Note : Les descriptions sont présentées dans la langue officielle dans laquelle elles ont été soumises.
CA 02062026 2002-04-25
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Improved Ductility Microalloyed
NiAl Intermetallic Compounds
This invention relates to nickel aluminide alloys
for use in aircraft gas turbine engines, and more
particularly to beta phase NiAl nickel aluminide alloyed
with chromium, molybdenum, yttrium and optionally gallium,
for use in airfoil applications and turbine disk
applications, operated at elevated temperatures in order to
increase performance and efficiency.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to intermetallic
compounds based on beta phase NiAl nickel aluminide alloyed
with chromium, molybdenum, yttrium and optionally gallium.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
There is a constant demand for improved, lightweight
high temperature materials for use in gas turbine engines
typically used in aircraft. Much effort has been directed
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to superalloys based on iron, nickel and cobalt. However,
another area having a great amount of potential is that of
intermetallic compounds.
Intermetallic compounds, frequently referred to simply
as intermetallics, are compounds of metals having particular
crystal structures which are different from those of the
component metals. Intermetallics have ordered atom
distribution. Although the bonding of intermetallics is
still predominantly metallic bonding, making them less
brittle than ceramics., they still tend to be brittle at
ambient temperature. These ordered structures exist over
specific composition ranges and exhibit high melting points
while having the potential for good strength, despite having
low ductilities or fracture toughnesses at ambient
temperature. T~ypica7. intermetallics include TiAl, Ti3Al,
Ni3A1 and NiAl.
The NiAl system is of particular interest. It is
particularly attractive for use as a turbine airfoil. These
airfoils typically are made from nickel base superalloys.
However, NiAl i.ntermetallics offer reduced density, up to
33% lower, and higher thermal conductivity, up to 300%, as
compared to nickel base superalloys. However, the low
ductility of Ni.Al int:ermetallics, less than 1% between room
temperature ands about: 600°F, has impeded the implementation
of NiAl intermeaallica as a viable substitute for nickel
base alloys.
Although many investigations have been directed to
improvements and refinements in Ni3Al, investigations into
improvements in NiAl have been somewhat limited. For
example, Liu et. al., in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,612,165 and
4,731,221, have: investigated ductility improvements in Ni3A1
having less than 24._°°>% by weight of aluminum by additions of
effective amounts of boron plus additions of 0.35 to 1.5% of
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hafnium, zirconium, iron and combinations thereof.
Similarly, Huanc~ et al., in U.S. Patent No. 4,478,791,
explored improveaments in the ductility of Ni3A1
intermetallics by additions of small amounts of boron.
The NiAl intermetallic system has also been studied.
Most work has bE~en directed to improving ambient temperature
ductility of Ni~~l. Law et al, in U.S. Patent No. 4,961,905
have investigatEad improvements in the ductility and
toughness of thE: inte:rmetallic at low temperatures by adding
at least 10 at.~~ cobalt in order to cause the formation of
the L10 martens:itic p'.hase. Rudy and Sauthoff, in their
paper, "Creep BEahaviour of the Ordered Intermetallic
(Fe,Ni)A1 Phase", Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc., Vol. 39
(1985), discuss creep behavior of NiAl intermetallics
containing at least 10 at.% iron, and conclude that the
creep resistance: of these brittle alloys is at a maximum at
to at.% iron.
Law and Blackburn have studied the effects of gallium
additions in po~,~crystalline NiAl. In their Final Air Force
Report AFWAL-TR~-87-4102 (December 1987) entitled "Rapidly
Solidified Lighitweight Durable Disk Material" , gallium
contents as low as 0.5% were added to beta NiAl, with no
ductility impro~~ements being observed in polycrystalline
NiAl.
Barrett et al., U.S. Patent No. 4,610,736, added small
amounts of zirconium, 0.05% to 0.25% by weight, to NiAl to
improve the cyc:Lic oxidation resistance of NiAl as a
coating. Grala et al. report in "Investigations of NiAl and
Ni3Al", Mechani~~al Properties of Intermetallic Compounds,
(1960) that additions of 0.5% by weight molybdenum resulted
in a heavy grain boundary precipitate, but lowered the
brittle-ductile transition temperature of NiAl to room
temperature, th~areby improving ductility to about 1.9%.
