3A 1336mzz(E) 100 NR 0
FC1B3 TPP3B 1336mzz(E) 100 NR 0
FC1C3 TPP3C 1336mzz(E) 100 NR 0
FC1D3 TPP3D 1336mzz(E) 100 NR 0
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Foam able Foamable Composition Components
Composition
Number
Blowing Agent(s) and Amounts, wt% of All Blowing Agents
Polymer,
TPP No. Blowing Agent 1 (BA!) Wt% BA1 Co
Blowing Agent(s) (CB) Wt% CB
FC1E3 TPP3E 1336mzz(E) 100 NR 0
FC1A4 TPP4A 1336mzz(E) 100 NR 0
FC1B4 TPP4B 1336mzz(E) 100 NR 0
FC1C4 TPP4C 1336mzz(E) 100 NR 0
FC1D4 TPP4D 1336mzz(E) 100 NR 0
FC1E4 TPP4E 1336111zz(E) 100 NR 0
FC1A5 TPP5A 1336mzz(E) 100 NR 0
FC1B5 TPP5B 1336mzz(E) 100 NR 0
FC1C5 TPP5C 1336mzz(E) 100 NR 0
FC1D5 TPP5D 1336mzz(E) 100 NR 0
FC1E5 TPP5E 1336mzz(E) 100 NR 0
FC1A6 TPP6A 1336mzz(E) 100 NR 0
FC1B6 TPP6B 1336mzz(E) 100 NR 0
FC1C6 TPP6C 1336mzz(E) 100 NR 0
FC1D6 TPP6D 1336mzz(E) 100 NR 0
FC1E6 TPP6E 1336mzz(E) 100 NR 0
FC2A1 TPPlA 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 CBAG1 5 -
95
FC2B1 TPP1B 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 CBAG1 5 -
95
FC2C1 TPP1C 1336m77(E) 5 -95 CBAG1 5 -
95
FC2D1 TPP1D 1336mzz(E) 5 -95 CBAG1 5 -
95
FC2E1 TPPlE 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 CBAGI 5 -
95
FC2A2 TPP2A 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 CBAG1 5 -
95
FC2B2 TPP2B 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 CBAG1 5 -
95
FC2C2 TPP2C 1336mzz(E) 5 -95 CBAG1 5 -
95
FC2D2 TPP2D 13361mzz(E) 5 -95 CBAG1 5 -
95
FC2E2 TPP2E 1336m77(E) 5 -95 CBAG1 5 -
95
FC2A3 TPP3A 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 CBAG1 5 -
95
FC2B3 TPP3B 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 CBAG1 5 -
95
FC2C3 TPP3C 1336mzz(E) 5-95 CBAG1 5-
95
FC2D3 TPP3D 1336111zz(E) 5 - 95 CBAG1 5 -
95
FC2E3 TPP3E 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 CBAG1 5 -
95
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Foam able Foamable Composition Components
Composition
Number
Blowing Agent(s) and Amounts, wt% of All Blowing Agents
Polymer,
TPP No. Blowing Agent 1 (BA!) Wt% BA1
Co Blowing Agent(s) (CB) Wt% CB
FC2A4 TPP4A 13361mzz(E) 5 -95 CBAG1 5 -
95
FC2B4 TPP4B 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 CBAG1 5 -
95
FC2C4 TPP4C 1336mzz(E) 5 -95 CBAG1 5 -
95
FC2D4 TPP4D 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 CBAG1 5 -
95
FC2E4 TPP4E 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 CBAG1 5 -
95
FC2A5 TPP5A 1336111zz(E) 5 -95 CBAG1 5 -
95
FC2B5 TPP5B 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 CBAG1 5 -
95
FC2C5 TPP5C 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 CBAG1 5 -
95
FC2D5 TPP5D 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 CBAG1 5 -
95
FC2E5 TPP5E 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 CBAG1 5 -
95
FC2A6 TPP6A 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 CBAG1 5 -
95
FC2B6 TPP6B 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 CBAG1 5 -
95
FC2C6 TPP6C 1336mzz(E) 5 -95 CBAG1 5 -
95
FC2D6 TPP6D 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 CBAG1 5 -
95
FC2E6 TPP6E 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 CBAG1 5 -
95
FC3A1 TPPlA 1336mzz(E) 5 -95 CBAG2 5 -
95
FC3B1 TPP1B 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 CBAG2 5 -
95
FC3C1 TPP1C 1336mzz(E) 5-95 CBAG2 5-
95
FC3D1 TPP1D 1336mzz(E) 5-95 CBAG2 5-
95
FC3E1 TPPlE 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 CBAG2 5 -
95
FC3A2 TPP2A 1336mzz(E) 5 -95 CBAG2 5 -
95
FC3B2 TPP2B 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 CBAG2 5 -
95
FC3C2 TPP2C 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 CBAG2 5 -
95
FC302 TPP2D 1336mzz(E) 5 -95 CBAG2 5 -
95
FC3E2 TPP2E 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 CBAG2 5 -
95
FC3A3 TPP3A 1336m77(E) 5 -95 CBAG2 5 -
95
FC3B3 TPP3B 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 CBAG2 5 -
95
FC3C3 TPP3C 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 CBAG2 5 -
95
FC3D3 TPP3D 1336mzz(E) 5 -95 CBAG2 5 -
95
FC3E3 TPP3E 1336111zz(E) 5 - 95 CBAG2 5 -
95
FC3A4 TPP4A 1336mzz(E) 5 -95 CBAG2 5 -
95
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Foam able Foamable Composition Components
Composition
Number
Blowing Agent(s) and Amounts, wt% of All Blowing Agents
Polymer,
TPP No. Blowing Agent 1 (BA!) Wt% BA1
Co Blowing Agent(s) (CB) Wt% CB
FC3B4 TPP4B 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 CB AG2 5 -
95
FC3C4 TPP4C 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 CB AG2 5 -
95
FC3D4 TPP4D 1336mzz(E) 5 -95 CB AG2 5 -
95
FC3E4 TPP4E 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 CB AG2 5 -
95
FC3A5 TPP5A 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 CB AG2 5 -
95
FC3B5 TPP5B 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 CB AG2 5 -
95
FC3C5 TPP5C 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 CB AG2 5 -
95
FC3D5 TPP5D 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 CB AG2 5 -
95
FC3E5 TPP5E 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 CB AG2 5 -
95
FC3A6 TPP6A 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 CB AG2 5 -
95
FC3B6 TPP6B 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 CB AG2 5 -
95
FC3C6 TPP6C 1336mzz(E) 5 -95 CB AG2 5 -
95
FC3116 TPP6D 1336mzz(E) 5 -95 CB AG2 5 -
95
FC3E6 TPP6E 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 CB AG2 5 -
95
FC4A1 TPPlA 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 CBAG3 5 -
95
FC4B1 TPP1B 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 CBAG3 5 -
95
FC4C1 TPP1C 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 CBAG3 5 -
95
FC4D1 TPP1D 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 CBAG3 5 -
95
FC4E1 TPPlE 1336m77(E) 5 -95 CBAG3 5 -
95
FC4A2 TPP2A 1336mzz(E) 5 -95 CBAG3 5 -
95
FC4B2 TPP2B 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 CBAG3 5 -
95
FC4C2 TPP2C 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 CBAG3 5 -
95
FC4D2 TPP2D 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 CBAG3 5 -
95
FC4E2 TPP2E 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 CBAG3 5 -
95
FC4A3 TPP3A 13361mzz(E) 5 -95 CBAG3 5 -
95
FC4B3 TPP3B 1336m77(E) 5 -95 CBAG3 5 -
95
FC4C3 TPP3C 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 CBAG3 5 -
95
FC4D3 TPP3D 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 CBAG3 5 -
95
FC4E3 TPP3E 1336mzz(E) 5 -95 CBAG3 5 -
95
FC4A4 TPP4A 1336111zz(E) 5 - 95 CBAG3 5 -
95
FC4B4 TPP4B 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 CBAG3 5 -
95
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Foam able Foamable Composition Components
Composition
Number
Blowing Agent(s) and Amounts, wt% of All Blowing Agents
Polymer,
TPP No. Blowing Agent 1 (BA!) Wt% BA1
Co Blowing Agent(s) (CB) Wt% CB
FC4C4 TPP4C 13361mzz(E) 5 -95 CBAG3 5 -
95
FC4D4 TPP4D 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 CBAG3 5 -
95
FC4E4 TPP4E 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 CBAG3 5 -
95
FC4A5 TPP5A 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 CBAG3 5 -
95
FC4B5 TPP5B 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 CBAG3 5 -
95
FC4C5 TPP5C 1336111zz(E) 5 -95 CBAG3 5 -
95
FC4D5 TPP5D 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 CBAG3 5 -
95
FC4E5 TPPSE 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 CBAG3 5 -
95
FC4A6 TPP6A 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 CBAG3 5 -
95
FC4B6 TPP6B 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 CBAG3 5 -
95
FC4C6 TPP6C 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 CBAG3 5 -
95
FC4D6 TPP6D 13361nzz(E) 5 -95 CBAG3 5 -
95
FC4E6 TPP6E 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 CBAG3 5 -
95
FC5A1 TPPlA 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 isopentane
5 - 95
FC5B1 TPP1B 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 isopentane
5 - 95
FC5C1 TPP1C 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 isopentane
5 - 95
FC5D1 TPP1D 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 isopentane
5 - 95
FC5E1 TPPlE 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 isopentane
5 - 95
FC5A2 TPP2A 1336m 77(E) 5 -95 isopentane
5 -95
FC5B2 TPP2B 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 isopentane
5 - 95
FC5C2 TPP2C 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 isopentane
5 - 95
FC5D2 TPP2D 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 isopcntanc
5 - 95
FC5E2 TPP2E 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 isopentane
5 - 95
FC5A3 TPP3A 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 isopentane
5 - 95
FC5B3 TPP3B 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 isopentane
5 - 95
FC5C3 TPP3C 1336mzz(E) 5 -95 isopentane
5 -95
FC5D3 TPP3D 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 isopentane
5 - 95
FC5E3 TPP3E 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 isopentane
5 - 95
FC5A4 TPP4A 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 isopentane
5 - 95
FC5B4 TPP4B 1336111zz(E) 5 - 95 isopentane
5 - 95
FC5C4 TPP4C 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 isopentane
5 - 95
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Foam able Foamable Composition Components
Composition
Number
Blowing Agent(s) and Amounts, wt% of All Blowing Agents
Polymer,
TPP No. Blowing Agent 1 (BA!) Wt% BA1
Co Blowing Agent(s) (CB) Wt% CB
FC5D4 TPP4D 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 isopentane
5 - 95
FC5E4 TPP4E 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 isopentane
5 - 95
FC5A5 TPP5A 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 isopentane
5 - 95
FC5B5 TPP5B 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 isopentane
5 - 95
FC5C5 TPP5C 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 isopentane
5 - 95
FC5D5 TPP5D 1336111zz(E) 5 - 95 isopentane
5 - 95
FC5E5 TPP5E 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 isopentane
5 - 95
FC5A6 TPP6A 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 isopentane
5 - 95
FC5B6 TPP6B 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 isopentane
5 - 95
FC5C6 TPP6C 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 isopentane
5 - 95
FC5D6 TPP6D 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 isopcntanc
5 - 95
FC5E6 TPP6E 1336mzz(E) 5 - 95 isopentane
5 - 95
FC6A1 TPPlA 1234ze(E) 5 - 95 HFC-134a
5 - 95
FC6B1 TPP1B 1234ze(E) 5 - 95 HFC-134a
5 - 95
FC6C1 TPP1C 1234ze(E) 5 - 95 HFC-134a
5 - 95
FC6D1 TPP1D 1234ze(E) 5 - 95 HFC-134a
5 - 95
FC6E1 TPPlE 1234ze(E) 5 - 95 HFC-134a
5 - 95
FC6A2 TPP2A 1234ze(E) 5 - 95 HFC-134a
5 - 95
FC6B2 TPP2B 12347e(E) 5 -95 HFC-134a
5 -95
FC6C2 TPP2C 1234ze(E) 5 - 95 HFC-134a
5 - 95
FC6D2 TPP2D 1234ze(E) 5 - 95 HFC-134a
5 - 95
FC6E2 TPP2E 1234n(E) 5 - 95 HFC-134a
5 - 95
FC6A3 TPP3A 1234ze(E) 5 - 95 HFC-134a
5 - 95
FC6B3 TPP3B 1234ze(E) 5 - 95 HFC-134a
5 - 95
FC6C3 TPP3C 1234ze(E) 5 - 95 HFC-134a
5 - 95
FC6D3 TPP3D 1234ze(E) 5 -95 HFC-134a
5 -95
FC6E3 TPP3E 1234ze(E) 5 - 95 HFC-134a
5 - 95
FC6A4 TPP4A 1234ze(E) 5 - 95 HFC-134a
5 - 95
FC6B4 TPP4B 1234ze(E) 5 - 95 HFC-134a
5 - 95
FC6C4 TPP4C 1234ze(E) 5 - 95 HFC-134a
5 - 95
FC6D4 TPP4D 1234ze(E) 5 - 95 HFC-134a
5 - 95
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Foam able Foamable Composition Components
Composition
Number
Blowing Agent(s) and Amounts, wt% of All Blowing Agents
Polymer,
TPP No. Blowing Agent 1 (BA!) Wt% BA1
Co Blowing Agent(s) (CB) Wt% CB
FC6E4 TPP4E 1234ze(E) 5 - 95 HFC-134a ..
5 - 95
FC6A5 TPP5A 1234ze(E) 5 - 95 HFC-134a ..
5 - 95
FC6B5 TPP5B 1234ze(E) 5 - 95 HFC-134a
5 - 95
FC6C5 TPP5C 1234ze(E) 5 - 95 HFC-134a
5 - 95
FC6D5 TPP5D 1234ze(E) 5 - 95 HFC-134a
5 - 95
FC6E5 TPP5E 1234ze(E) 5 - 95 HFC-134a
5 - 95
FC6A6 TPP6A 1234ze(E) 5 - 95 HFC-134a
5 - 95
FC6B6 TPP6B 1234ze(E) 5 - 95 HFC-134a
5 - 95
FC6C6 TPP6C 1234ze(E) 5 - 95 HFC-134a ..
5 - 95
FC6D6 TPP6D 123 4ze(E) 5 - 95 HFC-134a
5 - 95
FC6E6 TPP6E 1234ze(E) 5 - 95 HFC-134a ..
5 - 95
FC7A1 TPPlA 1234ze(E) 5 - 95 CO2 .. 5 -
95
FC7B1 TPP1B 1234ze(E) 5 - 95 CO2 5 -
95
FC7C1 TPP1C 1234ze(E) 5 - 95 CO2 .. 5 -
95
FC7D1 TPP1D 1234ze(E) 5 - 95 CO2 .. 5 -
95
FC7E1 TPPlE 1234ze(E) 5 - 95 CO2 5 -
95
FC7A2 TPP2A 1234ze(E) 5 - 95 CO2 .. 5 -
95
FC7B2 TPP2B 1234ze(E) 5 - 95 CO2 .. 5 -
95
FC7C2 TPP2C 1 2347e(E) 5 - 95 CO2 5 -
95
FC7D2 TPP2D 1234ze(E) 5 - 95 CO2 .. 5 -
95
FC7E2 TPP2E 1234ze(E) 5 - 95 CO2 5 -
95
FC7A3 TPP3A 123 4ze(E) 5 - 95 CO2 .. 5 -
95
FC7B3 TPP3B 1234ze(E) 5 - 95 CO2 .. 5 -
95
FC7C3 TPP3C 1234ze(E) 5 - 95 CO2 5 -
95
FC7D3 TPP3D 1234ze(E) 5 - 95 CO2 5 -
95
FC7E3 TPP3E 1234ze(E) 5 - 95 CO2 .. 5 -
95
FC7A4 TPP4A 1234ze(E) 5 - 95 CO2 .. 5 -
95
FC7B4 TPP4B 1234ze(E) 5 - 95 CO2 .. 5 -
95
FC7C4 TPP4C 1234ze(E) 5 - 95 CO2 .. 5 -
95
FC7D4 TPP4D 1234ze(E) 5 - 95 CO2 .. 5 -
95
FC7E4 TPP4E 1234ze(E) 5 - 95 CO2 5 -
95
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Foam able Foamable Composition Components
Composition
Number
Blowing Agent(s) and Amounts, wt% of All Blowing Agents
Polymer,
TPP No. Blowing Agent 1 (BA!) Wt% BA1
Co Blowing Agent(s) (CB) Wt% CB
FC7A5 TPP5A 1234ze(E) 5 - 95 CO2 5 -
95
FC7B5 TPP5B 1234ze(E) 5 - 95 CO2 5 -
95
FC7C5 TPP5C 1234ze(E) 5 - 95 CO2 5 -
95
FC7D5 TPP5D 1234ze(E) 5 - 95 CO2 5 -
95
FC7E5 TPP5E 1234ze(E) 5 - 95 CO2 5 -
95
FC7A6 TPP6A 1234ze(E) 5 - 95 CO2 5 -
95
FC7B6 TPP6B 1234ze(E) 5 - 95 CO2 5 -
95
FC7C6 TPP6C 1234ze(E) 5 - 95 CO2 5 -
95
FC706 TPP6D 1234ze(E) 5 - 95 CO2 5 -
95
FC7E6 TPP6E 1234ze(E) 5 - 95 CO2 5 -
95
FC8A1 TPPlA 1234ze(E) 5 -95 1233zd(E)
5 - 95
FC8B1 TPP1B 1234ze(E) 5 - 95 1233zd(E) ..
