Note : Les descriptions sont présentées dans la langue officielle dans laquelle elles ont été soumises.
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BO-2528
Muni S. Ramakrishnan
28 Lanthorn Road
Northborough, MA 01532
_MPROVED DRY GRINDING W}~BEL
BacX~rou~d o~ the Invention:
This invention relates to organic bonded grinding wheels and
specifically to wheels in which the abrasive particles comprise
seeded sol gel alpha alumina in the form of extruded filamentary
par~icles.
It has been known from the teachings of US Patent 3,041,156
tna- the treatment of alumina abrasive particles with an organo-
silane prior to formation of an organic bonded wheel results in a
lo wheel that performs better in a wet grinding application by
comparison with a wheel in which the particles have received no
such treatment. This was believed to be because the particles
were thereby protected from the action of water during the
grinding action that perhaps would result in significant
deterioration of that surface. This reasoning was supported by
the observation that little or no improvement was observed in dry
grinding applications when a silane treatment was used.
With the development of sol gel alumina abrasive particl s,
and particularly seeded sol gel alpha alumina abrasive particles
which are characterized by sub-micron sized crystal structures,
the practice of treating particles to be incorporated into an
organic bonded wheel with an organo-silane has continued, and
essentially the same results have been observed.
Recently, however, new abrasive particles have been
developed which, while being formed from a seeded sol gel alpha
alumina, made as described for example in US Patent 4,623,364,
e~hibit a behavior that is quite atypical of alumina abrasive
particles in organ:ic grinding wheels. These new particles have a
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subst~ntially constant cross-section along one dimension and an
aspect ratio along that direction (that is the ratio of the
length to the greatest cross-sectional dimension), of at least
about one. They are typically made by extrusion of a seeded sol
gel material that forms alpha alumina upon firing. Their
behavior is unusual and unexpected because the dry grinding
performanca can be significantly improved by treating ~he
particles to provide them with a silicon enriched surface. As
indicated above, the prior experience has been that placing such
a coating on particles for use in a dry grinding wheel applica-
tion would have little or no effect.
Descri7tion of the Invention
The present invention provides an abrasive article compris-
ing an organic bond material and abrasive particles formed of
sub-micron si~ed crystals of a seeded sol gel alpha alumina, said
particles having a substantially constant cross-section in one
dimension and an aspect ratio in that dimension of at least about
one, and having a silicon-enriched surface.
When the surface of the particles is described as "silicon-
enriched", it is implied that the surface of the particles has a
silicon content that is at least an order of magnitude greater
than the body of the particles. The silicon is in the form of a
silicon-containing compound and, in the finished abrasive
product, this may be silica, although this is not in~ariably the
case. Usually the body will contain only trace amounts of
silicon or a silicon-containing compound, whereas the surface
~ill have a coating extending over at least a significant part of
the particle surface area of silica or a silicon-containing
material.
The coating can be applied as an organo-silane compound,
preferably one that contains functional groups that aid in
producing a unifo~n coating over the particle surface. Such
functional groups include, for example: amino, acrylic,
methacrylic, vinyl and mercapto. Alternatively, the silicon can
be applied as colloidal or fumed silica or, in the form of a
compound such as a silicon ether, silicon ester, silicone or
silicate.
The ~ond that is used can be any resinous formulation useful
for the formation of organic bonded abrasive articles. These are
often based on phenolic resins and particularly resols. They
may, however, comprise other components such as novolacs, urea/
formaldehyde resins, cross-linking aclditives, elastomers,
fillers, grinding aids and the like.
The silicon-containing compound may ~e applied by any
convenient procedure such as immersion of the particles in a
solution, sol, colloidal dispersion, or other fine dispersion of
the compound. The particles can also be tumbled with a fiIl21y
divided form of the compound. It may also be dssirable to
include with the compound an additive that will enhance the
adhesion of the compound to the particles.
The prererred additives are amino-silanes such as those
available commercially from Union Carbide as A-llO0 and Dow
Corning as Z 6032.
The abrasive particles comprise seeded sol gel alpha alumina
particles and preferably have a density that is at least 95~ of
the theoretical density. They preferably have a hardness that is
at least 18 Gpa, although densities of as low as 16 ~pa can, on
occasions, be useful. The shape of the particles, however,
appears to be critical in securing the advantages of the
invention. The reason for this dependance is not fully
understood but it may relate to the generally micro-crac~ free
surface of particles that are formed by a shaping process, as
opposed to being formed by crushing larger bodies. The shaping
-
process results in a ge~erally constant cross-sectional shape
along one dimension and an aspect ratio of at least about one.
The cross-section can be any convenient shape such as round,
oval, square, triangular, star-shaped and the like. Deviations
from this constancy of cross-sectional shape may be tolerated,
such as would result from the accretion of relatively small
particles to the outside surface of the abrasive particles, so
long as the basic underlying shape remains essentially constant.
Generally, a round cross-section is preferred for its simplicity.
