Note : Les descriptions sont présentées dans la langue officielle dans laquelle elles ont été soumises.
~2~7
~rhQ invention rl31a~s ~o ~ .pment ~or ~ Qning o~ r~ ald/or
8Wi~ Ar~ t~ xailro~d ltle~, usln~ tl~ plat~ ~nâ~or rlb~d
pl~tes, ln wl~l~h ~h~ tle pla~ and/o~ ribt3~d ~lal;~ ar~ ~onneotl3d
~o thQ tie~, ~pax~icul~rly ~t-~el ~ie~, wll:h in~ermedla~e ~onneca~ion
o~ el~ctrlc~l lnR~ on, an~ ~n~ul~in~ lay~r~ ~r~ pro~vi~ed ln tho
~a~ten~ng ar~a o~ the ribbed nnd~c)r ti~ pl~e~, wh~re~r b~w~en th~
n~ ~-ho rlbbed and~oY~ late ~k l~a~t two l~yar~ o~
o el~ctr~cally ln~ul~lng D~ arlal ~ro ~ounted.
A r~ a~t~nln~ ad~ m fro~n ~E-08 as 27 ~Y~, in whl~h
an Qla~ a~t~nin~ o~ the ~ o ~ho ~le2~ i~ provl~d. ~ho
ralls thom~olv~ were ~6~eWeld ~0 a ril~bed an~Jor ti~ plat~ wi~h
int~rmRdlata ~onnec:tion o~ an intor~nR~ia~e la~er o~ al21~tl~
~aterial and the ribb~ ~lat~ w~ ~cr~w~ to ~he tie wlt~ ~nt~
mediate ~oml~tion o~ ~n addlt~nal e1a~io lay~ which w~s ap~liAd
Ae a coatin~ or~ th~ un~er~ of ~he tie pla~e and~v~ ~ib~ed pl~
~l~o ~rom D~-08 37 0~ ~52~ ~n sla6ti~ snd ~mul~a~eou~ly ad~u~tabl~
rail fa~ten~ng o~ ~hi3 ~ c~n b~ ieound, w~ereby hsra a~in the
ribba~ ~na/or ~iB plate i~ ;:ol~n~o~d ~o ~h~ tie ~i~h ir.te~n~3d~a1c~
co~nQotion o~ vibr~tion ~nd ~tru~ur6~-bs~rn~ nois~ damplng/ a~ w~ll
a~ eleat~ically ~n3ulat~n~, ln~ dlate plate3. ~he main t~ X
the6e l~nown const~lc~tlonE~ arly the ~3la~tic P~t~nitlg oP tl~,
whereby pasti~ul~ y ln ~h~ o~ DE-08 37 08 752 khere w~ al~o
the purpo~ o~ ~reatlng ~n ~ tr1 cally ln~:ul~tin~ cor3n~0tlon .
Wi~h moclern elec~ronlc ~ign~l tower~ r~e nu~e~ of ~ign~ls ar~
~canned ;!lnd ~n~ t~d ~ th~ vaourr~nae o~ ~ur~c~ ge
ourren~ mu~t h~ ~ell~ly pre~ t~ tiotlla~ly ln ~oor w~athQ~,
lt ha~ be~n ~hown khat ~h~ ~no~n s~mpl3 ~y~ o~ ctr~ ~al
5 in~ulAtion are no~ a~ll3 to de~endal~ly pr2v~nt thi~ typR o~E sur~e
l~:akaga ~urren~ . P~2ti~u~rly ln ~OnnQ ~ n w~h i~a~a~ sign~l
towers, ln whi~h hl~h ~reSlu~n~y ~n~ u~ o bo :celi~ly
lnsul~ted, ~ha known ~r~lon~ a~ sub~ct ~ mal~uno~l~n during ~
weather. Particularly wh~n $ho ~el~o~ion ~ pl~tl~ mad~ wlth
10 r~s~t ~o the~r ~la~ia d~mplng charaote~ist~, op~muYn in~ula~
t~on ~,falua~ cannot: al~ayo b~ aahloeved in ~h~ a~m~ w~y.