5 - 95
FC8C1 TPP1C 1234ze(E) 5 - 95 1233zd(E)
5 - 95
FC8D1 TPP1D 1234ze(E) 5 - 95 1233zd(E)
5 - 95
FC8E1 TPPlE 1234ze(E) 5 -95 1233zd(E)
5 - 95
FC8A2 TPP2A 1234ze(E) 5 - 95 1233zd(E)
5 - 95
FC8B2 TPP2B 1234ze(E) 5-95 1233zd(E)
5-95
FC8C2 TPP2C 1234ze(E) 5-95 1233zd(E)
5-95
FC802 TPP2D 1 2347e(E) 5 -95 1 233 zd(E)
5 -95
FC8E2 TPP2E 1234ze(E) 5 - 95 1233zd(E) ..
5 - 95
FC8A3 TPP3A 1234ze(E) 5 - 95 1233zd(E)
5 - 95
FC8B3 TPP3B 123 4ze(E) 5-95 1233zd(E)
5-95
FC8C3 TPP3C 1234ze(E) 5 -95 1233zd(E) ..
5 - 95
FC803 TPP3D 1234ze(E) 5 - 95 1233zd(E) ..
5 - 95
FC8E3 TPP3E 1234ze(E) 5 - 95 1233zd(E)
5 - 95
FC8A4 TPP4A 1234ze(E) 5 -95 1 233 zd(E)
5 -95
FC8B4 TPP4B 1234ze(E) 5 - 95 1233zd(E)
5 - 95
FC8C4 TPP4C 1234ze(E) 5 -95 1233zd(E)
5 - 95
FC8D4 TPP4D 1234ze(E) 5-95 1233zd(E)
5-95
FC8E4 TPP4E 1234ze(E) 5-95 1233zd(E)
5-95
FC8A5 TPP5A 1234ze(E) 5 - 95 1233zd(E)
5 - 95
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Foam able Foamable Composition Components
Composition
Number
Blowing Agent(s) and Amounts, wt% of All Blowing Agents
Polymer,
TPP No. Blowing Agent 1 (BA!) Wt% BA1
Co Blowing Agent(s) (CB) Wt% CB
FC8B5 TPP5B 1234ze(E) 5 - 95 1233zd(E)
5 - 95
FC8C5 TPP5C 1234ze(E) 5 -95 1233zd(E)
5 - 95
FC8D5 TPP5D 1234ze(E) 5-95 1233zd(E)
5-95
FC8E5 TPP5E 1234ze(E) 5-95 1233zd(E)
5-95
FC8A6 TPP6A 1234ze(E) 5-95 1233zd(E)
5-95
FC8B6 TPP6B 1234ze(E) 5 - 95 1233zd(E)
5 - 95
FC8C6 TPP6C 1234ze(E) 5 - 95 1233zd(E)
5 - 95
FC8D6 TPP6D 1234ze(E) 5 -95 1233zd(E)
S - 95
FC8E6 TPP6E 1234ze(E) 5-95 1233zd(E)
5-95
Foam Forming Methods
It is contemplated that any one or more of a variety of known techniques for
forming a thermoplastic foam can be used in view of the disclosures
contained herein to
form a foam of the present invention, including each of Foams 1 ¨ 6 and each
of foams
Fl ¨ F8, and all such techniques and all foams formed thereby or within the
broad
scope of the present invention. For clarity, it will be noted that definition
of the foams in
the Table below all begin with only the letter F, in contrast to the foams
defined by the
paragraphs in the summary above, which begin with the capitalized word Foam.
In general, the forming step involves first introducing into a PEF polymer of
the
present invention, including each of TPP1 ¨ TPP6, a blowing agent of the
present
invention, including each of Blowing Agents 1 ¨ 31, to form a foamable PEF
composition comprising PEF and blowing agent. One example of a preferred
method
for forming a foamable PEF composition of the present invention is to
plasticize the
PEF, preferably comprising heating the PEF to its melt temperature, preferably
above
its melt temperature, and thereafter exposing the PEF melt to the blowing
agent under
conditions effective to incorporate (preferably by solubilizing) the desired
amount of
blowing agent into the polymer melt.
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In preferred embodiments, the foaming methods of the present invention
comprising providing a foamable composition of the present invention,
including each of
FC1 ¨ FC8 and foaming the provided foamable composition. In preferred
embodiments, the foaming methods of the present invention comprising providing
a
foamable composition of the present invention, including each of FC1 ¨ FC8,
and
extruding the provided foamable composition to form a foam of the present
invention,
including each of Foams 1 ¨ 6 and each of foams Fl ¨ F8.
Foaming processes of the present invention can include batch, semi-batch,
continuous processes, and combinations of two or more of these. Batch
processes
generally involve preparation of at least one portion of the foamable polymer
composition, including each of FC1 ¨ FC8, in a storable state and then using
that
portion of foamable polymer composition at some future point in time to
prepare a foam.
Semi-batch process involves preparing at least a portion of a foamable polymer
composition, including each of FC1 ¨ FC8, and intermittently expanding that
foamable
polymer composition into a foam including each of Foams 1 ¨ 6 and each of
foams Fl ¨
F8, all in a single process. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,323,528, herein
incorporated
by reference, discloses a process for making thermoplastic foams via an
accumulating
extrusion process. The present invention thus includes processes that
comprises: 1)
mixing PEF thermoplastic polymer, including each of TPP1 ¨ TPP6, and a blowing
agent of the present invention, including each of Blowing Agents 1 ¨ 31, under
conditions to form a foamable PEF composition; 2) extruding the foamable PEF
composition, including each of FC1 ¨ FC8, into a holding zone maintained at a
temperature and pressure which does not allow the foamable composition to
foam,
where the holding zone preferably comprises a die defining an orifice opening
into a
zone of lower pressure at which the foamable polymer composition, including
each of
FC1 ¨ FC8, foams and an openable gate closing the die orifice; 3) periodically
opening
the gate while substantially concurrently applying mechanical pressure by
means of a
movable ram on the foamable polymer composition, including each of FC1 ¨ FC8,
to
eject it from the holding zone through the die orifice into the zone of lower
pressure, and
4) allowing the ejected foamable polymer composition to expand, under the
influence of
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the blowing agent, to form the foam, including each of Foams 1 ¨ 6 and each of
foams
Fl ¨ F8.
The present invention also can use continuous processes for forming the foam.
By way of example such a continuous process involves forming a foamable PEF
composition, including each of FC1 ¨ FC8, and then expanding that foamable PEF
composition without substantial interruption. For example, a foamable PEF
composition,
including each of FC1 ¨ FC8, may be prepared in an extruder by heating the
selected
PEF polymer resin, including each of TPP1 ¨ TPP6, to form a PEF melt,
incorporating
into the PEF melt a blowing agent of the present invention, including each of
Blowing
Agents 1 ¨ 31, preferably by solubilizing the blowing agent into the PEF melt,
at an
initial pressure to form a foamable PEF composition comprising a substantially
homogeneous combination of PEF and blowing agent, including each of FC1 ¨ FC8,
and then extruding that foamable PEF composition through a die into a zone at
a
selected foaming pressure and allowing the foamable PEF composition to expand
into a
foam, including each of Foams 1 ¨ 6 and each of foams Fl ¨ F8 described below,
under
the influence of the blowing agent. Optionally, the foamable PEF composition
which
comprises the PEF polymer, including each of FC1 ¨ FC8, and the incorporated
blowing
agent, including each of Blowing Agents 1 ¨ 31, may be cooled prior to
extruding the
composition through the die to enhance certain desired properties of the
resulting foam,
including each of Foams 1 ¨ 6 and each of foams Fl ¨ F8.
The methods can be carried out, by way of example, using extrusion equipment
of the general type disclosed in Figure 1. In particular, the extrusion
apparatus can
include a raw material feed hopper 10 for holding the PEF polymer 15 of the
present
invention, including each of TPP1 ¨ TPP6, and one or more optional components
(which may be added with the PEF in the hopper or optionally elsewhere in the
process
depending on the particular needs of the user). The feed materials 15,
excluding the
blowing agent, can be charged to the hopper and delivered to the screw
extruder 10.
The extruder 20 can include thermocouples (not shown) located at three points
along
the length thereof and a pressure sensor (not shown) at the discharge end 20A
of the
extruder. A mixer section 30 can be located at the discharge end 20A of the
extruder
for receiving blowing agent components of the present invention, including
each of
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Blowing Agents 1 ¨ 31, via one or more metering pumps 40A and 40B and mixing
those
blowing agents into the PEF melt in the mixer section. Sensors (not shown) can
be
included for monitoring the temperature and pressure of the mixer section 30.
The
mixer section 30 can then discharge the foamable composition melt of the
present
invention, including each of FC1 ¨ FC8, into a pair of melt coolers 50
oriented in series,
with temperature sensors (not shown) located in each cooler to monitor the
melt
temperature. The melt is then extruded through a die 60, which also had
temperature
and pressure sensors (not shown) for monitoring the pressure and temperature
at the
die. The die pressure and temperature can be varied, according to the needs of
each
particular extrusion application to produce a foam 70 of the present
invention, including
each of including each of Foams 1 ¨6 and each of foams Fl ¨ F8 described
below. The
foam can then be carried away from the extrusion equipment by a conveyor belt
80.
The foamable polymer compositions of the present invention, including each of
FC1 ¨ FC8, may optionally contain additional additives such as nucleating
agents, cell-
controlling agents, glass and carbon fibers, dyes, pigments, fillers,
antioxidants,
extrusion aids, stabilizing agents, antistatic agents, fire retardants, IR
attenuating agents and thermally insulating additives. Nucleating agents
include, among
others, materials such as talc, calcium carbonate, sodium benzoate, and
chemical blowing agents such azodicarbonamide or sodium bicarbonate and citric
acid.
IR attenuating agents and thermally insulating additives can include carbon
black,
graphite, silicon dioxide, metal flake or powder, among others. Flame
retardants can
include, among others, brominated materials such as hexabromocyclodecane and
polybrominated biphenyl ether. Each of the above-noted additional optional
additives
can be introduced into the foam at various times and that various locations in
the
process according to known techniques, and all such additives and methods of
addition
or within the broad scope of the present invention.
Foams
In preferred embodiments, the foams of the present invention are formed in a
commercial extrusion apparatus and have the properties as indicated in the
following Table 4, with the values being measured as described in the Examples
hereof:
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TABLE 4
Broad First Second First Second
Range Intermediate Intermediate Narrow Narrow
Range Range Range Range
Foam property
Foam density, 0.05¨ .06 ¨ 0.14 .06 ¨ 0.14 0.06¨
0.06 ¨
g/cc3 (ISO 845)
.16 0.11
0.11
Compressive 0.5¨ 0.6¨ 1.5 0.9 ¨ 2.3 0.6¨ 1.1
0.9¨ 1.7
Strength
2.5
(perpendicular to
the plane) (ISO
844), Mpa
Tensile strength 1.0¨ 1.2 ¨ 3.7 1.8 ¨ 5.6 1.2 ¨ 3.1
1.8 ¨ 4.7
perpendicular to the 6.2
plane (ASTM
C297), M pa
Average Cell Size, 10¨ 20 ¨ 150 20 ¨ 150 20 - 100 20 -
100
(SEM)
200
Foams that are included within the present invention and which provide
particular
advantage are described in the following Table 5, and in which all numerical
values in
the table are understood to be preceded by the word "about" and in which the
designation NR means "not required."
TABLE 5¨ FOAM TABLE
Foam Properties
Foam Foamable % Closed Density, Compressive Strength,
Tensile Strength, ((ASTM
Number Composition, No. Cell glec3 (ISO 844), megapascal C297),
megapascal
FlAlA FC1A1 >25 NR NR NR
F1B1A FC1B1 >25 NR NR NR
F1C1A FC1C1 >25 NR NR NR
F1D1A FC1D1 >25 NR NR NR
F1E1A FC1E1 >25 NR NR NR
F1A2A FC1A2 >25 NR NR NR
F1B2A FC1B2 >25 NR NR NR
F1C2A FC1C2 >25 NR NR NR
F1D2A FC1D2 >25 NR NR NR
F1E2A FC1E2 >25 NR NR NR
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Foam Properties
Foam Foamable % Closed Density, Compressive Strength,
Tensile Strength, ((ASTM
Number Composition, No. Cell g/cc3 (ISO 844), megapascal C297),
megapascal
F1A3A FC1A3 >25 NR NR NR
F1B3A FC1B3 >25 NR NR NR
F1C3A FC1C3 >25 NR NR NR
Fl D3A FC'l D3 >25 NR NR NR
F1E3A FC1E3 >25 NR NR NR
F1A4A FC1A4 ->25 NR NR NR
Fl B4A FC1 B4 >25 NR NR NR
F1C4A FC1C4 >25 NR NR NR
F1D4A FC1D4 >25 NR NR NR
F1E4A FC1E4 >25 NR NR NR
F1A5A FC1A5 ->25 NR NR NR
F1B5A FC1B5 >25 NR NR NR
F1C5A FC1C5 >25 NR NR NR
F1D5A FC1D5 >25 NR NR NR
F1E5A FC1E5 >25 NR NR NR
F1A6A FC1A6 >25 NR NR NR
F1B6A FC1B6 >25 NR NR NR
Fl C6A FC1C6 >25 NR NR NR
F1D6A FC1D6 >25 NR NR NR
Fl E6A FC1E6 >25 NR NR NR
F2A1A FC2A1 >25 NR NR NR
F2B1A FC2B1 ->25 NR NR NR
F2C1A FC2C1 >25 NR NR NR
F2D1A FC2D1 >25 NR NR NR
F2E1A FC2E1 .,>25 NR NR NR
F2A2A FC2A2 >25 NR NR NR
F2B2A FC2B2 >25 NR NR NR
F2C2A FC2C2 >25 NR NR NR
F2D2A FC2D2 >25 NR NR NR
F2E2A FC2E2 >25 NR NR NR
F2A3A FC2A3 >25 NR NR NR
F2B3A FC2B3 >25 NR NR NR
33
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PCT/US2022/040505
Foam Properties
Foam Foamable % Closed Density, Compressive Strength,
Tensile Strength, ((ASTM
Number Composition, No. Cell g/cc3 (ISO 844), megapascal C297),
megapascal
F2C3A FC2C3 >25 NR NR NR
F2D3A FC2D3 >25 NR NR NR
F2E3A FC2E3 >25 NR NR NR
F2A4A FC2A4 >25 NR NR NR
F2B4A FC2B4 >25 NR NR NR
F2C4A FC2C4 ->25 NR NR NR
F2D4A FC2D4 >25 NR NR NR
F2E4A FC2E4 >25 NR NR NR
F2A5A FC2A5 >25 NR NR NR
F2B5A FC2B5 >25 NR NR NR
F2C5A FC2C5 ->25 NR NR NR
F2D5A FC2D5 >25 NR NR NR
F2E5A FC2E5 >25 NR NR NR
F2A6A FC2A6 >25 NR NR NR
F2B6A FC2B6 >25 NR NR NR
F2C6A FC2C6 >25 NR NR NR
F2D6A FC2D6 >25 NR NR NR
F2E6A FC2E6 >25 NR NR NR
F3A1A FC3A1 >25 NR NR NR
F3B1A FC3B1 >25 NR NR NR
F3C1A FC3C1 >25 NR NR NR
F3D1A FC3D1 ->25 NR NR NR
F3E1A FC3E1 >25 NR NR NR
F3A2A FC3A2 >25 NR NR NR
F3B2A FC3B2 .,>25 NR NR NR
F3C2A FC3C2 >25 NR NR NR
F3D2A FC3D2 >25 NR NR NR
F3E2A FC3E2 >25 NR NR NR
F3A3A FC3A3 >25 NR NR NR
F3B3A FC3B3 >25 NR NR NR
F3C3A FC3C3 >25 NR NR NR
F31)3A FC3D3 >25 NR NR NR
34
CA 03228703 2024-2- 12
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PCT/US2022/040505
Foam Properties
Foam Foamable % Closed Density, Compressive Strength,
Tensile Strength, ((ASTM
Number Composition, No. Cell g/cc3 (ISO 844), megapascal C297),
megapascal
F3E3A FC3E3 >25 NR NR NR
F3A4A FC3A4 >25 NR NR NR
F3B4A FC3B4 >25 NR NR NR
F3C4A FC3C4 >25 NR NR NR
F3D4A FC3D4 >25 NR NR NR
F3E4A FC3E4 ->25 NR NR NR
F3A5A FC3A5 >25 NR NR NR
F3B5A FC3B5 >25 NR NR NR
F3C5A FC3C5 >25 NR NR NR
F3D5A FC3D5 >25 NR NR NR
F3E5A FC3E5 ->25 NR NR NR
F3A6A FC3A6 >25 NR NR NR
F3B6A FC3B6 >25 NR NR NR
F3C6A FC3C6 >25 NR NR NR
F3D6A FC3D6 >25 NR NR NR
F3E6A FC3E6 >25 NR NR NR
F4A1A FC4A1 >25 NR NR NR
F4B1A FC4B1 >25 NR NR NR
F4C1A FC4C1 >25 NR NR NR
F4D1A FC4D1 >25 NR NR NR
F4E1A FC4E1 >25 NR NR NR
F4A2A FC4A2 ->25 NR NR NR
F4B2A FC4B2 >25 NR NR NR
F4C2A FC4C2 >25 NR NR NR
F4D2A FC4D2 .,>25 NR NR NR
F4E2A FC4E2 >25 NR NR NR
F4A3A FC4A3 >25 NR NR NR
F4B3A FC4B3 >25 NR NR NR
FC4C3A FC4C3 >25 NR NR NR
F4D3A FC4D3 >25 NR NR NR
F4E3A FC4E3 >25 NR NR NR
F4A4A FC4A4 >25 NR NR NR
CA 03228703 2024-2- 12
WO 2023/023086
PCT/US2022/040505
Foam Properties
Foam Foamable % Closed Density, Compressive Strength,
Tensile Strength, ((ASTM
Number Composition, No. Cell g/cc3 (ISO 844), megapascal C297),
megapascal
F4B4A FC4B4 >25 NR NR NR
F4C4A FC4C4 >25 NR NR NR
F4D4A FC4D4 >25 NR NR NR
F4E4A FC4E4 >25 NR NR NR
F4A5A FC4A5 >25 NR NR NR
F4B5A FC4B5 ->25 NR NR NR
F4C5A FC4C5 >25 NR NR NR
F4D5A FC4D5 >25 NR NR NR
F4E5A FC4E5 >25 NR NR NR
F4A6A FC4A6 >25 NR NR NR
F4B6A FC4B6 ->25 NR NR NR
F4C6A FC4C6 >25 NR NR NR
F4D6A FC4D6 >25 NR NR NR
F4E6A FC4E6 >25 NR NR NR
F5A1A FC5A1 >25 NR NR NR
F5B1A FC5B1 >25 NR NR NR
F5C1A FC5C1 >25 NR NR NR
F5D1A FC5D1 >25 NR NR NR
F5E1A FC5E1 >25 NR NR NR
F5A2A FC5A2 >25 NR NR NR
F5B2A FC5B2 >25 NR NR NR
F5C2A FC5C2 ->25 NR NR NR
F5D2A FC5D2 >25 NR NR NR
F5E2A FC5E2 >25 NR NR NR
F5A3A FC5A3 .,>25 NR NR NR
F5B3A FC5B3 >25 NR NR NR
F5C3A FC5C3 >25 NR NR NR
F5D3A FC5D3 >25 NR NR NR
F5E3A FC5E3 >25 NR NR NR
F5A4A FC5A4 >25 NR NR NR
F5B4A FC5B4 >25 NR NR NR
FSC4A FC5C4 >25 NR NR NR
36
CA 03228703 2024-2- 12
WO 2023/023086
PCT/US2022/040505
Foam Properties
Foam Foamable % Closed Density, Compressive Strength,
Tensile Strength, ((ASTM
Number Composition, No. Cell g/cc3 (ISO 844), megapascal C297),
megapascal
F5D4A FC5D4 >25 NR NR NR
F5E4A FC5E4 >25 NR NR NR
F5A5A FC5A5 >25 NR NR NR
F5B5A FC5B5 >25 NR NR NR
F5C5A FC5C5 >25 NR NR NR
F5D5A FC5D5 ->25 NR NR NR
F5E5A FC5E5 >25 NR NR NR
F5A6A FC5A6 >25 NR NR NR
F5B6A FC5B6 >25 NR NR NR
F5C6A FC5C6 >25 NR NR NR
F5D6A FC5D6 ->25 NR NR NR
F5E6A FC5E6 >25 NR NR NR
F6A1A FC6A1 >25 NR NR NR
F6B1A FC6B1 >25 NR NR NR
F6C1A FC6C1 >25 NR NR NR
F6D1A FC6D1 >25 NR NR NR
F6E1A FC6E1 >25 NR NR NR
F6A2A FC6A2 >25 NR NR NR
F6B2A FC6B2 >25 NR NR NR
F6C2A FC6C2 >25 NR NR NR
F6D2A FC6D2 >25 NR NR NR
F6E2A FC6E2 ->25 NR NR NR
F6A3A FC6A3 >25 NR NR NR
F6B3A FC6B3 >25 NR NR NR
F6C3A FC6C3 .,>25 NR NR NR
F6D3A FC6D3 >25 NR NR NR
F6E3A FC6E3 >25 NR NR NR
F6B4A FC6B4 >25 NR NR NR
F6C4A FC6C4 >25 NR NR NR
F6D4A FC6D4 >25 NR NR NR
F6E4A FC6E4 >25 NR NR NR
F6A5A FC6AS >25 NR NR NR
37
CA 03228703 2024-2- 12
WO 2023/023086
PCT/US2022/040505
Foam Properties
Foam Foamable % Closed Density, Compressive Strength,
Tensile Strength, ((ASTM
Number Composition, No. Cell g/cc3 (ISO 844), megapascal C297),
megapascal
F6B5A FC6B5 >25 NR NR NR
F6C5A FC6C5 >25 NR NR NR
F6D5A FC6D5 >25 NR NR NR
F6E5A FC6E5 >25 NR NR NR
F6A6A FC6A6 >25 NR NR NR
F6B6A FC6B6 ->25 NR NR NR
F6C6A FC6C6 >25 NR NR NR
F6D6A FC6D6 >25 NR NR NR
F6E6A FC6E6 >25 NR NR NR
F7A1A FC7A1 >25 NR NR NR
F7B1A FC7B1 ->25 NR NR NR
F7C1A FC7C1 >25 NR NR NR
F7D1A FC7D1 >25 NR NR NR
F7E1A FC7E1 >25 NR NR NR
F7A2A FC7A2 >25 NR NR NR
F7B2 FC7B2 >25 NR NR NR
F7C2A FC7C2 >25 NR NR NR
F7D2A FC7D2 >25 NR NR NR
F7E2A FC7E2 >25 NR NR NR
F7A3A FC7A3 >25 NR NR NR
F7B3A FC7B3 >25 NR NR NR
F7C3A FC7C3 ->25 NR NR NR
F7D3A FC7D3 >25 NR NR NR
F7E3A FC7E3 >25 NR NR NR
F7A4A FC7A4 .,>25 NR NR NR
F7B4A FC7B4 >25 NR NR NR
F7C4A FC7C4 >25 NR NR NR
F7D4A FC7D4 >25 NR NR NR
F7E4A FC7E4 >25 NR NR NR
F7A5A FC7A5 >25 NR NR NR
F7B5A FC7B5 >25 NR NR NR
F7CSA FC7C5 >25 NR NR NR
38
CA 03228703 2024-2- 12
WO 2023/023086
PCT/US2022/040505
Foam Properties
Foam Foamable % Closed Density, Compressive Strength,
Tensile Strength, ((ASTM
Number Composition, No. Cell g/cc3 (ISO 844), megapascal C297),
megapascal
F7D5A FC7D5 >25 NR NR NR
F7E5A FC7E5 >25 NR NR NR
F7A6A FC7A6 >25 NR NR NR
F7B6A FC7136 >25 NR NR NR
F7C6A FC7C6 >25 NR NR NR
F7D6A FC7D6 =>25 NR NR NR
F7E6A FC7E6 >25 NR NR NR
F8A1A FC8A1 >25 NR NR NR
F8B1A FC8B1 >25 NR NR NR
F8C1A FC8C1 >25 NR NR NR
F8D1A FC8D1 ->25 NR NR NR
F8E1A FC8E1 >25 NR NR NR
F8A2A FC8A2 >25 NR NR NR
F8B2A FC8B2 >25 NR NR NR
F8C2A FC8C2 >25 NR NR NR
F8D2A FC8D2 >25 NR NR NR
F8E2A FC8E2 >25 NR NR NR
F8A3A FC8A3 >25 NR NR NR
F8B3A FC8B3 >25 NR NR NR
F8C3A FC8C3 >25 NR NR NR
F8D3A FC8D3 >25 NR NR NR
F8E3A FC8E3 >25 NR NR NR
F8A4A FC8A4 >25 NR NR NR
F8B4A FC8B4 >25 NR NR NR
F8C4A FC8C4 >25 NR NR NR
F8D4A FC8D4 >25 NR NR NR
F8E4A FC8E4 >25 NR NR NR
F8A5A FC8A5 >25 NR NR NR
F8B5A FC8B5 >25 NR NR NR
F8C5A FC8C5 >25 NR NR NR
F8D5A FC8D5 >25 NR NR NR
F8ESA FC8E5 >25 NR NR NR
39
CA 03228703 2024-2- 12
WO 2023/023086
PCT/US2022/040505
Foam Properties
Foam Foamable % Closed Density, Compressive Strength,
Tensile Strength, ((ASTM
Number Composition, No. Cell g/cc3 (ISO 844), megapascal C297),
megapascal
F8A6A FC8A6 >25 NR NR NR
F8B6A FC8B6 >25 NR NR NR
F8C6A FC8C6 >25 NR NR NR
FD 6A FC:8 D6 >25 NR NR NR
F8E6A FC8E6 >25 NR NR NR
F1A1B FC1A1 NR <0.16 NR NR
F1B1B FC1B1 NR <0.16 NR NR
F1C1B FC1C1 NR <0.16 NR NR
F1D1B FC1D1 NR <0.16 NR NR
F1E1B FC1E1 NR <0.16 NR NR
F1A2B FC1A2 NR <0.16 NR NR
F1B2B FC1B2 NR <0.16 NR NR
F1C2B FC1C2 NR <0.16 NR NR
F1D2B FC1D2 NR <0.16 NR NR
F1E2B FC1E2 NR <0.16 NR NR
F1A3B FC1A3 NR <0.16 NR NR
F1B3B FC1B3 NR <0.16 NR NR
Fl C3B FC1 C3 NR <016 NR NR
F1D3B FC1D3 NR <0.16 NR NR