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It would be desirable if intermetallic compounds could
be alloyed in a manner so as to improve the room temperature
ductility of Ni~A1 intermetallics, while maintaining the
ordered atomic structure of the intermetallic, which
contributes to ouch desirable characteristics as high
temperature tensile strength, high melting point and
excellent therm~31 conductivity.
SUMMARY
The alloys of the present invention are improved
ductility NiAl nickel aluminides alloyed with small amounts
of yttrium, optionally gallium and an element selected from
the group consisting of chromium and molybdenum and
combinations thereof. The alloys are beta phase
intermetallics and yttrium, chromium, molybdenum and
optionally gallium are included as alloying additions in
these NiAl inte:rmetallics having about equiatomic amounts of
aluminum and ni~~kel.
NiAl, containing from about 45 at% to about 59 at% Ni,
forms a single ;phase intermetallic, referred to as the beta
phase. This phase field exists up to its melting point,
about 2950oF-3000oF, although the compositional limits of
the nickel and aluminum will vary slightly with temperature.
In its broadest embodiment, the alloys of the present
invention are beta phase NiAl intermetallics comprising, in
atomic percent, at least about 48% nickel, about 0.01% to
about 0.25% yttrium, optionally about 0.01% to about 0.15%
gallium and about 0.05% to about 4% of an element selected
from the group consisting of chromium and molybdenum. The
chromium and molybdenum may be present individually in an
alloy or in combination, up to about 4%. A nickel aluminide
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intermetallic alloyed in accordance with the present
invention displays improved room temperature ductility and
plastic strain.
Because of the improved ductility, articles having the
composition of 'the NiAl intermetallic of the present
invention are suitable for use in turbine engine
applications. 'the other favorable properties of these NiAl
intermetallics, when coupled with this improved ductility
make such articles suitable for use as turbine disks. In
single crystal form, these articles are suitable for use as
turbine airfoils. In the <110> direction, such articles
prepared from these alloys display a room temperature
plastic strain, in tension, of at least about 2%.
An advanta~3e of the present invention is significantly
improved room temperature ductility over conventional NiAl
alloys not containing the combination of the elements of
chromium or molybdenum, yttrium and optionally gallium. The
alloys of the present invention display improved room
temperature plastic strain over NiAl intermetallics having
only one of the alloying elements of the present invention,
or having the alloying elements of the present invention in
atomic percentages greater than that contemplated by the
present inventi~~n.
Another advantage of the alloy of the present invention
is that it has a low density, about 0.210 lbs/in3 making it
very suitable f~~r use as an airfoil or as a turbine disk in
a turbine engine due to the significant decrease in density
over current alloys.
Other advantages include excellent oxidation resistance
and a simple ordered crystal structure, the crystal
structure being a body-centered cubic crystal structure of
the CsCl type, lhaving potentially easier plastic deformation
as compared to .other intermetallic compounds. Oxidation
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resistance may be further increased by the addition of small
amounts of zirconium, for example, 0.1 at.%.
The term "balanc:e essentially aluminum" as used herein,
includes in addition to aluminum in the balance of the
alloy, small amounts of impurities and incidental elements,
which in character and/or amount do not adversely affect the
advantageous aspects of the alloy. These impurities are
generally present in amounts less than 100 ppm each.
Typical impurities include carbon, from 15 to 60 ppm;
oxygen, from 40 to 100 ppm: sulphur, from about 1 to about 2
ppm; boron, from about 5 to about 6 ppm: and nitrogen, from
about 1 to about 3 ppm. Other impurities may include
silicon, copper and cobalt.
As used herein, yield strength ("Y. S.") is the 0.2%
offset yield strength corresponding to the stress required
to produce a plastic strain of 0.2% in a tensile specimen
that is tested in accordance with ASTM Specification E8
("Standard Methods of Tension Testing of Metallic
Materials," Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 03.01, pp.
130-150, 1984) or eqmivalent method. The term ksi
represents a unit of stress equal to 1,000 pounds per square
inch. Plastic strain is defined as inelastic strain prior
to failure in tension at room temperature when tested in
accordance with ASTM Specification E8.
The intermetallics of the present invention may also be
processed by any suitable single crystal growth method that
does not result in excessive impurities, which would
otherwise affect the mechanical properties. The
intermetallics of the present invention may be used to
fabricate airfoils for use in gas turbine engines. These
airfoils include both. rotating compressor blades and turbine
blades mounted on turbine disks as well as static vanes.