The greatest dimension of the cross-section is conveniently
expressed as a grit size and this ca;n range from 16 to about 400
or more. With decreasing size, however, it becomes more
di_ficult to produce such shaped particles such that the
preferred sizes are from about 20 to about 240 grit. Although in
certain applications, a very coarse grit gives very desirable
r~sults, it is found that in other situations finer grits such as
r~i'l50 to about 240 can display even greater superiority. ~ *~
The aspect ratio of the particles can be from about 1 to
about lO or even higher. The higher ratios, however, raise
handling problems and, particularly in coated abrasive
applications, are difficult to orient appropriately with
conventional application techniques. It is, therefore, usual to
use particles with aspect ratios of from about 3 to about 6.
The seeded sol gel abrasive particles can be used in
admixture with other abrasives such as fused alumina, fused
alumina-zirconia, silicon carbide, CBN, and friable filler/
abrasive particles such as bubble alumina and conventional
mineral particles such as cryolite and the like.
h
The for~ of the abrasive product can be a wheel or wheel
segment or any other form of abrasive tool. It can also be a
coated abrasive belt or pad with the abrasive particles held on a
usually flexible substrate by a maker coat, and overlaid with a
size coat.
It is found that the advantages of the invention are
observed most clearly when the product is used in very aggressive
grinding conditions. As the pressure or the downfeed is reduced,
the advantages tend to reduce or sometimes disappear.
DescriDtion of Preferred Embodiments
The invention is now described with referencs to the
following Examples which are for the purpose or illustration only
and are intended to imply no necessary limitation on the
essential scope of the invention.
Example 1:
A number of wheels were produced using extruded seeded sol
gel abrasive particles with a grit size of 24 and an aspect ratio
of about 1.7. In each case, the bond used was Norton Company's
B65 system and active fillers were used. The proportions of each
component were kept constant.
The only difference between the wheels was that one, (A),
received a coating of Union Carbide's A 1100 amino-silane to a
level of 0.05% by weight of the grain, a second, (B), had similar
amount of Dow Corning's Z 6032 amino-silane and the third,
(Comp.), received no treatment at all.
The silane was applied to the grain in the form of a 25%
aqueous solution which was added in the amo~nt necessary to give
an application level of 0.05% by weight. This was mixed for 15
minutes and then placed in an oven at 140 degrees centigrade for
12-24 hours to drive off the water.
The wheels wer- 406.4 mm x 3.3 mm x 25.4 mm in size and had
rough sides. The test performed was a cut-off test on a Stone M-
150 cut-off machine operating in dry mode. The wheel speed was
2865 rpm and three break-in cuts were made berore measurements
were made. The test bars were 38 mm diameter 304 stainless
steel. Cuts wPre made at 2.5 sec/cut and 4.0 sec/cut. Different
wheels were used for each cut ratP. A total of 30 cu~s were made
with each wheel and two wheels of each type were tested. The
average of all the parameters measured for each wheel type was
calculated and the results are set forth in Table 1 below.
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Tabl~ 1 Cut-~ff ~est Re3ults
Wheel Time/Cut A . T . Avg . G Std . E Rel.G Rel.Pow.
Sec. mm Ratio Dev. kw % %
Comp. 1 2 5 3.28 3.27 0.4 10.9 lOo ~00
4.0 3.33 5.51 0.39 7.2 100 100
4.0 3.25 _ _ .. _
I __ _= _
¦A 2.5 3.28 8.42 0.01 11.35 258 104
2.5 3.28 _ __
I _ _
= ~ ~ 3.28 9.94 0.32 7 77 180
5 B 2 5 3.23 7.33 0.68 11.33 224 104
= ~ ~ 3.23 9.52 0.57 7.77 1 173
In the above Table:
' A.T. indicates average thicXness of the wheel
and therefore of the cut made;
Avg. G Ratio is the metal removal rate divided
~y the wheel wear rate over the thirty cuts
made with each wheel and averaged for the two
wheels tested;
Std. Dev. indicates the standard deviation from
average G Ratio value reported;
' E is the average of the power consumed in
making the thirty cuts with each wheel; and
Rel.G and Pow. give the % improvement over
Comp. 1 shown by A and B.
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From the aoove data, it can clearly be seen that the silane
treatment produces an improvement of the order of 100% in the
grinding ratio at a comparable power draw-down.
Example 2:
In this Example, a Taguchi-style study of four variables was
made. These variables were:
Resin Bond: Two bonds were used, the bond used in
Example 1 and a second phenolic resin bond identified by
the Norton designation "B25".
Wheel Thic~ness: 3.3mm and 4.1mm.
Cut Rate: 2.5, 3.5, and 4.5 sec/cut.
Silane Treatment: With and without the treatmeni described in
Example 1.