Fl E3B FC1E3 NR <0.16 NR NR
F1A4B FC1A4 NR <0.16 NR NR
F1B4B FC1B4 NR <0.16 NR NR
F1C4B FC1C4 NR <0.16 NR NR
F1D4B FC1D4 NR <0.16 NR NR
F1E4B FC1E4 NR <0.16 NR NR
F1A5B FC1A5 NR <0.16 NR NR
F1B5B FC1B5 NR <0.16 NR NR
F1C5B FC1C5 NR <0.16 NR NR
F1D5B FC1D5 NR <0.16 NR NR
F1E5B FC1E5 NR <0.16 NR NR
Fl A6B FC1 A6 NR <0.16 NR NR
Fl B6B FC1B6 NR <0.16 NR NR
CA 03228703 2024-2- 12
WO 2023/023086
PCT/US2022/040505
Foam Properties
Foam Foamable % Closed Density, Compressive Strength,
Tensile Strength, ((ASTM
Number Composition, No. Cell g/cc3 (ISO 844), megapascal C297),
megapascal
F1C6B FC1C6 NR <0.16 NR NR
F1D6B FC1D6 NR <0.16 NR NR
F1E6B FC1E6 NR <0.16 NR NR
F2A1B FC2A1 NR <0.16 NR NR
F2B1B FC2B1 NR <0.16 NR NR
F2C1B FC2C1 NR <0.16 NR NR
F2D1B FC2D1 NR <0.16 NR NR
F2E1B FC2E1 NR <0.16 NR NR
F2A2B FC2A2 NR <0.16 NR NR
F2B2B FC2B2 NR <0.16 NR NR
F2C2B FC2C2 NR <0.16 NR NR
F2D2B FC2D2 NR <0.16 NR NR
F2E2B FC2E2 NR <0.16 NR NR
F2A3B FC2A3 NR <0.16 NR NR
F2B3B FC2B3 NR <0.16 NR NR
F2C3B FC2C3 NR <0.16 NR NR
F2D3B FC2D3 NR <0.16 NR NR
F2E3B FC2E3 NR <016 NR NR
F2A4B FC2A4 NR <0.16 NR NR
F2B4B FC2B4 NR <0.16 NR NR
F2C4B FC2C4 NR <0.16 NR NR
F2D4B FC2D4 NR <0.16 NR NR
F2E4B FC2E4 NR <0.16 NR NR
F2A5B FC2A5 NR <0.16 NR NR
F2B5B FC2B5 NR <0.16 NR NR
F2C5B FC2C5 NR <0.16 NR NR
F2D5B FC2D5 NR <0.16 NR NR
F2E5B FC2E5 NR <0.16 NR NR
F2A6B FC2A6 NR <0.16 NR NR
F2B6B FC2B6 NR <0.16 NR NR
F2C6B FC2C6 NR <0.16 NR NR
F21)6B FC2D6 NR <0.16 NR NR
41
CA 03228703 2024-2- 12
WO 2023/023086
PCT/US2022/040505
Foam Properties
Foam Foamable % Closed Density, Compressive Strength,
Tensile Strength, ((ASTM
Number Composition, No. Cell g/cc3 (ISO 844), megapascal C297),
megapascal
F2E6B FC2E6 NR <0.16 NR NR
F3A1B FC3A1 NR <0.16 NR NR
F3B1B FC3B1 NR <0.16 NR NR
F3 Cl B FC3C1 NR <0.16 NR NR
F3D1B FC3D1 NR <0.16 NR NR
F3E1B FC3E1 NR <0.16 NR NR
F3 A2B FC3 A2 NR <0.16 NR NR
F3B2B FC3B2 NR <0.16 NR NR
F3 C2B FC3 C2 NR <0.16 NR NR
F3D2B FC3D2 NR <0.16 NR NR
F3E2B FC3E2 NR <0.16 NR NR
F3A3B FC3A3 NR <0.16 NR NR
F3B3B FC3B3 NR <0.16 NR NR
F3C3B FC3C3 NR <0.16 NR NR
F3D3B FC3D3 NR <0.16 NR NR
F3E3B FC3E3 NR <0.16 NR NR
F3A4B FC3A4 NR <0.16 NR NR
F3B4B FC3B4 NR <016 NR NR
F3 C4B FC3 C4 NR <0.16 NR NR
F31)4B FC3D4 NR <0.16 NR NR
F3E4B FC3E4 NR <0.16 NR NR
F3A5B FC3A5 NR <0.16 NR NR
F3B5B FC3B5 NR <0.16 NR NR
F3 C5B FC3 C5 NR <0.16 NR NR
F3D5B FC3D5 NR <0.16 NR NR
F3E5B FC3E5 NR <0.16 NR NR
F3A6B FC3A6 NR <0.16 NR NR
F3B6B FC3B6 NR <0.16 NR NR
F3 C6B FC3 C6 NR <0.16 NR NR
F3D6B FC3D6 NR <0.16 NR NR
F3E6B FC3E6 NR <0.16 NR NR
F4A1B FC4A1 NR <0.16 NR NR
42
CA 03228703 2024-2- 12
WO 2023/023086
PCT/US2022/040505
Foam Properties
Foam Foamable % Closed Density, Compressive Strength,
Tensile Strength, ((ASTM
Number Composition, No. Cell g/cc3 (ISO 844), megapascal C297),
megapascal
F4B1B FC4B1 NR <0.16 NR NR
F4C1B FC4C1 NR <0.16 NR NR
F4D1B FC4D1 NR <0.16 NR NR
F4E1B FC:4 El NR <0.16 NR NR
F4A2B FC4A2 NR <0.16 NR NR
F4B2B FC4B2 NR <0.16 NR NR
F4C2B FC4C2 NR <0.16 NR NR
F4D2B FC4D2 NR <0.16 NR NR
F4E2B FC4E2 NR <0.16 NR NR
F4A3B FC4A3 NR <0.16 NR NR
F4B3B FC4B3 NR <0.16 NR NR
F4C3B FC4C3 NR <0.16 NR NR
F4D3B FC4D3 NR <0.16 NR NR
F4E3B FC4E3 NR <0.16 NR NR
F4A4B FC4A4 NR <0.16 NR NR
F4B4B FC4B4 NR <0.16 NR NR
F4C4B FC4C4 NR <0.16 NR NR
F4D4B FC4D4 NR <016 NR NR
F4E4B FC4E4 NR <0.16 NR NR
F4A5B FC4A5 NR <0.16 NR NR
F4B5B FC4B5 NR <0.16 NR NR
F4C5B FC4C5 NR <0.16 NR NR
F4D5B FC4D5 NR <0.16 NR NR
F4E5B FC4E5 NR <0.16 NR NR
F4A6B FC4A6 NR <0.16 NR NR
F4B6B FC4B6 NR <0.16 NR NR
F4C6B FC4C6 NR <0.16 NR NR
F4D6B FC4D6 NR <0.16 NR NR
F4E6B FC4E6 NR <0.16 NR NR
F5A1B FC5A1 NR <0.16 NR NR
F5B1B FC5B1 NR <0.16 NR NR
F5C1B FC5C1 NR <0.16 NR NR
43
CA 03228703 2024-2- 12
WO 2023/023086
PCT/US2022/040505
Foam Properties
Foam Foamable Vii Closed Density, Compressive Strength,
Tensile Strength, ((ASTM
Number Composition, No. Cell g/cc3 (ISO 844), megapascal C297),
megapascal
F5D1B FC5D1 NR <0.16 NR NR
F5E1B FC5E1 NR <0.16 NR NR
F5A2B FC5A2 NR <0.16 NR NR
F5B2B FC5 B2 NR <0.16 NR NR
F5 C2B FC5 C2 NR <0.16 NR NR
F5D2B FC5D2 NR <0.16 NR NR
F5E2B FC5E2 NR <0.16 NR NR
F5A3B FC5A3 NR <0.16 NR NR
F5B3B FC5B3 NR <0.16 NR NR
F5C3B FC5C3 NR <0.16 NR NR
F5D3B FC5D3 NR <0.16 NR NR
F5E3B FC5E3 NR <0.16 NR NR
F5A4B FC5A4 NR <0.16 NR NR
F5B4B FC5B4 NR <0.16 NR NR
F5C4B FC5C4 NR <0.16 NR NR
F5D4B FC5D4 NR <0.16 NR NR
F5E4B FC5E4 NR <0.16 NR NR
F5 A5B FC5A5 NR <016 NR NR
F5B5B FC5B5 NR <0.16 NR NR
F5 C5B FC5 C5 NR <0.16 NR NR
F5D5B FC5D5 NR <0.16 NR NR
F5E5B FC5E5 NR <0.16 NR NR
F5A6B FC5A6 NR <0.16 NR NR
F5B6B FC5B6 NR <0.16 NR NR
F5C6B FC5C6 NR <0.16 NR NR
F5D6B FC5D6 NR <0.16 NR NR
F5E6B FC5E6 NR <0.16 NR NR
F6A1B FC6A1 NR <0.16 NR NR
F6B1B FC6B1 NR <0.16 NR NR
F6C1B FC6C1 NR <0.16 NR NR
F61)1B FC6D1 NR <0.16 NR NR
F6E1B FC6E1 NR <0.16 NR NR
44
CA 03228703 2024-2- 12
WO 2023/023086
PCT/US2022/040505
Foam Properties
Foam Foamable % Closed Density, Compressive Strength,
Tensile Strength, ((ASTM
Number Composition, No. Cell g/cc3 (ISO 844), megapascal C297),
megapascal
F6A2B FC6A2 NR <0.16 NR NR
F6B2B FC6B2 NR <0.16 NR NR
F6C2B FC6C2 NR <0.16 NR NR
F6D2B FC6D2 NR <0.16 NR NR
F6E2B FC6E2 NR <0.16 NR NR
F6A3B FC6A3 NR <0.16 NR NR
F6B3B FC6B3 NR <0.16 NR NR
F6C3B FC6C3 NR <0.16 NR NR
F6D3B FC6D3 NR <0.16 NR NR
F6E3B FC6E3 NR <0.16 NR NR
F6B4B FC6B4 NR <0.16 NR NR
F6C4B FC6C4 NR <0.16 NR NR
F6D4B FC6D4 NR <0.16 NR NR
F6E4B FC6E4 NR <0.16 NR NR
F6A5B FC6A5 NR <0.16 NR NR
F6B5B FC6B5 NR <0.16 NR NR
F6C5B FC6C5 NR <0.16 NR NR
F6D5B FC6D5 NR <016 NR NR
F6E5B FC6E5 NR <0.16 NR NR
F6A6B FC6A6 NR <0.16 NR NR
F6B6B FC6B6 NR <0.16 NR NR
F6C6B FC6C6 NR <0.16 NR NR
F6D6B FC6D6 NR <0.16 NR NR
F6E6B FC6E6 NR <0.16 NR NR
F7A1B FC7A1 NR <0.16 NR NR
F7B1B FC7B1 NR <0.16 NR NR
F7C1B FC7C1 NR <0.16 NR NR
F7D1B FC7D1 NR <0.16 NR NR
F7E1B FC7E1 NR <0.16 NR NR
F7A2B FC7A2 NR <0.16 NR NR
F7B2B FC7B2 NR <0.16 NR NR
F7C2B FC7C2 NR <0.16 NR NR
CA 03228703 2024-2- 12
WO 2023/023086
PCT/US2022/040505
Foam Properties
Foam Foamable % Closed Density, Compressive Strength,
Tensile Strength, ((ASTM
Number Composition, No. Cell g/cc3 (ISO 844), megapascal C297),
megapascal
F7D2B FC7D2 NR <0.16 NR NR
F7E2B FC7E2 NR <0.16 NR NR
F7A3B FC7A3 NR <0.16 NR NR
F7B3B FC7B3 NR <0.16 NR NR
F7C3B FC7C3 NR <0.16 NR NR
F7D3B FC7D3 NR <0.16 NR NR
F7E3B FC7E3 NR <0.16 NR NR
F7A4B FC7A4 NR <0.16 NR NR
F7B4B FC7B4 NR <0.16 NR NR
F7C4B FC7C4 NR <0.16 NR NR
F7D4B FC7D4 NR <0.16 NR NR
F7E4B FC7E4 NR <0.16 NR NR
F7A5B FC7A5 NR <0.16 NR NR
F7B5B FC7B5 NR <0.16 NR NR
F7C5B FC7C5 NR <0.16 NR NR
F7D5B FC7D5 NR <0.16 NR NR
F7E5B FC7E5 NR <0.16 NR NR
F7A6B FC7A6 NR <016 NR NR
F7B6B FC7B6 NR <0.16 NR NR
F7C6B FC7C6 NR <0.16 NR NR
F7D6B FC7D6 NR <0.16 NR NR
F7E6B FC7E6 NR <0.16 NR NR
F8A1B FC8A1 NR <0.16 NR NR
F8B1B FC8B1 NR <0.16 NR NR
F8C1B FC8C1 NR <0.16 NR NR
F8D1B FC8D1 NR <0.16 NR NR
F8E1B FC8E1 NR <0.16 NR NR
F8A2B FC8A2 NR <0.16 NR NR
F8B2B FC8B2 NR <0.16 NR NR
F8C2B FC8C2 NR <0.16 NR NR
F81)2B FC8D2 NR <0.16 NR NR
F8E2B FC8E2 NR <0.16 NR NR
46
CA 03228703 2024-2- 12
WO 2023/023086
PCT/US2022/040505
Foam Properties
Foam Foamable % Closed Density, Compressive Strength,
Tensile Strength, ((ASTM
Number Composition, No. Cell g/cc3 (ISO 844), megapascal C297),
megapascal
F8A3B FC8A3 NR <0.16 NR NR
F8B3B FC8B3 NR <0.16 NR NR
F8C3B FC8C3 NR <0.16 NR NR
F8 D3 B FC:8 D3 NR <0.16 NR NR
F8E3B FC8E3 NR <0.16 NR NR
F8A4B FC8A4 NR <0.16 NR NR
F8B4B FC8B4 NR <0.16 NR NR
F8C4B FC8C4 NR <0.16 NR NR
F8D4B FC8D4 NR <0.16 NR NR
F8E4B FC8E4 NR <0.16 NR NR
F8A5B FC8A5 NR <0.16 NR NR
F8B5B FC8B5 NR <0.16 NR NR
F8 C5B FC8 C5 NR <0.16 NR NR
F8D5B FC8D5 NR <0.16 NR NR
F8E5B FC8E5 NR <0.16 NR NR
F8A6B FC8A6 NR <0.16 NR NR
F8B6B FC8B6 NR <0.16 NR NR
F8C6B FC8C6 NR <016 NR NR
F8D6B FC8D6 NR <0.16 NR NR
F8E6B FC8E6 NR <0.16 NR NR
F1A1C FC1A1 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F1B1C FC1B1 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F1C1C FC1C1 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F1D1C FC1D1 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F1E1C FC1E1 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F1A2C FC1A2 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F1B2C FC1B2 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F1C2C FC1C2 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F1D2C FC1D2 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F1E2C FC1E2 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
Fl A3C FC1A3 NR 0.05 - 0.16 NR NR
Fl B3C FC1B3 NR 0.05 - 0.16 NR NR
47
CA 03228703 2024-2- 12
WO 2023/023086
PCT/US2022/040505
Foam Properties
Foam Foamable % Closed Density, Compressive Strength,
Tensile Strength, ((ASTM
Number Composition, No. Cell g/cc3 (ISO 844), megapascal C297),
megapascal
F1C3C FC1C3 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F1D3C FC1D3 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F1E3C FC1E3 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
Fl A4C: FC:1A4 NR 0.05 - 0.16 NR NR
F1B4C FC1B4 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F1C4C FC1C4 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
Fl D4C FC1D4 NR 0.05 - 0.16 NR NR
F1E4C FC1E4 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F1A5C FC1A5 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F1B5C FC1B5 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F1C5C FC1C5 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F1D5C FC1D5 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F1E5C FC1E5 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F1A6C FC1A6 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F1B6C FC1B6 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F1C6C FC1C6 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F1D6C FC1D6 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
Fl E6C FC1E6 NR 0 05 - 0 16 NR NR
F2A1C FC2A1 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F2B1C FC2B1 NR 0.05 - 0.16 NR NR
F2C1C FC2C1 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F2D1C FC2D1 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F2E1C FC2E1 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F2A2C FC2A2 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F2B2C FC2B2 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F2C2C FC2C2 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F2D2C FC2D2 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F2E2C FC2E2 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F2A3C FC2A3 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F2B3C FC2B3 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F2C3C FC2C3 NR 0.05 - 0.16 NR NR
F21)3C FC2D3 NR 0.05 - 0.16 NR NR
48
CA 03228703 2024-2- 12
WO 2023/023086
PCT/US2022/040505
Foam Properties
Foam Foamable % Closed Density, Compressive Strength,
Tensile Strength, ((ASTM
Number Composition, No. Cell g/cc3 (ISO 844), megapascal C297),
megapascal
F2E3C FC2E3 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F2A4C FC2A4 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F2B4C FC2B4 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F2C:4C: FC2C4 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F2D4C FC2D4 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F2E4C FC2E4 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F2A5C FC2A5 NR 0.05 - 0.16 NR NR
F2B5C FC2B5 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F2C5C FC2C5 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F2D5C FC2D5 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F2E5C FC2E5 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F2A6C FC2A6 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F2B6C FC2B6 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F2C6C FC2C6 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F2D6C FC2D6 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F2E6C FC2EG NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F3A1C FC3A1 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F3B1C FC3B1 NR 0 05 - 0 16 NR NR
F3C1C FC3C1 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F3D1C FC3D1 NR 0.05 - 0.16 NR NR
F3E1C FC3E1 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F3A2C FC3A2 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F3B2C FC3B2 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F3C2C FC3C2 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F3D2C FC3D2 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F3E2C FC3E2 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F3A3C FC3A3 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F3B3C FC3B3 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F3C3C FC3C3 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F3D3C FC3D3 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F3E3C FC3E3 NR 0.05 - 0.16 NR NR
F3A4C FC3A4 NR 0.05 - 0.16 NR NR
49
CA 03228703 2024-2- 12
WO 2023/023086
PCT/US2022/040505
Foam Properties
Foam Foamable % Closed Density, Compressive Strength,
Tensile Strength, ((ASTM
Number Composition, No. Cell g/cc3 (ISO 844), megapascal C297),
megapascal
F3B4C FC3B4 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F3C4C FC3C4 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F3D4C FC3D4 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F3E4C: FC:3E4 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F3A5C FC3A5 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F3B5C FC3B5 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F3C5C FC3C5 NR 0.05 - 0.16 NR NR
F3D5C FC3D5 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F3E5C FC3E5 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F3A6C FC3A6 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F3B6C FC3B6 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F3C6C FC3C6 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F3D6C FC3D6 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F3E6C FC3E6 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F4A1C FC4A1 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F4B1C FC4B1 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F4C1C FC4C1 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F4D1C FC4D1 NR 0 05 - 0 16 NR NR
F4E1C FC4E1 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F4A2C FC4A2 NR 0.05 - 0.16 NR NR
F4B2C FC4B2 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F4C2C FC4C2 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F4D2C FC4D2 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F4E2C FC4E2 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F4A3C FC4A3 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F4B3C FC4B3 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F4C3C FC4C3 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F4D3C FC4D3 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F4E3C FC4E3 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F4A4C FC4A4 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F4B4C FC4B4 NR 0.05 - 0.16 NR NR
F4C4C FC4C4 NR 0.05 - 0.16 NR NR
CA 03228703 2024-2- 12
WO 2023/023086
PCT/US2022/040505
Foam Properties
Foam Foamable % Closed Density, Compressive Strength,
Tensile Strength, ((ASTM
Number Composition, No. Cell g/cc3 (ISO 844), megapascal C297),
megapascal
F4D4C FC4D4 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F4E4C FC4E4 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F4A5C FC4A5 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F4 65C: FC4BS NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F4C5C FC4C5 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F4D5C FC4D5 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F4E5C FC4E5 NR 0.05 - 0.16 NR NR
F4A6C FC4A6 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F4B6C FC4B6 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F4C6C FC4C6 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F4D6C FC4D6 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F4E6C FC4E6 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F5A1C FC5A1 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F5B1C FC5B1 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F5C1C FC5C1 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F5D1C FC5D1 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F5E1C FC5E1 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F5A2C FC5A2 NR 0 05 - 0 16 NR NR
F5B2C FC5B2 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F5C2C FC5C2 NR 0.05 - 0.16 NR NR
F5D2C FC5D2 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F5E2C FC5E2 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F5A3C FC5A3 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F5B3C FC5B3 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F5C3C FC5C3 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F5D3C FC5D3 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F5E3C FC5E3 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F5A4C FC5A4 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F5B4C FC5B4 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F5C4C FC5C4 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F5D4C FC5D4 NR 0.05 - 0.16 NR NR
FSE4C FCSE4 NR 0.05 - 0.16 NR NR
51
CA 03228703 2024-2- 12
WO 2023/023086
PCT/US2022/040505
Foam Properties
Foam Foamable Vii Closed Density, Compressive Strength,
Tensile Strength, ((ASTM
Number Composition, No. Cell g/cc3 (ISO 844), megapascal C297),
megapascal
F5A5C FC5A5 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F5B5C FC5B5 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F5C5C FC5C5 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F5D5C FC5D5 NR 0.05 - 0.16 NR NR
F5E5C FC5E5 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F5A6C FC5A6 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F5B6C FC5B6 NR 0.05 - 0.16 NR NR
F5C6C FC5C6 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F5D6C FC5D6 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F5E6C FC5E6 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F6A1C FC6A1 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F6B1C FC6B1 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F6C1C FC6C1 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F6D1C FC6D1 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F6E1C FC6E1 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F6A2C FC6A2 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F6B2C FC6B2 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F6C2C FC6C2 NR 0 05 - 0 16 NR NR
F61)2C FC6D2 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F6E2C FC6E2 NR 0.05 - 0.16 NR NR
F6A3C FC6A3 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F6B3C FC6B3 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F6C3C FC6C3 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F6D3C FC6D3 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F6E3C FC6E3 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F6B4C FC6B4 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F6C4C FC6C4 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F6D4C FC6D4 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F6E4C FC6E4 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F6A5C FC6A5 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F6B5C FC6B5 NR 0.05 - 0.16 NR NR
F6C5C. FC6C,5 NR 0.05 - 0.16 NR NR
52
CA 03228703 2024-2- 12
WO 2023/023086
PCT/US2022/040505
Foam Properties
Foam Foamable % Closed Density, Compressive Strength,
Tensile Strength, ((ASTM
Number Composition, No. Cell g/cc3 (ISO 844), megapascal C297),
megapascal
F6D5C FC6D5 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F6E5C FC6E5 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F6A6C FC6A6 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F6B6C: FC:666 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F6C6C FC6C6 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F6D6C FC6D6 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F6E6C FC6E6 NR 0.05 - 0.16 NR NR
