Note : Les descriptions sont présentées dans la langue officielle dans laquelle elles ont été soumises.
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D~ tion of gloss ~uality
The present invention relates to a method and to appalallls which will provide a basis on
which the gloss quality of a sample surface on a sample, such as a paper sheet, can be
S deLe~ led by illllmin~tin~ the sample surface and registering the intensity of the light
reflected thel~rlulll.
The gloss of, e.g., paper products such as LWC-paper has been measured with a large
llu~lll)el of dir~lell~ methods over a long period of time. The majority of these methods,
10 and primarily the no~ livt; methods, are concellll~sLed on mean gloss levels over a large
surface area. Since the mean gloss level is not the orlly parameter contributing to the
subjectivehl~ ssion of gloss ~uality, there is a need of an evaluation method that
conforms better to the human evaluation of gloss quality, which in~ çs the ~el~;epLion of
gloss variation.
When studying the phenomena of gloss, particularly of printed paper, it has been found
that the main caracteristics of the gloss variation can be described if the surface of the
paper is approximated by a model surface comprising small flat surface elements, gloss
facets, wherein gloss variation is A~ d on the basis of the orientation of the
20 individual facets with respect to the plane of the paper and the reflected i~ y of the
individual facets. However, no method and ap~ lus that can be used in practice have
been proposed for A~tellllillillg gloss variations based on this gloss facet approximation.
One object of the present invention is to provide a method and apparatus of the aforesaid
25 kind which can be used effectively to carry out a multiple of dirrelclll types of gloss
variation evaluations on a sample surface in accordance with the principles of the
aforesaid gloss facet approximation.
This object is achieved with the features set forth in the following claims.
3û
According to one aspect of the invention, the sample surface is exposed in an image
registering area by controlled rotary movement of the sample surface through the image
registering area, or by controlled rotary movement of this ,image registering area over the
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sample surface, wherein the h~ ily of light reflected from a plurality of spatially well
defined part-sllrf~ces of the sample surface is registered several times during such rotary
movement while, at the same time, determining the position, and in turn the viewing angle
of respective part-surfaces in the image registering area so as to establish, what we here
5 define as an image volume representative of registered light hl~ siLy as a function of the
position of said part-surfaces within the sample surface and of the viewing angle.
Because registration is effected during said rotary movement, e.g. rotary movement of
the sample surface through the image registering area, it is possible to obtain a well
10 adapted variation of the viewing angle; in other words light reflected from the sample
surface can be registered from a sufficiently large variation of angles of incidents.
Compilation of an image volume of the registered light hlLellsiLies enables dirrt;~ L types
of gloss ~uality evaluations of the sample surface to be carried out effectively during the
registration process, or separately on the basis of the stored image volume.
When the sample surface is brought to a specific convex-curve shape prior to exposure in
the image registering area, there is obtained an a~ropliately large spread of the viewing
angle in conjullclion with said rotary movement, as colllpaled with a flat sample surface.
20 When the sample surface is given a circular-cylindrical shape and exposed in the
registering area by rotating the cylinder about its centre axis, the sample can be mounted
on the end of a simple m~çh~nir~lly rotatable shaft, drum or the like, so that each
part-surface can be moved through the image registering area
in a readily controlled lllamlel.
Other features of the invention and advantages afforded thereby will be evident from the
following claims and also from the following description.
The invention will now be described in more detail with reference to exemplifying
30 embodiments thereof and also with reference to the accompanying tli~gr~mm~tic drawings, in which
Figure 1 is a perspective view of one possible ~paldLuS according to the invention;
Figure 2 illustrates a facet model of a sample surface;
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Figure 3 is a simplified graphic presentation of an image volume; Figure 4 is a side view
of a part-area oi a sample surface, exhibiting three facets;
Figure 5 is a side view corresponding to Figure 4 prior to a simplified registering
sequence in accordance with the invention;
5 Figures 6 A-E illustrate the various steps during the simplified registering seq~len~e; and
Figure 7 illustrates sch~m~til ~11y parts of an apparatus arranged for determinin~ the gloss
quality of a moving web, according to the invention.
