Note : Les descriptions sont présentées dans la langue officielle dans laquelle elles ont été soumises.
CA 02127328 1998-07-20
DGcket
BV-2905
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLIC~TIONS
This application is related to U.S. Patent Nos. 5,035,723
issued July 30th, 1991 and 5,203,886 issued April 20th, 1993.
B~CRGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Field of the Invention
The invention relates to abrasive wheels particularly
abrasive wheels containing sol-gel alumina abrasive grit with
improved corner holding properties. The invention further
lS includes a bond composition which allows for improved
mechanical strength and improved corner holding properties.
Technoloqy RevieW
Precision moving parts are being designed to run at
higher outputs, higher efficiencies and longer service. These
parts are for example engines (internal combustion, jet &
electric), drive trains (transmissions & differentials), and
bearing surfaces. In order to meet these demands, the parts
must be produced with improved quality including
better/stronger designs with tighter dimensional tolerances.
To achieve these tolerances, the parts are being produced with
better quality materials to near net or final shape and size.
Grinding wheels are often utilized for fabrication of the
entire part or to impart the final dimensions. Vitreous or
glass bonded grinding wheels are the wheels utilized most on
metal parts. In order to produce these types of precision
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parts with a grinding wheel, the reverse image of the part is
"dressed" into the wheel face with a diamond tool. Because
the part being manufactured takes the profile of the grinding
wheel, it is important that the grinding wheel retain that
shape as long as possible. The ideal situation would then be
to produce the precision parts with exact dimensional
tolerances and with no material damage.
Typically, the grinding wheels fall out of shape or fail
lo at a corner or a curve in the wheel. Standard fused alumina
abrasive products may last through the grinding of two or
three pieces before a significant change occurs in the corner
of the wheel. Hence, the operators of the grinding machines
may set up dressing of the wheel after every piece to avoid
defects. With wheels produced using higher performing sol-gel
alumina abrasive grits, the shape change in the corner of the
wheel may not appear until after grinding four or five pieces
and the operators of the grinding machines may plan on
dressing these wheels after grinding three pieces. While the
dressing frequency reduction characteristic of sol-gel alumina
wheels is an improvement over standard abrasive wheels, the
dressing frequency and the loss of the sol-gel alumina wheel
through dressing make further gains in dressing frequency
reduction a desirable goal.
What is needed is a better corner or form holding sol-gel
alumina wheel so that the dressing interval can be extended.
It is therefore an obiect of this invention to produce a sol-
gel alumina abrasive grit wheel with improved corner or form
holding. It is further an object of this invention to produce
a bond which can be used with a sol-gel alumina abrasive grit
wheel to improve corner or form holding.
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8UMMARY OF THE lNV~Li .lON
The present invention provides a vitreous-bonded abrasive
grinding wheel wherein the abrasive grit portion comprises a
sol-gel aluminous abrasive and wherein the wheel has improved
corner or form holding characteristics and mechanical
properties. The invention further includes a bond composition
which allows for improved corner or form holding and
mechanical properties in vitreous bonded wheels comprising
sol-gel aluminous abrasives.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Figure 1. Schematic illustrating corner grinding with a
grinding wheel of a workpiece in a corner holding test.
Figure 2. Schematic illustrating that portion of the corner
radius of a grinding wheel in contact with the surface of the
workpiece in a corner holding test.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF TNE lhv~h~lON
The vitrified bonded abrasive bodies of the present
invention comprise sol-gel aluminous grits. Sol-gel aluminous
grits are well known in the art. Sol-gel aluminous grits can
be seeded or unseeded. What is meant by sol-gel aluminas are
all ;nA~ made by a process comprising peptizing a sol of an
aluminum oxide monohydrate so as to form a gel, which is then
dried and fired to form alpha alumina.
The initial sol may further include up to 15% by weight
of spinel, mullite, manganese dioxide, titania, magnesia, rare
earth metal oxides, zirconia powder or a zirconia precurs~or
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!which can be added in larger amounts, e.g. 40 wt% or more),
or other compatible additives or precursors thereo~. These
additives are often included to modify such properties as
fracture toughness, hardness, friability, fracture mechanics,
s or drying behavior.