F7A1C FC7A1 NR 0.05 - 0.16 NR NR
F7B1C FC7B1 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F7C1C FC7C1 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F7D1C FC7D1 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F7E1C FC7E1 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F7A2C FC7A2 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F7B2C FC7B2 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F7C2C FC7C2 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F7D2C FC7D2 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F7E2C FC7E2 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F7A3C FC7A3 NR 0 05 - 0 16 NR NR
F7B3C FC7B3 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F7C3C FC7C3 NR 0.05 - 0.16 NR NR
F7D3C FC7D3 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F7E3C FC7E3 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F7A4C FC7A4 NR 0.05 - 0.16 NR NR
F7B4C FC7B4 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F7C4C FC7C4 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F7D4C FC7D4 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F7E4C FC7E4 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F7A5C FC7A5 NR 0.05 - 0.16 NR NR
F7B5C FC7B5 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F7C5C FC7C5 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F7D5C FC7D5 NR 0.05 - 0.16 NR NR
F7E5C. FC7E5 NR 0.05 - 0.16 NR NR
53
CA 03228703 2024-2- 12
WO 2023/023086
PCT/US2022/040505
Foam Properties
Foam Foamable % Closed Density, Compressive Strength,
Tensile Strength, ((ASTM
Number Composition, No. Cell g/cc3 (ISO 844), megapascal C297),
megapascal
F7A6C FC7A6 NR 0.05 - 0.16 NR NR
F7B6C FC7B6 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F7C6C FC7C6 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F7 D6C FC7 D6 NR 0.05 - 0.16 NR NR
F7E6C FC7E6 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F8A1C FC8A1 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F8B1C FC8B1 NR 0.05 - 0.16 NR NR
F8C1C FC8C1 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F8D1C FC8D1 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F8E1C FC8E1 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F8A2C FC8A2 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F8B2C FC8B2 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F8C2C FC8C2 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F8D2C FC8D2 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F8E2C FC8E2 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F8A3C FC8A3 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F8B3C FC8B3 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F8C3C FC8C3 NR 0 05 - 0 16 NR NR
F8D3C FC8D3 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F8E3C FC8E3 NR 0.05 - 0.16 NR NR
F8A4C FC8A4 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F8B4C FC8B4 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F8C4C FC8C4 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F8D4C FC8D4 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F8E4C FC8E4 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F8A5C FC8A5 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F8B5C FC8B5 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F8C5C FC8C5 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F8D5C FC8D5 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F8E5C FC8E5 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F8A6C FC8A6 NR 0.05 - 0.16 NR NR
F8B6C FC8B6 NR 0.05 - 0.16 NR NR
54
CA 03228703 2024-2- 12
WO 2023/023086
PCT/US2022/040505
Foam Properties
Foam Foamable % Closed Density, Compressive Strength,
Tensile Strength, ((ASTM
Number Composition, No. Cell g/cc3 (ISO 844), megapascal C297),
megapascal
F8C6C FC8C6 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F8D6C FC8D6 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
F8E6C FC8E6 NR 0.05 -0.16 NR NR
FlAlD FC1A1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F1B1D FC1B1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F1C1D FC1C1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F1D1D FC1D1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
FlElD FC1E1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F1A2D FC1A2 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F1B2D FC1B2 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F1C2D FC1C2 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F1D2D FC1D2 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F1E2D FC1E2 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F1A3D FC1A3 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F1B3D FC1B3 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F1C3D FC1C3 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F1D3D FC1D3 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
Fl E3D FC1E3 NR NR 0 6 - 2 5 1 0 - 6 2
F1A4D FC1A4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
Fl B4D FC1B4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F1C4D FC1C4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F1D4D FC1D4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F1E4D FC1E4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F1A5D FC1A5 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F1B5D FC1B5 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F1C5D FC1C5 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F1D5D FC1D5 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F1E5D FC1E5 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F1A6D FC1A6 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F1B6D FC1B6 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
Fl C6D FC1 C6 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
Fl D6D FC1D6 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
CA 03228703 2024-2- 12
WO 2023/023086
PCT/US2022/040505
Foam Properties
Foam Foamable % Closed Density, Compressive Strength,
Tensile Strength, ((ASTM
Number Composition, No. Cell g/cc3 (ISO 844), megapascal C297),
megapascal
F1E6D FC1E6 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F2A1D FC2A1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F2B1D FC2B1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F2C1D FC2C1 NR NR 06- 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F2D1D FC2D1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F2E1D FC2E1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F2A2D FC2A2 NR NR 0.6- 2.5 1.0-6.2
F2B2D FC2B2 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F2C2D FC2C2 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F2D2D FC2D2 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F2E2D FC2E2 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F2A3D FC2A3 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F2B3D FC2B3 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F2C3D FC2C3 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F2D3D FC2D3 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F2E3D FC2E3 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F2A4D FC2A4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F2B41) FC2B4 NR NR 0 6 - 2.5 1.0 -6 2
F2C4D FC2C4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F2D4D FC2D4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 -6.2
F2E4D FC2E4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F2A5D FC2A5 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F2B5D FC2B5 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F2C5D FC2C5 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F2D5D FC2D5 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F2E5D FC2E5 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F2A6D FC2A6 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F2B6D FC2B6 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F2C6D FC2C6 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F2D6D FC2D6 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F2E6D FC2E6 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 -6.2
F3A1D FC3A1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
56
CA 03228703 2024-2- 12
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PCT/US2022/040505
Foam Properties
Foam Foamable % Closed Density, Compressive Strength,
Tensile Strength, ((ASTM
Number Composition, No. Cell g/cc3 (ISO 844), megapascal C297),
megapascal
F3B1D FC3B1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F3C1D FC3C1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F3D1D FC3D1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F3E1 D FC:3E1 NR NR 06- 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F3A2D FC3A2 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F3B2D FC3B2 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F3C2D FC3C2 NR NR 0.6- 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F3D2D FC3D2 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F3E2D FC3E2 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F3A3D FC3A3 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F3B3D FC3B3 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F3C3D FC3C3 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F3D3D FC3D3 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F3E3D FC3E3 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F3A4D FC3A4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F3B4D FC3B4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F3C4D FC3C4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F3D4D FC3D4 NR NR 0 6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F3E41) FC3E4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F3A5D FC3A5 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0- 6.2
F3B5D FC3B5 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F3C5D FC3C5 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F3D5D FC3D5 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F3E5D FC3E5 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F3A6D FC3A6 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F3B6D FC3B6 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F3C6D FC3C6 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F3D6D FC3D6 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F3E6D FC3E6 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F4A1D FC4A1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F4B1D FC4B1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F4C1D FC4C1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
57
CA 03228703 2024-2- 12
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PCT/US2022/040505
Foam Properties
Foam Foamable % Closed Density, Compressive Strength,
Tensile Strength, ((ASTM
Number Composition, No. Cell g/cc3 (ISO 844), megapascal
C297), megapascal
F4D1D FC4D1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F4E1D FC4E1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F4A2D FC4A2 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F4B2D FC4B2 NR NR 06- 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F4C2D FC4C2 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F4D2D FC4D2 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F4E2D FC4E2 NR NR 0.6- 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F4A3D FC4A3 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F4B3D FC4B3 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
FC4C3D FC4C3 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F4D3D FC4D3 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F4E3D FC4E3 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F4A4D FC4A4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F4B4D FC4B4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F4C4D FC4C4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F4D4D FC4D4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F4E4D FC4E4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F4A5D FC4A5 NR NR 0 6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F4B5D FC4B5 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F4C5D FC4C5 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0- 6.2
F4D5D FC4D5 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F4E5D FC4E5 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F4A6D FC4A6 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F4B6D FC4B6 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F4C6D FC4C6 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F4D6D FC4D6 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F4E6D FC4E6 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F5A1D FC5A1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F5B1D FC5B1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F5C1D FC5C1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F5D1D FC5D1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F5E1D FC5E1 NR NR 0.6- 2.5 1.0- 6.2
58
CA 03228703 2024-2- 12
WO 2023/023086
PCT/US2022/040505
Foam Properties
Foam Foamable % Closed Density, Compressive Strength,
Tensile Strength, ((ASTM
Number Composition, No. Cell g/cc3 (ISO 844), megapascal C297),
megapascal
F5A2D FC5A2 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F5B2D FC5B2 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F5C2D FC5C2 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F5D2D FC:5D2 NR NR 06- 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F5E2D FC5E2 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F5A3D FC5A3 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F5B3D FC5B3 NR NR 0.6- 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F5C3D FC5C3 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F5D3D FC5D3 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F5E3D FC5E3 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F5A4D FC5A4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F5B4D FC5B4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F5C4D FC5C4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F5D4D FC5D4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F5E4D FC5E4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F5A5D FC5A5 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F5B5D FC5B5 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F5C5D FC5C5 NR NR 0 6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F5D5D FC5D5 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F5E5D FC5E5 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 -6.2
F5A6D FC5A6 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F5B6D FC5B6 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F5C6D FC5C6 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F5D6D FC5D6 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F5E6D FC5E6 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F6A1D FC6A1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F6B1D FC6B1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F6C1D FC6C1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F6D1D FC6D1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F6E1D FC6E1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F6A2D FC6A2 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0- 6.2
F6B21) FC6B2 NR NR 0.6- 2.5 1.0 -6.2
59
CA 03228703 2024-2- 12
WO 2023/023086
PCT/US2022/040505
Foam Properties
Foam Foamable % Closed Density, Compressive Strength,
Tensile Strength, ((ASTM
Number Composition, No. Cell g/cc3 (ISO 844), megapascal C297),
megapascal
F6C2D FC6C2 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F6D2D FC6D2 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F6E2D FC6E2 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F6A3D FC6A3 NR NR 06- 2.5 1.0-6.2
F6B3D FC6B3 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F6C3D FC6C3 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F6D3D FC6D3 NR NR 0.6- 2.5 1.0-6.2
F6E3D FC6E3 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F6B4D FC6B4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F6C4D FC6C4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F6D4D FC6D4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F6E4D FC6E4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F6A5D FC6A5 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F6B5D FC6B5 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F6C5D FC6C5 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F6D5D FC6D5 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F6E5D FC6E5 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F6A6D FC6A6 NR NR 0 6 - 2.5 1.0 -6 2
F6B61) FC6B6 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F6C6D FC6C6 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F6D6D FC6D6 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F6E6D FC6E6 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F7A1D FC7A1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F7B1D FC7B1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F7C1D FC7C1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F7D1D FC7D1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F7E1D FC7E1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F7A2D FC7A2 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F7B2D FC7B2 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F7C2D FC7C2 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F7D2D FC7D2 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 -6.2
F7E21) FC7E2 NR NR 0.6- 2.5 1.0 -6.2
CA 03228703 2024-2- 12
WO 2023/023086
PCT/US2022/040505
Foam Properties
Foam Foamable % Closed Density, Compressive Strength,
Tensile Strength, ((ASTM
Number Composition, No. Cell g/cc3 (ISO 844), megapascal C297),
megapascal
F7A3D FC7A3 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F7B3D FC7B3 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F7C3D FC7C3 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F7D3D FC:7D3 NR NR 06- 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F7E3D FC7E3 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F7A4D FC7A4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F7B4D FC7B4 NR NR 0.6- 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F7C4D FC7C4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F7D4D FC7D4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F7E4D FC7E4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F7A5D FC7A5 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F7B5D FC7B5 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F7C5D FC7C5 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F7D5D FC7D5 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F7E5D FC7E5 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F7A6D FC7A6 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F7B6D FC7B6 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F7C6D FC7C6 NR NR 0 6 - 2.5 1.0 -6 2
F71)6D FC7D6 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F7E61) FC7E6 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 -6.2
F8A1D FC8A1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F8B1D FC8B1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F8C1D FC8C1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F8D1B FC8D1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F8E1D FC8E1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F8A2B FC8A2 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F8B2D FC8B2 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F8C2D FC8C2 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F8D2D FC8D2 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F8E2D FC8E2 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F8A3D FC8A3 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 -6.2