The apparatus illustrated in Figure 1 for obtaining a basis on which gloss quality can be
10 d~cl-"hled in accordance with the invention includes generally an L-shaped angled stand
10 having a drive unit 20 for a sample holder 40 which exposes a sample 80 in an image
regis~t;,il,g area of a camera 60, said sample being illllmin~ted by a light source 50. The
images registered in the camera are processed in an image proc~ in~ unit 70, such as a
personal C0~ )ulel, which is also adapted to control the drive unit of the sample holder
15 40.
Although not shown in detail, the drive unit 20 includes a stepping motor 22 that is
firmly mounted on a vertical wall 14 of the stand 10 and which drives the sample holder
40 through the medium of a reduction gear m~qrh~ni~m journalled on the vertical wall 14
20 in accordance with the following: A first smaller toothed wheel 24 on the output shaft of
the stepping motor 22 drives a first larger toothed wheel 28 through the medium of a first
endless toothed belt 26. Fixedly mounted on the shaft of the toothed wheel 28 is a second
smaller toothed wheel 30 which drives a second larger toothed wheel 34 through the
m~ m of a second endless toothed belt 32.
In the illustrated embodiment there is used a stepping motor that has a resolution of 6000
steps/rev, wherein the reduction gear mech~ni~m provides a reduction of about 1:46, so
that the sample holder 40 conn~-c~ed directly to the shaft 36 of the toothed wheel 34
obtains a total resolution of about 280 000 steps/rev. This arrangement of toothed wheels
30 and toothed belts enables the angle play of the sample holder 40 to be m~int~in~d at a
level which is negligible in the present context, despite the high reduction.
The sample holder 40 can thus be rotated in small angular steps around the shaft 36. The
free end of the shaft 36 carries a stub shaft on whose cylindrical surface 42 the sample
_
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having a sample surface 80 whose gloss variation is to be evaluated is mounted in
ulurollll abutment therewith. The radius of the cylindrical surface 42 may typically be
about 8 mm, although other radii may be used as evident from the shouldered sample
holder 40 shown in Figure 1. A printed piece of rectangular LWC-paper is one example
of a typical sample in this regard.
The light source S0 and the camera 60 are fixedly mounted with their respective optical
axes located in a vertical plane that extends through the image registering area 44 defined
on the cylinder surface 42. The angle between the optical axes approximately coincident
10 on the image registering area shall be such as to enable the whole of the curved image
regi~tering area to be projected in the srh~m~tir~lly intlir~t~-l image plane 66 of the
camera 60.
The light source 50 includes a lamp housing 50 and a lens system 54, and may consist of
15 conventional microscope lighting.
The camera 60 used in the illustrated embodiment includes a camera housing 62 having a
CCD-type image detector (CCD Charge Coupled Device) and a 60 mm camera
objective 64.
The arrangement is furthermore such that the image of the image registering area 44
recorded by the camera in an image plane 66 is Ll~l~r~ d through cable 78 to a
co~ uL~L 72 in the image processing unit 70 for storage and further processing of
ulro~lllation. The image being processed can be shown on a monitor 76 and image
25 proce~ing can be controlled externally by an input ur~it 74, such as a keyboard which is
also able to control the stepping motor 22 via the co~ ulel 72 and a cable 79.
In a stationary mode in which the camera 60 registers a curved object with relatively high
surface finPn~s~, such as the metal surface of the stub axle 42 in the image registering
area 44, there is thus presented on the monitor 76 a (1i~it~1i7~ image of the curved metal r
30 surface. The image may have a spatial resolution of 512x512 picture elements (pixels).