The result showed that the G Ratio for untreated grits was
11.2650, whereas the treated grain product showed a G Ratio of
16.2145. This represents a 44% improvement.
Example 3:
This Example is essentially a repeat of Example 1, with the
exception that 36 grit abrasive grains were used. In addition,
very aggressive cutting conditions were used. At a one second per
cut rate for a T grade wheel made from grains that had been pre-
treated with the A-llO0 amino-silane, the G Ratio measured was 125%
of that measured for a similar wheel in which the grains had not
been pre-treated with the amino-silane. However, when the cut rate
was reduced to 2.5 seconds, there was no significant differ~nce in
the measured G Ratio. This result may also reflect a decreasing
impact of the amino-silane treatment on the G Ratio with decreasing
grit size.
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Example 4:
This Example is similar to that reported in ExampLe 2 and is
based on a Taguchi designed series of tests with the results set
forth in an ANOVA level average table as shown in Table 2 below.
. -- . =
T~ble 2: G-~Ratio
_ _
Aggressive Cut Mixed Cuts l
I
Treatment 24 Grit 36 Grit 24 G it 36 Grit l
. I
w/A1100 12.2959.985 18.375 12.6925
_ _ I
None 7.9208.765 4.415 12.3794
In the above Table 2, the silane treatment was as described in
Example 1, the "aggressive" cut rate was one second per cut and the
"mixed" cut rate averaged the values obtained at the aggressive
rate (one), and thre~ at slower, less aggressive rates (2.S sec.).
From this data, it can be seen that the advantage of the
silane treatment is most apparent when the wheel is used at
aggressive cut rates and with coarser grit sizes.
Example 5:
This Example demonstrates that the degree of improvement shown
in Example l, in the context of extruded filamentary grains, is not
shown in conventional crushed grain of similar grit size under
similar grinding conditions.
Essentially the same test as is described in Example 1 is used
to evaluate wheels containing standard crushed seeded sol gel
alumina grain abrasive (24 grit), from Norton Company, on 1018
steel and 304 steel. The wheels were formed under identical
conditions except that one set received a silane treatment as
described in Example 1 and a second set did not. The sets o~
wheels were then subjected to side-~y-side tests at a variety of
grinding conditions. The results are set forth in Table 3.
Su~strate/ ¦ G-Ratlo at Specified Cut Rate
Treatment 2 sec/cut 3.5 sec/cut 4 sec/cut
_ _ . . _ _
1018 Steel
o Treat. 6 89 _ 10.98 ____
Silane Traat. 6.49 10.97 ____
_ _ _ I
304 Steel l
_ _ I
No Treat. 7.90 ____ 12.94
Silane Treat. ¦8.17 ¦ ____ ¦ 13.69
As can be seen from the above, the silane treatment has only
an insignificant effect at the aggressive grinding conditions,
whereas the same t.eatment produces a spectacular improvement with
i5 the filamentary abrasive particles.
Example 6:
This Example illustrates the effect of varying the amount OI
silane used on the grinding performance of an organic wheel com-
prising filamentary sol gel alumina abrasive particles.
The same silane treatment was used as is described in Example
1 with the difference that 1/2x, lx, 2x, 5x, and lOx silane
addition levels in the treatment solution described in Example 1
were used. Thus, for example, 1/2x indicates that enough silane
was added to provide a coating of 0.025% (1/2x 0.05%), of the
silane, based on the weight of the grain. The results on 301 steel
at 1 sec/cut and 4 sec/cut grinding rates are shown in Table 4
below. The results at the higher rate are given in parentheses.
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Table 4
Silane Metal Removal Rel. G-Ratio % Rel. Power
Treatment in3/min.
None _ 100 (100) 100 (100)
I 1/2x 5.g8 (3.29) 2417 (200) 124 (123)
lx 6.08 ~3.36)__ _ 2408 (133) l2~ 9_
I .. . _ _
2x 5.89 (3.36) 2016 (134) 120 (115)
I . _ ~
5x 6.03 (3.36) 2016 (160) _ 116 (127)
I lOx 6.08 (3.36) 1~14 (160) 116 (111)
These results indicate that heavier silane trsatments are not
necessarily advantageous in terms of higher G-Ratio or lower power
consumption. Indeed, there seems to be little advantage in using a
silane addition level over about 0.1% by weight of the grain.
E2ample 7:
This Example shows the advantage from the use of the silane
treatment when the grain particles have been previously treated
with a conventional iron oxide/glass frit treatment to coat the
grains with a coarse textured ceramic layer designed to improve
adhesion between the organic bond and the abrasive particles. As
in Example 1, enough of the same silane was added to give a coating
on the grain equivalent to 0. 05% of the grain weight. The results
of the grinding test, performed on 301 steel using the procedure
set forth in Example 1, are set forth in Table 5 below.
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¦ ~able 5
I _ _ _ _
¦Silane Metal Removal Rel. G-Ratio % Rel. Power %
¦1 sec/cutin3/min. _ _
r None ~ 5.98 100 100
Troated 6.08 1090 113
I _
4 sec/cut _ _ _
I None 3.42 100 100
¦ Treated 3.47 _ 232 _ 120
As will be seen, the same pattern of advantage is also shown
with thesQ treated abrasives as was demonstrated above.