Once the gel has formed, it may be shaped by any
convenient method such as pressing, molding or extrusion and
then carefully dried to produce an uncracked body of the
~0 desired shape.
The gel can be shaped and cut into suitable sizes for
firing or simply spread out to any convenient shape and dried,
typically at a temperature below the frothing temperature of
the gel. Any of several dewatering methods, including solvent
extraction, can be used to remove the free water of the gel to
form a solid.
After the solid is dried, it can be cut or machined to
form a desired shape or crushed or broken by any suitable
means, such as a hammer or ball mill, to form particles or
grains. Any method for comminuting the solid can be used.
After shaping, the dried gel can then be calcined to
~ e essentially all volatiles and transform the various
components of the grains into ceramics (metal oxides). The
dried gel is generally heated until the free water and most of
the bound water is removed. The calcined material is then
sintered by heating and is held within a suitable temperature
range until substantially all of the alpha alumina monohydrate
is converted to alpha alumina.
As mentioned earlier the sol-gel alumina may either ~e
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seeded or unseeded. With seeded sol-gel all ;nA~, nucleation
sites are deliberately introduced into or created insitu in
the aluminum oxide monohydrate dispersion. The presence of
the nucleating sites in the dispersion lowers the temperature
at which alpha alumina is formed and produces an extremely
fine crystalline structure.
'
Suitable seeds are well known in the art. Generally they
have a crystal structure and lattice parameters as close as
possible to those of alpha alumina. Seeds that may be used
include for example particulate alpha alumina, alpha ferric
oxide (Fe203), precursors of alpha alumina or alpha ferric
oxide which convert respectively to alpha alumina or alpha
ferric oxide at a temperature below the temperature at which
alumina monohydrate would transform to alpha alumina. These
seeds types are, however, given as illustration and not as a
limitation. The seed particles to be effective should
preferably be submicron in size.
Preferably, if a seeded sol-gel alumina is used the
amount of seed material should not exceed about 10 weight % of
the hydrated alumina and there is normally no benefit to
amounts in excess of about 5 weight %. If the seed is
adequately fine (preferably about 60 m2 per gram or more),
preferably amounts of from about 0.5 to 10 weight % may be
used with from about 1 to 5 weight % being more preferred.
The seeds may also be added in the form of a precursor which
converts to the active seed form at a temperature below that
at which alpha alumina is formed.
Unseeded sol-gel alumina abrasive may also be used in
some cases. This abrasive can be made by the same process
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described above except for the introduction of seed particles,
sufficient rare earth metal oxides or their precursors may be
added to the sol or gel to provide at least about 0.5% by
weight and preferably about 1 to 30 % by weight rare earth
metal oxide after firing.
The abrasive wheels of the present invention are
comprised of sol-gel alumina abrasive grits and optionally one
or more secondary abrasives. Abrasive wheels include
abrasive, bond, porosity and possibly other fillers and
additives. The amounts of abrasive used in the wheel which
may include a secondary abrasive may vary widely. The
composition of the abrasive wheel of the invention preferably
contains from about 34 to about 56 volume % of abrasive, more
preferably contains from about 40 to about 54 volume % of
abrasive, and most preferably contains from about 44 to about
52 volume % of abrasive.
The sol-gel aluminous abrasive preferably provides from
about 5 to about 100 volume % of the total abrasive in the
wheel and more preferably from about 30 to about 70 volume %
of the total abrasive in the wheel.
Secondary abrasive(s) preferably provide from about 0 to
about 95 volume % of the total abrasive in the wheel and more
preferably from about 30 to about 70 volume % of the total
abrasive in the wheel. The secondary abrasives which may be
used include for example fused alumina, silicon carbide, cubic
boron nitride, diamond, flint, garnet and bubble alumina.
These examples of secondary abrasives are, however, given as
an illustration and not as a limitation.
The composition of the abrasive wheel usually conta~ns
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porosity. The composition of the abrasive wheel of the
invention preferably contains from about 0 to about 68 volume
% porosity, more preferably contains from about 28 to about 56
volume % porosity, and most preferably contains from about 30
to about 53 volume % porosity. The porosity is formed by both
the natural spacing provided by the natural packing density of
the materials and by conventional pore inducing media such as
for example hollow glass beads, ground walnut shells, beads of
plastic material or organic compounds, foamed glass particles
and bubble alumina. These examples of pore inducers are,
however, given as an illustration and not as a limitation.