An ~ G~lc~ly ln~ula~ln~ ~a~ o~ ~allro~d ~ X~ ha~ ~lecom~
known ~rcD~ OS 14 5S ~4 ~hexeby b~w~en ~wo lrlsul~tl~ lay~
1~ below ~he rail~oot, an ~l~q~ y ~ondu~lv~ intermedl~te l~y~r
ls pr~vi~ed in ~rde~ ~o b~ a~ GO det~ na by maa~ur~m~nt th~
in~aulation et~u~ Qi~ e~Gh ~ndiv$du~1 ~pa~r. Thus $or thi~ puxpo~e
an ~dditional con~uc~-lnq andfor ~a~urirlg fiystem mu~t be ~'caoha~
~o ~aoh ln~ltridua~ ~paoor, wh0r~by the n~ r o~ aata to
ao proco~e~ is ~ur~h~r l~crqa~d ~nd b~cau~e o~ the pras~rlçe o~
o~dd~os~Al 002~a~ yo~ w~ n th~ u~at~on, th~ ~orn~at~or~
~f unde~ra~ ignal~ an~ fi~uY~a~ a~ag~ current~ ~ in~r~a~d.
~ he goal o~ tha inv~n~ion 1~ now to ore~t~ ~ d~ e o~ th~ typ~
2s m~ntioned Zlt the beglnnin~ with whi~h al~a~io~l ~n~ulation o~n b~
mAintainsd ~ven un~e~ un~or~bla wea~h~r oen~ltion~ And whi~h
a~ U ~ I \ L) y ~ U ;~ J - ~ U ; 2 - 1 1 F M ; 2 ~ 2 ~ ~ 2 J ~ 61 3 2 3 0 8 ~ 21, # 5
add~tionally p~rmlt~ ~he dam~?iny b~ha~or o~ ~h~ r~ A~enlng to
b~ approprl~t~ly optlmize~ i~ nece3~ry. ~ lve thi~ t~k, ~ho
devi~a ~cc~r~ng to ~he 1llvll3ntion baLslcally con~ia~ o~ tho $j~1LO~
~ha~ ~ho ele~tric~Llly in~ulatlr~ yl~r~ lylng ~ver ~Qh ~h~r arQ
fo~n~d i!!L~ pleLta wlth E3ur~aLc~ a~e;~ Idi~r~nt Prom ~ch o~hex ~n~
tha~ th~ up~r ln~ul~L~ing ~lat~ ~urned towar~ th~ ra~ro~d ~le
pro~e~ts ove~ ~h~ oir4umf~x~no~ o~ ~:he in~ul~ing pl~te lying below
i~, pre~erably on ~ ide~ nc~ be~wl3gn ~bbe~ and ~le plat~
ana tie I ~ lea~ ~wo ~ 3claal~y ln~ul~ n~ layers lyirl~ ove~
0 ea~h oth~r ~r~ ~un~ed., th~e 1~9 fo~ onQ th~ th~ po~3ib~1ity ~
3~1eotlng ~t l~a~t one o~ ~has~ pl~t~ in~p~nder~tly o~ ~h~ da~ d
~mping, c:orrespondling to th~ 2e~1r~ ~nsul~lon capablll~y o~ th~
~atlar~al. ~sa~u~ oP ~ha $a~ ~h~t now t~ro plat~ lyln~ ov3~ h
othar oan ho u~ad, th~ ~on~tru~ion a~n ~lial~ly pr~vQnt
15 ~nd~ abl~ ~ur~ e l~k~a ~ur~ents ~u~lng d~mp weather oond~-
tlons 7 1~1 th2-t at l~t on~ 4;~ ~h~ pl~ h~ ur~a~-a ar~
di~ar~nt ~rom thQ o'cher pl~ts. In th~$ way, ~ st3~ X~ ~dge
pro~ils i~ achiev~d whic:h coun~rao~ ~ha ~o~ma'cion o~ a our~inuou3
~ lm o~ ~luid which in turn ~roul~ exhlbi~ con~uctivity. A
2~1 particul~ly ~eotive inEIulation ~An b~ ~c2~iev~d in th~ w~y
bec;~lu~ o~ tho ~a~ ~hat ~ upper ~n~ula~lng pl~t~ tu~nad tow~r~
the ti~P pro~c~ o~ e~ ~h~ qir~ enc~e~ o~ ~h~ ~n~ulatin~ pl~ta