F8B3D FC8B3 NR NR 0.6- 2.5 1.0 -6.2
61
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PCT/US2022/040505
Foam Properties
Foam Foamable % Closed Density, Compressive Strength,
Tensile Strength, ((ASTM
Number Composition, No. Cell g/cc3 (ISO 844), megapascal C297),
megapascal
F8C3D FC8C3 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F8D3D FC8D3 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F8E3D FC8E3 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F8A4D FC:8A4 NR NR 06- 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F8B4D FC8B4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F8C4D FC8C4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F8D4D FC8D4 NR NR 0.6- 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F8E4D FC8E4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F8A5D FC8A5 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F8B5D FC8B5 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F8C5D FC8C5 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F8D5D FC8D5 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F8E5D FC8E5 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F8A6D FC8A6 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F8B6D FC8B6 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F8C6D FC8C6 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F8D6D FC8D6 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F8E6D FC8E6 NR NR 0 6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
FlAlE FC1A1 >25% 0.05 -0.1 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 -6.2
FlBlE FC1B1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F1C1E FC1C1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F1D1E FC1D1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
FlElE FC1E1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F1A2E FC1A2 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
Fl B2E FC1B2 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F1C2E FC1C2 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F1D2E FC1D2 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F1E2E FC1E2 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F1A3E FC1A3 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F1B3E FC1B3 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F1C3E FC1C3 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F1D3E FC1D3 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
62
CA 03228703 2024-2- 12
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PCT/US2022/040505
Foam Properties
Foam Foamable % Closed Density, Compressive Strength,
Tensile Strength, ((ASTM
Number Composition, No. Cell g/cc3 (ISO 844), megapascal C297),
megapascal
F1E3E FC1E3 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F1A4E FC1A4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F1B4E FC1B4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
Fl C:4E FC:1 C:4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F1D4E FC1D4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F1E4E FC1E4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F1A5E FC1 A5 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F1B5E FC1B5 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F1C5E FC1C5 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F1D5E FC1D5 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F1E5E FC1E5 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F1A6E FC1A6 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F1B6E FC1B6 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F1C6E FC1C6 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F1D6E FC1D6 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F1E6E FC1E6 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F2A1E FC2A1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F2B1E FC2B1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F2C1E FC2C1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F2D1E FC2D1 NR NR 0.6- 2.5 1.0-6.2
F2E1E FC2E1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F2A2E FC2A2 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F2B2E FC2B2 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F2C2E FC2C2 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F2D2E FC2D2 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F2E2E FC2E2 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F2A3E FC2A3 NR NR 0.6- 2.5 1.0 -6.2
F2B3E FC2B3 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F2C3E FC2C3 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F2D3E FC2D3 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F2E3E FC2E3 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F2A4E FC2A4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
63
CA 03228703 2024-2- 12
WO 2023/023086
PCT/US2022/040505
Foam Properties
Foam Foamable % Closed Density, Compressive Strength,
Tensile Strength, ((ASTM
Number Composition, No. Cell g/cc3 (ISO 844), megapascal C297),
megapascal
F2B4E FC2B4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F2C4E FC2C4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F2D4E FC2D4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F2E4E FC2E4 NR NR 06- 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F2A5E FC2A5 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F2B5E FC2B5 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F2C5E FC2C5 NR NR 0.6- 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F2D5E FC2D5 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F2E5E FC2E5 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F2A6E FC2A6 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F2B6E FC2B6 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F2C6E FC2C6 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F2D6E FC2D6 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F2E6E FC2E6 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F3A1E FC3A1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F3B1E FC3B1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F3C1E FC3C1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F3D1E FC3D1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F3E1E FC3E1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F3A2E FC3A2 NR NR 0.6- 2.5 1.0 -6.2
F3B2E FC3B2 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F3C2E FC3C2 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F3D2E FC3D2 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F3E2E FC3E2 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F3A3E FC3A3 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F3B3E FC3B3 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F3C3E FC3C3 NR NR 0.6- 2.5 1.0 -6.2
F3D3E FC3D3 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F3E3E FC3E3 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F3A4E FC3A4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F3B4E FC3B4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F3C4E FC3C4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
64
CA 03228703 2024-2- 12
WO 2023/023086
PCT/US2022/040505
Foam Properties
Foam Foamable % Closed Density, Compressive Strength,
Tensile Strength, ((ASTM
Number Composition, No. Cell g/cc3 (ISO 844), megapascal C297),
megapascal
F3D4E FC3D4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F3E4E FC3E4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F3A5E FC3A5 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F3B5E FC3B5 NR NR 06- 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F3C5E FC3C5 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F3D5E FC3D5 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F3E5E FC3E5 NR NR 0.6- 2.5 1.0- 6.2
F3A6E FC3A6 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F3B6E FC3B6 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F3C6E FC3C6 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F3D6E FC3D6 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F3E6E FC3E6 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F4A1E FC4A1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F4B1E FC4B1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F4C1E FC4C1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F4D1E FC4D1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F4E1E FC4E1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F4A2E FC4A2 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F4B2E FC4B2 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F4C2E FC4C2 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F4D2E FC4D2 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F4E2E FC4E2 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F4A3E FC4A3 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F4B3E FC4B3 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F4C3E FC4C3 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F4D3E FC4D3 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F4E3E FC4E3 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F4A4E FC4A4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F4B4E FC4B4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F4C4E FC4C4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F4D4E FC4D4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F4E4E FC4E4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
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Foam Properties
Foam Foamable % Closed Density, Compressive Strength,
Tensile Strength, ((ASTM
Number Composition, No. Cell g/cc3 (ISO 844), megapascal C297),
megapascal
F4A5E FC4A5 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F4B5E FC4B5 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F4C5E FC4C5 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F4D5E FC4D5 NR NR 06- 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F4E5E FC4E5 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F4A6E FC4A6 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F4B6E FC4B6 NR NR 0.6- 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F4C6E FC4C6 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F4D6E FC4D6 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F4E6E FC4E6 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F5A1E FC5A1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F5B1E FC5B1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F5C1E FC5C1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F5D1E FC5D1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F5E1E FC5E1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F5A2E FC5A2 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F5B2E FC5B2 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F5C2E FC5C2 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F5D2E FC5D2 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F5E2E FC5E2 NR NR 0.6- 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F5A3E FC5A3 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F5B3E FC5B3 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F5C3E FC5C3 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F5D3E FC5D3 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F5E3E FC5E3 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F5A4E FC5A4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F5B4E FC5B4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F5C4E FC5C4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F5D4E FC5D4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F5E4E FC5E4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F5A5E FC5A5 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F5B5B FC5E5 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
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Foam Properties
Foam Foamable % Closed Density, Compressive Strength,
Tensile Strength, ((ASTM
Number Composition, No. Cell g/cc3 (ISO 844), megapascal C297),
megapascal
F5C5E FC5C5 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F5D5E FC5D5 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F5E5E FC5E5 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F5A6E FC5A6 NR NR 06- 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F5B6E FC5B6 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F5C6E FC5C6 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F5D6E FC5D6 NR NR 0.6- 2.5 1.0 -6.2
F5E6E FC5E6 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F6A1E FC6A1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F6B1E FC6B1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F6C1E FC6C1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F6D1E FC6D1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F6E1E FC6E1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F6A2E FC6A2 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F6B2E FC6E2 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F6C2E FC6C2 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F6D2E FC6D2 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F6E2E FC6E2 NR NR 0 6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F6A3E FC6A3 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F6B3E FC6B3 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 -6.2
F6C3E FC6C3 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F6D3E FC6D3 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F6E3E FC6E3 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F6A4E FC6A4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F6B4E FC6B4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F6C4E FC6C4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 -6.2
F6D4E FC6D4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F6E4E FC6E4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F6A5E FC6A5 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F6B5E FC6B5 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F6C5E FC6C5 NR NR 0.6- 2.5 1.0 -6.2
F6D5E FC6D5 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
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Foam Properties
Foam Foamable % Closed Density, Compressive Strength,
Tensile Strength, ((ASTM
Number Composition, No. Cell g/cc3 (ISO 844), megapascal C297),
megapascal
F6E5E FC6E5 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F6A6E FC6A6 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F6B6E FC6B6 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F6C6E FC6C6 NR NR 06- 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F6D6E FC6D6 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F6E6E FC6E6 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F7A1E FC7A1 NR NR 0.6- 2.5 1.0-6.2
F7B1E FC7B1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F7C1E FC7C1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F7D1E FC7D1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F7E1E FC7E1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F7A2E FC7A2 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F7B2E FC7B2 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F7C2E FC7C2 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F7D2E FC7D2 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F7E2E FC7E2 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F7A3E FC7A3 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F7B3E FC7B3 NR NR 0 6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F7C3E FC7C3 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F703E FC7D3 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 -6.2
F7E3E FC7E3 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F7A4E FC7A4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F7B4E FC7B4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F7C4E FC7C4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F7D4E FC7D4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F7E4E FC7E4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F7A5E FC7A5 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F7135E }C7135 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F7C5E FC7C5 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F7D5E FC7D5 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F7E5E FC7E5 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
F7A6E FC7A6 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0-6.2
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Foam Properties
Foam Foamable % Closed Density, Compressive Strength,
Tensile Strength, ((ASTM
Number Composition, No. Cell g/cc3 (ISO 844), megapascal C297),
megapascal
F7B6E FC7B6 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F7C6E FC7C6 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F7D6E FC7D6 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F7E6E FC7E6 NR NR 06- 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F8A1E FC8A1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F8B1E FC8B1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F8C1E FC8C1 NR NR 0.6- 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F8D1E FC8D1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F8E1E FC8E1 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F8A2E FC8A2 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F8B2E FC8B2 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F8C2E FC8C2 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F8D2E FC8D2 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F8E2E FC8E2 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F8A3E FC8A3 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F8B3E FC8B3 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F8C3E FC8C3 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F8D3E FC8D3 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F8E3E FC8E3 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F8A4E FC8A4 NR NR 0.6- 2.5 1.0 -6.2
F8B4E FC8B4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F8C4E FC8C4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F8D4E FC8D4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F8E4E FC8E4 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F8A5E FC8A5 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F8B5E FC8B5 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F8C5E FC8C5 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F8115E FC8115 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F8E5E FC8E5 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F8A6E FC8A6 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F8B6E FC8B6 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
F8C6E FC8C6 NR NR 0.6 - 2.5 1.0 - 6.2
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Foam Properties
Foam Foamable % Closed Density, Compressive Strength,
Tensile Strength, ((ASTM
Number Composition, No. Cell g/cc3 (ISO 844), megapascal C297),
megapascal
F8D6E FC8D6 NR NR 0.6 ¨ 2.5 1.0-6.2
F8E6E FC8E6 NR NR 0.6 ¨ 2.5 1.0 ¨ 6.2
The foams of the present invention have wide utility. The present foams,
including each of
Foams 1 ¨6 and foams Fl ¨ F8, have unexpected advantage in applications
requiring low
density and/or good compression and/or tensile and/or shear properties, and/or
long-term
stability, and/or sustainable sourcing, and/or being made from recycled
material and being
recyclable. In particular, the present foams, including each of Foams 1 ¨ 6
and each of foams
Fl ¨ F8, have unexpected advantage in: wind energy applications (wind turbine
blades (shear
webs, shells, cores, and nacelles); marine applications (hulls, decks,
superstructures,
bulkheads, stringers, and interiors); industrial low weight applications;
automotive and transport
applications (interior and exterior of cars, trucks, trains, aircraft, and
spacecraft).