The abrasive wheels of the present invention are bonded
with a vitreous bond. The vitreous bond used contributes
significantly to the improved corner or form holding
characteristics of the abrasive wheels of the present
invention~ The raw materials for the bond preferably include
Kentucky Ball Clay No. 6, nepheline, sodium silicate powder,
lithium carbonate, flint, wollastonite, and cobalt spinel.
These materials in combination contain the following oxide~:
SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, Tio2~ CaO, MgO, Na2O, X2O, Li2o~ B2O3, and CoO.
The composition of the abrasive wheel preferably contains from
about 3 to about 25 volume % bond, more preferably contains
from about 4 to about 20 volume % bond, and most preferably
contains from about 5 to about 18.5 volume % bond.
The bond after firing contains greater than about 47
weight % SiO2, preferably from about 52 to about 62 weight %
SiO2, more preferably from about 54 to about ~0 weight % SiO2,
and most preferably about 57 weight % SiO2; less than about 16
weight % Al2O3, preferably from about 12 to about 16 weight %
Al2O3, more preferably from about 13 to about 15 weight % Al2O3,
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and most preferably about 14.4 weight % Al2O3; preferably from
about 7 to about 11 weight % Na2O, more preferably from about
8 to about 10 weight % Na2O, and most preferably about 8.9
weight % Na2O; less than about 2.5 weight ~ K2O, preferably
from about 0.5 to about 2.5 weight % K2O, more preferably from
about 1 to about 2 weight % X2O, and most preferably about 1.6
weight % K2O; greater than about 2.0 weight % Li2o, preferably
from about 2.0 to about 3.4 weight % Li2O, more preferably
from about 2.0 to about 2.7 weight % Li2o~ and most preferably
about 2.2 weight % Li2o; less than about 18 weight % ~o3,
preferably from about 9 to about 16 weight % B2O3, more
preferably from about 11 to about 14 weight % ~o3, and most
preferably about 12.6 weight % B2O3; preferably from about 0 to
about 2 weight % CoO, more preferably from about 0.5 to about
1. 3 weight % CoO, and most preferably about 0.9 weight % CoO.
Cobalt oxide (CoO) is not necessary for the invention as is
included as a coloring agent only. The other oxides which are
in the vitreous bond such as Fe2O3, Tio2, CaO, and MgO are
impurities in the raw materials which are not essential in
making the bond. The bond also provides increased mechanical
strength with abrasive wheels made with sol-gel alumina
abrasives.
The abrasive wheels are fired by methods known to those
skilled in the art. The firing conditions are primarily
determined by thè actual bond and abrasives used. The
vitrified bonded body further may also be impregnated in a
conventional manner with a grinding aid, such as sulfur, or
with a vehicle, such as epoxy resin, to carry a grinding aid
into the pores of the wheel.