lylng abova i~, pre~Qr~bly or~ all ~l~e~. ~n thi~ ~ay, ~ ~ho~lder
edg~ ~urn~ ow~rd~ th~ ~nsid~ ~etween th~ upper plat~ and ~h~
lowe~ pl~ ormed, Which ~l~eady prsvent~ th~ tion
aontinuous fluid :ellT~ durlr~g ha~vy ~in ~howe~r~ by ~r~vlty. irh~
, , ., , . " " ., . ~ . , ~ ~ ~ ~ V ~ " " ~ L ~ U ~ (~ L L V V 1 ~ I J L ~ U ~
g ~
oon~truc~ion c:~n pr~q~bly ~ ~ade ln ~uch a w~y ~hat the
clrcum:e~ren~a o~ ~he ~ rg~ nsula~ing pl~te 1~ d~lgn~
a ~raining ~d~aJ wh~reby th~ l~we~ plat~ 11 ru~nln~ ~ n tho
peripheral dir~o~lon ~h~ ~6 next ~o ~e ~1~ o~n ~e kep~ ~r~ o~
5 ths dlre~t e~PQ~ o~ r~n waterO
he a~odlm~nl: ~cording ~c~ ~e ~nventl~n ~hu~ ha~ ~he ~d~n~ge
tha't lt c:an b3 used not only ~n conn~c~i~n wlth ste~l ti~ in ~ho
~uper~ tu~Q, l:ut that t~ ~a~e ~on~ ion 413ment~ ~an ~a la8~1
10 ~or d~g~ren~ ti~ dssign~. ~n p~rtic:ula~ ~h~ ~ama ~a~ {nin~
~l~m~nt~ ~r~ al80 U~ U~ r aon~e~ ia~, wh~ n~u~lly ~c~ not
ha-t~ th~ e~a ln~ula~i~n Gapabll~ty r~quir~m~n~s a~ in ~teel ~
A uniform $y~3~e~ of~ rlbbe~ 'ce~ th ~l~mping pl~ 03: ~en~ion
lS plat~ and ~ 002ra~pordl~ t~n~ng by ~pr~ng Eilemqln~sl 1iX~ ~or
axampl~ pan~ol ~ nlrlg o~ ~h~ 1 lka ~ ~o~ tie~ o~ di~rent
ma'cer~al w~th ~imul~n~ou~ ashlevem~n~ o~ tl~ mos~ prao~i~al
~n~ulaklon ~r~lu~ in ~'ce~l ~le~ pa~ic~llarly ~avorA~le ~or
~f~io~ ~nlt ~ upsr~tructur~.
2Q
~h~ ition ~ttin~ o~ l~h~ pla~e i~ ~an~ only ~one ln th~
last pha~a o~ con~ tion w~t~ ~hi~ typ~ o~ mo~ ~r 11310 ~ lo
r~ tenin~ ~nd aB ~ rU~ ~ it iE~ n~ ary ~o 1~ lign ~he
already tigh~l~r $~stene~ rall~ In or~r ~o b~ a~l~ to ~aP~ly
25 maintain tha ln~ Ation s::har~qterl6tla~s, par~i~ul~r~y whan steal
~l~s ar~ d, ~V~ urin~ ~hi~ ~yp~ oP positlon corr~lon during
t ~ u L V ~ v ~ V ' V ~ J V U U ~
2 ~ '7
~h~ ~n~l fa~tenln~, ~he er~o~l~ent 1~ aons~ruo~ ad~antageou~ly
in ~hat on at ls~a~ ;:n3 n~rr~w ~ld~ o~ tno t~ îa~ th~ h~
~upport ~lamen~ and~ car~ler~ An~ ~hzl~ ~n~ul~ tri~ are
mount~ b~tws~n ~he ~ppor~ ent~ ~n~ ~he ~d~aq~n~ nArrow ~d~
5 of tho t~e pla~e ~nd/or r~bbe~ pl~ qount~ ng t~ typ~ o~
addi~lonal, ins~la~ing ~ b~tw~n ~he r~ bbed plætes and th~
~upp~xt ~l~ment~ arl~for aa~rl~r~ in~url~s ~h~l: ev~ll with s~l~se~ent
lateral ~llg~lac:e~ent ~o~ p-lrpo~ o~ al ~nm~nt o~ tha rall~, th~