EXAMPLES
Example 1 ¨ PEF PREPARATION AT MW 114,000 WITH PMDA CHAIN EXTENDER
AND SSP
A bio-based polyethylene furanoate homopolymer was prepared by esterification
and
polycondensation of 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid with mono ethylene glycol
according to known
methods to produce PEF homopolymer, which is then treated according to
techniques
corresponding to the techniques described in detail in Examples 47, 49 and 51
below, with the
chain extender PMDA at 0.6% by weight and then subject to solid state
polymerization
according to known techniques to produce a PEF homopolymer. The PEF polymer
was tested
and found to have the following characteristicsl:
Molecular Weight ¨ 114,000
Density (g/cc) ¨ 1.43
1 Molecular weight as determined and referenced herein refers to molecular
weight determination by diffusion
ordered nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (DOSY NMR) as per the
description contained in "Application of
1H DOSY NMR in Measurement of Polystyrene Molecular Weights," VNU Journal of
Science: Natural Sciences and
Technology, Vol. 36, No. 2 (2020) 16-21 June 2020, Nam et al., with final
fitting performed by two functions:
log D = a log M + log A (as per Grubb's Group, Macromolecules 2012.45, 9595-
9603) R2=0.977 and
log D = a log M + 13 [log (M)]2 + A (R2=0.998) with a final fit of the data as
follows: a: 0.4816276533; 13: -
0.064669629A: -21.74524435. Decomposition temperature was determined by
thernnogravinnetric analysis (TGA)
based on ASTM 1131. Density of the polymer was measured in accordance with
ASTM D71). The remaining
properties, including crystallinity, were determined in accordance ASTM D3418
and ASTM 1356.
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Glass Transition Temperature - 86 C
Melt Temperature - 214 C
Decomposition Temperature ¨ 347 C
Crystallinity - 46%
The PEF polymer so produced is referred to in these Examples as PEX1.
Example 1B ¨ CLOSED CELL PEF FOAMS FROM PEX1 OVER A RANGE OF
RELATIVE DENSITIES AND BLOWING AGENTS
The present invention includes the advantages formation of PEF foams having a
high
volume percentage of closed cells over a range of relative foam densities
(RFDs) and using a
range of blowing agents. Although applicant is not bound by any theory of
operation, it is
believed that one or more of the advantageous foam properties of the present
invention arise, at
least in part, as a result of the ability to form foams with high closed cell
content. In particular,
the following Table El B illustrates the volume percent closed cells for
several foams made by
applicant:
TABLE El B ¨ FOAM CLOSED CELL CONTENT
FOAM COMPONENTS FOAM PROPERTIES DETAILED EXAMPLE
Polymer Blowing RFD Volume %
Agent Closed Cells*
PEX1 1243ze(E) 0.078 91 Example 4B
PEX1 1243ze(E) 0.036 92 Example 6
PEX1 1336mzz(Z) 0.14 76 Example 26B
PEX1 1336mzz(Z) 0.13 67 Example 26B
PEX1 1233zd(E) 0.15 46
PEX1 isopentane 0.13 40 Example C2
*Volume % closed cells is determined herein by ASTM D6226.
Comparative Example 1 ¨ PEF FOAM PREPARATION USING PEX1 AND CO2 AS
BLOWING AGENT
1 gram of PEX1 in a glass container was loaded into a 60 cc autoclave and then
dried
for under vacuum for six (6) hours at 130 C. The dried polymer was then cooled
to room
temperature and placed in a glass container inside an autoclave. About 0.25
moles (11 grams)
of CO2 blowing agent was then pumped into the autoclave containing the dried
polymer, and
then the autoclave was heated to bring the polymer to a melt state at a
temperature of about
240 C and a pressure above about 610 psig. The polymer/CO2blowing agent was
maintained
in this melt state for about 1 hour and the temperature and pressure of the
melt/blowing agent
was then reduced over a period of about 5 ¨ 15 minutes to about 190 C and 610
psig
(hereinafter referred to for convenience as pre-foaming temperature and pre-
foaming pressure,
respectively), and then maintained at about this temperature and pressure for
a period of about
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30 minutes to allow the amount of blowing agent incorporated into the melt
under such
conditions to reach equilibrium. The temperature and pressure in the autoclave
were then
reduced rapidly (over a period of about 10 seconds for the pressure reduction
and about 1 ¨ 10
minutes for the temperature reduction using chilled water)) to ambient
conditions (approximately
22 C and 1 atmosphere) and foaming occurred. The foam thus produced was tested
to
determine the following properties:
= compressive strength ("CS") (measured perpendicular to the plane (that
was in direct
contact with the blowing agent) in accordance with ISO 844)
= compressive modulus ("CM") (measure perpendicular to the plane (that was
in
direct contact with the blowing agent) in accordance with ISO 844)
= tensile strength ("TS") (measured perpendicular to the plane (that was in
direct contact
with the blowing agent) in accordance with ASTM 0297)
= tensile modulus ("TM") (measured perpendicular to the plane (that was in
direct contact
with the blowing agent) in accordance with ASTM 0297)
= relative foam density ("RFD").
As used herein, RFD is the density of the foam produced divided by the density
of the starting
polymer. Density is measured in these Examples using a method which
corresponds generally
to ASTM D71, except that hexane is used for displacement instead of water.
The foam produced in this Comparative Example 1 was tested and found to have
the
properties as reported in Table Cl below:
TABLE Cl
RFD 0.25
TS, Megapascal (Mpa) 0.74
CS, Mpa 0.5
TM, Mpa 32
CM, Mpa 8
As reported above, the foam made using CO2 under the reported conditions had
an RFD
of 0.25, that is, a density that was only 25% of the density of the starting
polymer. This is a
foam density that is too high for many important applications.
Examples 2 - 3 - PEF FOAM PREPARATION USING PEX1 trans-1233zd and trans-
1336mzz as BLOWING AGENT
Comparative Example 1 was repeated, except the CO2 blowing agent was replaced,
on
a molar equivalent basis in a separate run with trans-1233zd and trans-
1336mzz, with the pre-
foaming pressure for each run being maintained within a similar pre-foaming
pressure (not more
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than about 50 psig greater than the 610 psig pre-foaming pressure used in
Comparative
Example 1). The foam thus produced were observed to be good, high quality
foam, and were
then tested and found to have the properties reported in Table E2 below:
TABLE E2
Ex Blowing RFD Avg. Cell
RELATIVE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES*
Agent Size, pm
RTS RTM RCS
RCM
2 trans- 0.1 108 1 1 1 1
1233zd
3 trans- 0.13 65 2.48 5.31 1.81 2.98
1336mzz
*-For convenience and unless otherwise indicated in these Examples, the
comparative
strength and modulus results in the Examples hereof are reported based on
trans-
1233zd as the base-line value of 1 and are identified as RTS, RCS, RTM and
RCM.
Thus, for example, the tensile strength using trans-1234z blowing agent in
Example 4 is
6.08 times greater than the tensile strength measured in Example 2. Tensile
properties
were determined based on ASTM C297 and compressive properties were determined
based on ASTM C365 and ASTM D1621/1S0 844.
As can be seen from the results reported in Table E2 the use of 1336mzz(E)
blowing
agent, with a PEF polymer that had no tannin moieties present, produced a foam
that had a
dramatically and unexpectedly improved density compared to the foam made with
CO2, that is,
the density of the foam produced with 1336mzz(E) resulted in density value
that is about 2
times less than (about half of) the density of the CO2 blown foam. Furthermore
the use of the
trans1336mzz(E) also unexpectedly produced a foam that was dramatically
superior to even
the other HFO blowing agent foams tested in this example in terms of both
tensile and
compressive strength. For example, the foam blown with trans1336mzz(E) had
about a 2.5
times better tensile strength and about a 5 times better compressive strength
than the 1233zd
foam.
Example 4- PEF FOAM PREPARATION USING PEX1 AND trans-1336mzz as
BLOWING AGENT
Comparative Example 1 was repeated, except: (1) the CO2 blowing agent was
replaced,
on a molar equivalent basis with trans-1336ze; and (2) the pre-foaming
pressure was decreased
to 170 psig. The foam thus produced was observed to be a good, high quality
foam, and was
then tested and found to have the properties as reported in Table E4 below
(with the value of
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the mechanical properties again being reported as a ratio of the values for
1233zd in Example 2
as baseline of 1):
TABLE E4
Example Blowing RFD Avg. RELATIVE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Agent Cell
Size,
(rim)
RTS RTM RCS RCM
4 trans 0.12 130 6.52 5.32 2.55 1.51
1336mzz
As can be seen from the results reported in Table E2 the use of 1336mzz(E)
blowing agent, with
a PEF polymer that had no tannin moieties present, produced a foam that had a
dramatically
and unexpectedly improved density compared to the foam made with CO2. In
particular, the
density of the foam produced with 1336mzz(E) resulted in a density value that
is about 2 times
less than (about half of) the density of the CO2 blown foam. Furthermore the
use of the
trans1336mzz(E) also unexpectedly produced a foam that was superior to the
other HFO
blowing agent tested, especially in terms of tensile strength, with the
1336mzz(E) foam being
1.5 times better in tensile strength than the 1233zd foam.
Examples 5 - 9 ¨PEF FOAM PREPARATION USING PEF WITH MW OF 25,000 ¨
125,000
Comparative Example 1 is repeated, except that the conditions and materials
are altered
as indicted below in Table E5 through Table E9, using blowing agents shown in
the table on a
molar equivalent (i.e., within 15%) basis (with all values understood to be
"about" the indicated
value).
TABLE E5
Example Thermoplastic Blowing Foam Properties**
Properties* Agent
WT% MW RFD Strength Modulus Vol% Closed
PEF Cells
5A 85 25,000 1336mzz(E) <0.2 A A 50
5B 85 25,000 1336mzz(E) <0.2 A A 75
5C 85 25,000 1336mzz(E) <0.2 A A 90
5D 85 25,000 1336mzz(E) <0.2 A A 100
* VVT% PEF moieties in the polymer
**A - acceptable
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TABLE E6
Example Thermoplastic Blowing Foam Properties**
Properties Agent
WT% MW RFD Strength Modulus Vol% Closed
PEF* Cells
6A 85 50,000 1336mzz(E) <0.2 A
A 50
6B 85 50,000 1336mzz(E) <0.2 A
A 75
6C 85 50,000 1336mzz(E) <0.2 A
A 90
6D 85 50,000 1336mzz(E) <0.2 A
A 100
* VVT% PEF moieties in the polymer
**A - acceptable
TABLE E7
Example Thermoplastic Blowing Foam Properties**
Properties Agent
WT% MW RFD Strength Modulus Vol% Closed
PEF* Cells
7A 85 75,000 1336mzz(E) <0.2 A
A 50
7B 85 75,000 1336mzz(Z) <0.2 A
A 50
7C 85 75,000 1336mzz(E) <0.2 A
A 75
7D 85 75,000 1336mzz(E) <0.2 A
A 90
* WT% PEF moieties in the polymer
**A - acceptable
TABLE E8
Example Thermoplastic Blowing Foam Properties**
Properties Agent
WT% MW RFD Strength Modulus Vol% Closed
PEF* Cells
8A 85 100,000 1336mzz(E) <0.2
A A 50
8B 85 100,000 1336mzz(E) <0.2
A A 75
8C 85 100,000 1336mzz(E) <0.2
A A 90
8D 85 100,000 1336mzz(E) <0.2
A A 100
* WT% PEF moieties in the polymer
**A - acceptable
TABLE E9
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Example Thermoplastic Blowing Foam Properties**
Properties Agent
WT% MW RFD Strength Modulus Vol% Closed
PEF* Cells
9A 85 125,000 1336mzz(E) <0.2 A A 50
9B 85 125,000 1336mzz(E) <0.2 A A 75
9C 85 125,000 1336mzz(E) <0.2 A A 90
90 85 125,000 1336mzz(E) <0.2 A A 100
In each case in Tables E5 ¨ E9 above, the thermoplastic polymer used to make
the foam had
characteristics (measured in accordance with same procedures as identified
above in
Comparative Example 1) within the ranges indicated below:
Glass Transition Temperature ¨ 75 - 95 C
Melt Temperature ¨ 190 - 240 C
Decomposition Temperature ¨ 320 - 400 C
Crystallinity ¨ 30 - 60%
All foams thus produced according to these examples are observed to be foams
of
acceptable quality.
Comparative Example 2¨ PEF FOAM PREPARATION USING PEX1 AND HFC-134a
AS BLOWING AGENT
1 gram of PEX1 in a glass container was loaded into an autoclave and then
dried for
under vacuum for six (6) hours at 130 C. The dried polymer was then cooled to
room
temperature and placed in a glass container inside an autoclave. About 0.25
moles (25.3
grams) of R-134a blowing agent was then pumped into the autoclave containing
the dried
polymer, and then the autoclave was heated to bring the polymer to a melt
state at a
temperature of about 240 C and a pressure above about 570 psig. The
polymer/R134a blowing
agent was maintained in this melt state for about 1 hour and the temperature
and pressure of
the melt/blowing agent was then reduced over a period of about 5 ¨ 15 minutes
to about 190 C
and 570 psig (hereinafter referred to for convenience as pre-foaming
temperature and pre-
foaming pressure, respectively), and then maintained at about this temperature
and pressure for
a period of about 30 minutes to allow the amount of blowing agent incorporated
into the melt
under such conditions to reach equilibrium. The temperature and pressure in
the autoclave
were then reduced rapidly (over a period of about 10 seconds for the pressure
reduction and
about 1 ¨ 10 minutes for the temperature reduction using chilled water)) to
ambient conditions
(approximately 22 C and 1 atmosphere) and foaming occurred. The foam thus
produced had a
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relatively acceptable foam structure and was tested to determine relative foam
density (RFD)
and strength and modulus properties. The RFD of the foam was 0.12.