:
The resulting abrasive wheels unexpectedly have improyed
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corner or form holding properties which can be measured both
quantitatively and qualitatively. While the change in shape
of the corner of an abrasive wheel has been considered to be
the failure criteria for abrasive wheels, this is not a
quantitative test because the change in shape can only be
observed under a microscope and qualitatively be felt by a
finger nail or a pencil tip. A test has thierefore been
developed for defining and quantifying wheel corner failure
modes. ;
This test measures both the "radial wear" and "wear area"
at a set infeed rate. In further defining the test under
which the grinding wheels were tested and establishing a
standard by which similar grinding wheels can be measured, the
conditions of the testing are as follows:
Grinding Machine: Bryant Lectraline~ LL3 I.D./O.D., 10
horsepower grinder
Wet Grinding: 5-7% Trim MasterChemical~ VHP E200 with water
Workpiece Material Ground: 4330V crankshaft steel, Rc 28 to 32
Workpiece Part size: 4 inch outer diameter
Width of Grind From the Corner of the Workpiece: o.oog ;nches
Corner Radius of Grinding Wheel: 0.110 inches
Part Speed: 200 sfpm
Infeed Rate into Part: 0.0133 inches/second
Wheel Face Dressed: rotary diamond roll (RPC 2993) at 4600 rpm
at dress rate of 0.002 inches/second to achieve the O.I10
radius
Wheel Speed: 12,000 sfpm
Number of Grinds per Test: up to 12
Infeed per Grind: 0.04 inches
The corner holding test is designed to measure the degree
to which the corner of a grinding wheel holds its shape during
a grinding operation. Shape holding is measured by two
quantities, "radial wear" and "wear area". Figure 1 is a
schematic of corner grinding with a grinding wheel 10 of a
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workpiece 12 such as for example a crankshaft. Where 21-26
represents the incremental progession of the grinding wheel
through the workpiece, 21-22 represents 1 grind. The width of
the grind 14 from the corner of the workpiece is 0.009. The
infeed 16 is 0.04 inches per grind. The corner radius 18 of
the grinding wheel 10 is 0.110 inches. Figure 2 illustrates
that portion of the corner radius 30 of a grinding wheel 10 in
contact with the surface of the workpiece 12 in the corner
holding test. The width of the grind 14, the horizontal
distance between A and C in Figure 1, is the thickness of
metal to be removed from the test workpiece material. The
height of contact 32, the verticle distance between A and B in
Figure 2, is the height of that portion of the grinding wheel
which is in contact with the test workpiece material at the
end of one grinding pass. To quantify corner holding two
measurements are made under the grinding conditions specified
above. These two measurements are "wear area" and "radial
wear".
The wear area is a measurement of the change in the area
of the profile of the corner of the grinding wheel after
grinding of the workpiece. The wear area is illustrated in
Figure 2 by the area confined by AEBDA for a given height of
contact 32, corner radius 18, and width of cut 14. The radial
wear is a measurement of the -~; change in the corner
radius 18 between points A and B. The measurement is
- illustrated in Figure 2, the radial wear being equal to DE
where point E is the ~; change in the corner radius
between points A and B for a height of contact 32. The wear
area and radial wear are measured by grinding a tile coupon
after each grind to obtain the profile of the wheel. Coupons
are traced on an optical comparator with a magnification of
50X. Wear area from the trace is measured with a planeme~er
: ~ .
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and radial wear from the trace is measured as the maximum
radial wear with a caliper.
Data is presented in the Examples quantitatively showing
an improved corner holding of sol-gel alumina abrasive wheels
by the way of demonstrating the unexpected increased number of
grinds the new wheels can undergo before reaching radial wear
and wear area comparable to that of standard sol-gel alumina
abrasive wheels.
In order that persons in the art may better understand
the practice of the present invention, the following Examples
are provided by way of illustration, and not by way of
limitation~ Additional background information known in the
art may be found in the references and patents cited herein,
which are hereby incorporated by reference.
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Examples
Example 1
Samples were made for testing and comparing the modulus
of rupture of the new bond with Norton's standard commercial
bond for use with seeded sol-gel abrasives. The new bond had
a prefired composition of 30.3 wt % of powdered glass frit
(the frit with a composition of 41.2 wt% SiO2, 39.9 wt% B2O3,
5.1 wt% Al2O3, 10.3 wt% Na2O, 1.3 wt% Li2o, 2.1 wt% MgO/CaO, and
trace amounts of K2O), 27.7 wt% nephelene syenite, 20 wt%
Kentucky No. 6 Ball Clay, 10 wt~ sodium silicate powder, 4.7
wt% flint (quartz), 4.3 wt% lithium carbonate, 1 wt%
wollastonite and 2 wt% pure cobalt aluminate spinel. The
chemical compositions of nephelene syenite, Kentucky No. 6
Ball Clay, sodium silicate, flint, lithium carbonate and
wollastonite are given in Table I.
Table I.