Although not n~ces~ry, the number of steps or increments through which the stepping
motor needs to rotate in order to advance the sample surface into and out of the image
registering area 44 may have a corresponding value, wherein the later described image
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s
volume may then have a resolution of 512x512x512 image volume elements (voxels). The
gloss of the surface resnlting from the reflected light appears on the image as a horizontal
light band 75. A simple measure of the gloss quality of the surface is therewi~ the width
of the band 75, i.e. a surface of high surface fineness produces a narrower hand 75 than
5 a surface of poorer surface fin~n~ee.
In evaluating the gloss quality of paper, particularly of printed paper, it is often of interest
to ascertain as well the h~ sily as the angular spread of the reflected light, which may,
for in~t~nl e, be a measurement of the extent to which a viewer of a page in a m~g~7in~
10 needs to tilt this page of the m~g;~7int~ away from an angle of m~ximnm light reflection
illle,lsily in order to s~ti~f~ctorily discern the information printed on said page. The
angular spread of the reflected inL~nsive light, troublesome to the viewer, has been found
to be mainly due to light sc~tfPring that can be explained with a model such as that
illustrated schem~tir:llly in Figure 2, in which the paper surface 80 is seen as being
15 comprised of discrete gloss facets A, i.e. small planar surface regions which, with regard
to their ability to reflect light, can be considered to have a specific or most representative
angle of inclination relative to the anticipated or ideal normal plane of the paper.
In the following description, data is stored in the form of an image volume intended for
20 use as a representation of the light reflection ~lu~c;~Lies of a sample surface, more
specifically a function I f(x,y,z), cf Figure 3, where the I-value is the inLe,lsiL~ of
registered light in the Cooldil~l~ (X, y, z), wherein the x-y-values l~pl~selll the position
within the sample surface and the z-values represent the viewing angle.
25 Such an image volume can be compiled with the hlvellLiv~ ~al~us and inventive method in the following manner:
Figures 4 and 5 illustrate schem~fic~lly and in side view a sample 80 which, with the
intention of facilit:~fin~ the description and an underst~n-lin~ thereof, can be considered
30 simply to
comprise solely three part-surfaces Al, A2 and A3, which are also considered in one
rlim~neion, so as to compile an x-z-plane P ~Figure 3) in the image volume. Thus, solely
"bands" 67 and 77 (Figure 1) are registered in the image plane 66 of the camera 60 and
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in ~he image or picture displayed on the monitor 76.
Beginning from the position shown in Figure 5, the sample surface 80 in uniform
abutment with the cylinder surface 42, e.g. firmly fixed by adhesive tape thereon, is
5 advanced through the image registering area 44 in five steps to the positions A, B, C, D,
E according to Figure 6, wherein there is registered in each position the h~LellsiLy of the
light reflected from the part-surfaces Al, A2, A3 that are ~itll~ted simlllt~ntoously in said
image registering area 44 on the one hand, and the respective x- and z-coordinates of the
part-sllrf~res on the other hand.
Thus, in position A the image volume obtains its first elem~nt Ill representin~ the light
intens}ty at the position X1 and the viewing angle Zl with respect to the part-surface A1
within the sample surface 80.
In position B the sample surface 80 has been advanced one further step, so that the
1~ part-surface A2 is in the place that was previously occupied by the part-surface A1,
which has now been moved to a new position. Consequently, two further elements I12
and I21 have been added to the irnage volume, these elements representing the hl~el~ilies
of the part~sllrf~res Al and A2 respectively, and the respective coordinates (Xl, Z2) and
(X2, Zl) (position, viewing angle).
In position C the sample surface has been advanced yet another step in a corresponding
lnallllel, so that the image volume now obtains an element from the newly advanced
part-surface A3, in addition to the contributions from the earlier advanced part-surfaces
Al and A2, wherein all three sample surfaces are ~it~l~t~d within the image registering
25 area. The image volume has thus obtained the diagonal elements I13, I22 and I31 in this
position.
In the termin~tin~ steps D and E, the elements I23, I32 and I33 are completed
analogously with the viewed ~-z-plane of the prece~ling image volume.