Example 10- PEF FOAM PREPARATION USING PEX1 AND trans-1336mzz as
BLOWING AGENT
Comparative Example 2 was repeated, except: (i) the HFC-134a blowing ¨agent
was
replaced in the process, on a molar equivalent basis, with tran51336mmzz; and
(ii) in two
separate runs the process conditions were modified in a manner to produce a
foam blowing
agent in the cells that was within 15% of the moles in the foam produced in
Comparative
Example 2. In particular, the foams thus produced using trans1336mzz according
to this
Example were observed to be acceptable foams and had RFD values that were
within about
15% of the RFD produced using HFC-134a in Comparative Example 2. The foam
produced
was tested to determine various properties, including strength and modulus
properties, and was
found to be dramatically superior to the foam made with HFC-134a in each of
the measured
property, as reported in Table El 0 below:
TABLE El0
Ex Blowing RFD Avg. RELATIVE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES*
Agent Cell
Size,
Pm
RTS RTM RCS RCM
C2 134a 0.12 1 1 1 1
10A trans1336mzz 0.12 130 150 10.7 35.6 15.2
10B trans1336mzz 0.13 65 57 10.7 25.3 16.9
*The relative mechanical properties reported in this Table E26 are compared to
the properties
from the foam produced with HFC-134a as the blowing agent in Comparative
Example 2.
As can be seen from TABLE El 0 above, on a molar equivalent of blowing agent
in the
foam (i.e., withing 15%), the foams made using cis1336mzz were surprisingly
and dramatically
superior to the foam made using HFC-134a in terms of all the physical strength
and modulus
properties tested. For example, the foam made with trans1336mzz produced a
foam with both
tensile and compressive strengths that were more than 10 times better than the
strength of
foam made with HFC-134a, while at the same time having compressive and tensile
modulus
that are more 3 times better than foam made using HFC-134a. This result shows
a dramatic and
unexpected improvement in physical properties of the foam.
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Comparative Example 3¨ PEF FOAM PREPARATION USING PEX1 AND
ISOPENTANE AS BLOWING AGENT
1 gram of PEX1 in a glass container was loaded into an autoclave and then
dried for
under vacuum for six (6) hours at 130 C. The dried polymer was then cooled to
room
temperature and placed in a glass container inside an autoclave. About 0.25
moles (27.8
grams) of isopentane blowing agent was then pumped into the autoclave
containing the dried
polymer, and then the autoclave was heated to bring the polymer to a melt
state at a
temperature of about 240 C and a pressure above about 443 psig. The
polymer/isopentane
blowing agent was maintained in this melt state for about 1 hour and the
temperature and
pressure of the melt/blowing agent was then reduced over a period of about 5 ¨
15 minutes to
about 190 C and 443 psig (hereinafter referred to for convenience as pre-
foaming temperature
and pre-foaming pressure, respectively), and then maintained at about this
temperature and
pressure for a period of about 30 minutes to allow the amount of blowing agent
incorporated into
the melt under such conditions to reach equilibrium. The temperature and
pressure in the
autoclave were then reduced rapidly (over a period of about 10 seconds for the
pressure
reduction and about 1 ¨ 10 minutes for the temperature reduction using chilled
water)) to
ambient conditions (approximately 22 C and 1 atmosphere) and foaming occurred.
The foam
thus produced had a relatively acceptable foam structure and was tested to
determine relative
foam density (RFD) and strength and modulus properties. The RFD of the foam
was 0.13.
Examples 11 ¨ 12- PEF FOAM PREPARATION USING PEX1 AND trans-1336mzz as
BLOWING AGENT
Comparative Example 3 was repeated, except: (i) the isopentane blowing agent
was
replaced in the process with trans1336mmzz(E) on a molar equivalent basis; and
(ii) in two
separate runs the process conditions were modified in a manner to produce a
foam having
moles of blowing agent within 30% of the moles of blowing agent in the foam in
Comparative
Example 3. In particular, the foams thus produced using trans1336mzz(E)
according to this
Example were observed to be acceptable foams and had RFD values that were
within about
15% of the RFD produced using isopentane in Comparative Example 3. The foam
produced
was tested to determine various properties, including strength and modulus
properties, and was
found to be dramatically superior in each of the measured property, as
reported in Table Ell
12 below:
TABLE E11-12
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Ex Blowing RFD Avg. RELATIVE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES*
Agent Cell
Size,
Pm
RTS RTM RCS RCM
C3 isopentane 0.12 1 1 1 1
11 trans1336mzz 0.12 130 1.57 17.8 1.2 7.6
12 trans1336mzz 0.13 65 0.6 1.2 1.1 0.76
*The relative mechanical properties reported in this Table El 1-12 are
compared to the
properties from the foam produced with isopentane as the blowing agent in
Comparative
Example 3.
As can be seen from TABLE Ell-12 above, the foams made using trans1336mzz were
surprisingly and dramatically superior to the foam made using isopentane in
terms of all physical
strength and modulus properties tested, except one. For example, the foam made
with
trans1336mzz produced a foam with both tensile and compressive moduli that
were more than
7 times better than the modulus of foam made with isopentane, while at the
same time having
compressive and tensile strength properties that were at least 20% better than
foam made using
isopentane, with only one exception_ This result shows that dramatic and
unexpected
improvement in physical properties of the foam can be achieved according to
the present
invention.
Example 13¨ PEF PREPARATION AT MW ABOUT 33,000 WITH PMDA CHAIN
EXTENDER AND SSP
A bio-based polyethylene furanoate homopolymer was prepared by esterification
and
polycondensation of 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid with mono ethylene glycol
according to known
methods to produce PEF homopolymer, which is then treated according to known
techniques
with the chain extender PM DA at 0.7% by weight and then subject to solid
state polymerization
according to known techniques to produce a PEF homopolymer. The PEF polymer
was tested
and found to have the following characteristics, using the same measurement
techniques as
described in Example 1:
Molecular Weight ¨ .=33,000
Glass Transition Temperature ¨ 90.5 C
Melt Temperature - 224 C
Decomposition Temperature ¨ 341 C
Crystallinity - 45%
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The PEF polymer so produced is referred to in these Examples as PEX13.
Comparative Example 4¨ PEF FOAM PREPARATION USING PEX13 AND CO2 AS
BLOWING AGENT
1 gram of PEX13 in a glass container was loaded into an autoclave and then
dried under
vacuum for six (6) hours at 130 C. The dried polymer was then cooled to room
temperature and
placed in a glass container inside an autoclave. About 0.25 moles (11 grams)
of CO2 blowing
agent was then pumped into the autoclave containing the dried polymer, and
then the autoclave
was heated to bring the polymer to a melt state at a temperature of about 240
C and a pressure
above about 242 psig. The polymer/CO2blowing agent was maintained in this melt
state for
about 1 hour and the temperature and pressure of the melt/blowing agent was
then reduced
over a period of about 5 ¨ 15 minutes to about 180 C and 242 psig (hereinafter
referred to for
convenience as pre-foaming temperature and pre-foaming pressure,
respectively), and then
maintained at about this temperature and pressure for a period of about 30
minutes to allow the
amount of blowing agent incorporated into the melt under such conditions to
reach equilibrium.
The temperature and pressure in the autoclave were then reduced rapidly (over
a period of
about 10 seconds for the pressure reduction and about 1 ¨ 10 minutes for the
temperature
reduction using chilled water)) to ambient conditions (approximately 22 C and
1 atmosphere)
and foaming occurred. The foam thus produced had a relatively acceptable foam
structure and
was tested to determine density, strength and modulus properties using the
same procedure as
described in Comparative Example 1. The foam produced in this Comparative
Example 5 had
an RFD of 0.09.
Example 14- 16 PEF FOAM PREPARATION USING PEX31 AND trans1336mzze as
BLOWING AGENT
Comparative Example 4 was repeated, except the CO2 blowing agent was replaced
in
the process with trans1336mzz(E) in three separate runs. The foam thus
produced using
trans1336mzz(E) according to this Example was observed to be an acceptable
foam and to
have an RFD that was within about 15 relative percent of the RFD produced
using CO2 in
Comparative Example 4. The foam produced was tested to determine various
properties,
including strength and modulus properties, and was found to be dramatically
superior in each of
the measured properties, as reported in Table E14-16 below:
TABLE E14 - 16
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Ex Blowing RFD Avg.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Agent Cell
Size,
pm
TS, Mpa TM, Mpa CS, CM,
Mpa
Mpa
C5 CO2 0.09 0.01 1.5 0.02
1.2
14 trans1336mzz 0.195 >1.33 41.3 1.44
14.3
(E)
15 trans1336mzz 0.153 0.88 35.3 0.49
14.9
(E)
16 trans1336mzz 0.206 1.14 36.6 1.16 15
(E)
AVG 29 - 31 0.185 1.09 37.7 1.03
14.7
As can be seen from TABLE E14-16 above the foams made using tran51336mzz had
surprisingly high values for the strength and modulus properties For example,
even though the
foam made with CO2 in Comparative Example 1 had a much higher density and was
made with
a polymer of much higher molecular weight, the foams of this Example have a
tensile strength
that is, on average, about 1.5 times the strength of the foams made with CO2
of Comparative
Example 1, and they have a compressive strength that is, on average, about 2
times the
strength of the foams made with CO2 of Comparative Example 1. This result is
unexpected.
Also, the foam made with trans1336mzz(E) produced foams with both tensile and
compressive
modulus that is at least 1.2 times the value produced using CO2. This result
is unexpected.
Examples 17 - 28 ¨ PEF FOAM PREPARATION USING PEF WITH MW OF 25,000 ¨
125,000 and Blowing Agent Comprising trans1336mzzand co-blowing agents
The foams made with 1336mzz(E) in Example 16 having a volume of closed cells
being
90% or greater are repeated, except that instead of using a blowing agent
consisting of
1336mzz(E), a co-blowing as indicated the following table is used to replace
portions of the
1336mzz(E) ranging from 5% to 45% on a molar basis, as indicated below in
Table E17 - 28
(with all values understood to be "about" the indicated value).
TABLE E17-28
Example Thermoplastic Co-Blowing
Foam Properties***
Properties Agent/amount
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(mole% of total
blowing agent)
WT% MW RFD Strength Modulus Vol%
PEF
Closed
Cells
17A 10 25,000¨ CO215% - 45% <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000
17B 20 25,000¨ CO215% - 45% <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000
17C 30 25,000¨ CO215% - 45% <0.2 jA IA
=>90
125,000
170 40 25,000¨ CO215% - 45% <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000
17E 50 25,000¨ CO215% - 45% <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000
17F 60 25,000¨ CO215% - 45% <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000
17G 70 25,000¨ CO215% - 45% <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000
17H 80 25,000¨ CO2/5% - 45% <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000
171 90 25,000¨ CO2/5% - 45% <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000
17J 100 25,000¨ CO2/5% - 45% <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000
18A 10 25,000¨ Butane*/5% - 45% <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000
18B 20 25,000¨ Butane*/5% - 45% <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000
18C 30 25,000¨ Butane*/5% - 45')/0 <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000
180 40 25,000¨ Butane*/5% - 45% <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000
18E 50 25,000¨ Butane*/5 /0 - 45 A) <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000
18F 60 25,000¨ Butane*/5')/0 - 45% <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000
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18G 70 25,000¨ Butane*/5% - 45% <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000
18H 80 25,000¨ Butane*/5% - 45% <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000
181 90 25,000¨ Butane/5% - 45% <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000
18J 100 25,000¨ Butane/5% - 45% <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000
19A 10 25,000¨ Pentane**/5% - <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 45%
19B 20 25,000¨ Pentane**/5% - <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 45%
19C 30 25,000¨ Pentane**/5% - <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 45%
190 40 25,000¨ Pentane**/5% - <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 45%
19E 50 25,000¨ Pentane**/5% - <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 45%
19F 60 25,000¨ Pentane**/5% - <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 45%
19G 70 25,000¨ Pentane**/5% - <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 45%
19H 80 25,000¨ Pentane**/5% - <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 45%
191 90 25,000¨ Pentane**/5% - <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 45%
19J 100 25,000¨ Pentane**/5% - <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 45%
20A 10 25,000¨ Methanol/5%- <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 45%
20B 20 25,000 ¨ Methanol/5% - <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 45%
20C 30 25,000 ¨ Methanol/5% - <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 45%
200 40 25,000 ¨ Methanol/5% - <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 45%
20E 50 25,000 ¨ Methanol/5% - <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 45%
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20F 60 25,000 - Methanol/5% - <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 45%
20G 70 25,000 - Methanol/5% - <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 45%
20H 80 25,000 - Methanol/5 i - <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 45%
201 90 25,000 - Methanol/5 i - <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 45%
20J 100 25,000 - Methanol/5% - <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 45%
21A 10 25,000- Ethanol/5%-45% <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000
21B 20 25,000- Ethanol/5%-45% <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000
21C 30 25,000 - Ethanol/5% - 45% <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000
21D 40 25,000- Ethanol/5 A) - 45% <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000
21E 50 25,000- Ethanol/5%-45% <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000
21F 60 25,000- Ethanol/5%-45% <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000
21G 70 25,000 - Ethanol/5% - 45% <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000
21H 80 25,000- Ethanol/5%-45% <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000
211 90 25,000- Ethanol/5 i - 45% <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000
21J 100 25,000 - Ethanol/5% - 45% <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000
22A 50 25,000 - Methyl <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 formate/5 /0 - 45%
22B 60 25,000 - Methyl <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 formate/5% - 45%
22C 70 25,000 - Methyl <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 formate/51Y - 45%
220 80 25,000 - Methyl <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 formate/5 /0- 45%
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22E 90 25,000 ¨ Methyl <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 formate/5% - 45%
22F 100 25,000¨ Methyl <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 formate/5 /0 - 45%
23A 10 25,000¨ Dimethyl <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 ether (DM E)/5 /0 -
45%
23B 20 25,000 ¨ Dimethyl <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 ether (DM E)/5 /0 -
45%
23C 30 25,000 ¨ Dimethyl <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 ether (DM E)/5 /0 -
45%
230 40 25,000 ¨ Dimethyl <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 ether (DM E)/5 /0 -
45%
23E 50 25,000 ¨ Dimethyl <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 ether (DM E)/5% -
45%
23F 60 25,000 ¨ DME/5 /0 - 45% <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000
23G 70 25,000 ¨ DME /5% -
45% <0.2 A A =>90
125,000
23H 80 25,000 ¨ DME /5% -
45% <0.2 A A =>90
125,000
231 90 25,000 ¨ DME /5% -
45% <0.2 A A =>90
125,000
23J 100 25,000¨ DME /5 /0 -
45% <0.2 A A =>90
125,000
24A 10 25,000¨ HFC-134a/5% -
<0.2 A A =>90
125,000 45%
24B 20 25,000¨ HFC-134a/5% -
<0.2 A A =>90
125,000 45%
24C 30 25,000¨ HFC-134a/5% -
<0.2 A A =>90
125,000 45%
240 40 25,000¨ HFC-134a/5% -
<0.2 A A =>90
125,000 45%
24E 50 25,000¨ HFC-134a/5% -
<0.2 A A =>90
125,000 45%
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24F 60 25,000¨ HFC-134a/5% - <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 45%
24G 70 25,000¨ HFC-134a/5% - <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 45%
24H 80 25,000¨ HFC-134a/5% - <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 45%
241 90 25,000¨ HFC-134a/5% - <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 45%
24J 100 25,000¨ HFC-134a/5% - <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 45%
25A 10 25,000¨ 1234ze(E)/5% - <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 45%
25B 20 25,000¨ 1234ze(E)/5% - <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 45%
25C 30 25,000¨ 1234ze(E)/5% - <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 45%
25D 40 25,000¨ 1234ze(E)/5% - <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 45%
25E 50 25,000¨ 1234ze(E)/5% - <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 45%
25F 60 25,000¨ 1234ze(E)/5% - <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 45%
25G 70 25,000¨ 1234ze(E)/5% - <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 45%
25H 80 25,000¨ 1234ze(E)/5% - <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 45%
251 90 25,000¨ 1234ze(E)/5% - <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 45%
25J 100 25,000¨ 1234ze(E)/5 /0 - <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 45%
26A 10 25,000¨ 1336mzz(Z)/5% - <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 45%
26B 20 25,000¨ 1336mzz(Z)/5% - <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 45%
26C 30 25,000¨ 1336mzz(Z)/5 /0 - <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 45%
260 40 25,000¨ 1336mzz(Z)/5% - <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 45%
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26E 50 25,000¨ 1336mzz(Z)/5% - <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 45%
26F 60 25,000¨ 1336mzz(Z)/5% - <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 45%
26G 70 25,000¨ 1336mzz(Z)/5% - <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 45%
26H 80 25,000¨ 1336mzz(Z)/5% - <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 45%
261 90 25,000¨ 1336mzz(Z)/5% - <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 45%
26J 100 25,000¨ 1336mzz(Z)/5% - <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 45%
27A 10 25,000¨ 1233zd(E)/5 /0 - <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 45%
27B 20 25,000¨ 1233zd(E)/5 /0 - <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 45%
27C 30 25,000¨ 1233zd(E)/5 /0 - <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 45%
270 40 25,000¨ 1233zd(E)/5 /0 - <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 45%
27E 50 25,000¨ 1233zd(E)/5 /0 - <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 45%
27F 60 25,000¨ 1233zd(E)/5 /0 - <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 45%
27G 70 25,000¨ 1233zd(E)/5 /0 - <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 45%
27H 80 25,000¨ 1233zd(E)/5% - <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 45%
271 90 25,000¨ 1233zd(E)/5 /0 - <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 45%
27J 100 25,000¨ 1233zd(E)/5 /0 - <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 45%
28A 10 25,000¨ 1224yd(Z)/5% - <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 45%
28B 20 25,000¨ 1224yd(Z)/5% - <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 45%
28C 30 25,000¨ 1224yd(Z)/5% - <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 45%
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28D 40 25,000¨ 1224yd(Z)/5% - <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 45%
28E 50 25,000¨ 1224yd(Z)/5% - <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 45%
28F 60 25,000¨ 1224yd(Z)/5 /0 - <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 45%
28G 70 25,000¨ 1224yd(Z)/5% - <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 45%
28H 80 25,000¨ 1224yd(Z)/5 /0 - <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 45%
281 90 25,000¨ 1224yd(Z)/5% - <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 45%
28J 100 25,000¨ 1224yd(Z)/5 /0 - <0.2 A A
=>90
125,000 45%
* butane refers separately and independently to each of iso and normal butane
** pentane refers separately and independently to each of iso, normal, neo and
cyclo-pentane
***A - acceptable
The following clauses provide descriptions within the scope of the present
invention.