Oxide Nephelene Kentucky#6 Sodium-~ Flint Lithium Wollas-
(wt%) Syenite Ball Clay Silicate Carbonate tonite
SiO260.2 64.0 76.2 99.6 50.9
Al2O323.2 23.2 0.2 0.3
25 Na2O10.6 0.2 23.8 G.2
K2O 5.1 0.4
Li2o 40.1
MgO 0.3 0.1
CaO 0.3 O.1 46.9 -
30 Impurites 0.1 3.4 0.1 0.1 0.9
Loss on 0.4 8.7 0.159.6 0.9-
Ignition
~ ,
The bond was produced by dry blending the raw materials
in a Sweco Vibratory Mill for 3 hours. The bond was mixed
with 60 grit abrasive consisting of a 1 to 1 blend o~ se~d
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sol-gel alumina with high purity fused white aluminum oxide
abrasive. This was further mixed with a powdered dextrin
binder, liquid animal glue and 0.1% ethylene glycol as a
humectant in a Hobart N-50 dough mixer (capacity of 2 kg. of
mix) at low speed. The mix was screened through a 14 mesh
screen to break-up any lumps. The mix was then pressed into
bars with dimensions of 4" x 1" x 1/2" in a three cavity bar
mold setup. The bars were fired under the following
conditions at 40 ~C per hour from room temperature to 1000 ~C
held for 8 hours at that temperature then cooled to room
temperature in a periodic kiln. Sample bars were also made
with Norton's standard commercial bond using the procedure
listed above.
The bars were tested un-notched on a Instron Model 4204
mechanical testing machine with a 4-point bending jig with a
support span of 3", a load span of l", and at a loading rate
of 0.050" per minute cross head speed. Samples were run with
the fired bond content ranging from 10 weight % to 30 weight
% of the abrasive bars. The results are shown in Table II and
Figure 2 as follows:
Table II
Strength Results
Modulus of Rupture vs. Fired Bond Content
Fired Modulus of Rupture
Bond (psi)
Content(wt%) Standard Bond New Bond
0.100 9.1 6070 6336
0.150 13.0 6813 6881
0.200 16.7 6737 7298
0.250 20.0 2776 6723
35 0.300 23.1 ~ 7262
., ~ - .
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Exam~le 2
Abrasive wheels were made for testing and comparing the
wear area and the radial wear of the new bond with Norton's
standard bonds for seeded sol-gel abrasives. The new bond had
the same composition that was used for the new bond in Example
1. The bond was produced by dry blending the raw materials in
a Sweco Vibratory Mill for 3 hours. The bond was mixed into
an abrasive mix. The abrasive mix consisted of 76.56 wt% of
o abrasive (consisting of a blend of 50 wt% seeded sol-gel 120
grit filaments, 43.54 wt% 70 grit high purity white fused
aluminum oxide, and 6.46 wt% bubbled alumina in a size of
finer than 36 mesh), 18.47 wt % bond, 1.38 wt% dextrin, 3.06
wt% liquid animal glue, 0.34 wt% water, and 0.18 wt% ethylene
glycol. The mix was molded into lO"- 3/16" x 0.580" x 5.025"
wheels with a green density of Z.l90 grams/cc. The wheels in
the green state were fired at 40 ~C per hour from room
temperature to 1000 ~C held for 8 hours then cooled to room
temperature in a periodic kiln.
Abrasive wheels were also made using Norton's standard
commercial bond which was produced by dry blending the raw
materials in Norton's production facility using standard
production processes. The bond was mixed with an abrasive
mix. The abrasive mix consisted of 76.27 wt% of abrasive
(consisting of a blend of 50 wt% seeded sol-gel 120 grit
filaments, 43.54 wt% 70 grit high purity fused white aluminum
oxide and 6.46 wt% bubbled alumina in a size finer than 36
mesh), 20.34 wt% bond, 0.92 wt~ dextrin, 2.30 wt% of a mixture
(mixture consisting of 40 wt% liquid animal glue, 30 wt~
powdered malic acid, and 30 wt% water), and 0.18 wt% ethylene
glycol. This standard wheel was designed to duplicate the
experimental wheel relative to a composition of 81 w~
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abrasive and 19 wt% glass. The wheels were fired using a
production cycle with a firing soak temperature of 900 ~C.