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Other features a.nd advantages of the present invention
will be apparent from the following more detailed
description of the preferred embodiment which illustrate the
principles of the invention.
Detailed Description of the Invention
Pursuant to the present invention, beta phase NiAl
intermetallics alloyed with yttrium, and chromium or
molybdenum and optionally gallium having improved room
temperature ductility and plastic strain are disclosed. The
preferred NiAl intermetallics are single crystals,
comprising, in atomic: percent, at least about 48% nickel,
about 0.01% to about 0.25% yttrium, optionally up to about
0.15% gallium a.nd about 0.05% to about 4% of an element
selected from t:he group consisting of chromium, molybdenum
and combinations of chromium and molybdenum. However, the
total quantity of elEaments in the NiAl intermetallic, apart
from nickel anct aluminum, should not exceed more than about
5 atomic percent. Furthermore, these intermetallics are
characterized by a room temperature plastic strain, in
tension, of at least about 2%. These unexpectedly high
plastic strain values are associated with the relatively
small quantities of alloying elements, in accordance with
the present invention, the plastic strain values at room
temperature decreasing with increasing elemental additions
to the NiAl. Surprisingly, the combination of alloying
elements in the: proportions of the present invention
produces improved plastic strain values than when the
alloying elements are present as ternary additions, and not
present in comx~ination.
One of the: potential applications of the intermetallic
alloys of the ~~reseni~ invention is as a turbine disk for a
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gas turbine engine. Another potential application of the
intermetallic alloys of the present invention is, in single
crystal form, as airfoils for a gas turbine engine. Among
the advantages of Nil~,l is low density. The NiAl
intermetallic of the present invention has a density of
0.210 lbs/in3. This density is about two thirds of the
density of current nickel base superalloys. This lower
density results in a lighter part. For example, when the
airfoil is a rotating turbine blade, not only is the weight
of the turbine blade reduced by the use of a NiAl
intermetallic, but the weight of the turbine disk is also
reduced due to the lower stresses on the disk.
The thermal conductivity of the NiAl of the present
invention also represents an improvement over the thermal
conductivity of superalloys currently employed. This
property is important: when the part is used at elevated
temperatures, for example, as a high pressure turbine blade.
The improved thermal conductivity permits better heat
distribution anal eliminates potential life limiting hot
spots.
The NiAl nickel aluminide intermetallic of the present
invention is a simple ordered structure based on body
centered cubic (bcc) structure, with nickel located at the
corners, and aluminum located at the body-centered site.
For the intermetallica of the present invention, the
alloying elements generally have been substituted for
aluminum. However, ~rhen the solubility limit of chromium or
molybdenum in NiAl is. reached, alpha-chromium or
alpha-molybdenum will be precipitated throughout the beta
phase. The solubility limit at room temperature of chromium
in the beta phase is about 1 atomic percent, and the
solubility limit of molybdenum in the beta phase is about
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0.1 atomic percent. Thus, for stoichiometric NiAl, it is
believed that the addition of the alloying elements result
in the replacement of A1 in the structure.
The alloys of the present invention were produced by
combining high purity elemental material in the appropriate
amounts and by :induction melting under an argon atmosphere.
The induction melted charge is then remelted in a
directional solidification furnace under an argon atmosphere
to prevent the vaporization of A1, and solidified as single
crystals using 'the well-known Bridgman Withdrawal Process,
although any otlher single crystal growth process may be
used.
Impurities were maintained at low levels, measured in
parts per million ("ppm"), so that their presence may be
characterized as trace. These trace elements were generally
interstitial elements such as oxygen, nitrogen, carbon,
sulphur and boron, and are present in amounts of less than
100 ppm by weight of each impurity. Silicon is present up
to as high as 1000 ppm.
The examples set forth below are illustrative of
compositions within the scope of the present invention.
Example 1
A NiAl intermeta.llic having a nominal composition, in
atomic percent, of at. least about 50% nickel, about 1%
chromium, about 0.1% yttrium and the balance essentially
aluminum, was prepared by the methods described above. The
composition of this alloy, including a melt tolerance for
each element, was about 0.5% to about 1.5% chromium, about
0.05% to about 0.15% yttrium, at least about 50% nickel and
the balance essentially aluminum. A single crystal alloy of
this nominal composition has a room temperature plastic
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strain of about 2.97% in the <110> direction. This plastic
strain is a significant improvement over the 0.21% plastic
strain of a NiA:I intermetallic having the same nominal
composition, but with no yttrium.