ribbed pl~t~o oahno~ c:orAa dlr~atly ~r~ as:~ntEIot with ~h~ ~u3~port
10 ~1Q~nt~ ~nd~o~ ~arrl~r~ ~ha~ ara ri~ldly ~a~t~ned 4~1 ~he ~t~el
ra~ 1~, ox exam~le by ~ n~ A p~r1:ioula~ly eta~lo an~ ~p~r~
d~hla ~n~ul~tlon in ~hl~ rAl ar~ o~ ~he tla and~o2~ d
plate ~an ~ a~hioY~d ln th;~ ~he ~upE~o~t ~l~m~nt~ ~nd~'o~ ~arrio~3
ar~ ~o~ o~ ~upl;3o~t ~k~ip~ rii gl~lly o~nn~ d ~o th~ ; par -
15 ~ ularly w~ld~ orm~n~ ~n op~n ~bli~ n~ o ~aoh s~h~r ~tth~ naxro~ ~de o~ th~ t~ pl~a ~n~/~r ~ibb~ plat~, And ~h~t the
in~ulat~n~ ~t~lp~ ~r~ d~ ned a~ pla~ th~t ~r~ w~d~-
~hap~d when ~iews~ rom ~he to~, th~ w0d~ an~l~ o~ whi~h GO~-
respond~ ~o the o)~l ~qu~ ans~ etw~n ~he~ su~por~ ~trip~ ~ W~th
20 this typQ o~ e~odlm~nt, ~v~n hi~ ad~u~ n~ ~or~ nnc~t lead to
a dl~ tion oP ~ha ln~ulat$on.
F~n~lly~ ln ~ known we~y, ~h~ t~on ~n th~ ~rea o~ the ~olt~
~hat conrlec~ tha ti.~ pla~ o th~ ~le oan be mad~ ln ~u~h a way
2~ tha~ ths bolt~ co~i~e~;lng th~ ti~ pl~t~ nd/or r~bb~d E~late~ to
tho ti~ can be ~onl~0ct~ ~o ~h6~ w~tl~ interm~di~t~ ~onn~tion
3 ~:
oS ~ n~ul~tlng bll~hings an~ ~:over~d on ~h~lr h~ad ~l~e wlth
ln~ul~tlng c~po, wh~r~by thl~ type o~ ln~ulal:lng ~u~hing~ ~u~
prsvent d lr~t ~on~c~ct o~ ~h0 bolt~ to th~ lnn~r edg~ o$ t:h~
cor~spond~ny op~ning oP tha ~1Q pla~3 an~Jor rl~bad pl~o ~ w~ll
5 a~ th~ upp~ and low~r edg~ o~ thl~ opening~ In the ar~a o~ th~
~ower adge, howf3~f~r, the ~n~ ion con~i~tlng o~ et l~a~ two
plates ~ g loc~te~, whereby in ~hle ~r~a th~ d~nger o~ ~o~m~ng
conductiv~ bridg~ i3 prev~nt~d . Al~o ~ n th~ ~r~a o~ th~
recesB~s ~ ~hB ~t~uckur~ c~n b~ ~ad~ gor preYention 0~ ~ur~A
la~kage 4urr~n~ in ~uoh ~ w~y th~ ~h~ upp~r pl~te ~xtend~ ove~
ths ~dg~ o~ th~ e~ o~ th~ ln~ tlrlg plate lylng X~R1.0W lt~
Flnally, addl~lon~l pro~ectlon aan b~ a~h~ by pl~clng an
lna~la~ng o~p on tha outsld~ o~ th~ h~d.
1~ ~hQ lnverlt~on wlll b~ explalned ~n rtlore d~t~il us~ x~mpl~
~r~bod~nt~ own ~ h~mat~ lly 1n th~ dr~win~. In ~he~, Flso 1
~ho~ a vl~w o~ ~uipment ac~or~llng ~o th~ imr~nt~on ~or ~6tenlng
r~ an~,~or ~wi~c:h part~ t~ tLe~, ~axt~lly ln Pro~ çtion: ~ig~
2 ~ to~ vl~w in tha direotion ~ ~rrow ~I o~ the de~n ~ocor~ng
~o ~c Fiq. l, wh~re~y ~ 9 r~pro~en~ ~ vl~w ~n the dir~o~lon o~
~rrow I o~, FigO ~ ~nd Fi~. 3 ar~ enlarg~ p~rti~ tlon ~h~oug~
A mo~ d ~o~ n~ .