The complete image volume is compiled by registering all "bands" 67 (Figure 1) over the
full width of the image plane 66 analogously with what has been described above. This is
preferably carried out so that the hlL~ y of all y-coordinates will be registered for each
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pair of said z-x-coordinates in each position A-E.
In this regard it can be mentioned that although in the earlier description the part-surfaces
have been described as being advanced in steps, the stepping motor 22 can be replaced by
5 a continuously driven motor and the image registering area can be registered or sc~nnPd
i..~L;,..~ eously by short camera exposures or stroboscopically at ~lo~iately selected
time intervals.
Depending on requirements, the image volume can either be analyzed in real time during
10 its compilation, by saving only those image volume el~m~nt~ that fulfil a given search
criterion with regard to gloss variation, or can in complete be stored in the c~,lllL)uL~;I 72
of the image processing unit for separate analysis. In the former case, the often large
number of elements that do not fulfil the search criterion are rejected, so as to enable
memory capacity and possibly processor capacity to be released, e.g., for video
15 proces~ing and plc:se~lL~Lion of search hits in an a~plopliate manner. In the latter case,
the complete image volume is available for each desired type of gloss quality
AelP"~1"~tiOn based on created criteria for evaluation.
Extracting the z-values of those volume elements that present m~ximl-m registered light
20 hl~el;~iLy for each part-surface, i.e. for each pair of the x-y-values, is one example of a
type of gloss quality d~L~ ation that can be carried out directly during compilation of
the image volume. In the case of an ideal smooth mirror-like sample surface, these
z-values are constant (reflect light in only one direction) and therefore form a plane, such
as the plane M (Figure 3) in the image volume. Deviation of the extracted z-values from
25 the constant M, i.e. the dirre~ ,ce in reflection angles between part-suRace in question
and the ideal suRace, is a measurement of the gloss quality in this type of gloss quality
de~ ",i"ing process. If the part-surface is approxim~t~l to be considered as consisting of
one gloss facet, the aforesaid deviation will be a measurement of the slope of the facet in
relation to the ideal flat surface; c.f. for in~t~n~e the slope of the part-suRace A3 at the
30 angle V3 relative to the normal N of the "ideal surface" in Figure 4.
Figure 7 illustrates another type of gloss quality determination in accordance with the
invention which can be carried out on a curved surface, e.g. in the region of a direction
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deflecting roll 8~, of a sample in the form of a moving web 82 in a laboratory or during
production, in the latter case as the basis on which the gloss quality of rapidly moving
paper, e.g. on a fast printing m~rhin~, can be controlled. In this case, planes in the image
volume can be used as a st~ti~tir~l basis for enabling the measuring results to
S be evaluated more quickly than if the whole image volume would be considered. More
specifically, a full sample surface 80 (c.f. Figure 6C) can be registered each time as
in-lic~ttqd s~h~m~t~ ly in Figure 7, and the sample surface replaced by a fresh sample
surface 80 of the sample 82 prior to each new registration, thereby obtaining the intensity
values in a diagonal plane, such as an x+z constant, in the image volume on each10 occasion. In this regard, both undesired inlel~ily distributions within s~alat~ sample
surfaces 80 and undesired hl~el~ily distribution variations between sample surfaces 80 can
be registered.
Another type of gloss quality d~ g process may concern the gloss i~ ily at
15 viewing angles off the specular reflection. In this case, the z-interval (interval of viewing
angles) around the z-value of ~max, where the hlLt;llsily I exceeds a specific threshold
value, may for each picture element be searched.
The threshold value can be chosen at the illlellsily where, e.g., an e~llil~l finds it
20 difficult to discern printed illÇollll~Lion on a paper surface.
Other methods of creating measurements of gloss quality from the image volume created
through the invention may include dirf~ types of electronic or optical filteringprocesses based on known information relating to the m~-~h~ni~m~ of human perception.