Clause 1. A low-density, thermoplastic foam comprising:
(a) thermoplastic polymer cells comprising cell walls forming closed cells,
wherein ethylene furanoate moieties are at least 50% by weight of the
thermoplastic
polymer; and
(b) one or more HFOs having three or four carbon atoms and/or one or more
HFC0s having three or four carbon atoms contained in the closed cells.
Clause 2. The foam of clause 1 wherein said cell walls consisting essentially
of
polyethylene furanoate that has been treated with a chain extender.
Clause 3. The foam of clause 1 wherein said cell walls consist essentially of
polyethylene furanoate having a molecular weight of greater than 25,000.
Clause 4. The foam of clause 1 wherein ethylene furanoate moieties are at
least
70% by weight of the thermoplastic polymer.
Clause 5. The foam of clause 1 wherein ethylene furanoate moieties are at
least
90% by weight of the thermoplastic polymer.
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Clause 6. The foam of clause 1 wherein said foam has a relative foam density
(RFD) of about 0.2 or less.
Clause 7. The foam of clause 1 wherein said foam has a foam density of less
than 0.4 g/cc.
Clause 8. The foam of clause 1 wherein said foam has a foam density of less
than 0.2 g/cc.
Clause 9. The foam of clause 1 wherein said one or more blowing agents
contained in said closed cells comprise one or more of 1224yd, 1233zd(E),
1234yf,
1234ze(E), 1336mzz(E) and 1336mzz(Z).
Clause 10. The foam of clause 9 wherein said cell walls consist essentially of
polyethylene furanoate having a molecular weight of greater than 100,000.
Clause 11. The foam of clause 1 wherein said one or more blowing agents
contained in said closed cells comprise at least 1234ze(E).
Clause 12. The foam of clause 11 wherein said cell walls consist essentially
of
polyethylene furanoate having a molecular weight of greater than 100,000 and
wherein
said foam has a relative foam density (RFD) of about 0.2 or less.
Clause 13. The foam of clause 1 wherein said one or more blowing agents
contained in said closed cells comprise at least 1336mzz(Z).
Clause 14. The foam of clause 13 wherein said cell walls consist essentially
of
polyethylene furanoate having a molecular weight of greater than 100,000 and
wherein
said foam has a relative foam density (RFD) of about 0.2 or less.
Clause 15. The foam of clause 1 wherein said one or more blowing agents
contained in said closed cells comprise at least 1336mzz(Z) and/or 1234ze(E).
Clause 16. The foam of clause 15 wherein said cell walls consist essentially
of
polyethylene furanoate having a molecular weight of greater than 100,000 and
wherein
said foam has a relative foam density (RFD) of about 0.2 or less.
Clause 17. A wind energy turbine blade and/or nacelle comprising a foam
according to anyone of clauses 1 ¨ 16.
Clause 18. An automobile car wall comprising a foam according to anyone of
clauses 1 ¨ 16.
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Clause 19. A marine vessel comprising a foam according to anyone of clauses 1
¨16.
Clause 20. An aircraft or aerospace vessel comprising a foam according to
anyone of clauses 1 ¨ 16.
Clause 21. A low-density, thermoplastic foam comprising:
(a) thermoplastic polymer cells comprising cell walls forming closed cells,
wherein ethylene furanoate moieties are at least 50% by weight of the
thermoplastic
polymer; and
(b) one or more HFOs having three or four carbon atoms and/or one or more
HFC0s having three or four carbon atoms contained in the closed cells.
Clause 22. A low-density, thermoplastic foam comprising:
(a) closed thermoplastic cells comprising cell walls forming closed cells,
said cell
walls consisting essentially of polyethylene furanoate that has been treated
with a chain
extender and that has a molecular weight of greater than 25,000; and
(b) one or more HFOs having three or four carbon atoms and/or one or more
HFC0s having three or four carbon atoms contained in the closed cells.
Clause 23. A low-density, thermoplastic foam comprising:
(a) closed thermoplastic cells comprising cell walls comprising polyethylene
furanoate that has been treated with a chain extender and that has a molecular
weight
of greater than 25,000, wherein ethylene furanoate moieties are at least 70%
by weight
of the thermoplastic polymer; and
(b) one or more HFOs having three or four carbon atoms and/or one or more
HFC0s having three or four carbon atoms contained in the closed cells.
Clause 24. A low-density, closed-cell thermoplastic foam comprising:
(a) closed thermoplastic cells comprising cell walls comprising polyethylene
furanoate that has been treated with a chain extender and that has a molecular
weight
of greater than 25,000, wherein ethylene furanoate moieties are at least 90%
of the
thermoplastic contains ethylene furanoate moieties; and
(b) one or more HFOs having three or four carbon atoms and/or one or more
HFC0s having three or four carbon atoms contained in the closed cells.
Clause 25A. A includes low-density, closed-cell thermoplastic foam comprising:
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(a) closed thermoplastic cells comprising cell walls consisting essentially of
polyethylene furanoate that has been treated with a chain extender; and
(b) a blowing agent contained in said closed cells,
wherein said foam has a relative foam density (RFD) of about 0.2 or less and a
foam
density of less than 0.3 g/cc.
Clause 25B. A includes low-density, thermoplastic foam comprising:
(a) thermoplastic polymer cells comprising cell walls wherein at least about
50%
by volume of the cells are closed cells and wherein ethylene furanoate
moieties are at
least 50% by weight of the thermoplastic polymer; and
(b) one or more HFOs having three or four carbon atoms and/or one or more
HFC0s having three or four carbon atoms contained in the closed cells.
Clause 25C. A includes low-density, thermoplastic foam comprising:
(a) thermoplastic polymer cells comprising cell walls comprising polyethylene
furanoate that has been treated with a chain extender and that has a molecular
weight
of greater than 25,000, wherein ethylene furanoate moieties are at least 50%
of the
thermoplastic and wherein at least about 50% by volume of the cells are closed
cells;
and
(b) one or more HFOs having three or four carbon atoms and/or one or more
HFC0s having three or four carbon atoms contained in the closed cells.
Clause 250. A includes low-density, thermoplastic foam comprising:
(a) thermoplastic polymer cells comprising cell walls comprising polyethylene
furanoate that has been treated with a chain extender and that has a molecular
weight
of greater than 25,000, wherein ethylene furanoate moieties are at least 50%
of the
thermoplastic and wherein at least about 75% by volume of the cells are closed
cells;
and
(b) one or more HFOs having three or four carbon atoms and/or one or more
HFC0s having three or four carbon atoms contained in the closed cells.
Clause 25E. A includes low-density, thermoplastic foam comprising:
(a) thermoplastic polymer cells comprising cell walls comprising polyethylene
furanoate that has been treated with a chain extender and that has a molecular
weight
of greater than 25,000, wherein ethylene furanoate moieties are at least 50%
of the
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thermoplastic and wherein at least about 90% by volume of the cells are closed
cells;
and
(b) one or more HFOs having three or four carbon atoms and/or one or more
HFCOs having three or four carbon atoms contained in the closed cells.
Clause 26. A includes low-density, closed-cell thermoplastic foam comprising:
(a) closed thermoplastic cells comprising cell walls consisting essentially of
polyethylene furanoate that has been treated with a chain extender; and
(b) a blowing agent contained in said closed cells,
wherein said foam has an RFD of about 0.2 or less and a density of less than
0.3 g/cc.
Clause 27. A low-density, closed-cell thermoplastic foam comprising:
(a) closed thermoplastic cells comprising cell walls consisting essentially of
polyethylene furanoate that has been treated with a chain extender; and
(b) a blowing agent contained in said closed cells,
wherein said foam has a density of less than 0.25 g/cc.
Clause 28A. A low-density, closed-cell thermoplastic foam comprising:
(a) thermoplastic polymer cells comprising cell walls comprising polyethylene
furanoate that has been treated with a chain extender and that has a molecular
weight
of greater than 50,000, wherein ethylene furanoate moieties are at least 50%
of the
thermoplastic and wherein at least about 50% by volume of the cells are closed
cells;
and
(b) one or more HFOs having three or four carbon atoms and/or one or more
HFC0s having three or four carbon atoms contained in the closed cells.
Clause 28B. A low-density, closed-cell thermoplastic foam comprising:
(a) thermoplastic polymer cells comprising cell walls comprising polyethylene
furanoate that has been treated with a chain extender and that has a molecular
weight
of greater than 50,000, wherein ethylene furanoate moieties are at least 50%
of the
thermoplastic and wherein at least about 75% by volume of the cells are closed
cells;
and
(b) one or more HFOs having three or four carbon atoms and/or one or more
HFC0s having three or four carbon atoms contained in the closed cells.
Clause 28C. A low-density, closed-cell thermoplastic foam comprising:
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(a) closed thermoplastic cells comprising cell walls consisting essentially of
polyethylene furanoate that has been treated with a chain extender and that
has a
molecular weight of greater than 100,000; and
(b) a blowing agent contained in said closed cells, wherein said foam has a
density of less than 0.3 g/cc.
Clause 29 A low-density, closed-cell thermoplastic foam comprising:
(a) closed thermoplastic cells comprising cell walls consisting essentially of
polyethylene furanoate that has been treated with a chain extender; and
(b) a blowing agent contained in said closed cells and comprising one or more
HFOs having three or four carbon atoms and/or one or more HFC0s having three
or
four carbon atoms, wherein said foam has a density of less than 0.3 g/cc.
Clause 30. A low-density, closed-cell thermoplastic foam comprising:
(a) closed thermoplastic cells comprising cell walls consisting essentially of
polyethylene furanoate that has been treated with a chain extender; and
(b) a blowing agent contained said closed cells and comprising one or more
HFOs having three or four carbon atoms and/or one or more HFC0s having three
or
four carbon atoms, wherein said foam has a density of less than 0.25 g/cc.
Clause 31. A low-density, closed-cell thermoplastic foam comprising:
(a) thermoplastic polymer cells comprising cell walls forming closed cells,
wherein ethylene furanoate moieties are at least 50% by weight of the
thermoplastic
polymer and wherein said thermoplastic comprises polyethylene furanoate-based
polymer that has been treated with a chain extender and that has a molecular
weight of
greater than 25,000; and
(b) one or more blowing agents contained in said closed cells, said blowing
agent
comprising one or more of 1224yd, 1233zd(E), 1234yf, 1234ze(E), 1336mzz(E) and
1336mzz(Z).
Clause 32. A low-density, closed-cell thermoplastic foam comprising:
(a) thermoplastic polymer cells comprising cell walls forming closed cells,
wherein ethylene furanoate moieties are at least 70% by weight of the
thermoplastic
polymer and wherein said thermoplastic comprises polyethylene furanoate-based
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polymer that has been treated with a chain extender and that has a molecular
weight of
greater than 100,000; and
(b) one or more blowing agents contained in said closed cells, said blowing
agent
comprising one or more of 1224yd, 1233zd(E), 1234yf, 1234ze(E), 1336mzz(E) and
1336mzz(Z).
Clause 33. A low-density, closed-cell thermoplastic foam comprising:
(a) thermoplastic polymer cells comprising cell walls forming closed cells,
wherein ethylene furanoate moieties are at least 90% by weight of the
thermoplastic
polymer and wherein said thermoplastic comprises polyethylene furanoate-based
polymer that has been treated with a chain extender and that has a molecular
weight of
greater than 100,000; and
(b) one or more blowing agents contained in said closed cells, said blowing
agent
comprising one or more of 1224yd, 1233zd(E), 1234yf, 1234ze(E), 1336mzz(E) and
1336mzz(Z).
Clause 34. A low-density, closed-cell thermoplastic foam comprising:
(a) thermoplastic polymer cells comprising cell walls forming closed cells,
wherein ethylene furanoate moieties are at least 90% by weight of the
thermoplastic
polymer and wherein said thermoplastic comprises has a molecular weight of
greater
than 100,000; and
(b) one or more blowing agents contained in said closed cells, said blowing
agent
comprising one or more of 1234ze(E), 1336mzz(E) and 1336mzz(Z).
Clause 35. A low-density, closed-cell thermoplastic foam comprising:
(a) thermoplastic polymer cells comprising cell walls forming closed cells,
wherein ethylene furanoate moieties are at least 90% by weight of the
thermoplastic
polymer and wherein said thermoplastic comprises has a molecular weight of
greater
than 100,000; and
(b) one or more blowing agents contained in said closed cells, said blowing
agent
consisting essentially of 1234ze(E).
Clause 36. A includes low-density, closed-cell thermoplastic foam comprising:
(a) thermoplastic polymer cells comprising cell walls forming closed cells,
wherein ethylene furanoate moieties are at least 90% by weight of the
thermoplastic
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polymer and wherein said thermoplastic comprises has a molecular weight of
greater
than 100,000; and
(b) one or more blowing agents contained in said closed cells, said blowing
agent
consisting essentially of 1336mzz(E).
Clause 37. A low-density, closed-cell thermoplastic foam comprising:
(a) closed thermoplastic cells comprising cell walls consisting essentially of
polyethylene furanoate; and
(b) trans-1234ze contained in said closed cells,
wherein said foam has a density of less than 0.3 g/cc.
Clause 38. A low-density, closed-cell thermoplastic foam comprising:
(a) closed thermoplastic cells comprising cell walls consisting essentially of
polyethylene furanoate; and
(b) HF0-1234yf contained in said closed cells,
wherein said foam has a density of less than 0.3 g/cc.
Clause 39. A low-density, closed-cell thermoplastic foam comprising:
(a) closed thermoplastic cells comprising cells walls consisting essentially
of
polyethylene furanoate; and
(b) 1336mzz(E) contained in said closed cells,
wherein said foam has a density of less than 0.3 g/cc.
Clause 40. A low-density, closed-cell thermoplastic foam comprising:
(a) closed thermoplastic cells comprising cells walls consisting essentially
of
polyethylene furanoate; and
(b) 1336mzz(Z) contained in said closed cells,
wherein said foam has a density of less than 0.3 g/cc.
Clause 41. A low-density, closed-cell thermoplastic foam comprising:
(a) closed thermoplastic cells comprising cells walls consisting essentially
of
polyethylene furanoate; and
(b) 1224yd contained in said closed cells,
wherein said foam has a density of less than 0.3 g/cc.
Clause 42. A foamable thermoplastic compositions comprising:
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(a) thermoplastic material consisting essentially of polyethylene furanoate
that
has been treated with a chain extender and that has a molecular weight of
greater than 25,000, wherein at least 50% of the thermoplastic contains
ethylene furanoate moieties; and
(b) one or more HFOs having three or four carbon atoms and/or one or more
HFC0s having three or four carbon atoms.
Clause 43. A foamable thermoplastic compositions comprising:
(a) thermoplastic material consisting essentially of polyethylene furanoate
having a
molecular weight of greater than 100,000, wherein at least 50% of the
thermoplastic contains ethylene furanoate moieties;
(b) one or more HFOs having three or four carbon atoms and/or one or more
HFC0s having three or four carbon atoms.
Clause 44. A foamable thermoplastic compositions comprising:
(a) thermoplastic material consisting essentially of chain-extended
polyethylene
furanoate having a molecular weight of greater than 100,000, wherein at least
90% of the thermoplastic contains ethylene furanoate moieties; and
(b) one or more HFOs having three or four carbon atoms and/or one or more
HFC0s having three or four carbon atoms contained in said closed cells.
Clause 45. Methods for forming thermoplastic foam comprising foaming a
foamable
composition of the present invention, including each of Clauses 42 ¨ 44.
Clause 46. Methods for forming extruded thermoplastic foam comprising
extruding
a foamable composition of the present invention, including each of Clauses 42
¨ 44.
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