In tha de~gn ~ccord.ln~ to Fig. 1I ri~b~d plate 4 i~ a~e~d to
25 ~ ~esl ~$~ rioally lnsulat~d ~ro~n th~ y m~rs 5~
~hrs~ded oonn~tions 5 wl~h lnter~dlate conn~ot~on o~ two pla3tio
., . . ~ L ' ~ ; L U L ~ 3 L ~ () U ~
in~er~nedi~te l~y~r~ 2 and 3, whi~h have ~ trioal ln~ul~tion
~haracteri~tlc~ and dampin~ ch~act~rlstic~. ~ rall 8 i~ fe.~t~n~d
to 'cha r~b2~e~ pl~te ~nd/o~ tie pla~e 4 by in~an~ o~ cla~nping pl~t~
7, hooke~ olt~ a and d~u~ pring wa~ha~s g wilth ~nta~adi~t~
5 cormectlon o~ an ~l~et~c pl~tl~ int~!rmct!ltate layer 10.
~he lay~r~ ~, 3 o~ el~ctri~ally ln~ulatin~ mat~rl~l pro~d~d.
between ti~ 1 and the rlbbed ~nd/or tie pl~t~ ~ hav~ di~r~nt
~ur~ace a~e~, whereby tho up~Y ln~ul~tlng pl~c0 3 næx~ ~o ~h~
1~ ribbed plat~ ~ ex~e~d~ beyon~ th~ oiraum~a~n~ o$ tha plat~ ~
ly~n~ bslow 1~ on ~ ida~ ~nd ~ ~oxmea ~B ~ ~raitlllng ~e ln
o~der t~ a~h~ve ~el~bl~ dra~n~g~ o~ a ll~id ~ilm directly ~rom
~he itl~ulatln~ l~ye~ ~ to th~ tie 1 ~l~hou~ ~orm~t~on o~ a
con~inuouo li~ film be~Gws~rl the rl~b~d pl~t~ ~ an~ th~ ti~ lc
lS Also th~ ~hr~ded ~onn~otor ~ t be d~sî~ned ln ~uoh a way ~,8. to
ma~nt~in the ln~ulatio~ b~twe~n t21e ti~ ~ ~n~ ~h~ ~ib~a~ plat~
andfor tle plate 4, whe~by a bu6~a~ng ll i~ prov~ded whlah i~;
in~all~ in khe appropri7lte ~as~ o~ t~e ri~bed pl~ nd
which prevent~ ~ont~ct o~ khs ~hraada~ ~onne -tis: n ~orm~3d, Pc3r
~0 example, a~ a hooXe~ bol~ 13, to tha ribb~d pl~te ~nd/or ti~ pl~t~
wlth ln~er~di~te conn~o~ion o~ ~ ~prlrl~ w~6h~r 14. ~hrou~h the
app~oprlate de~ n o~ bueh-~ng ~1~ the ~crew 13 ~ well as th~
~prln~ wa~har 14 ~r~e thu~ ~lectric~lly ir.~ul~t~d ~rom th~
rib~ an~Jor ~la pl~t~ 4~ In oxd~r ~o pr~v~nt ~ntry o~ dampn~
~nd/or con~am~natlon ~nto ~h~ ~r~ o~ th4 threade~ ~onn2a~10n ~v~n
L ' I 1~ 1 I L ~ V I ~J L ~ .J V U L 1 1 t~ I V
durin~ bad weathe~ ~onAi~-ion~, tha oarew 13 1~ c:ov~r~df aPt3x 1
1B 'cigbten~d, by an ~n~ul~tiny oap 15.
Th~ spriny w~he~ ~hat a~ ~g~ln ~or~ed a~ dQubled ~pr~ng wa~h~r~
5 1~ helva a ~igni~ n~l~ g~g~r epring excur~ion the~n t~ pl~ti~
lay~r~ 2 ~n~ 3~ wh8~eby ~ ~a~ a~to~y po81~ion sta~le mollnt~ng ie~
a~u~Qd 2ven under dynAm~c load wh~n th~ pa~8~ ovar.