Example 2
A NiAl intermetallic having a nominal composition, in
atomic percent, of at least about 50% nickel, about 0.1%
molybdenum, about 0.05% gallium about 0.1% yttrium and the
balance essentially aluminum, was prepared by the methods
described above. The composition of this alloy, including a
melt tolerance :Eor each element, was about 0.05% to about
0.15% molybdenum, about 0.05% to about 0.15% yttrium, about
0.01% to about X0.15% gallium, at least about 50% nickel and
the balance essentially aluminum. A single crystal alloy of
this nominal composition has a room temperature plastic
strain of about 3.53% in the <110> direction. This plastic
strain is a significant improvement as compared to the
plastic strain ~of NiAl ternary alloys containing only one of
the alloying elements.
Example 3
A NiAl intermetallic having a nominal composition, in
atomic percent, of at least about 50% nickel, about 0.1%
molybdenum, about 0.1% gallium about 0.1% yttrium and the
balance essentially aluminum, is prepared by the methods
described above. The composition of this alloy, including a
melt tolerance for each element, is about 0.05% to about
0.15% molybdenum, about 0.05% to about 0.15% yttrium, about
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0.05% to about 0.15% gallium, at least about 50% nickel and
the balance essentially aluminum. A single crystal alloy of
this nominal composition will have a room temperature
plastic strain above at least 2%, in the range of about 3%
to about 3.5%, in the <110> direction.
Example 4
A NiAl intermetallic having a composition, including a
melt tolerance for each element in atomic percent, of at
least about 50% nickel, about 0.05% chromium to about 4%
chromium, about 0.01% to about 0.25% yttrium, optionally up
to about 0.15% gallium and the balance essentially aluminum,
is prepared by the methods described above. Preferably, the
chromium is present in an amount from about 0.5% to about
1.5%. The gallium, although optional, is also preferably
present in an amount from about 0.05% to about 0.15%. A
single crystal alloy having such a composition will have a
room temperature plastic strain, in tension, above about 2%
in the <110> direction, and a room temperature plastic
strain above about 3% in the preferred composition range.
Single crystal i.ntermetallic NiAl alloys alloyed with
the elements prepared in accordance with the present
invention unex~~ectedl.y display unusually high room
temperature plastic strain in the <110> direction. Although
it has recently been discovered that other elements
individually mi.croall.oyed with NiAl produce plastic strains
in excess of ax~out 1.5%, the combination of alloying
elements in the: present invention retains the exceptional
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plastic strain lbehavior at higher elemental concentrations
than when present individually. The combination of alloying
elements of this invention displays exceptional plastic
strain behavior extending over broader compositional ranges
than when the individual elements are added as ternary
additions to NiAl.
In addition to improved ductility, the fracture
toughness of the intermetallics of the present invention
also improves. The fracture toughness is also anisotropic,
and also increases with increasing temperature due to
increased plasticity at the tip of the growing crack.
The improved room temperature ductility of the NiAl
intermetallics alloyed in accordance with the present
invention, particularly in the preferred and most preferred
compositional ranges, make them attractive substitutes for
nickel base superallo~ys in articles for turbine engines such
as disks, in polycrystalline form, and single crystal
airfoils for turbine applications.
The alloys of th,e present invention are also suitable
for use in reinforced intermetallic matrix composite
articles, wherein the: intermetallic alloys of the present
invention form the matrix. For example, an alloy consisting
essentially of, in atomic percent, about 0.01% to about
0.25% yttrium, optionally up to about 0.15% gallium, about
0.05% to about 4% of an element selected from the group
consisting esse:ntiall.y of molybdenum and chromium, at least
about 50% nickel and the balance essentially aluminum is the
matrix of a fibber containing composite article.
In light of the foregoing discussion, it will be
aPParent to those skilled in the art that the present
invention is not limited to the embodiments and compositions
herein described. Numerous modifications, changes,
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substitutions and equivalents will now become apparent to
those skilled in the art, all of which fall within the scope
contemplated by the invention herein.