The abrasive wheels were tested in wet cylindrical plunge
grinding on a Bryant Lectraline LL3 I.D./O.D. (lO horsepower)
Grinder under conditions outlined in the specification. The
results show improved corner holding and are shown in Tables
III and IV as follows:
Table III
Radial Infeed vs. Wear area (in2)
Radial Wear area (in2)
Infeed Standard Bond New Bond
(in~ #1 #2 #3
0.36 .000062.000043.000053 .000038
0.40 .000078.000066.000062 .000048
0.44 .000084.000071.000067 .000051
0.48 .000097.000084.000080 .000059
Table IV
Radial Infeed vs. Radial wear (in)
Radial Radial wear (in)
Infeed Standard Bond New Bond
(in) #1 #2 #3
0.36 .0~24 .0021 .0022 .0014
0.40 .0027 .0024 .0022 .0018
0.44 .ob32 .0027 .0022 .0019
0.48 .0034 .0026 .~024 .0020
Example 3
~ -
Abrasive wheels were made for testing and comparing the
wear area and the radial wear of the new bond with Norton's
standard bonds for seeded sol-gel abrasives. The new bond had
the same composition that was used for the new bond in Example
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1. The bond was produced by dry blending the raw materials in
a Sweco Vibratory Mill for 3 hours. The bond was mixed into
an abrasive mix. The abrasive mix consisted of 83.56 wt% of
abrasive (consisting of a blend of 25 wt% seeded sol-gel
alumina 70 grit, 25 wt% seeded sol-gel alumina 80 grit, and 50
wt~ high purity white fused 70 grit aluminum oxide), 12.47 wt%
bond, 0.84 wt% dextrin, 2.97 wt% liquid animal glue, and 0.17
wt% ethylene glycol. The mix was molded into 10- 3/16" x
0.580" x 5.025" wheels with a green density of 2.341 grams/cc.
The wheels in the green state were fired at 40 ~C per hour
from room temperature to 1000 ~C held for 8 hours then cooled
to room temperature in a periodic kiln.
Abrasive wheels were also made using Norton's standard
commercial bond which was produced by dry blending the raw
materials in Norton's production facility using standard
production processes. The bond was mixed with an abrasive
mix. The abrasive mix consisted of 83.68 wt% of abrasive
(consisting of a blend of 25 wt% seeded sol-gel alumina 70
grit, 25 wt% seeded sol-gel alumina 80 grit, and 50 wt% high
purity white fused 70 grit aluminum oxide), 13.82 wt% bond,
0.50 wt% dextrin, 1.82 wt% of a mixture (the mixture
consisting of 40 wt% liquid animal glue, 30 wt% powdered malic
acid and 30 wt% water), and 0.18 wt% ethylene glycol. This
mix was then pressed into a wheel (of the same di~n~ion as
the wheels above produced with the new bond) and fired using
a production cycle with a firing soak temperature of 900 ~C.
This standard wheel was designed to duplicate the experimental
wheel relative to a composition of 87.4 wt% abrasive and 12.6
wt% glass bond. The abrasive wheels were tested in wet
cylindrical plunge grinding on a Bryant Lectraline LL3
I.D./O.D. (10 horsepower) Grinder under conditions outlined in
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the specificati.on. The results are show improved corner
holding and are shown in Tables V and VI as follows:
Tahle V
Radial Infeed vs. Wear area (in2)
Radial Wear area (in2)
Infeed Standard Bond New Bond
(in) #4 #5
0.20 .000066
- 0.24 - .000049.000080 ------
0.28 .000064.000084
0.32 .000069
0.3~ .000074.000100 .000045
0.40 .000084.000130 .000054
0.44 .000099.000140 .000075
0.48 .000100.000170 .000100
Table VI
Radial Infeed vs. Radial wear (in)
Radial Radial wear (in)
Infeed Standard Bond New Bond
rin) #4 #5 :
0.20 ~ .0025 ----
0.24 .0018 .0031 ---~
0.28 .0019 .0037 --~
0.32 .0025 ---- ---- -~ .
0.36 .0024 .0036 .0015
0.40 .0029 .0044 .0021
0.44 .0027 .0043 .0022
0.48 .0034 .0048 .0027
: .
It is understood that various other modifications will be
apparent to and can be readily made by those skilled in the
art without departing from the scope and spirit of the present
invention. Accordingly, it is not intended that the scope of
the claims appended hereto be limited to the description set
forth above but rather that the claims be construed ~s
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encompassing all of the features of patentable novelty which
reside in the present invention, including all features which
would be treated as equivalents thereof by those skilled in
the art to which the invention pertains.
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