~hs ~uppor~ el~ an~/o~ c~ri~r~3 16 th2lt 3~2 r~gi~ly ce~nn~ol;~ad,
pstti~ula~ly wsld~, to ~he ~1Q 1 A~e p~ovld~3d on one si~ o~ th~
ri~b~d and/or ~ pl~:o ~, w~rfaby ln~ul~tln~ ~rip~ ~nd~oa~ inserts
17 ~re proYidad to ma~n~ n ~h~ ln~ulA~lon b~twsen ~ho ~i~ pl~
Rnd/o~ rlbbqd pla~ 4 ~nd ~h~ tl~ 1. The ~uppor~ slem~n~ andfor
a~rriQr~ Po~ n obtuo~ ~n~lo to ~oh othRX~ A~l ~an p~tioularly
ba ~on f~o~ 2, ~her~y ~or ~a~e m~ln~nan~ e i~ula-
tion, tha ln~ul~ting s~r~p~ and~or inoula~in~ in~rt~ 17 in the~ top
~rlew are ~or~n~d ~IY ba~ ly wed~e-~hap~d p~ 8, ~h~ b~ed~ ~n~l~
o~ whl~L corre~pond~ t~ ~h~ o1~kuse angle ~ betwe~n th~ eupp~r
~trip~ 3nd/o~ ~arri~ra 16.
~0 ~ .
Tho i!~ddlkion~ support oloment~ ~d~or caxrl~ ar~ u~l3d
~boorb Judden ~02~ , ao c~ omstlm~ ol~; c u~ ~lth m~ah~
~d~u~ng, vi~ ~hl3 ln~ul~ti~ ~u~port e~ ants 1~ 8d~1tlon,
by appropria~e ~alac~tion o~ th~ dlm~n~:~on~ o~the insu~tl~g 3trip~
and/or ~he ln~ulatin~ m~t~ 17"~ or~n oo~npon~nt~ o~n be uP,~d
~in~a th~ ad~u~tm~rlt ~ility o~ the ~a~enin~ po~ition o~' the
~2~
rib~ a.nd~o~ ~$e pla~e a, to the ~l~e 1 i~ mad~3 po~lbl@~ ~or
orderly moun~ln~, th~ in~ulA~ing ~tx~lp 1~ can ~a de~l~n~d ~co b~
sl4~k~d ln ~h~a ~r~a o~ th~ rge~ inl3u~ 1n~ layer 3 ~o th~: th~
in~ul~in~ lay~r 3 p~r~i~lly engage~ ;Ln ~h~ ~n~u~ n~ ~t~p 17
lndi~tQd ln Flg. 1.
In the modi~ied emb~im~nt ~h~wn in ~i~. 3, ~ ~ollar-~hap~d
in~ulatln~ l~ushin~ usQd, in~o ~hioh th~ ~prin~ ~a~h~ 14
pArt~ ally ~ip~ h~ thr~d~d ~onnec~on 1~ thuE~ pro~lde~ ~o~
10 ~a~t~nin~ ~h~ ~lbbQ~ ~nd~or tl~ pla~e 4 to ~ con6re~s tiq 1~ Eind
tha lower eleotrla~lly ln~ul~ting l~yer 2 ls ~orm~ in ~ mo~ d
~ay~ Tha ele~r~ally ln~ula~ln~ lay~r ~ x~ to khe~ be~ ~nd~
tl~ pla~ ag~in 0~ t;B ~a ~La~g~ ur~a~ ~n o~r ~o ~oun1:~raa~
th~ ~ox~atlon o~! liquld ~l~m~ ~n~ ~hu~ o~ ~ur~a~ a)cag~ ~urr~nt~
lS Again, ~ plas~ ap ~n 1~ p~oY;ld~d over bolt ~
~he ~a~deenlng o~ ths rail 6 ~o the ri'Db~d andf~r ~ plat~ d can
al~o, ~nstead o~ thR ~mbod~Qnt shown ln Fig~ ~, bs d~s~ned uoing
ten~lon clamps ~n~ hooX~d bol~, with ~p~ing cllp~ or with pas drol
ao al~ , wher~by the dl~en~on ~n~ the nu~nber ~ th~ pla~e ~hreAd~d
a~nnection~ a~d tho ~pin~ ~luo~ o~ ~h~ o~rie~ n~ul~ting
pl~at~o ln~ ediat~ ~ye~ 2, 3 4an ~e ~dap~3d ~o thq ~e~p~c~lv~
regui~eraent~
